Original Article
The Effect of Nisoldipine as Compared with Enalapril on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes and Hypertension
N Engl J Med 1998; 338:645-652March 5, 1998
- Abstract
Background
It has recently been reported that the use of calcium-channel blockers for hypertension may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications. Because this issue remains controversial, we studied the incidence of such complications in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension who were randomly assigned to treatment with either the calcium-channel blocker nisoldipine or the angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitor enalapril as part of a larger study.
Methods
The Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes (ABCD) Trial is a prospective, randomized, blinded trial comparing the effects of moderate control of blood pressure (target diastolic pressure, 80 to 89 mm Hg) with those of intensive control of blood pressure (target diastolic pressure, 75 mm Hg) on the incidence and progression of complications of diabetes. The study also compared nisoldipine with enalapril as a first-line antihypertensive agent in terms of the prevention and progression of complications of diabetes. In the current study, we analyzed data on a secondary end point (the incidence of myocardial infarction) in the subgroup of patients in the ABCD Trial who had hypertension.
Results
Analysis of the 470 patients in the trial who had hypertension (base-line diastolic blood pressure, >90 mm Hg) showed similar control of blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid concentrations, and smoking behavior in the nisoldipine group (235 patients) and the enalapril group (235 patients) throughout five years of follow-up. Using a multiple logistic-regression model with adjustment for cardiac risk factors, we found that nisoldipine was associated with a higher incidence of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarctions (a total of 25) than enalapril (total, 5) (risk ratio, 9.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.3 to 21.4).
Conclusions
In this population of patients with diabetes and hypertension, we found a significantly higher incidence of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction among those assigned to therapy with the calcium-channel blocker nisoldipine than among those assigned to receive enalapril. Since our findings are based on a secondary end point, they will require confirmation.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure during the Study among Patients in the Intensive-Treatment and Moderate-Treatment Groups Who Were Assigned to Receive Nisoldipine or Enalapril as First-Line Antihypertensive Medication.Figure 2
Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Total Cholesterol Values in Patients Assigned to Receive Nisoldipine or Enalapril.Article Activity
- Article
Cardiovascular disease accounts for 40 percent of overall mortality in the United States1 and is the leading cause of death among persons with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).2,3 Strategies to reduce this risk include the appropriate treatment of hypertension. However, the choice of antihypertensive agents may also affect the risk of cardiovascular events. In this regard, the angiotensin-converting–enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been demonstrated to increase survival after an acute myocardial infarction4-6 and among patients with congestive heart failure.7-9 Calcium-channel–blocking drugs are also indicated for the treatment of a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including angina pectoris, systemic and pulmonary hypertension, certain cardiac arrhythmias, and Raynaud's phenomenon.10 ACE inhibitors have been shown to be effective antihypertensive drugs for both patients with diabetes and those without diabetes. Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of ACE inhibitors in slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and possibly those with NIDDM.11-15 At present, calcium-channel blockers are among the most frequently prescribed antihypertensive medications in the country.10 However, although calcium-channel blockers are an important part of the therapeutic armamentarium against cardiovascular diseases, concern has been aroused about these drugs, particularly the short-acting dihydropyridine derivatives. Recent studies have focused attention on the possibility that some of these agents may increase the risk of cardiovascular events in patients without diabetes.16-18
The Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes (ABCD) Trial was designed to test the primary hypothesis that intensive blood-pressure control, as compared with moderate control, would prevent or slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular events.19 The secondary hypothesis was that a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker (nisoldipine) would have an effect equivalent to that of an ACE inhibitor (enalapril) in preventing or delaying the progression of these complications. The present study grew out of the recommendation of the Data and Safety Monitoring Committee that nisoldipine treatment be terminated in the subgroup of patients with hypertension. The committee's recommendation and this report were based on data from a mean of five years of follow-up on the effects of nisoldipine and enalapril on the incidence of cardiovascular events among patients with hypertension and NIDDM in the ABCD Trial. In our report we focus only on the findings of the interim analysis of data on the cohort with hypertension; the entire study is expected to be completed on June 1, 1998.
Methods
Study Design
After the cohorts with and without hypertension were prospectively defined, patients were randomly assigned to moderate or intensive antihypertensive treatment. Within the moderate-treatment and intensive-treatment groups, patients were further randomly assigned to receive either nisoldipine or enalapril as a first-line antihypertensive medication. The primary objective of the study was to determine the relative effects of moderate and intensive blood-pressure control on the change in the creatinine clearance rate among both the normotensive and the hypertensive patients, all of whom had NIDDM. The design of the ABCD Trial has been described previously.19 The study was approved by the institutional review board of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. All patients gave written informed consent.
Study Participants
The patients enrolled in the ABCD Trial were between the ages of 40 and 74 years at the time of recruitment and were identified according to diagnosis-related groups from the pharmacy and billing lists of participating health care systems in the Denver metropolitan area. All patients in the ABCD Trial had NIDDM, diagnosed according to criteria based on those of the World Health Organization report of 1985.20 All enrolled subjects had diastolic blood pressure of 80 mm Hg or higher and were receiving no antihypertensive medications at the time of randomization. Patients were excluded if they had a known allergy to dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers or ACE inhibitors, had had a myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident within the previous six months, had undergone coronary-artery bypass surgery within the previous three months, had had unstable angina pectoris within the previous six months, had New York Heart Association class III or IV congestive heart failure, had an absolute need for therapy with ACE inhibitors or calcium-channel blockers, were receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, or had a serum creatinine concentration greater than 3 mg per deciliter (265 μmol per liter).
Base-Line Evaluation
During a single-blind placebo run-in period lasting 7 to 11 weeks, all base-line studies were performed.19 Cardiovascular disease was identified at base line in patients who met one or more of the following criteria: (1) coronary artery disease, indicated by the patient's report of a previous myocardial infarction, coronary-artery bypass graft, or angioplasty, electrocardiographic findings consistent with a previous myocardial infarction, or a base-line treadmill exercise test that was positive for cardiac ischemia; (2) angina, identified by means of the Rose questionnaire21; (3) cerebrovascular accident, reported by the patient; (4) congestive heart failure; (5) abnormal ankle–brachial index, defined as a value less than 0.9522; and (6) evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy on the base-line electrocardiogram. Details of the studies performed have been reported previously.23
Randomization and Therapy
After the placebo run-in period, each patient's mean base-line diastolic blood pressure was determined at two separate visits. The study population was subsequently divided prospectively into two cohorts, a group without hypertension (mean base-line diastolic blood pressure, 80 to 89 mm Hg) and a group with hypertension (mean base-line diastolic blood pressure, >90 mm Hg). In the normotensive cohort, patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatment strategies: intensive treatment with the goal of decreasing the diastolic blood pressure by 10 mm Hg from the mean base-line value (with further random assignment to receive either nisoldipine or enalapril), or moderate treatment with no intended change in the base-line diastolic blood pressure (these patients were thus randomly assigned to receive placebo). Thus, in the normotensive group, 50 percent of the patients received placebo, 25 percent nisoldipine, and 25 percent enalapril. A similar approach was used for the patients with hypertension. Patients were randomly assigned either to intensive treatment, with a target diastolic blood pressure of 75 mm Hg, or to moderate treatment, with a target diastolic blood pressure of 80 to 89 mm Hg. Unlike the normotensive group, however, all the patients with hypertension received active treatment (50 percent nisoldipine and 50 percent enalapril).
Patients assigned to active study medication received either nisoldipine (Sular, Zeneca, Wilmington, Del.; 10 mg per day, with increases to 20, 40, and 60 mg per day, plus placebo for enalapril) or enalapril (Vasotec, Merck, Whitehouse Station, N.J.; 5 mg per day, with increases to 10, 20, and 40 mg per day, plus placebo for nisoldipine). The drugs and placebos were administered in a double-blind manner. If the single study medication assigned did not achieve the target blood pressure, then open-label antihypertensive medications were added in a stepwise fashion until the target blood pressure was achieved. The open-label antihypertensive medications included metoprolol and hydrochlorothiazide. Additional antihypertensive medications were added at the discretion of the medical director of the study, but these did not include a calcium-channel blocker or ACE inhibitor.
End Points
In both the cohort with hypertension (470 patients) and the cohort without hypertension ( 480 patients), the primary end point was the effect of intensive or moderate blood-pressure control on the change in the 24-hour creatinine clearance, which was assessed every six months.19 Secondary end points included the effect of intensive as compared with moderate blood-pressure control on the incidence of cardiovascular events, retinopathy (determined by stereoscopic retinal photography24), clinical neuropathy,25 urinary albumin excretion,26 and left ventricular hypertrophy (as measured by M-mode echocardiography27).
All cardiovascular events were reviewed by an independent end-points committee whose members were blinded to the patients' assigned treatment groups. Cardiovascular outcomes were defined as death due to cardiovascular events (sudden death, progressive heart failure, fatal myocardial infarction, fatal arrhythmias, cerebrovascular accidents, or ruptured aortic aneurysm); nonfatal myocardial infarction; nonfatal cerebrovascular accident; heart failure requiring hospital admission; or pulmonary infarction. Data on all hospital admissions that appeared to be related to a cardiovascular event were reviewed by the end-points committee.
The diagnosis of myocardial infarction was based on medical records reviewed by the end-points committee. For myocardial infarction to be diagnosed, the patient had to have at least two of the following: a history of retrosternal pain, with or without radiation to the shoulder, arms, jaws, or abdomen, that lasted at least 30 minutes and did not respond to nitroglycerin during the attack; electrocardiographic abnormalities indicative of myocardial infarction; and changes in the concentrations of one or more of the enzymes creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase.
After 67 months of study, the Data and Safety Monitoring Committee observed a significant difference in the rate of cardiovascular events between the subgroups of patients treated with the two study drugs in the hypertensive cohort only. On the basis of this information, the committee recommended the discontinuation of nisoldipine therapy among the patients with hypertension and the continuation of blinded therapy among the normotensive patients. This report focuses only on the findings in the hypertensive cohort.
Statistical Analysis
SAS software (SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.) was used for all statistical analyses. When examining cardiovascular end points (nonfatal myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accidents, congestive heart failure requiring hospital admission, death from cardiovascular causes, and the combined end point of nonfatal and fatal myocardial infarction), we used chi-square analysis to examine the univariate relation between each cardiovascular end point and the study-drug assignment. A multiple logistic-regression model was used to examine the effect of the assigned drug, with adjustment for other known or suspected cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, a multiple logistic-regression model was used to test for an interaction between the study-drug assignment and the blood-pressure–control intervention. All values are reported as means ±SD.
A survival-analysis approach was also used to compare the survival curves between the patients randomly assigned to enalapril with those randomly assigned to nisoldipine. The survival analyses were performed in three ways: with Kaplan–Meier survival curves for groups of patients randomly assigned to the two study drugs; with a proportional-hazards regression model incorporating the randomly assigned drug; and with a proportional-hazards regression model incorporating a time-dependent variable accounting for exposure to the study medication.
The first two approaches followed the intention-to-treat principle, whereas the third approach took into account the actual time intervals during which study medication was received by each patient. The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed according to the LIFETEST procedure (SAS version 6.12), which calculates a nonparametric estimate of the survival distribution. For the proportional-hazards regression models, we used the PHREG procedure (SAS version 6.12), which generates a semi-parametric regression analysis of survival data based on the Cox proportional-hazards model and allows time-dependent covariates to be introduced into the model.
Results
Table 1Table 1
Base-Line Characteristics of the Subjects, According to Assigned Study Medication. shows the base-line characteristics of the subjects with hypertension according to their random assignment to nisoldipine or enalapril. Patients assigned to receive enalapril had a significantly lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration (P=0.03). As Table 2Table 2
Distribution of Complications at Base Line, According to Study Medication. shows, a higher percentage of patients randomly assigned to receive enalapril had an abnormal ankle–brachial index (P = 0.008) and evidence of angina on the Rose questionnaire (P=0.02), as compared with those assigned to receive nisoldipine.Figure 1Figure 1
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure during the Study among Patients in the Intensive-Treatment and Moderate-Treatment Groups Who Were Assigned to Receive Nisoldipine or Enalapril as First-Line Antihypertensive Medication. shows the level of blood-pressure control in the groups given the two study medications throughout the study; no significant differences were seen. Ninety-nine patients in the enalapril group took a beta-blocker, as compared with 89 patients in the nisoldipine group (P = 0.035). One hundred nineteen patients assigned to enalapril took a diuretic agent, as did 93 assigned to nisoldipine (P=0.02). Figure 2Figure 2Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Total Cholesterol Values in Patients Assigned to Receive Nisoldipine or Enalapril. shows that the concentrations of glycosylated hemoglobin and total cholesterol were similar in the patients assigned to the two study medications. Other metabolic variables, such as the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, the number of patients who smoked, and the number of pack-years of smoking, also did not differ significantly between the patients assigned to enalapril and those assigned to nisoldipine.Cardiovascular Events
In the enalapril group, there were 5 deaths due to cardiovascular disease, as compared with 10 in the nisoldipine group (Table 3Table 3
Logistic-Regression Analyses of Cardiovascular Outcomes and Total Deaths, According to Treatment Group.). There were fewer myocardial infarctions in the enalapril group than in the nisoldipine group (nonfatal myocardial infarctions, 5 vs. 22; P=0.001 by the chi-square test; fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarctions combined, 5 vs. 25; P=0.001 by the chi-square test) (Table 3). The rate of myocardial infarction during the five-year study period was nearly one per year in the enalapril group as compared with roughly five per year in the nisoldipine group. This relation was maintained among both the patients assigned to intensive treatment (12 fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarctions among patients given nisoldipine, as compared with 4 in the enalapril group; P=0.03 by the chi-square test) and those assigned to moderate treatment (13 and 1, respectively; P=0.002 by the chi-square test). As Table 3 shows, the adjusted risk ratio for the nisoldipine-treated patients as compared with those given enalapril was 7.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.3 to 21.4) for the combined end point of fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction. In addition, a test for interaction between study-drug assignment and blood-pressure–control strategy showed that no interaction was present. Two of the 5 patients with myocardial infarction in the enalapril group had had a previous myocardial infarction, noted at base line, as compared with 2 of the 25 patients in the nisoldipine group (P = 0.12).In the Kaplan–Meier survival analyses, the survival curves appeared to separate early and remained distinct. Both the log-rank test and the Wilcoxon test (P<0.001) and the proportional-hazards regression model (P<0.001) showed a significant difference between the two drugs. When a time-dependent covariate reflecting exposure to the drug was introduced into the model, the results did not change (P<0.001). This finding indicates that patients taking nisoldipine were more likely to have a myocardial infarction and to have one earlier than patients taking enalapril.
Reasons for Discontinuation of the Study Medication
Table 4Table 4
Reasons for Discontinuing the Study Medication. shows the reasons for the discontinuation of the study medication by 142 patients in the nisoldipine group and 129 in the enalapril group (P = 0.225). Significantly more patients discontinued nisoldipine than enalapril because of headaches (P = 0.009). Significantly more discontinued enalapril because of malaise or fatigue (P = 0.005) or uncontrolled hypertension (P = 0.04). Patients continued to receive the study medication after a myocardial infarction unless their primary care physician requested that it be discontinued.Discussion
The ABCD Trial was designed to compare the effects of blood-pressure control at different intensities and of different types of antihypertensive medications on complications of diabetes. The intention-to-treat analyses of the data from a mean of five years of follow-up of the cohort with hypertension demonstrated a significantly lower rate of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarctions among the patients randomly assigned to the ACE inhibitor enalapril than among those assigned to the calcium-channel blocker nisoldipine.
Since the findings were based on a secondary end point of the study, the results should be interpreted cautiously. Nonetheless, there was a significantly lower incidence of myocardial infarction in the enalapril group, despite the potentially higher base-line risk of cardiovascular events in that group. Specifically, patients randomly assigned to receive enalapril had lower HDL cholesterol concentrations and a higher prevalence of an abnormal ankle–brachial index, which has been shown to be an independent predictor of death from cardiovascular causes,28,29 on entry into the study. Moreover, the difference between the two study medications was still striking after adjustment for other variables that may influence the incidence of cardiovascular end points.
Another confounding variable that may have affected our results was the percentage of patients who discontinued the assigned study medication. The rate of discontinuation was not significantly different for the two drugs. In an attempt to address this concern, we performed time-to-event analyses that also included a time-dependent covariate reflecting exposure to the drug. The results indicated that the survival curves for the two drugs differed significantly. Not only were patients assigned to enalapril less likely to have a myocardial infarction, but the time to a first event was longer than among the patients assigned to nisoldipine, thus further corroborating the results. The current report does not include findings in the normotensive cohort of the study, since the Data and Safety Monitoring Committee did not find a significant difference between the patients assigned to the two medications with respect to cardiovascular events. By the design of the study, 50 percent of the normotensive patients were receiving the study medication and 50 percent placebo. Thus, only 25 percent of the patients without hypertension were receiving nisoldipine, and 25 percent were receiving enalapril; the power of this portion of the study to detect significant differences was therefore limited. This portion of the study is still ongoing.
Despite their potential benefits, much controversy has arisen recently regarding calcium-channel blockers.30-34 A number of recent retrospective studies have demonstrated an association between the use of calcium-channel blockers (specifically nifedipine) and cardiovascular morbidity.16,17 Thus, it is important to consider whether enalapril reduces the risk of myocardial infarction, whether nisoldipine increases the risk of myocardial infarction, or whether a combination of these effects occurs. Although comparisons with historical controls are not ideal, the rate of myocardial infarction among patients with NIDDM who were randomly assigned to therapy with nisoldipine in our study (10 percent over a period of five years) is not significantly different from that in other recent studies of patients with NIDDM (6 to 14 percent over a five-year period).35-37 Therefore, it is plausible that our findings resulted from a protective effect of enalapril. It should be stressed, however, that in the present study, we cannot distinguish among a deleterious effect of nisoldipine, a protective effect of enalapril, and a combination of both as the reason for the difference we observed.
In summary, a prospective, randomized, blinded clinical study in a population of patients with NIDDM and hypertension demonstrated that treatment with enalapril for a mean of five years was associated with a lower incidence of myocardial infarction than was treatment with nisoldipine for the same period. Since our findings are based on data on a secondary end point, the conclusions regarding the use of calcium-channel blockers and ACE inhibitors in patients with NIDDM must be evaluated on the basis of the results of other clinical trials. In any case, our data indicate that an ACE inhibitor is the preferred antihypertensive agent, rather than a dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker, for the prevention of cardiovascular complications, specifically myocardial infarction, in patients with NIDDM.
Supported by the Bayer Pharmaceutical Company and by a grant (DK50298-02) from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Dr. Hiatt is the recipient of an Academic Award in Vascular Disease from the National Institutes of Health.
We are indebted to the members of the Data and Safety Monitoring Committee for their guidance: Paul W. Whelton, M.D., Tulane University, New Orleans; Roger Sherwin, M.D., University of Maryland, Baltimore; Ralph D'Agostino, Sr., Ph.D., Boston University, Boston; and Kevin Higgins, M.D., Bayer Pharmaceuticals, West Haven, Conn.
Source Information
From the Colorado Prevention Center (R.O.E., B.W.J., W.R.H., S.L.B., N.G., R.W.S.); the Division of General Internal Medicine (R.O.E.), the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension (B.W.J., N.G., R.W.S.), the Divisions of Geriatrics and Cardiology (W.R.H.), Department of Medicine, and the Section of Vascular Medicine (W.R.H.), University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; and the Department of Community Health Services, Denver Health (R.O.E.) — all in Denver.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Schrier at the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. Ninth Ave., Box B-178, Denver, CO 80262.
- References
References
1
National Center for Health Statistics 2
Panzram G . Mortality and survival in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1987;30:123-131[Erratum, Diabetologia 1987;30:364.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Moss SE ,Klein R ,Klein BE . Cause-specific mortality in a population-based study of diabetes. Am J Public Health 1991;81:1158-1162
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Pfeffer MA ,Braunwald E ,Moye LA , et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Trial: the SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992;327:669-677
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline5
ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto MiocardicoGISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994;343:1115-1122
Web of Science | Medline7
The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline8
The SOLVD Investigators
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline9
Cohn JN . The management of chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1996;335:490-498
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline10
Manolio TA ,Cutler JA ,Furberg CD ,Psaty BM ,Whelton PK ,Applegate WB . Trends in pharmacologic management of hypertension in the United States. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:829-837
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Parving HH . Effects of ACE inhibitors on renal function in incipient and overt diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Complications 1996;10:133-135
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Lewis EJ . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in type I diabetic nephropathy. Contrib Nephrol 1996;118:206-213
Web of Science | Medline13
Maschio G ,Alberti D ,Janin G , et al. Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 1996;334:939-945
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline14
Ravid M ,Lang R ,Rachmani R ,Lishner M . Long-term renoprotective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a 7-year follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:286-289
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Parving HH ,Rossing P ,Hommel E ,Smidt UM . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic nephropathy: ten years' experience. Am J Kidney Dis 1995;26:99-107
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Psaty BM ,Heckbert SR ,Koepsell TD , et al. The risk of myocardial infarction associated with antihypertensive drug therapies. JAMA 1995;274:620-625
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Furberg CD ,Psaty BM ,Meyer JV . Nifedipine: dose-related increase in mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. Circulation 1995;92:1326-1331
Web of Science | Medline18
Borhani NO ,Mercuri M ,Borhani PA , et al. Final outcome results of the Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study (MIDAS): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1996;276:785-791
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Savage S ,Johnson Nagel N ,Estacio RO , et al. The ABCD (Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes) trial: rationale and design of a trial of hypertension control (moderate or intensive) in type II diabetes. Online J Curr Clin Trials 1993 Nov 24;Doc. No. Savage S, Johnson Nagel N, Estacio RO, et al. The ABCD (Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes) trial: rationale and design of a trial of hypertension control (moderate or intensive) in type II diabetes. Online J Curr Clin Trials 1993 Nov 24;Doc. No. 104:[6250 words; 128 paragraphs].;20
Diabetes mellitus: report of a WHO study groupWHO Tech Rep Ser 1985;727:7-113
21
Heyden S ,Bartel AG ,Tabesh E , et al. Angina pectoris and the Rose questionnaire. Arch Intern Med 1971;128:961-964
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Hiatt WR ,Marshall JA ,Baxter J , et al. Diagnostic methods for peripheral arterial disease in the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1990;43:597-606
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Estacio RO ,Savage S ,Nagel NJ ,Schrier RW . Baseline characteristics of participants in the Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes trial. Control Clin Trials 1996;17:242-257
CrossRef | Medline24
Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group
Web of Science | Medline25
Report and recommendations of the San Antonio conference on diabetic neuropathyAnn Neurol 1988;24:99-104
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Mogensen CE. Microalbuminuria in diabetic renal disease. In: Mogensen CE, Standl E, eds. Prevention and treatment of diabetic late complications. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1989:41-73.
27
Devereux RB ,Reichek N . Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man: anatomic validation of the method. Circulation 1977;55:613-618
Web of Science | Medline28
Kornitzer M ,Dramaix M ,Sobolski J ,Degre S ,De Backer G . Ankle/arm pressure index in asymptomatic middle-aged males: an independent predictor of ten-year coronary heart disease mortality. Angiology 1995;46:211-219
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
McKenna M ,Wolfson S ,Kuller L . The ratio of ankle and arm arterial pressure as an independent predictor of mortality. Atherosclerosis 1991;87:119-128
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline30
Glasser SP ,Ripa S ,Garland WT , et al. Antianginal and antiischemic efficacy of monotherapy extended-release nisoldipine (Coat Core) in chronic stable angina. J Clin Pharmacol 1995;35:780-784
Web of Science | Medline31
Heublein B ,Amende I ,Blanke PM ,Baunack-Frost AR ,Breuer HW . Nisoldipine versus isosorbide dinitrate in coronary heart disease: result of a double-masked study. Clin Ther 1996;18:448-459
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline32
Weinstein DB ,Heider JG . Protective action of calcium channel antagonists in atherogenesis and experimental vascular injury. Am J Hypertens 1989;2:205-212
Web of Science | Medline33
Lichtlen PR ,Hugenholtz PG ,Rafflenbeul W ,Hecker H ,Jost S ,Deckers JW . Retardation of angiographic progression of coronary artery disease by nifedipine: results of the International Nifedipine Trial on Antiatherosclerotic Therapy (INTACT). Lancet 1990;335:1109-1113
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline34
Waters D ,Lesperance J . Interventions that beneficially influence the evolution of coronary atherosclerosis: the case for calcium channel blockers. Circulation 1992;86:Suppl III:III-11135
Janka HU ,Dirschedl P . Systolic blood pressure as a predictor for cardiovascular disease in diabetes: a 5-year longitudinal study. Hypertension 1985;7:II-9036
Koskinen P ,Manttari M ,Manninen V ,Huttunen JK ,Heinonen OP ,Frick MH . Coronary heart disease incidence in NIDDM patients in the Helsinki Heart Study. Diabetes Care 1992;15:820-825
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline37
Kuusisto J ,Mykkanen L ,Pyorala K ,Laakso M . NIDDM and its metabolic control predict coronary heart disease in elderly subjects. Diabetes 1994;43:960-967
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (366)
Citing Articles
1
Yoko M. Nakao, Satoshi Teramukai, Sachiko Tanaka, Shinji Yasuno, Akira Fujimoto, Masato Kasahara, Kenji Ueshima, Kazuhiro Nakao, Shiro Hinotsu, Kazuwa Nakao, Koji Kawakami. (2011) Effects of renin–angiotensin system blockades on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
CrossRef2
Francesco Paneni, Francesco Cosentino, Jasmine Passerini, Massimo Volpe. (2011) Is there any memory effect of blood pressure lowering in diabetes?. International Journal of Cardiology 151:3, 384-385
CrossRef3
Alejandro Sierra, Jorge Salazar. (2011) What is the role of direct renin inhibitors in the treatment of the hypertensive diabetic patient?. Advances in Therapy 28:9, 716-727
CrossRef4
Josep Redon, Serap Erdine, Michael Böhm, Claudio Ferri, Rainer Kolloch, Reinhold Kreutz, Stéphane Laurent, Alexandre Persu, Roland E. Schmieder. (2011) Physician attitudes to blood pressure control. Journal of Hypertension 29:8, 1633-1640
CrossRef5
Ehud Grossman, Franz H. Messerli. (2011) Management of Blood Pressure in Patients With Diabetes. American Journal of Hypertension 24:8, 863-875
CrossRef6
Massimo Volpe, Francesco Cosentino, Giuliano Tocci, Francesca Palano, Francesco Paneni. (2011) Antihypertensive Therapy in Diabetes: The Legacy Effect and RAAS Blockade. Current Hypertension Reports 13:4, 318-324
CrossRef7
James B. Wetmore, Jonathan D. Mahnken, Purna Mukhopadhyay, Qingjiang Hou, Edward F. Ellerbeck, Sally K. Rigler, John A. Spertus, Theresa I. Shireman. (2011) Geographic Variation in Cardioprotective Antihypertensive Medication Usage in Dialysis Patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 58:1, 73-83
CrossRef8
Miguel Camafort-Babkowski, Vivencio Barrios, Antonio Coca. (2011) Management of hypertension in diabetic patients: outstanding issues. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 9:6, 721-728
CrossRef9
Sripal Bangalore, Sunil Kumar, Sverre E Kjeldsen, Harikrishna Makani, Ehud Grossman, Jørn Wetterslev, Ajay K Gupta, Peter S Sever, Christian Gluud, Franz H Messerli. (2011) Antihypertensive drugs and risk of cancer: network meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of 324 168 participants from randomised trials. The Lancet Oncology 12:1, 65-82
CrossRef10
Rhonda M. Cooper-DeHoff, Eric F. Egelund, Carl J. Pepine. (2011) Blood pressure lowering in patients with diabetes—one level might not fit all. Nature Reviews Cardiology 8:1, 42-49
CrossRef11
Moon-Jae Kim. (2011) Current Controversies over the Management of Elderly Hypertension with Impaired Renal Function. Journal of the Korean Society of Hypertension 17:4, 148
CrossRef12
Ning Chen, Mi Yang, Li He, Dongping Zhang, Muke Zhou, Cairong Zhu, Li He. 2010. Corticosteroids for preventing postherpetic neuralgia. .
CrossRef13
Tara I. Chang, Alfred K. Cheung, Glenn M. Chertow. (2010) Blood Pressure Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 56:6, 1029-1031
CrossRef14
Mie Kurata, Takafumi Okura, Jun Irita, Daijiro Enomoto, Tomoaki Nagao, Masanori Jotoku, Ken-ichi Miyoshi, Jitsuo Higaki. (2010) The Relationship Between Osteopontin and Adiponectin in Patients with Essential Hypertension. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 32:6, 358-363
CrossRef15
Riccardo Candido, Mark E. Cooper, Karin A. M. Jandeleit-Dahm. 2010. The Pathogenesis of Macrovascular Complications Including Atherosclerosis in Diabetes. , 635-656.
CrossRef16
Dena E. Rifkin, Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer. (2010) Medication Issues in Older Individuals With CKD. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 17:4, 320-328
CrossRef17
Michael J. Fischer, Ann M. O'Hare. (2010) Epidemiology of Hypertension in the Elderly With Chronic Kidney Disease. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 17:4, 329-340
CrossRef18
Erica L. Fletcher, Joanna A. Phipps, Michelle M. Ward, Kirstan A. Vessey, Jennifer L. Wilkinson-Berka. (2010) The renin–angiotensin system in retinal health and disease: Its influence on neurons, glia and the vasculature. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 29:4, 284-311
CrossRef19
Yi Yang, Vennela Thumula, Patrick F. Pace, Benjamin F. Banahan, Noel E. Wilkin, William B. Lobb. (2010) Nonadherence to angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin II receptor blockers among high-risk patients with diabetes in Medicare Part D programs. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 50:4, 527-531
CrossRef20
Piero Ruggenenti, Paolo Cravedi, Giuseppe Remuzzi. (2010) The RAAS in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Nature Reviews Nephrology 6:6, 319-330
CrossRef21
Monisankar Roy, Noman Mahmood, Clive Rosendorff. (2010) Evidence for Aggressive Blood Pressure–Lowering Goals in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12:2, 134-139
CrossRef22
Maartje CJ Slagman, Gerjan Navis, Gozewijn D Laverman. (2010) Dual blockade of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in cardiac and renal disease. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 19:2, 140-152
CrossRef23
Fiona Turnbull, Mark Woodward, Vibeke Anna. (2010) Effectiveness of blood pressure lowering: evidence-based comparisons between men and women. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 8:2, 199-209
CrossRef24
Matteo Cesari, Claudio Pedone, Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi, Marco Pahor. (2010) ACE-Inhibition and Physical Function: Results From the Trial of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors (TRAIN) Study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 11:1, 26-32
CrossRef25
Henry L. Elliott, Suzanne M. Lloyd, Ian Ford, Peter A. Meredith. (2010) Improving Blood Pressure Control in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and High Cardiovascular Risk. International Journal of Hypertension 2010, 1-8
CrossRef26
Fengyang Huang, Miguel Angel Rosas Lezama, José Alfredo Pérez Ontiveros, Guadalupe Bravo, Santiago Villafaña, Blanca Estela del-Rio-Navarro, Enrique Hong. (2010) Effect of Losartan on Vascular Function in Fructose-Fed Rats: The Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 32:2, 98-104
CrossRef27
Gordon T. Mcinnes. (2009) Drug treatment of prehypertension: Not now, not ever?. Blood Pressure 18:6, 304-307
CrossRef28
Rigas Kalaitzidis, George Bakris. (2009) Pathogenesis and Treatment of Microalbuminuria in Patients With Diabetes: The Road Ahead. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 11:11, 636-643
CrossRef29
Jan A Krikken, Gozewijn D Laverman, Gerjan Navis. (2009) Benefits of dietary sodium restriction in the management of chronic kidney disease. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 18:6, 531-538
CrossRef30
Christine T. Cigolle, Caroline S. Blaum, Jeffrey B. Halter. (2009) Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Older Adults. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 25:4, 607-641
CrossRef31
Matthew S. Edwards, Matthew A. Corriere. (2009) Contemporary management of atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Journal of Vascular Surgery 50:5, 1197-1210
CrossRef32
Deirdre A Lane, Gregory YH Lip, Gregory YH Lip. 2009. Treatment of hypertension in peripheral arterial disease. .
CrossRef33
Dirk Sander, Mark T. Kearney. (2009) Reducing the risk of stroke in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiological and therapeutic perspectives. Journal of Neurology 256:10, 1603-1619
CrossRef34
Bo Carlberg. (2009) Time to lower treatment BP targets for hypertension?. The Lancet 374:9689, 503-504
CrossRef35
M. Klapholz. (2009) -Blocker Use for the Stages of Heart Failure. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84:8, 718-729
CrossRef36
Muke Zhou, Ning Chen, Mi Yang, Jian Guo, Cairong Zhu, Jie Yang, Yucai Wang, Xue Yang, Li He, Li He. 2009. Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension. .
CrossRef37
Clive Rosendorff, Henry R Black. (2009) Evidence for a lower target blood pressure for people with heart disease. Current Opinion in Cardiology 24:4, 318-324
CrossRef38
Pierluigi Costanzo, Pasquale Perrone-Filardi, Mario Petretta, Caterina Marciano, Enrico Vassallo, Paola Gargiulo, Stefania Paolillo, Andrea Petretta, Massimo Chiariello. (2009) Calcium channel blockers and cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of 175 634 patients. Journal of Hypertension 27:6, 1136-1151
CrossRef39
David S. H. Bell. (2009) Treatment of diabetic hypertension. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 11:5, 433-444
CrossRef40
Michel Chonchol, Rita Dale, Robert W. Schrier, Raymond Estacio. (2009) Serum Phosphorus and Cardiovascular Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. The American Journal of Medicine 122:4, 380-386
CrossRef41
I. Quack, L.C. Rump. (2009) Niere und Hypertonie. Der Internist 50:4, 410-422
CrossRef42
Matteo Cesari, Stephen B. Kritchevsky, Hal H. Atkinson, Brenda W. Penninx, Mauro Di Bari, Russell P. Tracy, Marco Pahor. (2009) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and novel cardiovascular risk biomarkers. American Heart Journal 157:2, 334.e1-334.e8
CrossRef43
Neelakshi Bhagat, Ruben A. Grigorian, Arthur Tutela, Marco A. Zarbin. (2009) Diabetic Macular Edema: Pathogenesis and Treatment. Survey of Ophthalmology 54:1, 1-32
CrossRef44
Jan Östergren, Neil R Poulter, Peter S Sever, Björn Dahlöf, Hans Wedel, Gareth Beevers, Mark Caulfield, Rory Collins, Sverre E Kjeldsen, Arni Kristinsson, Gordon T McInnes, Jesper Mehlsen, Markku Nieminen, Eoin OʼBrien. (2008) The Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial: blood pressure-lowering limb: effects in patients with type II diabetes. Journal of Hypertension 26:11, 2103-2111
CrossRef45
Holman, Rury R., Paul, Sanjoy K., Bethel, M. Angelyn, Neil, H. Andrew W., Matthews, David R., . (2008) Long-Term Follow-up after Tight Control of Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 359:15, 1565-1576
Full Text46
Kellie Hunter Campbell, Ann M OʼHare. (2008) Kidney disease in the elderly: update on recent literature. Current Opinion in Internal Medicine 7:4, 356-361
CrossRef47
N Hotta, R. Kawamori, Y. Atsumi, M. Baba, H. Kishikawa, J. Nakamura, S. Oikawa, N. Yamada, H. Yasuda, Y. Shigeta, . (2008) Stratified analyses for selecting appropriate target patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy for long-term treatment with an aldose reductase inhibitor, epalrestat. Diabetic Medicine 25:7, 818-825
CrossRef48
Giuliano Tocci, Sebastiano Sciarretta, Massimo Volpe. (2008) Development of heart failure in recent hypertension trials. Journal of Hypertension 26:7, 1477-1486
CrossRef49
William J. Bommer. (2008) Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor/Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Therapy to Reduce Cardiovascular Events in High-Risk Patients: Part 1. Preventive Cardiology 11:3, 148-154
CrossRef50
F. Turnbull, M. Woodward, B. Neal, F. Barzi, T. Ninomiya, J. Chalmers, V. Perkovic, N. Li, S. MacMahon, . (2008) Do men and women respond differently to blood pressure-lowering treatment? Results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. European Heart Journal 29:21, 2669-2680
CrossRef51
Kellie Hunter Campbell, Ann M OʼHare. (2008) Kidney disease in the elderly: update on recent literature. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 17:3, 298-303
CrossRef52
Craig I Coleman, William L Baker, Jeffrey Kluger, C Michael White. (2008) Antihypertensive medication and their impact on cancer incidence: a mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Hypertension 26:4, 622-629
CrossRef53
Rodger Shepherd, Judith L. Macer, Deborah Grady. (2008) Planning for closeout — From Day One. Contemporary Clinical Trials 29:2, 136-139
CrossRef54
Susanne H Meeuwisse-Pasterkamp, Melanie M van der Klauw, Bruce HR Wolffenbuttel. (2008) Type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevention of macrovascular complications. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 6:3, 323-341
CrossRef55
KAREN M. CHACKO, TIMOTHY A. BAUER, RITA A. DALE, JAMES A. DIXON, ROBERT W. SCHRIER, RAYMOND O. ESTACIO. (2008) Heart Rate Recovery Predicts Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40:2, 288-295
CrossRef56
William H Frishman, Wilbert S Aronow, Angela Cheng-Lai. 2008. Cardiovascular Drug Therapy in the Elderly. , 99-136.
CrossRef57
Douglas G. Shemin, Lance D. Dworkin. 2008. Calcium Channel Blockers. , 610-619.
CrossRef58
Kenneth A. Jamerson, Jan Basile. (2008) Prompt, Aggressive BP Lowering in High-Risk Patients. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 10:s1, 40-48
CrossRef59
Guido Grassi. (2008) The Clinical Significance of Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment: Is First-Line Drug Choice Important?. High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention 15:3, 117-119
CrossRef60
Motofumi Sasaki, Kenichi Shikata, Hirofumi Makino. (2008) Okayama Igakkai Zasshi (Journal of Okayama Medical Association) 119:3, 311-313
CrossRef61
Vasilios Papademetriou. 2008. Management of Associated Cardiovascular Risk in Essential Hypertension. , 635-643.
CrossRef62
Daniel G. Hackam, Lawrence A. Leiter, Andrew T. Yan, Raymond T. Yan, Aurora Mendelsohn, Mary Tan, Louis Zavodni, Richard Chen, Jennifer L. Tsang, Anjali Kundi, Peter J. Lin, David H. Fitchett, Anatoly Langer, Shaun G. Goodman. (2007) Missed opportunities for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in Canada. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 23:14, 1124-1130
CrossRef63
N Glorioso, G Argiolas, F Filigheddu, C Troffa, F Cocco, E Bulla, P Bulla, R Zaninello, S Degortes, S Pitzoi, F Frau, S Fadda, P Pinna Parpaglia, G Bernini, M Bardini, F Fallo, L Malatino, G Regolisti, C Ferri, D Cusi, A Sciacqua, F Perticone, E Degli Esposti, C Baraccani, G Parati, F Veglio, P Mulatero, T A Williams, F Macciardi, B Stancanelli. (2007) Conceptual basis and methodology of the SOPHIA study. Pharmacogenomics 8:11, 1497-1509
CrossRef64
Shawna D. Nesbitt. (2007) Antihypertensive Combination Therapy: Optimizing Blood Pressure Control and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 9, 26-32
CrossRef65
William C. Cushman. (2007) What Should Our Blood Pressure Goal Be in Patients With Diabetes?. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 9:11, 823-826
CrossRef66
Matthias Weck. (2007) Treatment of hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus. Clinical Research in Cardiology 96:10, 707-718
CrossRef67
(2007) Guías de práctica clínica para el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial 2007. Revista Española de Cardiología 60:9, 968.e1-968.e94
CrossRef68
&NA;. (2007) FULL TEXT Chapter 1: Introduction. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 14:Supplement 2, S2-S113
CrossRef69
Carolyn Jenkins, Maria Lopes-Virella. 2007. Nutrition in Diabetes Mellitus. , 785-813.
CrossRef70
Florent Boutitie, Roxana Oprisiu, Jean Michel Achard, Hakim Mazouz, Jiguang Wang, Franz H Messerli, Fran??ois Gueyffier, Albert Fournier. (2007) Does a change in angiotensin II formation caused by antihypertensive drugs affect the risk of stroke?. Journal of Hypertension 25:8, 1543-1553
CrossRef71
Robert W Schrier, Raymond O Estacio, Philip S Mehler, William R Hiatt. (2007) Appropriate blood pressure control in hypertensive and normotensive type 2 diabetes mellitus: a summary of the ABCD trial. Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology 3:8, 428-438
CrossRef72
Simeon Pierre Choukem, Andre Pascal Kengne, Yefou Mesmin Dehayem, Nenwouo Leonie Simo, Jean Claude Mbanya. (2007) Hypertension in people with diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: Revealing the hidden face of the iceberg. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 77:2, 293-299
CrossRef73
Wilbert S. Aronow, William H. Frishman, Angela Cheng-Lai. (2007) Cardiovascular Drug Therapy in the Elderly. Cardiology in Review 15:4, 195-215
CrossRef74
(2007) Blood pressure-dependent and independent effects of agents that inhibit the renin–angiotensin system. Journal of Hypertension 25:5, 951-958
CrossRef75
Philip A. McFarlane, Sheldon W. Tobe, Bruce Culleton. (2007) Improving outcomes in diabetes and chronic kidney disease: The basis for Canadian guidelines. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 23:7, 585-590
CrossRef76
(2007) Guías de práctica clínica sobre diabetes, prediabetes y enfermedades cardiovasculares: versión resumida. Revista Española de Cardiología 60:5, 525.e1-525.e64
CrossRef77
Ali S Alzahrani. (2007) Management of hypertension in diabetes mellitus. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 2:3, 341-357
CrossRef78
Alejandro de la Sierra, Juan Antonio Divisón. (2007) Valor pronóstico de la presión arterial en el paciente diabético. Medicina Clínica 128:13, 495-497
CrossRef79
Chi-Wen Chiang, Chi-Yu Chen, Hui-Fen Chiu, Hsin-Lung Wu, Chun-Yuh Yang. (2007) Trends in the use of antihypertensive drugs by outpatients with diabetes in Taiwan, 1997–2003. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 16:4, 412-421
CrossRef80
Félix Miguel García, Alejandra García Ortiz, M. José Montero Alonso, Alejandro Merino Senovilla, Ruperto Sanz Cantalapiedra, José Ángel Maderuelo Fernández. (2007) PAPPS cardiovascular 2005: un análisis crítico. Atención Primaria 39:4, 201-206
CrossRef81
Thomas G. Pickering, Kazuomi Kario. (2007) Why Is Blood Pressure So Hard to Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes?. Journal of the CardioMetabolic Syndrome 2:2, 114-118
CrossRef82
PAOLO FERRARI. (2007) Prescribing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in chronic kidney disease (Review Article). Nephrology 12:1, 81-89
CrossRef83
Alberto Zanchetti. (2007) Clinical practice and guidelines in Europe for the treatment of hypertension, with a focus on patients with diabetes mellitus. Clinical Therapeutics 29, S44-S53
CrossRef84
Philip R Liebson. (2006) Calcium channel blockers in the spectrum of antihypertensive agents. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 7:17, 2385-2401
CrossRef85
Matthew C. Leinung. (2006) The Role of Calcium Antagonists in the Treatment of Hypertension in Patients With Diabetes. The Endocrinologist 16:6, 349-357
CrossRef86
Giovanni FM Strippoli, Carmen Bonifati, Maria E Craig, Sankar D Navaneethan, Jonathan C Craig, Giovanni FM Strippoli. 2006. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists for preventing the progression of diabetic kidney disease. .
CrossRef87
Giovanni FM Strippoli, Allison Tong, Suetonia C Palmer, Grahame J Elder, Jonathan C Craig, Giovanni FM Strippoli. 2006. Calcimimetics for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease patients. .
CrossRef88
Graziano Onder, Curt Furberg, A Moore, Bruce M Psaty, Marco Pahor, Graziano Onder. 2006. Comparison of calcium channel blockers with other classes of drugs for hypertension. .
CrossRef89
2006. Parkinson's Disease. .
CrossRef90
K. A. Jassim Al Khaja, R. P. Sequeira. (2006) Pharmacoepidemiology of antihypertensive drugs in primary care setting of Bahrain between 1998 and 2000. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 15:10, 741-748
CrossRef91
B Kuch, W von Scheidt, W Peter, M Heier, H-E Wichmann, C Meisinger. (2006) Influence of antihypertensive therapy and blood pressure control on left ventricular geometry and function in subjects with type II diabetes: The Augsburg Diabetes Family Study. Journal of Human Hypertension 20:10, 757-764
CrossRef92
Ronald Goldberg. 2006. Type 2 Diabetes. , 187-254.
CrossRef93
Bryan Williams. (2006) The Year in Hypertension. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 48:8, 1698-1711
CrossRef94
A M E Spoelstra-de Man, F J van Ittersum, M T Schram, O Kamp, R A J M van Dijk, R G IJzerman, J W R Twisk, C B Brouwer, C D A Stehouwer. (2006) Aggressive antihypertensive strategies based on hydrochlorothiazide, candesartan or lisinopril decrease left ventricular mass and improve arterial compliance in patients with type II diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension 20:8, 599-611
CrossRef95
Peter Ochodnicky, Robert H. Henning, Richard P.E. van Dokkum, Dick de Zeeuw. (2006) Microalbuminuria and Endothelial Dysfunction: Emerging Targets for Primary Prevention of End-organ Damage. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 47:Supplement 2, S151-S162
CrossRef96
M Kamgar, N Nobakhthaghighi, A A Shamshirsaz, R O Estacio, K K McFann, R W Schrier. (2006) Impaired fibrinolytic activity in type II diabetes: Correlation with urinary albumin excretion and progression of renal disease. Kidney International 69:10, 1899-1903
CrossRef97
Dan Lender, Suzanne K Sysko. (2006) The Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiometabolic Risk: Scope of the Problem and Current Standard of Care. Pharmacotherapy 26:5part2, 3S-12S
CrossRef98
Shahnaz Shahinfar, Paulette A Lyle, Zhongxin Zhang, William F Keane, Barry M Brenner. (2006) Losartan: lessons learned from the RENAAL study. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 7:5, 623-630
CrossRef99
Giuseppe Mancia. (2006) Total cardiovascular risk: a new treatment concept. Journal of Hypertension 24:Suppl 2, S17-S24
CrossRef100
Steven P. Marso, William R. Hiatt. (2006) Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients With Diabetes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 47:5, 921-929
CrossRef101
Michel Burnier, Anne Zanchi. (2006) Blockade of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system: a key therapeutic strategy to reduce renal and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes. Journal of Hypertension 24:1, 11-25
CrossRef102
2006. Calcium channel blockers. , 598-610.
CrossRef103
Artur Beltrame Ribeiro. (2006) Angiotensin II antagonists – therapeutic benefits spanning the cardiovascular disease continuum from hypertension to heart failure and diabetic nephropathy. Current Medical Research and Opinion 22:1, 1-16
CrossRef104
Japanese Society of Hypertension. (2006) Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2004). Hypertension Research 29:Suppl, S1-S106
CrossRef105
Anna C Calkin, Terri J Allen. (2006) Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Atherosclerosis. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 6:1, 15-40
CrossRef106
Keith C. Ferdinand, Elijah Sounders. (2006) Hypertension-Related Morbidity and Mortality in African Americans?Why We Need to Do Better. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 8:s1, 21-30
CrossRef107
Marvin Moser. (2006) More Confusing Messages From the Hypertension Treatment Trials. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 8:1, 8-11
CrossRef108
J.F. Blicklé. (2005) Management of hypertension in elderly diabetic patients. Diabetes & Metabolism 31, 5S82-5S91
CrossRef109
Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer, Michael A. Fischer, Sebastian Schneeweiss, Philip S. Wang, Raisa Levin, Jerry Avorn. (2005) Underuse of ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers in Elderly Patients With Diabetes. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 46:6, 1080-1087
CrossRef110
C. J. Bailey, S. Del Prato, D. Eddy, B. Zinman. (2005) Earlier intervention in type 2 diabetes: The case for achieving early and sustained glycaemic control. International Journal of Clinical Practice 59:11, 1309-1316
CrossRef111
Thomas D. Giles, Gary E. Sander. (2005) Pathophysiologic, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Aspects of the Metabolic Syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 7:11, 669-678
CrossRef112
Ann M. Borzecki, Dan R. Berlowitz. (2005) Management of hypertension and diabetes: Treatment goals, drug choices, current practice, and strategies for improving care. Current Hypertension Reports 7:6, 439-449
CrossRef113
G. Bönner, D. B. Gysan, G. Sauer. (2005) Prävention der Atherosklerose. Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 94:S3, iii56-iii65
CrossRef114
Kambiz Zandi-Nejad, Barry M Brenner. (2005) Primary and secondary prevention of chronic kidney disease. Journal of Hypertension 23:10, 1771-1776
CrossRef115
Kenneth L. Choi, William J. Elliott. (2005) Antihypertensive, antiproteinuric therapy and myocardial infarction and stroke prevention. Current Hypertension Reports 7:5, 367-373
CrossRef116
Sandra J. Taler. (2005) Treatment of resistant hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports 7:5, 323-329
CrossRef117
Michael L. Johnson, Hardeep Singh. (2005) Patterns of Antihypertensive Therapy Among Patients with Diabetes. Journal of General Internal Medicine 20:9, 842-846
CrossRef118
C. Wilson, S. Gilliland, T. Cullen, K. Moore, Y. Roubideaux, L. Valdez, W. Vanderwagen, K. Acton. (2005) Diabetes Outcomes in the Indian Health System During the Era of the Special Diabetes Program for Indians and the Government Performance and Results Act. American Journal of Public Health 95:9, 1518-1522
CrossRef119
Giuseppe Mancia, Ettore Ambrosioni, Enrico Agabiti Rosei, Gastone Leonetti, Bruno Trimarco, Massimo Volpe. (2005) Blood pressure control and risk of stroke in untreated and treated hypertensive patients screened from clinical practice: results of the ForLife study. Journal of Hypertension 23:8, 1575-1581
CrossRef120
James B. Meigs. (2005) Prevention of coronary heart disease in diabetes. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 7:4, 259-271
CrossRef121
Michael Wiederkehr, Robert Toto, Andrew Z. Fenves, C. Venkata S. Ram. (2005) Hypertension and the Kidney. Seminars in Nephrology 25:4, 236-245
CrossRef122
José Miguel González-Clemente, Olga Giménez-Palop, Assumpta Caixàs, María José Barahona, David Subías, Carme Vilardell, Gabriel Giménez-Pérez, Dídac Mauricio. (2005) Escasa caracterización clínica de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus incluidos en los principales ensayos clínicos sobre hipertensión arterial. Medicina Clínica 125:5, 173-178
CrossRef123
Franz H. Messerli, Ehud Grossman. (2005) Therapeutic Controversies in Hypertension. Seminars in Nephrology 25:4, 227-235
CrossRef124
M. Ravid, R. Rachmani. (2005) Cardiovascular protection in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Considerations about the tightness of blood pressure control and the choice of treatment. European Journal of Internal Medicine 16:3, 154-159
CrossRef125
M T Schram, F J van Ittersum, A Spoelstra-de Man, R A J M van Dijk, C G Schalkwijk, R G Ijzerman, J W R Twisk, C D A Stehouwer. (2005) Aggressive antihypertensive therapy based on hydrochlorothiazide, candesartan or lisinopril as initial choice in hypertensive type II diabetic individuals: effects on albumin excretion, endothelial function and inflammation in a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Journal of Human Hypertension 19:6, 429-437
CrossRef126
Kambiz Zandi-Nejad, Barry M. Brenner. (2005) Strategies to Retard the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease. Medical Clinics of North America 89:3, 489-509
CrossRef127
H. Haller. (2005) Die neuen Richtlinien zur Behandlung der Hypertonie. Der Internist 46:5, 538-547
CrossRef128
A. Hartmann, S. Moskau. (2005) Blutdruck und Gehirn. Der Internist 46:5, 520-537
CrossRef129
Benjamin J. Epstein, John G. Gums. (2005) Can the Renin-Angiotensin System Protect Against Stroke? A Focus on Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers. Pharmacotherapy 25:4, 531-539
CrossRef130
Bryan Williams. (2005) Recent hypertension trials. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45:6, 813-827
CrossRef131
Jacques Champlain. (2005) Do angiotensin II antagonists provide benefits beyond blood pressure reduction?. Advances in Therapy 22:2, 117-136
CrossRef132
Jan A. STAESSEN, Yan LI, Lutgarde THIJS, Ji-Guang WANG. (2005) Blood Pressure Reduction and Cardiovascular Prevention: An Update Including the 2003-2004 Secondary Prevention Trials. Hypertension Research 28:5, 385-407
CrossRef133
Antonio C. Gil-Núñez, José Vivancos-Mora. (2005) Blood Pressure as a Risk Factor for Stroke and the Impact of Antihypertensive Treatment. Cerebrovascular Diseases 20:2, 40-52
CrossRef134
Sabita S Soedamah-Muthu, Coen D A Stehouwer. (2005) Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Treatments in Endocrinology 4:2, 75-86
CrossRef135
S. F. Cheng, H.-H. Hsu, H. S. Lee, C. S. Lin, Y. C. Chou, J. H. Tien. (2004) Rational pharmacotherapy in the diabetic hypertension: analysis-prescribing patterns in a general hospital in Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 29:6, 547-558
CrossRef136
Ronald D Smith, Carlos M Ferrario. (2004) Renal protective capacity of the angiotensin receptor antagonists. Therapy 1:2, 331-339
CrossRef137
Daniel E. Hilleman, B. Daniel Lucas. (2004) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Stroke Risk: Benefit Beyond Blood Pressure Reduction?. Pharmacotherapy 24:8, 1064-1076
CrossRef138
Paresh Dandona, Ajay Chaudhuri, Ahmad Aljada. (2004) Endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in diabetes mellitus. Medical Clinics of North America 88:4, 911-931
CrossRef139
Anthony L. McCall. (2004) Hypertension management in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Current Hypertension Reports 6:4, 272-279
CrossRef140
C. R. Parikh. (2004) Rapid microalbuminuria screening in type 2 diabetes mellitus: simplified approach with Micral test strips and specific gravity. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 19:7, 1881-1885
CrossRef141
Douglas B. Coursin, Lisa E. Connery, Jonathan T. Ketzler. (2004) Perioperative diabetic and hyperglycemic management issues. Critical Care Medicine 32:Supplement, S116-S125
CrossRef142
Melinda L Hockensmith, Raymond O Estacio, Philip Mehler, Edward P Havranek, S.Tevfik Ecder, Rita A Lundgren, Robert W Schrier. (2004) Albuminuria as a predictor of heart failure hospitalizations in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Cardiac Failure 10:2, 126-131
CrossRef143
Kazuya Shinozaki, Kazuhide Ayajiki, Atsunori Kashiwagi, Masahiro Masada, Tomio Okamura. (2004) Malfunction of Vascular Control in Lifestyle-Related Diseases: Mechanisms Underlying Endothelial Dysfunction in the Insulin-Resistant State. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 96:4, 401-405
CrossRef144
Yoshiki YUI, Tetsuya SUMIYOSHI, Kazuhisa KODAMA, Atsushi HIRAYAMA, Hiroshi NONOGI, Katsuo KANMATSUSE, Hideki ORIGASA, Osamu IIMURA, Masao ISHII, Takao SARUTA, Kikuo ARAKAWA, Saichi HOSODA, Chuichi KAWAI, JMIC-B Study Group. (2004) Comparison of Nifedipine Retard with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Japanese Hypertensive Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: The Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular Diseases-B (JMIC-B) Randomized Trial. Hypertension Research 27:3, 181-191
CrossRef145
Alexander Tenenbaum, Enrique Z Fisman. (2004) Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Heart Failure. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 4:5, 269-280
CrossRef146
C. E. Mogensen, M. E. Cooper. (2004) Diabetic renal disease: from recent studies to improved clinical practice. Diabetic Medicine 21:1, 4-17
CrossRef147
John J Barron, Ibrahim Al-Zakwani, Thomas Iarocci. (2004) Quality of Care and Attributable Healthcare Costs in Diabetic Hypertensive Patients Initiated on Calcium Antagonist Therapy. Clinical Drug Investigation 24:11, 641-649
CrossRef148
Kevin C Abbott, George L Bakris. (2004) What have we learned from the current trials?. Medical Clinics of North America 88:1, 189-207
CrossRef149
Yoshiki YUI, Tetsuya SUMIYOSHI, Kazuhisa KODAMA, Atsushi HIRAYAMA, Hiroshi NONOGI, Katsuo KANMATSUSE, Hideki ORIGASA, Osamu IIMURA, Masao ISHII, Takao SARUTA, Kikuo ARAKAWA, Saichi HOSODA, Chuichi KAWAI, JMIC-B Study Group. (2004) Nifedipine Retard Was as Effective as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Preventing Cardiac Events in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients with Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease: The Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular Diseases-B (JMIC-B) Subgroup Analysis. Hypertension Research 27:7, 449-456
CrossRef150
Jonathan D Rippin, Anthony H Barnett, Stephen C Bain. (2004) Cost-Effective Strategies in the Prevention of Diabetic Nephropathy. PharmacoEconomics 22:1, 9-28
CrossRef151
P. Trenkwalder. (2004) Antihypertensive treatment with calcium channel blockers: pharmacological pornography or useful intervention?. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 19:1, 17-20
CrossRef152
Luis M. Ruilope, Julian Segura. (2003) Losartan and other angiotensin II antagonists for nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review of the clinical trial evidence. Clinical Therapeutics 25:12, 3044-3064
CrossRef153
(2003) Hypertension in people with Type 2 diabetes: knowledge-based diabetes-specific guidelines. Diabetic Medicine 20:12, 972-987
CrossRef154
Joseph L. Izzo. (2003) Hypertension in the Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes: Pathogenesis, Clinical Studies, and Treatment. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 5:6, 3-10
CrossRef155
Zafar H. Israili. (2003) The Use of Calcium Antagonists in the Therapy of Hypertension in the Elderly. American Journal of Therapeutics 10:6, 383-395
CrossRef156
(2003) Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. The Lancet 362:9395, 1527-1535
CrossRef157
George L. Bakris, Nauman Tarif, Henry R. Black. 2003. Arterial Hypertension in Diabetes: Etiology and Treatment. .
CrossRef158
Douglas A. Nigbor, Julia B. Lewis. (2003) Use of calcium antagonists in renal patients: Therapeutic benefit or medical malpractice?. Current Hypertension Reports 5:5, 430-436
CrossRef159
Richard J. MacIsaac, Mark E. Cooper. (2003) Microalbuminuria and diabetic cardiovascular disease. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 5:5, 350-357
CrossRef160
Clive Rosendorff. (2003) Calcium antagonists in the treatment of hypertension in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 4:9, 1535-1541
CrossRef161
CG Perry, AFB Kernohan, JR Petrie. (2003) Hypertension in diabetes: what's new, what's true, what's next?. Practical Diabetes International 20:7, 247-254
CrossRef162
Gordon T. Mclnnes. (2003) The Differences Between ACE Inhibitor-Treated and Calcium Channel Blocker-Treated Hypertensive Patients. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 5:5, 337-344
CrossRef163
Amale A. Lteif, Kieren J. Mather, Charles M. Clark. (2003) Diabetes and Heart Disease. Cardiology in Review 11:5, 262-274
CrossRef164
Mori J. Krantz. (2003) Secondary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease: Combining the Evidence. Primary Care Case Reviews 6:3, 110-120
CrossRef165
Diederick E Grobbee. (2003) How to ADVANCE prevention of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 52, 24-28
CrossRef166
R. E. Gilbert, H. Krum, J. Wilkinson-Berka, D. J. Kelly. (2003) The renin-angiotensin system and the long-term complications of diabetes: pathophysiological and therapeutic considerations. Diabetic Medicine 20:8, 607-621
CrossRef167
Luis M. Ruilope. (2003) Lessons from trials in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Current Hypertension Reports 5:4, 322-328
CrossRef168
George S. Chrysant, Steven G. Chrysant. (2003) Has the role of calcium channel blockers in treating hypertension finally been defined?. Current Hypertension Reports 5:4, 295-300
CrossRef169
RAJIV AGARWAL. (2003) Selection of Initial Antihypertensive Therapy, Regimen Design, and Goal Blood Pressure. Cardiology in Review 11:4, 197-205
CrossRef170
Jan A Staessen, Ji-Guang Wang, Lutgarde Thijs. (2003) Cardiovascular prevention and blood pressure reduction. Journal of Hypertension 21:6, 1055-1076
CrossRef171
Samy I. McFarlane, Amal Farag, James Sowers. (2003) Calcium Antagonists in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension. Cardiovascular Drug Reviews 21:2, 105-118
CrossRef172
Errol D. Crook, Latha Velusamy. (2003) Are low target blood pressure goals justified in persons with diabetes mellitus?. Current Hypertension Reports 5:3, 231-238
CrossRef173
Care California Healthcare FoundationAme. (2003) Guidelines for Improving the Care of the Older Person with Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 51:5s, 265-280
CrossRef174
Amar Mohammad Salam. (2003) What are the best first-line antihypertensives: answers and more questions from the ALLHAT study. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 12:5, 879-885
CrossRef175
Flávio D Fuchs. (2003) Diuretics: drugs of choice for the initial management of patients with hypertension. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 1:1, 35-41
CrossRef176
Andrew M. Naidech, Leon A. Weisberg. (2003) Treatment of Chronic Hypertension for the Prevention of Stroke. Southern Medical Journal 96:4, 359-362
CrossRef177
(2003) International Society of Hypertension (ISH). Journal of Hypertension 21:4, 651-663
CrossRef178
Alberto Zanchetti, Lennart Hansson, Denis Clement, Dag Elmfeldt, Stevo Julius, Telma Rosenthal, Bernard Waeber, Hans Wedel. (2003) Benefits and risks of more intensive blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients of the HOT study with different risk profiles. Journal of Hypertension 21:4, 797-804
CrossRef179
K. Borch-Johnsen, T. Lauritzen, C. Glumer, A. Sandbaek. (2003) Screening for Type 2 diabetes-should it be now?. Diabetic Medicine 20:3, 175-181
CrossRef180
Katrin Uhlig, Andrew S. Levey, Mark J. Sarnak. (2003) THE CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Traditional Cardiac Risk Factors in Individuals with Chronic Kidney Disease. Seminars in Dialysis 16:2, 118-127
CrossRef181
August, Phyllis, . (2003) Initial Treatment of Hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine 348:7, 610-617
Full Text182
William B. White. (2003) Clinical trial experience around the globe: Focus on calcium-channel blockers. Clinical Cardiology 26:S2, 7-11
CrossRef183
Franz H. Messerli. (2003) Evolution of calcium antagonists: Past, present, and future. Clinical Cardiology 26:S2, 12-16
CrossRef184
Eric Larose, Jean-Claude Tardif, Martial G. Bourassa. (2003) Use of ACE inhibitors for secondary prevention. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 5:1, 51-61
CrossRef185
C. Venkata, S. Ram. (2003) Getting to goal in complex patients. Clinical Cardiology 26:S2, 3-6
CrossRef186
Ji-Guang Wang, Jan A. Staessen. (2003) Benefits of Antihypertensive Pharmacologic Therapy and Blood Pressure Reduction in Outcome Trials. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 5:1, 66-75
CrossRef187
Giancarlo Viberti. (2003) Le rein, organe-cible chez le diab??tique hypertendu. Drugs 63:Special Issue 1, 31-37
CrossRef188
John B. Kostis. (2003) Meta-Analysis, Meta-Regression, and Meta-Physics. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 5:1, 64-75
CrossRef189
M. Onuigbo, M. R. Weir. (2003) Evidence-based treatment of hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 5:1, 13-26
CrossRef190
Philippe Gabriel Steg. (2003) Stable Angina. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 3:Supplement 1, 1-10
CrossRef191
Janice P Lea, Denyse T Brown, Michael Lipkowitz, John Middleton, Keith Norris. (2003) Preventing Renal Dysfunction in Patients with Hypertension. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 3:3, 193-200
CrossRef192
Odd E Johansen, K??re I Birkeland. (2003) Preventing Macrovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 3:4, 283-297
CrossRef193
Enzo Ragucci, Joel Zonszein, William H. Frishman. (2003) Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Heart Disease 5:1, 18-33
CrossRef194
R.Preston Mason. (2002) Mechanisms of plaque stabilization for the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker amlodipine: review of the evidence. Atherosclerosis 165:2, 191-199
CrossRef195
Thomas D. Giles. (2002) Update on the Management of Diabetes and Hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 4, 3-10
CrossRef196
Joseph L. Izzo, Marvin Moser. (2002) Clinical Impact of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors vs. Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 4, 11-31
CrossRef197
Debasish Banerjee, Barry J. Materson. (2002) Blood pressure-independent impact of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular and renal disease. Current Hypertension Reports 4:6, 445-452
CrossRef198
Jasjeet Kaur, Parminder Singh, James R. Sowers. (2002) Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases. American Journal of Therapeutics 9:6, 510-515
CrossRef199
Jo Ellen Stryker. (2002) Reporting Medical Information: Effects of Press Releases and Newsworthiness on Medical Journal Articles' Visibility in the News Media. Preventive Medicine 35:5, 519-530
CrossRef200
Christopher A. Newton, Philip Raskin. (2002) Blood pressure control—Effects on diabetic nephropathy progression: How low does blood pressure have to be?. Current Diabetes Reports 2:6, 530-538
CrossRef201
Robert D. Toto. (2002) Appropriate drug therapy for improving outcomes in diabetic nephropathy. Current Diabetes Reports 2:6, 545-552
CrossRef202
Clive Rosendorff. (2002) Managing the hypertensive patient with ischemic heart disease. Current Hypertension Reports 4:5, 350-357
CrossRef203
Steven P Marso. (2002) Optimizing the diabetic formulary: beyond aspirin and insulin. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 40:4, 652-661
CrossRef204
Luis M. Ruilope, Antonio Coca, José R. Banegas, Jose Luis Pablos, Manuel Luque. (2002) Cyclo-oxygenase-2-specific inhibitors and cardiovascular morbidity. Current Hypertension Reports 4:4, 261-264
CrossRef205
Sumeska Thavarajah, George A. Mansoor. (2002) Are clinical endpoint benefits of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors independent of their blood pressure effects?. Current Hypertension Reports 4:4, 290-297
CrossRef206
Giuseppe Mancia, Guido Grassi. (2002) Systolic and diastolic blood pressure control in antihypertensive drug trials. Journal of Hypertension 20:8, 1461-1464
CrossRef207
Maria-Teresa Zanella, Artur B. Ribeiro. (2002) The role of angiotensin II antagonism in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of renoprotection studies. Clinical Therapeutics 24:7, 1019-1034
CrossRef208
Helen Q. Reynolds, Prakash C. Deedwania. (2002) Treating Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes. The Nurse Practitioner 27:7, 11-15
CrossRef209
Geoffrey Boner, Zemin Cao, Mark E. Cooper. (2002) Combination Antihypertensive Therapy in the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 4:3, 313-321
CrossRef210
Bryan Kestenbaum, Daniel L. Gillen, Donald J. Sherrard, Steven Seliger, Adrianne Ball, Catherine Stehman-Breen. (2002) Calcium channel blocker use and mortality among patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney International 61:6, 2157-2164
CrossRef211
Sheldon Tobe, Murray Epstein. (2002) The use of calcium antagonists in the treatment of hypertensive persons with kidney disease. Current Hypertension Reports 4:3, 191-194
CrossRef212
George L. Bakris, James R. Sowers. (2002) Microalbuminuria in diabetes: Focus on cardiovascular and renal risk reduction. Current Diabetes Reports 2:3, 258-262
CrossRef213
Jay Garg, George L. Bakris. (2002) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in nephropathy from type 2 diabetes. Current Hypertension Reports 4:3, 185-190
CrossRef214
Domenic A. Sica. (2002) Premature Termination of Clinical Trials-Lessons Learned. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 4:3, 219-225
CrossRef215
Lars H Lindholm, Hans Ibsen, Björn Dahlöf, Richard B Devereux, Gareth Beevers, Ulf de Faire, Frej Fyhrquist, Stevo Julius, Sverre E Kjeldsen, Krister Kristiansson, Ole Lederballe-Pedersen, Markku S Nieminen, Per Omvik, Suzanne Oparil, Hans Wedel, Peter Aurup, Jonathan Edelman, Steven Snapinn. (2002) Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. The Lancet 359:9311, 1004-1010
CrossRef216
Jose R. Gonzalez-Juanatey. (2002) Blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 4:2, 81-88
CrossRef217
Nicholas L. Smith, Peter J. Savage, Susan R. Heckbert, Joshua I. Barzilay, Vera A. Bittner, Lewis H. Kuller, Bruce M. Psaty. (2002) Glucose, Blood Pressure, and Lipid Control in Older People with and without Diabetes Mellitus: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 50:3, 416-423
CrossRef218
Errol D. Crook. (2002) Diabetic Renal Disease in African Americans. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 323:2, 78-84
CrossRef219
Tohru Fujiwara, Takuya Nishimura, Takayoshi Ohkuko, Yutaka Imai. (2002) Rationale and design of HOMED-BP Study: Hypertension Objective treatment based on Measurement by Electrical Devices of Blood Pressure Study. Blood Pressure Monitoring 7:1, 77-82
CrossRef220
Helaine E. Resnick, Barbara V. Howard. (2002) D
IABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE . Annual Review of Medicine 53:1, 245-267
CrossRef221
J.R Ortlepp, J Breuer, F Eitner, K Kluge, R Kluge, J Floege, G Hollweg, P Hanrath, H.-G Joost. (2002) Inhibition of the renin–angiotensin system ameliorates genetically determined hyperinsulinemia. European Journal of Pharmacology 436:1-2, 145-150
CrossRef222
Toomas Podar, Jaakko Tuomilehto. (2002) The Role of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists in the Management of Diabetic Complications. Drugs 62:14, 2007-2012
CrossRef223
George Jerums, Richard J. MacIsaac. (2002) Treatment of Microalbuminuria in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Treatments in Endocrinology 1:3, 163-173
CrossRef224
Lionel H Opie, Robert Schall. (2002) Evidence-based evaluation of calcium channel blockers for hypertension. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39:2, 315-322
CrossRef225
Yasutaka YAMAMOTO, Kazuhiko SONOYAMA, Koichi MATSUBARA, Masako FURUSE, Toru YATSUHASHI, Toshihiro HAMADA, Kazuhide OGINO, Osamu IGAWA, Ichiro HISATOME, Chiaki SHIGEMASA. (2002) The Status of Hypertension Management in Japan in 2000.. Hypertension Research 25:5, 717-725
CrossRef226
Erik B
g-Hansen, Ulf Lindblad, Jonas Ranstam, Arne Melander, Lennart R
CrossRef227
Steven J. Lavine, Steven D. Gellman. (2002) Treatment of Heart Failure in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Drugs 62:2, 285-307
CrossRef228
Domenic A. Sica. (2002) Rationale for Fixed-Dose Combinations in the Treatment of Hypertension. Drugs 62:3, 443-462
CrossRef229
R. D. G. Leslie, P. Pozzilli. (2002) An introduction to new advances in diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 18:S1, S1-S6
CrossRef230
Michael A. Weber. (2002) Calcium Channel Antagonists in the Treatment of Hypertension. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 2:6, 415-431
CrossRef231
Anushka Patel, John Chalmers, Bruce Neal, Neil Chapman, Seham Girgis, Stephen MacMahon. (2001) Blood Pressure Lowering In Diabetes: A Brief Review Of The Current Evidence And Description Of A New Trial. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 28:12, 1108-1111
CrossRef232
S Baba. (2001) Nifedipine and enalapril equally reduce the progression of nephropathy in hypertensive type 2 diabetics. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 54:3, 191-201
CrossRef233
R. Estacio. (2001) Treatment of high-risk diabetic patients with angiotensin II receptor blockers. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 3:6, 472-476
CrossRef234
Richard E. Gilbert, Darren J. Kelly. (2001) Nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: current therapeutic strategies. Nephrology 6:6, 266-269
CrossRef235
Radko Komers, Sharon Anderson. (2001) Treatment of hypertension in diabetic patients with nephropathy. Current Diabetes Reports 1:3, 251-260
CrossRef236
J L Blackshea, G L Schwartz. (2001) Step care therapy for hypertension in diabetic patients.. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 76:12, 1266-1274
CrossRef237
Michael Motro, Joseph Shemesh, Ehud Grossman. (2001) Coronary benefits of calcium antagonist therapy for patients with hypertension. Current Opinion in Cardiology 16:6, 349-355
CrossRef238
Thomas D. Giles, Gary E. Sander. (2001) Beyond the Usual Strategies for Blood Pressure Reduction: Therapeutic Considerations and Combination Therapies. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 3:6, 346-353
CrossRef239
Hilde Celis, Robert H. Fagard, Jan A. Staessen, Lutgarde Thijs. (2001) Risk and benefit of treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: evidence from the Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial. Current Opinion in Cardiology 16:6, 342-348
CrossRef240
Juliana C.N Chan, Maggie C.Y. Ng, Julian A.J.H Critchley, Shao-Chin Lee, Clive S Cockram. (2001) Diabetes mellitus—a special medical challenge from a Chinese perspective. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 54, 19-27
CrossRef241
Prakash C Deedwania, Yangheng Fu. (2001) Pharmacotherapy of hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2:11, 1805-1816
CrossRef242
Ricardo Padilla, Philip S. Mehler. (2001) Treatment of Hypertension in Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 10:9, 897-905
CrossRef243
Kenneth Cusi. (2001) Cardiovascular Risk Management in Type 2 Diabetes: From Clinical Trials to Clinical Practice. The Endocrinologist 11:6, 474-490
CrossRef244
Robert W. Schrier. (2001) Treating Hypertension in the Elderly. The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 10:6, 355-365
CrossRef245
Jan A Staessen, Ji-Guang Wang, Lutgarde Thijs. (2001) Cardiovascular protection and blood pressure reduction: a meta-analysis. The Lancet 358:9290, 1305-1315
CrossRef246
Dirk C. Felmeden, Gregory Y. H. Lip, Gareth Beevers. (2001) Calcium antagonists in diabetic hypertension. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 3:5, 311-318
CrossRef247
Brenner, Barry M., Cooper, Mark E., de Zeeuw, Dick, Keane, William F., Mitch, William E., Parving, Hans-Henrik, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Snapinn, Steven M., Zhang, Zhonxin, Shahinfar, Shahnaz, . (2001) Effects of Losartan on Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine 345:12, 861-869
Full Text248
Domenic A. Sica. (2001) Prematurely Terminated Clinical Trials and Their Application to Cardiovascular Medicine. Congestive Heart Failure 7:5, 265-271
CrossRef249
Murray Epstein, Sheldon Tobe. (2001) What is the optimal strategy to intensify blood pressure control and prevent progression of renal failure?. Current Hypertension Reports 3:5, 422-428
CrossRef250
Emad Basta, George Bakris. (2001) Choices and goals in the treatment of the diabetic hypertensive patient. Current Hypertension Reports 3:5, 387-391
CrossRef251
Ettore Ambrosioni, Stefano Bacchelli, Daniela Degli Esposti, Claudio Borghi. (2001) Anti-Ischemic Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A Future Therapeutic Perspective. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 37, S3-S9
CrossRef252
Neil Chapman, Bruce Neal. (2001) Prospectively designed overviews of recent trials comparing antihypertensive regimens based on different drug classes. Current Hypertension Reports 3:4, 340-349
CrossRef253
Norman M. Kaplan. (2001) Hypertension trials: 1990 to 2000. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 10:4, 501-505
CrossRef254
Michael A. Weber, Matthew R. Weir. (2001) Management of High-Risk Hypertensive Patients with Diabetes: Potential Role of Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 3:4, 225-235
CrossRef255
Domenic Sica. (2001) Lessons learned from prematurely terminated clinical trials. Current Hypertension Reports 3:4, 360-366
CrossRef256
(2001) Health Outcomes Associated with Calcium Antagonists. Current Hypertension Reports 3:3, 228-229
CrossRef257
David Martins, Keith Norris. (2001) Combating diabetic nephropathy with drug therapy. Current Diabetes Reports 1:2, 148-156
CrossRef258
Peter S. Sever, Björn Dahlöf, Neil R. Poulter, Hans Wedel, Gareth Beevers, Mark Caulfield, Rory Collins, Sverre E. Kjeldsen, Gordon T. McInnes, Jesper Mehlsen, Markku Nieminen, Eoin O'Brien, Jan Ostergren. (2001) Rationale, design, methods and baseline demography of participants of the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. Journal of Hypertension 19:6, 1139-1147
CrossRef259
David S. H. Bell. (2001) Drugs for cardiovascular risk reduction in the diabetic patient. Current Diabetes Reports 1:2, 133-139
CrossRef260
W MABIE. (2001) HYPERTENSION. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 28:2, 321-332
CrossRef261
Ronald B. Goldberg, Hermes Florez. (2001) Cardiovascular disease in diabetes: prevention and intervention. Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes 8:2, 101-110
CrossRef262
Phantipa Sakthong, Oranee Tangphao, Somchai Eiam-Ong, Pirom Kamolratanakul, Siripen Supakankunti, Thep HIMATHONGKAM6, Kitima YATHAVONG7. (2001) Cost-effectiveness of using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors to slow nephropathy in normotensive patients with diabetes type II and microalbuminuria. Nephrology 6:2, 71-77
CrossRef263
M. Laakso. (2001) Cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: challenge for treatment and prevention. Journal of Internal Medicine 249:3, 225-235
CrossRef264
E. Ritz, I. Rychlík, M. Schömig, J. Wagner. (2001) Blood pressure in diabetic nephropathy - current controversies. Journal of Internal Medicine 249:3, 215-223
CrossRef265
James H O’Keefe, Mark Wetzel, Richard R Moe, Kathleen Brosnahan, Carl J Lavie. (2001) Should an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor be standard therapy for patients with atherosclerotic disease?. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 37:1, 1-8
CrossRef266
Peter Nilsson. (2001) What is the Optimal Blood Pressure in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus?. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 1:3, 173-177
CrossRef267
Rajiv Agarwal. (2001) Treatment of Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes: Lessons from Recent Trials. Cardiology in Review 9:1, 36-44
CrossRef268
Robert E. Ratner. (2001) Glycemic control in the prevention of diabetic complications. Clinical Cornerstone 4:2, 24-37
CrossRef269
Schrier, Robert W., Estacio, Raymond O., . (2000) Additional Follow-up from the ABCD Trial in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine 343:26, 1969-1969
Full Text270
(2000) Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. The Lancet 356:9246, 1955-1964
CrossRef271
F. John Gennari, Amelia S. Gennari. (2000) Recent advances in the management of hypertension in the elderly. Current Hypertension Reports 2:6, 543-550
CrossRef272
Marco Pahor, Bruce M. Psaty. (2000) Nifedipine, a calcium antagonist, was just as effective as co-amilozide, a diuretic, in preventing stroke, MI, heart failure or cardiovascular death in hypertensive patients. Evidence-based Cardiovascular Medicine 4:4, 101-103
CrossRef273
Marco Pahor, Bruce M Psaty, Michael H Alderman, William B Applegate, Jeff D Williamson, Chiara Cavazzini, Curt D Furberg. (2000) Health outcomes associated with calcium antagonists compared with other first-line antihypertensive therapies: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet 356:9246, 1949-1954
CrossRef274
T S Tsang, M E Barnes, B J Gersh, S N Hayes. (2000) Risks of coronary heart disease in women: current understanding and evolving concepts.. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 75:12, 1289-1303
CrossRef275
Lars H. Lindholm, Lennart Hansson, Tord Ekbom, Björn Dahlöf, Jan Lanke, Erland Linjer, Bengt Scherstéln, P -O. Wester, Thomas Hedner, Ulf de Faire. (2000) Comparison of antihypertensive treatments in preventing cardiovascular events in elderly diabetic patients. Journal of Hypertension 18:11, 1671-1675
CrossRef276
Ole Torffvit, Carl-David Agardh. (2000) The prognosis for Type 2 diabetic patients with heart disease. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 14:6, 301-306
CrossRef277
Hannele Yki-J??rvinen. (2000) Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Risk. Drugs 60:5, 975-983
CrossRef278
Claudio Borghi, Ettore Ambrosioni. (2000) Zofenopril. Clinical Drug Investigation 20:5, 371-384
CrossRef279
Radko Komers, Karla Komersova. (2000) Therapeutic potential of ACE inhibitors for the treatment of hypertension in Type 2 diabetes. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 9:11, 2601-2617
CrossRef280
Eric L. Knight, Robert J. Glynn, Raisa Levin, David A. Ganz, Jerry Avorn. (2000) Failure of Evidence-based Medicine in the Treatment of Hypertension in Older Patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine 15:10, 702-709
CrossRef281
Sverre E. Kjeldsen, Ingrid Os, Csaba Farsang, Jean-Michel Mallion, Lennart Hansson, Peter Sleight. (2000) European Society of Hypertension Scientific Newsletter, Update on Hypertension Management. Journal of Hypertension 18:9, 1345-1346
CrossRef282
Kei Kamide, Mark T. Hori, Jian-Hua Zhu, Yoshitoki Takagawa, Jack D. Barrett, Peter Eggena, Michael L. Tuck. (2000) Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I promotes angiotensinogen production and growth in vascular smooth muscle cells. Journal of Hypertension 18:8, 1051-1056
CrossRef283
Talal Hammoud, Jean-François Tanguay, Martial G Bourassa. (2000) Management of coronary artery disease: therapeutic options in patients with diabetes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 36:2, 355-365
CrossRef284
Peter S. Sever. (2000) Coronary heart disease prevention as the primary goal in contemporary trials in the treatment of hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports 2:4, 418-420
CrossRef285
Curt D. Furberg. (2000) Class effects and evidence-based medicine. Clinical Cardiology 23:S4, IV-15-IV-19
CrossRef286
H. M. Omar Farouque, R. C. O'Brien, I. T. Meredith. (2000) Diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease - from prevention to intervention: Part I. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 30:3, 351-359
CrossRef287
Giuseppe Mancia, Stefano Omboni, Enrico Agabiti-Rosei, Rodolfo Casati, Roberto Fogari, Gastone Leonetti, Giuseppe Montemurro, Renato Nami, Achille C. Pessina, Anna Pirrelli, Alberto Zanchetti. (2000) Antihypertensive Efficacy of Manidipine and Enalapril in Hypertensive Diabetic Patients. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 35:6, 926-931
CrossRef288
Alejandro Sierra, Luis Miguel Ruilope. (2000) Treatment of hypertension in diabetes mellitus. Current Hypertension Reports 2:3, 335-342
CrossRef289
Ian B Puddey. (2000) Large multicentre hypertension trials. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 9:3, 285-292
CrossRef290
Anna P Quan, Karla Kerlikowske, Francois Gueyffier, Jean-Pierre Boissel, INDANA Investigators, Anna P Quan. 2000. Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in women of different races. .
CrossRef291
Mark WI Webster. (2000) The HOPE study and diabetes. The Lancet 355:9210, 1181-1182
CrossRef292
James B. Meigs, Randall S. Stafford. (2000) Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Practices by U.S. Physicians for Patients with Diabetes. Journal of General Internal Medicine 15:4, 220-228
CrossRef293
Gunnar Lindberg, Jonny Olsson, Arne Melander. (2000) Use of calcium channel blockers and beta blockers as antihypertensives in relation to mortality in type 2 diabetes patients: a population-based observational study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 9:2, 127-131
CrossRef294
Radko Komers, Sharon Anderson. (2000) Are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors the best treatment for hypertension in type 2 diabetes?. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 9:2, 173-179
CrossRef295
J.A. McKnight. (2000) Managing blood pressure in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Practical Diabetes International 17:2, 49-53
CrossRef296
Lennart Hansson. (2000) The impact of antihypertensive therapy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2:s1, S37-S41
CrossRef297
Domenic A. Sica. (2000) Reflections on Diabetes, Clinical Trials, and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality. Congestive Heart Failure 6:2, 110-115
CrossRef298
Martin G. Myers, Roland Asmar, Frans H.H. Leenen, Michel Safar. (2000) Fixed low-dose combination therapy in hypertension - a dose response study of perindopril and indapamide. Journal of Hypertension 18:3, 317-325
CrossRef299
Aamer B. Ahmed, Ray D. Latimer, Alain Vuylsteke. (2000) Cardiovascular pharmacology: new drugs and new indications. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 13:1, 5-13
CrossRef300
Juliana C N Chan, Gary T C Ko, Denis H Y Leung, Robert C K Cheung, Margaret Y F Cheung, Wing-Yee So, Ramasmyiyer Swaminathan, M Gary Nicholls, Julian A J H Critchley, Clive S Cockram. (2000) Long-term effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and metabolic control in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Kidney International 57:2, 590-600
CrossRef301
Hans-Michael Steffen, Gary L Kissinger, Ulrich Töx. (2000) What does STOP-2 tell us about management of hypertension?. The Lancet 355:9204, 652-653
CrossRef302
Deborah L. Conway, Oded Langer. (2000) Selecting antihypertensive therapy in the pregnant woman with diabetes mellitus. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine 9:1, 66-69
CrossRef303
Colleen J. Maxwell, David B. Hogan, Norman R. C. Campbell, Erika M. Ebly. (2000) Nifedipine and mortality risk in the elderly: relevance of drug formulation, dose and duration. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 9:1, 11-23
CrossRef304
Jorge R. Kizer, Stephen E. Kimmel. (2000) The calcium-channel blocker controversy: historical perspective and important lessons for future pharmacotherapies. An international society of pharmacoepidemiology ?hot topic?. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 9:1, 25-35
CrossRef305
Nish Chaturvedi. (2000) HOPE and extension of the indications for ACE inhibitors?. The Lancet 355:9200, 246-247
CrossRef306
(2000) Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. The Lancet 355:9200, 253-259
CrossRef307
Wilbert S. Aronow. (2000) Treatment of Hypertension in the Institutionalized Elderly. The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 9:1, 34-41
CrossRef308
Ronald B. Goldberg. (2000) CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN DIABETIC PATIENTS. Medical Clinics of North America 84:1, 81-93
CrossRef309
L. Michael Prisant, Rita J. Louard. (1999) Controversies surrounding the treatment of the hypertensive patient with diabetes. Current Hypertension Reports 1:6, 512-520
CrossRef310
Wood, Alastair J.J., , Abernethy, Darrell R., Schwartz, Janice B., . (1999) Calcium-Antagonist Drugs. New England Journal of Medicine 341:19, 1447-1457
Full Text311
Edward D Frohlich. (1999) The necessity for recognition and treatment of patients with “mild” hypertension. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 34:5, 1369-1377
CrossRef312
Kevin McLaughlin, Alan G. Jardine. (1999) Clinical management of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 1:6, 307-315
CrossRef313
Ritz, Eberhard, Orth, Stephan Reinhold, . (1999) Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine 341:15, 1127-1133
Full Text314
Akihiko Usui, Mitsuo Kawamura, Fumihiko Murakami, Hideki Oshima, Katsuhiko Yoshida, Michiaki Hibi, Ryu Nakayama. (1999) Protective effect of nisoldipine on myocardial ischemia during coronary bypass surgery. The Japanese Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 47:10, 471-477
CrossRef315
Lee A. Hebert. (1999) Target blood pressure for antihypertensive therapy in patients with proteinuric renal disease. Current Hypertension Reports 1:5, 454-460
CrossRef316
Lance D. Dworkin, Douglas G. Shemin. (1999) Antihypertensive therapy and progression of chronic renal disease. Current Hypertension Reports 1:5, 417-422
CrossRef317
Stephen C. Textor, Vincent J. Canzanello. (1999) Importance of blood pressure reduction for prevention of progression of renal disease. Current Hypertension Reports 1:5, 423-430
CrossRef318
Carol M. Chou. (1999) EVALUATION AND TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 25:3, 521-537
CrossRef319
Miles Fisher. (1999) Diabetes and myocardial infarction. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 13:2, 331-343
CrossRef320
Bruce Neal, Stephen MacMahon. (1999) The world health organization—International society of hypertension blood pressure lowering treatment trialists’ collaboration: Prospective collaborative overviews of major randomized trials of blood pressure-lowering treatments. Current Hypertension Reports 1:4, 346-356
CrossRef321
Dosha F Cummins. (1999) Newer calcium channel antagonists and the treatment of hypertension. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 8:7, 1031-1042
CrossRef322
Raymond J. Gibbons, Kanu Chatterjee, Jennifer Daley, John S. Douglas, Stephan D. Fihn, Julius M. Gardin, Mark A. Grunwald, Daniel Levy, Bruce W. Lytle, Robert A. O’Rourke, William P. Schafer, Sankey V. Williams, James L. Ritchie, Raymond J. Gibbons, Melvin D. Cheitlin, Kim A. Eagle, Timothy J. Gardner, Arthur Garson, Richard O. Russell, Thomas J. Ryan, Sidney C. Smith. (1999) ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 33:7, 2092-2197
CrossRef323
James R. Sowers. (1999) Diabetes and hypertension: an update. Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes 6:3, 245
CrossRef324
John S Yudkin. (1999) Letters to the editor. Practical Diabetes International 16:3, 95-95
CrossRef325
Franz H. Messerli. (1999) Current Trials. Current Hypertension Reports 1:3, 201-203
CrossRef326
Willem H. Birkenhäger, Jan A. Staessen. (1999) Treatment of diabetic patients with hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports 1:3, 225-231
CrossRef327
S. M. Marshall. (1999) Blood pressure control, microalbuminuria and cardiovascular risk in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine 16:5, 358-372
CrossRef328
Tazeen H. Jafar, Brian J.G. Pereira. (1999) Editorials: A Cautionary Note for Nephrologists: Is It Time to Abandon the Use of Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers?. Seminars in Dialysis 12:3, 137-139
CrossRef329
. (1999) Calciumantagonisten of ACE-remmers bij hypertensieve diabetespatiënten. Medisch-Farmaceutische Mededelingen 37:5, 110-111
CrossRef330
David A. Calhoun, Sutao Zhu. (1999) Pretreatment with enalaprilat blunts nicardipine-induced sympathetic activation in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Journal of Hypertension 17:4, 507-512
CrossRef331
Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Rastenyte, Daiva, Birkenhäger, Willem H., Thijs, Lutgarde, Antikainen, Riitta, Bulpitt, Christopher J., Fletcher, Astrid E., Forette, Françoise, Goldhaber, Adiv, Palatini, Paolo, Sarti, Cinzia, Staessen, Jan A., Fagard, Robert, . (1999) Effects of Calcium-Channel Blockade in Older Patients with Diabetes and Systolic Hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine 340:9, 677-684
Full Text332
Louis Brenner, Stan Finkelstein, Barry M. Brenner. (1999) Clinical and economic benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in diabetic nephropathy. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 8:2, 243-249
CrossRef333
Philip S. Mehler, Robert W. Schrier. (1999) Antihypertensive drugs and diabetic nephropathy. Current Hypertension Reports 1:2, 170-177
CrossRef334
SUZANNE OPARIL, ALBERT OBERMAN. (1999) Nontraditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 317:3, 193-207
CrossRef335
M. Sánchez, J. Sobrino, L. Ribera, M. J. Adrián, M. Torres, A. Coca. (1999) Long-Acting Lacidipine Versus Short-Acting Nifedipine in the Treatment of Asymptomatic Acute Blood Pressure Increase. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 33:3, 479-484
CrossRef336
Hertzel C Gerstein. (1999) Preventive medicine in a diabetes clinic: an opportunity to make a difference. The Lancet 353:9153, 606-608
CrossRef337
Lennart Hansson, Lars H Lindholm, Leo Niskanen, Jan Lanke, Thomas Hedner, Anders Niklason, Kimmo Luomanmäki, Björn Dahlöf, Ulf de Faire, Claes Mörlin, Bengt E Karlberg, PO Wester, Jan-Erik Björck. (1999) Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. The Lancet 353:9153, 611-616
CrossRef338
(1999) 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 17:2, 151???183
CrossRef339
J H O'Keefe, J M Miles, W H Harris, R M Moe, B D McCallister. (1999) Improving the adverse cardiovascular prognosis of type 2 diabetes.. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 74:2, 171-180
CrossRef340
Michael A. Weber. (1999) The ethics of using placebo in hypertension clinical trials. Journal of Hypertension 17:1, 5-8
CrossRef341
(1999) 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 21:5-6, 1009-1060
CrossRef342
Salim Yusuf, Eva Lonn, Jackie Bosch, Hertzel Gerstein. (1999) Summary of Randomized Trials of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 21:5-6, 835-845
CrossRef343
Carl Erik Mogensen. (1999) Drug Treatment for Hypertensive Patients in Special Situations: Diabetes and Hypertension. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 21:5-6, 895-906
CrossRef344
Martin Siepmann, Wilhelm Kirch. (1998) Reserpin-Diuretika-Kombinationen in der Therapie der arteriellen Hypertonie. Medizinische Klinik 93:12, 733-737
CrossRef345
Principal discussant: Murray Epstei. (1998) Calcium antagonists and renal disease. Kidney International 54:5, 1771-1784
CrossRef346
Johkn Chalmers. (1998) Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) study. Journal of Hypertension 16:10, 1403-1405
CrossRef347
Hans-Henrik Parving. (1998) Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) trial. The Lancet 352:9127, 574
CrossRef348
(1998) Nisoldipine and Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 339:2, 126-127
Full Text349
P Deedwania. (1998) The deadly quartet revisited. The American Journal of Medicine 105:1, 1S-3S
CrossRef350
Mark E Cooper. (1998) Pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. The Lancet 352:9123, 213-219
CrossRef351
Norman Kaplan. (1998) J-curve not burned off by HOT study. The Lancet 351:9118, 1748-1749
CrossRef352
NR Poulter. (1998) Calcium channel blockers and cardiovascular risk in diabetes. The Lancet 351:9118, 1809-1810
CrossRef353
Marco Pahor, Bruce M Psaty, Curt D Furberg. (1998) Calcium channel blockers and cardiovascular risk in diabetes. The Lancet 351:9118, 1810-1811
CrossRef354
GP Leese, JP Vora. (1998) New aspects of the treatment of hypertension in diabetes. Practical Diabetes International 15:3, 82-84
CrossRef355
Cutler, Jeffrey A., . (1998) Calcium-Channel Blockers for Hypertension — Uncertainty Continues. New England Journal of Medicine 338:10, 679-681
Full Text356
Marco Pahor, Bruce M Psaty, Curt D Furberg. (1998) Treatment of hypertensive patients with diabetes. The Lancet 351:9104, 689-690
CrossRef357
Bernard Waeber. (1998) Introduction. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 32, v-vi
CrossRef358
Marco Pahor, Bruce M. Psaty, Curt D. Furberg. (1998) New Evidence on the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Hypertensive Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 32:Supplement 2, S18-S23
CrossRef359
Marco Pahor, Bruce M. Psaty, Curt D. Furberg. (1998) New Evidence on the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Hypertensive Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 32, S18-S23
CrossRef360
Bernard Waeber. (1998) Introduction. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 32:Supplement 2, v-vi
CrossRef361
Henk J. G. Bilo, Rijk O. B. Gans. (1998) Hypertensive Patients and Diabetes. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 32:Supplement 2, S1-S8
CrossRef362
Claudio Borghi, Ettore Ambrosioni. (1998) Evidence-Based Medicine and ACE Inhibition. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 32:Supplement 2, S24-S35
CrossRef363
Henk J. G. Bilo, Rijk O. B. Gans. (1998) Hypertensive Patients and Diabetes: A High-Risk Population. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 32, S1-S8
CrossRef364
Paul Ren?? de Cotret. (1998) Relationships Among Diabetes, Microalbuminuria, and ACE Inhibition. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 32:Supplement 2, S9-S17
CrossRef365
Claudio Borghi, Ettore Ambrosioni. (1998) Evidence-Based Medicine and ACE Inhibition. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 32, S24-S35
CrossRef366
Paul René de Cotret. (1998) Relationships Among Diabetes, Microalbuminuria, and ACE Inhibition. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 32, S9-S17
CrossRef
- Letters
