Original Article
Evaluation of a Ventilation Strategy to Prevent Barotrauma in Patients at High Risk for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
N Engl J Med 1998; 338:355-361February 5, 1998
- Abstract
Background
A strategy of mechanical ventilation that limits airway pressure and tidal volume while permitting hypercapnia has been recommended for patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The goal is to reduce lung injury due to overdistention. However, the efficacy of this approach has not been established.
Methods
Within 24 hours of intubation, patients at high risk for the acute respiratory distress syndrome were randomly assigned to either pressure- and volume-limited ventilation (limited-ventilation group), with the peak inspiratory pressure maintained at 30 cm of water or less and the tidal volume at 8 ml per kilogram of body weight or less, or to conventional ventilation (control group), with the peak inspiratory pressure allowed to rise as high as 50 cm of water and the tidal volume at 10 to 15 ml per kilogram. All other ventilatory variables were similar in the two groups.
Results
A total of 120 patients with similar clinical features underwent randomization (60 in each group). The patients in the limited-ventilation and control groups were exposed to different mean (±SD) tidal volumes (7.2±0.8 vs. 10.8±1.0 ml per kilogram, respectively; P<0.001) and peak inspiratory pressures (23.6±5.8 vs. 34.0±11.0 cm of water, P<0.001). Mortality was 50 percent in the limited-ventilation group and 47 percent in the control group (relative risk, 1.07; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.72 to 1.57; P = 0.72). In the limited-ventilation group, permissive hypercapnia (arterial carbon dioxide tension, >50 mm Hg) was more common (52 percent vs. 28 percent, P = 0.009), more marked (54.4±18.8 vs. 45.7±9.8 mm Hg, P = 0.002), and more prolonged (146±265 vs. 25±22 hours, P = 0.017) than in the control group. The incidence of barotrauma, the highest multiple-organ-dysfunction score, and the number of episodes of organ failure were similar in the two groups; however, the numbers of patients who required paralytic agents (23 vs. 13, P = 0.05) and dialysis for renal failure (13 vs. 5, P = 0.04) were greater in the limited-ventilation group than in the control group.
Conclusions
In patients at high risk for the acute respiratory distress syndrome, a strategy of mechanical ventilation that limits peak inspiratory pressure and tidal volume does not appear to reduce mortality and may increase morbidity.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Kaplan–Meier Survival Analysis for the Patients Undergoing Ventilation with Limits on Pressure and Volume (Limited-Ventilation Group) and Those Undergoing Conventional Ventilation (Control Group).Table 1
Base-Line Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Patients.Article Activity
- Article
A strategy of mechanical ventilation that places limits on airway pressure and tidal volume has been recommended for patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome.1-4 This recommendation is based on the observation that mechanical ventilation, although life-sustaining, can cause marked lung injury in both animals5-9 and humans10 if lung overdistention occurs. Patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome are particularly prone to overdistention, especially when conventional tidal volumes are used (10 to 15 ml per kilogram of body weight), because the number of lung units available for ventilation is markedly reduced as a result of fluid accumulation, consolidation, and atelectasis.11,12 Ventilation strategies that limit airway pressure and volume often result in hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis, which can be deleterious.3,4 Nonetheless, observational studies have reported reduced mortality when patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome undergo ventilation at decreased pressure and tidal volume.13,14 A randomized study found a trend toward reduced morbidity when lower tidal volumes were routinely used in patients receiving mechanical ventilation.15 More recently, mortality was lower when lower tidal volumes and airway pressures were used in a randomized trial comparing two ventilation techniques, but it is difficult to be certain of the part that pressure and volume limitation played, because end-expiratory pressure was also modified and a procedure to re-expand the lung after the ventilator was disconnected was used.16,17
In 1993 a consensus conference made recommendations for the use of mechanical ventilation in a variety of illnesses.1,2 It was recommended that, under conditions in which lung overdistention was likely to occur, airway pressures be limited by reducing tidal volumes and accepting the attendant increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels. We undertook this study to determine whether a strategy of mechanical ventilation that placed specific limits on peak inspiratory pressure and tidal volume in patients at high risk for the acute respiratory distress syndrome would affect in-hospital mortality.
Methods
Selection of Patients
With the approval of the institutional review boards and after obtaining informed consent, we enrolled patients at eight tertiary care centers. Inclusion criteria were as follows: age, more than 18 years; duration of intubation, 24 hours or less; high risk for the acute respiratory distress syndrome (indicated by one or more risk factors, defined in Appendix 2); and a ratio of arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) to the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) below 250 at a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cm of water. Patients who met the definition for sepsis or burns were eligible regardless of the ratio of PaO2 to FiO2. Exclusion criteria were the expectation on the part of the attending physician that mechanical ventilation would be required for less than 48 hours; 2 hours or more of exposure to peak inspiratory pressures above 30 cm of water before randomization; little chance of survival, as determined by the attending physician; cardiogenic pulmonary edema, previous heart failure, or cor pulmonale; a high risk of cardiac arrhythmias or myocardial ischemia (indicated by the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, unstable angina, or myocardial infarction within the preceding month); a known intracranial abnormality; pregnancy; and enrollment in another interventional study.
Study Intervention
Patients were randomly assigned (by means of computer-generated random-number tables, with stratification according to center) to a strategy of ventilation that limited pressure and volume (limited-ventilation group) or to conventional ventilation (control group). The experimental ventilation strategy limited peak inspiratory pressure to no more than 30 cm of water and tidal volume to no more than 8 ml per kilogram. For the control group, peak inspiratory pressure could be as high as 50 cm of water and tidal volume was maintained at 10 to 15 ml per kilogram. Ideal body weight was used to calculate tidal volume. In both groups, an assist-control mode of ventilation with a decelerating wave-form flow pattern was used; pressure control could be substituted if the threshold for peak inspiratory pressure was consistently reached.
For both groups, PEEP in the range of 5 to 20 cm of water was adjusted in increments of 2.5 cm of water to maintain the FiO2 at 0.5 or less with arterial oxygen saturation of 89 to 93 percent. Respiratory rates were adjusted (5 to 35 breaths per minute) in an attempt to maintain arterial carbon dioxide tension at 35 to 45 mm Hg (hypercapnia was accepted if this target could not be achieved within the ventilatory limits). Severe respiratory acidosis (pH <7.0) was managed with sodium bicarbonate at a dosage of 2 mmol per kilogram every four hours (up to a maximum of three doses). For the limited-ventilation group, if the pH remained below 7.0, the peak pressure was increased by increments of 2 cm of water (maximum, 40 cm) until the pH reached 7.0 or higher. Adjustments to the inspiratory flow rates and inverse-ratio ventilation, sedation, and paralytic drugs were used at the discretion of the attending physician. To avoid excessive doses of paralytic drugs, patients receiving them had the dosage adjusted daily with use of a peripheral-nerve stimulator.
Patients were withdrawn from the protocol if any of the following conditions, defined a priori, occurred: refractory acidosis, defined as a pH below 7.0, despite the interventions described above; uncontrolled barotrauma, indicated by persistent pneumothorax despite the insertion of three chest tubes on the involved side; or refractory hypoxemia, defined as a ratio of PaO2 to FiO2 below 60, with the fraction of inspired oxygen at 1.0 for at least one hour, despite the adjustment of PEEP and use of paralytic drugs.
Base-line demographic variables, including the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score,18 were recorded before randomization. Ventilatory and hemodynamic data were recorded every 8 hours, and multiple-organ-dysfunction scores (with higher scores indicating greater dysfunction)19 and data from chest radiography were collected daily until successful extubation (defined as a period of more than 48 hours without mechanical ventilation). The oxygen index was also calculated every eight hours, according to the following formula: (FiO2 × mean airway pressure in centimeters of water × 100) ÷ PaO2 in millimeters of mercury.
Outcome Measures
The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Investigators at each study site classified the primary cause of deaths in the intensive care units as respiratory failure (due to profound hypoxemia), multiple-organ failure (three or more organs), sepsis, cardiac arrhythmia, or withdrawal of life support from a patient because of an irreversible chronic condition. Secondary outcomes included barotrauma (indicated by the appearance of pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum, or pneumopericardium on the chest radiograph), the highest total multiple-organ-dysfunction score, dysfunction of individual organs (defined as an individual organ-dysfunction score of 3 or more [maximum, 4]),19 clinically relevant arrhythmia, the need for dialysis (defined as any form of dialysis or ultrafiltration to treat renal failure that developed during the study), and the duration of mechanical ventilation, the stay in the intensive care unit, and the hospital stay.
A data and safety monitoring committee consisting of three independent specialists in intensive care reviewed all charts to evaluate the safety of both ventilation protocols with respect to mortality and all secondary-outcome data. This committee met twice (at six and nine months) and reported back to the executive committee, which, in turn, reported to the institutional review boards.
Statistical Analysis
Data are presented as means ±SD. A comparison of survival between the groups was performed with Kaplan–Meier curves and the log-rank test. All other measures expressed as means or proportions were compared with t-tests for continuous data and chi-square tests for proportions. All tests of statistical significance were two-sided. We did not correct for multiple testing. An intention-to-treat analysis was used.
Results
From July 1995 to September 1996, 120 patients were enrolled. Base-line characteristics and risk factors are presented in Table 1Table 1
Base-Line Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Patients. and Table 2Table 2
Distribution of Risk Factors for the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome., respectively. Fourteen patients met the a priori criteria for discontinuation of the assigned protocol: two who had refractory acidosis (both in the limited-ventilation group), two who had uncontrolled barotrauma (both in the control group), six who had refractory hypoxemia (three in each group), and four for miscellaneous reasons. These patients were included in all analyses.The mean ventilatory variables on days 1, 3, and 7 are presented in Table 3Table 3
Mean Ventilatory Variables on Days 1, 3, and 7.; the differences in the mean peak inspiratory pressure, tidal volume, plateau pressure, and respiratory rate between the groups were statistically significant, whereas those in PEEP, FiO2, and minute ventilation were not. More patients in the limited-ventilation group than the control group underwent dialysis (13 vs. 5, P = 0.04) or received paralytic drugs (23 vs. 13, P = 0.05).In-hospital mortality and secondary end points are presented in Table 4Table 4
Main Outcome Variables.. No significant difference in mortality was observed between the groups. Figure 1Figure 1Kaplan–Meier Survival Analysis for the Patients Undergoing Ventilation with Limits on Pressure and Volume (Limited-Ventilation Group) and Those Undergoing Conventional Ventilation (Control Group). shows the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis for the two groups. This was true for mortality adjusted for the APACHE II score (relative risk of death in the limited-ventilation group as compared with the control group, 1.04; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.48 to 2.23) as well as unadjusted mortality. Five patients died after discharge from the intensive care unit (two in the limited-ventilation group and three in the control group).Table 5Table 5
Hypercapnia in the Treatment Groups. summarizes the incidence, degree, and duration of hypercapnia in the two groups. The base-line oxygen index was similar in the groups (Table 1). The mean oxygen index was lower for the survivors than for the patients who died (base-line index, 8.7±5.9 vs. 11.8±7.5 [P = 0.02]; mean index for the entire ventilation period, 5.8±2.4 vs. 12.8±9.8 [P<0.001]; and mean maximal index, 12.0±8.3 vs. 24.4±17.9 [P<0.001]).Discussion
The primary finding of this study was that hospital mortality was not reduced by a strategy of mechanical ventilation that limited both tidal volume and peak inspiratory pressures in patients who had at least one major risk factor for the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The aim of our early randomization procedure and our exclusion of patients who had previously been exposed to peak inspiratory pressures above 30 cm of water was to eliminate those who might have had ventilator-induced lung injury before randomization.
Other investigators have evaluated the role of lung-protection measures during mechanical ventilation. Gattinoni et al. reported a 52 percent mortality rate among 43 patients who underwent mechanical ventilation with “lung rest” (pressure limitation and low frequency) in conjunction with extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal,13 as compared with an expected mortality of more than 90 percent.20 Hickling et al. reported that mortality among 50 patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome was 16 percent when pressure and volume limitation was combined with permissive hypercapnia, as compared with a rate of 40 percent expected on the basis of the APACHE II score.14 However, neither study included concurrent controls, and a subsequent controlled trial of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal with lung rest revealed no benefit in terms of mortality among patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome.21 Amato and colleagues recently randomly assigned 28 patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome to undergo ventilation according to an “open lung approach,” with limits on pressure and volume, or to a control group in which conventional ventilatory measures were used to maintain a relatively low arterial carbon dioxide level of 25 to 38 mm Hg.16 They found better evolution of lung function among the patients assigned to pressure and volume limitation (indicated by compliance and the ratio of PaO2 to FiO2) but no difference in mortality. When the study was expanded to include 48 patients, a difference in 28-day mortality favored the lung-protection group (approximately 38 percent vs. 65 percent).17 That study demonstrated that the particular ventilation strategy used can affect morbidity and mortality. Part of the observed difference in mortality may have been related to the control strategy (death due to respiratory failure was common in the control group), which allowed unlimited airway pressures in order to maintain the specified carbon dioxide level. In our control group, we elected to limit peak inspiratory pressure to 50 cm of water, since this was representative of conventional treatment in the study institutions. In addition, hoping to avoid unnecessary deaths from respiratory failure, we included criteria for the withdrawal of patients from the study if they had profound hypoxemia, acidosis, or barotrauma.
There are a number of possible explanations for the lack of efficacy of the pressure- and volume-limited ventilation strategy used in our study. First, the limits on peak inspiratory pressures and tidal volumes in the control group may have been sufficient to protect the lungs. Second, some important component of lung protection may not have been evaluated. Third, the study population may have been too heterogeneous for us to detect a difference in mortality. And fourth, the beneficial effects of pressure and volume limitation may have been offset by the harmful effects of hypercapnia.
When the participants in the consensus conference made their recommendations regarding mechanical ventilation in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome, they emphasized that high airway pressures were a matter of concern and, in particular, that plateau pressures in excess of 35 cm of water should be avoided (unless there was decreased chest-wall compliance).1,2 We limited peak inspiratory pressure (rather than plateau pressure) in this study, for three reasons: peak inspiratory pressure was already routinely measured and used in all the centers; our perception was that peak inspiratory pressure was more commonly limited by clinicians than plateau pressure, perhaps as a result of previous reports; and a limit of 30 cm of water on inspiratory pressure would ensure that plateau pressures were maintained well below 30 to 35 cm of water in all patients in the limited-ventilation group. We also found that most patients in the control group (despite receiving ventilation at tidal volumes of 10 to 15 ml per kilogram) had a plateau pressure below 35 cm of water, which is considered safe; this is in accord with our finding that the incidence of barotrauma was similar in the two groups and was very low in comparison with published rates.22
Since most patients in the control group had plateau pressures that did not exceed a value that would be anticipated to cause overdistention (i.e., the pressures remained at or below 35 cm of water), the results of our study should not be interpreted to imply that there is no role for pressure and volume limitation in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. This strategy may have an important role in patients with more severe lung injury or in those exposed to higher end-expiratory pressures. It is not the peak inspiratory pressure or the plateau pressure that clinicians should be concerned about but, rather, transpulmonary pressure (alveolar minus pleural pressure), since it is this factor that determines alveolar distention.23 Normal lung tissue becomes maximally distended at a transpulmonary pressure of 30 to 35 cm of water. If pleural pressure is assumed to be close to 0 cm of water, then plateau pressures (a surrogate measure of alveolar pressure) in excess of 30 to 35 cm of water would cause overdistention.24 However, when the plateau pressure exceeds 35 cm of water, lung overdistention may not occur if pleural pressure is also elevated, as when there is reduced chest-wall or abdominal compliance. In such circumstances, limits on pressure and volume may promote collapse of unstable lung units, resulting in unnecessary hypoxemia and hypercapnia.
In addition to the problem of overinflation, there is a large body of evidence demonstrating that underinflation or inadequate end-expiratory pressures also result in damage to injured or surfactant-depleted lungs.25,26 Our goal was not to test all aspects of lung protection but, rather, to address the specific role of pressure and volume limitation in a well-defined population. Therefore, the amount of PEEP was similar in our two groups. It is possible that inadequate lung recruitment is a critical factor leading to ventilator-induced lung injury; this might explain the difference between our observations and those reported by Amato et al., who not only limited pressure and volume but also attempted to keep the lung open.16,17
The mortality among patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome depends on a variety of factors, including age and severity of illness.27 Our study included patients of any age over 18 years who had acute lung injury as a result of a variety of illnesses (Table 2). It is possible that the benefits of pressure and volume limitation in a subgroup of patients with acute lung injury may not be clear when such a large, heterogeneous population is studied. Nonetheless, the specific subgroups that might benefit from this strategy are currently not known.
Permissive hypercapnia was more common in the group assigned to ventilation with pressure and volume limits. There are numerous possible adverse side effects of permissive hypercapnia, most of which remain speculative.3 We attempted to evaluate some of the adverse effects of pressure and volume limitation (and potentially of permissive hypercapnia) by assessing the multiple-organ-dysfunction score, which quantifies dysfunction in six organ systems.19 There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to the maximal multiple-organ-dysfunction score or the total number of organs with failure. However, the need for dialysis was greater in the limited-ventilation group than in the control group. Since we did not have a priori criteria for the institution of dialysis, this observation needs to be interpreted with caution. A variety of factors (such as lower pH due to respiratory acidosis) could have resulted in the use of dialysis more often in the limited-ventilation group. It is also possible that permissive hypercapnia had a direct role, since carbon dioxide has known vasoactive properties that may have impaired renal blood flow, leading, in turn, to the need for dialysis.28 In the group assigned to ventilation with pressure and volume limitation, we also found an increased use of paralytic agents and a trend toward more days of ventilation and longer stays in the intensive care unit and the hospital; all these factors may be related. Since the protocol did not specify when to use paralytic agents, these observations must be interpreted with caution.
During the design of this study, we hypothesized that patients in the limited-ventilation group would have lower ratios of PaO2 to FiO2 and more lung infiltrates than the control patients with the same degree of lung injury, because of the lower mean airway pressures. Therefore, we used the oxygen index (which controls for mean airway pressure), a valuable tool in neonates that has had limited use in adults.29,30 The oxygen index may prove to be valuable for comparing the effects of lung injury on gas exchange among various methods of ventilation.
Over the past decade, practice patterns with regard to pressure and volume during mechanical ventilation have changed, but with little evidence of benefit.31-33 The results of this study suggest that an approach to mechanical ventilation that limits both peak inspiratory pressure (to 30 cm of water or less) and tidal volume (to 8 ml or less per kilogram) in patients such as ours does not decrease mortality and may be associated with harm. It cannot be concluded that pressure and volume limitation has no role. Indeed there may be a need for such a strategy in patients prone to lung overdistention (as evidenced by an elevated transpulmonary pressure, for example). In addition, other forms of lung protection, such as the prevention of underinflation and changes in body position, as well as other therapies, may have important roles in protecting the lungs and in reducing mortality. Clinicians should proceed with caution when using pressure- and volume-limited ventilation as a routine measure in patients with respiratory failure.
Supported by Physicians Services, Inc., of Ontario, the Ontario Thoracic Society, and the Wellesley Central Hospital Research Institute.
We are indebted to the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group for their frequent reviews, comments, and suggestions regarding the design and implementation of this study and to Dominique Ibanez of the Wellesley Central Hospital Research Institute for statistical expertise.
Source Information
From the Departments of Medicine (T.E.S., J.T.G., S.E.L., A.S.S.), Surgery (T.R.J.T.), and Anaesthesia (T.E.S., C.D.M., R.F.M.) and the Critical Care Medicine Programme (T.E.S., M.O.M., J.T.G., S.E.L., C.D.M., R.F.M., A.S.S.), University of Toronto; Wellesley Central Hospital (T.E.S., B.D.S.); Toronto Hospital (J.T.G., T.R.J.T.); St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M.); Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.F.M.); Mount Sinai Hospital (S.E.L., A.S.S.); and St. Joseph's Health Centre (T.S.R.) — all in Toronto; the Department of Medicine and the Critical Care Medicine Programme, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (D.J.C.); and the Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (R.V.H.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Stewart at Wellesley Central Hospital, Rm. 245, Jones Bldg., 160 Wellesley St. E., Toronto, ON M4Y 1J3, Canada.
Members of the Steering Committee are listed in Appendix 1.
Appendix
The members of the Pressure- and Volume-Limited Ventilation Strategy Group Steering Committee, in addition to the authors, were Mr. Rod MacDonald (respiratory-therapy coordinator), Ms. Barb Hooper, Mr. Andrew Cheeatowa, Dr. Ben Guslits (Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit), Ms. Merrilee Loewen, Ms. Kusum Sharma, Ms. Marg Oddi, Mr. Mike Aubin, Ms. Diane McRae, Mr. Grant Mawhinney, and Dr. Jesus Villar (Canary Islands, Spain). The Safety Committee included Dr. Brian Kavanaugh, Dr. Patricia Cruchly, Dr. Richard Cooper, Dr. Patrick Hanly, and Dr. David Wong.
Definitions of Risk Factors
The risk factors for the acute respiratory distress syndrome were defined as follows:
1. Sepsis — two or more of the following five factors: (1) core temperature >38.5°C or <36°C, (2) white-cell count >12,000 per cubic millimeter or <3500 per cubic millimeter or >20 percent immature forms, (3) one blood culture positive for a common pathogen, (4) a strongly suspected site of infection from which a known pathogen was cultured, and (5) gross pus in a closed space; plus one or more of the following three factors: (1) systemic arterial hypotension for at least two hours (systolic blood pressure <85 mm Hg or >40 mm Hg below the base-line value or need for inotropic agents to maintain systolic blood pressure >85 mm Hg), (2) systemic vascular resistance less than 800 dyn
sec
2. Gastric aspiration — inhalation of gastric contents, witnessed or documented by suctioning of gastric contents from the endotracheal tube.
3. Pulmonary contusion — a localized infiltrate appearing on chest radiography within six hours of blunt chest trauma, in association with overlying ecchymosis or rib fractures.
4. Multiple transfusions — infusion of at least 10 units of whole blood or packed red cells within a 12-hour period.
5. Multiple fractures — fractures of two or more major long bones, an unstable pelvic fracture, or one major long-bone fracture and a major pelvic fracture.
6. Pneumonia — presence of an infiltrate on chest radiography, plus any three of the following four factors: (1) purulent endotracheal aspirate, (2) known pathogens on Gram's staining or culture of sputum or blood, (3) temperature >38.5°C or <36°C, and (4) white-cell count >12,000 per cubic millimeter or <3500 per cubic millimeter or >20 percent immature forms.
7. Inhalation injury — hypoxemia within three days of smoke inhalation or inhalation of a chemical lung irritant.
8. Burn — involvement of >25 percent of the body-surface area in a second- or third-degree burn.
9. Acute pancreatitis — severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting with a serum amylase level >3 times the local upper limit of normal.
10. Drug overdose.
11. Shock — systemic arterial hypotension lasting two hours or more (systolic blood pressure <85 mm Hg or >40 mm Hg below the base-line value or need for inotropic drugs to maintain systolic blood pressure >85 mm Hg).
- References
References
1
Slutsky AS . Mechanical ventilation. Chest 1993;104:1833-1859[Erratum, Chest 1994;106:656.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Slutsky AS . Consensus conference on mechanical ventilation -- January 28-30, 1993 at Northbrook, Illinois, USA. Part I. Intensive Care Med 1994;20:64-79[Erratum, Intensive Care Med 1994;20:378.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Feihl F ,Perret C . Permissive hypercapnia: how permissive should we be? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:1722-1737
Web of Science | Medline4
Tuxen DV . Permissive hypercapnic ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:870-874
Web of Science | Medline5
Webb HH ,Tierney DF . Experimental pulmonary edema due to intermittent positive pressure ventilation with high inflation pressures: protection by positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974;110:556-565
Web of Science | Medline6
Dreyfuss D ,Basset G ,Soler P ,Saumon G . Intermittent positive-pressure hyperventilation with high inflation pressures produces pulmonary microvascular injury in rats. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132:880-884
Web of Science | Medline7
Parker JC ,Hernandez LA ,Longenecker GL ,Peevy K ,Johnson W . Lung edema caused by high peak inspiratory pressures in dogs: role of increased microvascular filtration pressure and permeability. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142:321-328
Web of Science | Medline8
Kolobow T ,Moretti MP ,Fumagalli R , et al. Severe impairment in lung function induced by high peak airway pressure during mechanical ventilation: an experimental study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135:312-315
Web of Science | Medline9
Cilley RE ,Wang JY ,Coran AG . Lung injury produced by moderate lung overinflation in rats. J Pediatr Surg 1993;28:488-495
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Rouby JJ ,Lherm T ,Martin de Lassale E , et al. Histologic aspects of pulmonary barotrauma in critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med 1993;19:383-389
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Gattinoni L ,Presenti A ,Torresin A , et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome profiles by computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging 1986;1:25-30
CrossRef | Medline12
Roupie E ,Dambrosio M ,Servillo G , et al. Titration of tidal volume and induced hypercapnia in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:121-128
Web of Science | Medline13
Gattinoni L ,Pesenti A ,Mascheroni D , et al. Low-frequency positive-pressure ventilation with extracorporeal CO2 removal in severe acute respiratory failure. JAMA 1986;256:881-886
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Hickling KG ,Henderson SJ ,Jackson R . Low mortality associated with low volume pressure limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia in severe adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 1990;16:372-377
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Lee PC ,Helsmoortel CM ,Cohn SM ,Fink MP . Are low tidal volumes safe? Chest 1990;97:430-434
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Amato MBP ,Barbas CSV ,Medeiros DM , et al. Beneficial effects of the “open lung approach“ with low distending pressures in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective randomized study on mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:1835-1836
Web of Science | Medline17
Amato MBP ,Barbas CSV ,Medeiros D , et al. Improved survival in ARDS: beneficial effects of a lung protective strategy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:Suppl:A531-A531 abstract.18
Knaus WA ,Draper EA ,Wagner DP ,Zimmerman JE . APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985;13:818-829
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Marshall JC ,Cook DJ ,Christou NV ,Bernard GR ,Sprung CL ,Sibbald WJ . Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score: a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 1995;23:1-15
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Zapol WM ,Snider MT ,Hill JD , et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe acute respiratory failure: a randomized prospective study. JAMA 1979;242:2193-2196
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Morris AH ,Wallace CJ ,Menlove RL , et al. Randomized clinical trial of pressure-controlled inverse ratio ventilation and extracorporeal CO2 removal for adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:295-305[Erratum, J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:838.]
Web of Science | Medline22
Gammon RB ,Shin MS ,Buchalter SE . Pulmonary barotrauma in mechanical ventilation: patterns and risk factors. Chest 1992;102:568-572
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Dreyfuss D ,Soler P ,Basset G ,Saumon G . High inflation pressure pulmonary edema: respective effects of high airway pressure, high tidal volume, and positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137:1159-1164
Web of Science | Medline24
Stewart TE . Establishing an approach to mechanical ventilation. Can Respir J 1996;3:403-40825
Sandhar BK ,Niblett DJ ,Argiras EP ,Dunnill MS ,Sykes MK . Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on hyaline membrane formation in a rabbit model of the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 1988;14:538-546
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Muscedere JG ,Mullen JBM ,Gan K ,Slutsky AS . Tidal ventilation at low airway pressures can augment lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:1327-1334
Web of Science | Medline27
Suchyta MR ,Clemmer TP ,Elliott CG ,Orme JF Jr ,Weaver LK . The adult respiratory distress syndrome: a report of survival and modifying factors. Chest 1992;101:1074-1079
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Bersentes TJ ,Simmons DH . Effects of acute acidosis on renal hemodynamics. Am J Physiol 1967;212:633-640
Web of Science | Medline29
Ortiz RM ,Cilley RE ,Bartlett RH . Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pediatric respiratory failure. Pediatr Clin North Am 1987;34:39-46
Web of Science | Medline30
Fort PL ,Farmer C ,Westerman J , et al. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation for adult respiratory distress syndrome -- a pilot study. Crit Care Med 1997;25:937-947
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline31
Lind T ,McDonald JA ,Avioli LV . Adult respiratory distress syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1981;141:1749-1753
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline32
Hickling KG . Ventilatory management of ARDS: can it affect the outcome? Intensive Care Med 1990;16:219-226
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline33
Milberg JA ,Davis DR ,Steinberg KP ,Hudson LD . Improved survival of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): 1983-1993. JAMA 1995;273:306-309
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (247)
Citing Articles
1
Kevin W. McConnell, Craig M. Coopersmith. (2012) Organ Failure Avoidance and Mitigation Strategies in Surgery. Surgical Clinics of North America
CrossRef2
Cíntia L. Santos, Lillian Moraes, Raquel S. Santos, Mariana G. Oliveira, Johnatas D. Silva, Tatiana Maron-Gutierrez, Débora S. Ornellas, Marcelo M. Morales, Vera L. Capelozzi, Nelson Jamel, Paolo Pelosi, Patricia R. M. Rocco, Cristiane S. N. B. Garcia. (2012) Effects of different tidal volumes in pulmonary and extrapulmonary lung injury with or without intraabdominal hypertension. Intensive Care Medicine
CrossRef3
Saeid Eslami, Ameen Abu-Hanna, Marcus J. Schultz, Evert de Jonge, Nicolette F. de Keizer. (2011) Evaluation of consulting and critiquing decision support systems: Effect on adherence to a lower tidal volume mechanical ventilation strategy. Journal of Critical Care
CrossRef4
William R. Henderson, A. William Sheel. (2011) Pulmonary mechanics during mechanical ventilation. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
CrossRef5
Youn Yi Jo, Ji Young Kim, Young Lan Kwak, Yong Beom Kim, Hyun Jeong Kwak. (2011) The Effect of Pressure-controlled Ventilation on Pulmonary Mechanics in the Prone Position During Posterior Lumbar Spine Surgery. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology1
CrossRef6
Eun Mi Choi, Sungwon Na, Seung Ho Choi, Jiwon An, Koon Ho Rha, Young Jun Oh. (2011) Comparison of volume-controlled and pressure-controlled ventilation in steep Trendelenburg position for robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 23:3, 183-188
CrossRef7
Hermann Wrigge, Paolo Pelosi. (2011) Tidal Volume in Patients With Normal Lungs during General Anesthesia. Anesthesiology 114:5, 1011-1013
CrossRef8
Sugantha Sundar, Victor Novack, Karinne Jervis, S. Patrick Bender, Adam Lerner, Peter Panzica, Feroze Mahmood, Atul Malhotra, Daniel Talmor. (2011) Influence of Low Tidal Volume Ventilation on Time to Extubation in Cardiac Surgical Patients. Anesthesiology 114:5, 1102-1110
CrossRef9
Ashwath Sundaresan, J. Geoffrey Chase. (2011) Positive end expiratory pressure in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome ??? The past, present and future. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control
CrossRef10
Onuma Chaiwat, Monica S. Vavilala, Shaji Philip, Amin Malakouti, Margaret J. Neff, Steven Deem, Miriam M. Treggiari, Jin Wang, John D. Lang. (2011) Intraoperative adherence to a low tidal volume ventilation strategy in critically ill patients with preexisting acute lung injury. Journal of Critical Care 26:2, 144-151
CrossRef11
Terry L. Jones. (2011) A Retrospective Exploration of Patient-Ventilator Monitoring Intensity, Therapeutic Intervention Intensity, and Compliance with Lung Protective Guidelines in a Cohort of Patients with Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing 8:1, 40-50
CrossRef12
Lise Piquilloud, Laurence Vignaux, Emilie Bialais, Jean Roeseler, Thierry Sottiaux, Pierre-François Laterre, Philippe Jolliet, Didier Tassaux. (2011) Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist improves patient–ventilator interaction. Intensive Care Medicine 37:2, 263-271
CrossRef13
M. Frass, M. Linkesch, S. Banyai, G. Resch, C. Dielacher, T. Löbl, C. Endler, M. Haidvogl, I. Muchitsch, E. Schuster. (2011) Adjunctive homeopathic treatment in patients with severe sepsis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in an intensive care unit. Homeopathy 100:1-2, 95-100
CrossRef14
Guillermo M Albaiceta, Lluis Blanch. (2011) Beyond volutrauma in ARDS: the critical role of lung tissue deformation. Critical Care 15:2, 304
CrossRef15
Ashwath Sundaresan, J Chase, Geoffrey M Shaw, Yeong Shiong Chiew, Thomas Desaive. (2011) Model-based optimal PEEP in mechanically ventilated ARDS patients in the Intensive Care Unit. BioMedical Engineering OnLine 10:1, 64
CrossRef16
Fernando G Rios, Elissa Estenssoro, Fernando Villarejo, Ricardo Valentini, Liliana Aguilar, Daniel E Pezzola, Pascual Valdez, Miguel Blasco, Cristina Orlandi, Javier Alvarez, Fernando Saldarini, Alejandro Gomez, Pablo E Gomez, Martin Deheza, Alan Zazu, Monica Quinteros, Javier Osatnik, Ariel Chena, Damian Violi, Maria EUGENIA Gonzalez, Guillermo Chiappero. (2011) Lung Function and Organ Dysfunctions in 178 Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation,During The 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Pandemic. Critical Care 15:4, R201
CrossRef17
Stéphane Dauger, Philippe Durand, Etienne Javouey, Jean-Christophe Mercier. 2011. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Children. , 706-716.
CrossRef18
C. C. H. Wielders, E. A. van Lier, T. M. van 't Klooster, A. B. van Gageldonk-Lafeber, C. C. van den Wijngaard, J. A. Haagsma, G. A. Donker, A. Meijer, W. van der Hoek, A. K. Lugner, M. E. E. Kretzschmar, M. A. B. van der Sande. (2010) The burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in the Netherlands. The European Journal of Public Health
CrossRef19
Stephen H. Loring, Matteo Pecchiari, Patrizia Della Valle, Ario Monaco, Guendalina Gentile, Edgardo DʼAngelo. (2010) Maintaining end-expiratory transpulmonary pressure prevents worsening of ventilator-induced lung injury caused by chest wall constriction in surfactant-depleted rats*. Critical Care Medicine 38:12, 2358-2364
CrossRef20
Aissam Lyazidi, Arnaud W. Thille, Guillaume Carteaux, Fabrice Galia, Laurent Brochard, Jean-Christophe M. Richard. (2010) Bench test evaluation of volume delivered by modern ICU ventilators during volume-controlled ventilation. Intensive Care Medicine 36:12, 2074-2080
CrossRef21
Miriam Santschi, Philippe Jouvet, Francis Leclerc, France Gauvin, Christopher J. L. Newth, Christopher L. Carroll, Heidi Flori, Robert C. Tasker, Peter C. Rimensberger, Adrienne G. Randolph. (2010) Acute lung injury in children: Therapeutic practice and feasibility of international clinical trials*. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 11:6, 681-689
CrossRef22
Luciano Gattinoni, Alessandro Protti, Pietro Caironi, Eleonora Carlesso. (2010) Ventilator-induced lung injury: The anatomical and physiological framework. Critical Care Medicine 38, S539-S548
CrossRef23
Luis D. Pacheco, Labib Ghulmiyyah. 2010. Ventilator Management in Critical Illness. , 124-151.
CrossRef24
Yoshiyasu Matsuzawa, Koichi Nakazawa, Akio Yamamura, Takumi Akashi, Keisuke Kitagaki, Yoshinobu Eishi, Koshi Makita. (2010) Airway pressure release ventilation reduces the increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid high-mobility group box-1 levels and lung water in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by lung lavage. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 27:8, 726-733
CrossRef25
Kenneth D. Eichenbaum, Steven M. Neustein. (2010) Acute Lung Injury After Thoracic Surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 24:4, 681-690
CrossRef26
Kevin K. Chung, Steven E. Wolf, Evan M. Renz, Patrick F. Allan, James K. Aden, Gerald A. Merrill, Mehdi C. Shelhamer, Booker T. King, Christopher E. White, David G. Bell, Martin G. Schwacha, Sandra M. Wanek, Charles E. Wade, John B. Holcomb, Lorne H. Blackbourne, Leopoldo C. Cancio. (2010) High-frequency percussive ventilation and low tidal volume ventilation in burns: A randomized controlled trial. Critical Care Medicine1
CrossRef27
Beatrice Beck-Schimmer, Ralph C. Schimmer. (2010) Perioperative tidal volume and intra-operative open lung strategy in healthy lungs: where are we going?. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 24:2, 199-210
CrossRef28
Maria Plataki, Rolf D Hubmayr. (2010) The physical basis of ventilator-induced lung injury. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 4:3, 373-385
CrossRef29
Alberto Zanella, Giacomo Bellani, Antonio Pesenti. (2010) Airway pressure and flow monitoring. Current Opinion in Critical Care 16:3, 255-260
CrossRef30
Mustafa Oğurlu, Mert Küçük, Ferruh Bilgin, Ali Sizlan, Ömer Yanarateş, Sami Eksert, Emre Karaşahin, Ahmet Coşar. (2010) Pressure-Controlled vs Volume-Controlled Ventilation During Laparoscopic Gynecologic Surgery. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 17:3, 295-300
CrossRef31
Clare D. Ramsey, Duane Funk, Russell R. Miller, Anand Kumar. (2010) Ventilator management for hypoxemic respiratory failure attributable to H1N1 novel swine origin influenza virus. Critical Care Medicine 38, e58-e65
CrossRef32
Senaka Rajapakse, Anoja Rajapakse. (2009) Age bias in clinical trials in sepsis: How relevant are guidelines to older people?. Journal of Critical Care 24:4, 609-613
CrossRef33
Saeid Eslami, Nicolette F. de Keizer, Ameen Abu-Hanna, Evert de Jonge, Marcus J. Schultz. (2009) Effect of a clinical decision support system on adherence to a lower tidal volume mechanical ventilation strategy. Journal of Critical Care 24:4, 523-529
CrossRef34
Laurent J. Brochard. (2009) Tidal volume during acute lung injury: let the patient choose?. Intensive Care Medicine 35:11, 1830-1832
CrossRef35
Marya D. Zilberberg, Andrew F. Shorr. (2009) Prolonged mechanical ventilation: Pushing the limits of magic in medicine?*. Critical Care Medicine 37:11, 2983-2985
CrossRef36
Tina L. Palmieri. (2009) What's New in Critical Care of the Burn-Injured Patient?. Clinics in Plastic Surgery 36:4, 607-615
CrossRef37
Yong Seon Choi, Jae Kwang Shim, Sungwon Na, Seung Bum Hong, Yong Woo Hong, Young Jun Oh. (2009) Pressure-controlled versus volume-controlled ventilation during one-lung ventilation in the prone position for robot-assisted esophagectomy. Surgical Endoscopy 23:10, 2286-2291
CrossRef38
Davide Chiumello, Massimo Cressoni. (2009) Respirator management of sepsis-related respiratory failure. Current Infectious Disease Reports 11:5, 365-371
CrossRef39
Yuji Oba, Danish M. Thameem, Tareq Zaza. (2009) High levels of PEEP may improve survival in acute respiratory distress syndrome: A meta-analysis. Respiratory Medicine 103:8, 1174-1181
CrossRef40
Robinder G. Khemani, David Conti, Todd A. Alonzo, Robert D. Bart, Christopher J. L. Newth. (2009) Effect of tidal volume in children with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Intensive Care Medicine 35:8, 1428-1437
CrossRef41
P.C. Rimensberger. (2009) Mechanical ventilation in paediatric intensive care. Annales Françaises d’Anesthésie et de Réanimation 28:7-8, 682-684
CrossRef42
Susan I. Phoenix, Sharath Paravastu, Malachy Columb, Jean-Louis Vincent, Mahesh Nirmalan. (2009) Does a Higher Positive End Expiratory Pressure Decrease Mortality in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?. Anesthesiology 110:5, 1098-1105
CrossRef43
Ulrich H. Thome, Namasivayam Ambalavanan. (2009) Permissive hypercapnia to decrease lung injury in ventilated preterm neonates. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 14:1, 21-27
CrossRef44
Michael D. Peck, Tammy Koppelman. (2009) Low-Tidal-Volume Ventilation as a Strategy to Reduce Ventilator-Associated Injury in ALI and ARDS. Journal of Burn Care & Research 30:1, 172-175
CrossRef45
Viboon Boonsarngsuk, Supinda Sirilak, Sumalee Kiatboonsri. (2009) Acute respiratory failure due to Pneumocystis pneumonia: outcome and prognostic factors. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 13:1, 59-66
CrossRef46
Todd W. Rice, Gordon R. Bernard. 2009. Acute Illnesses, Critical Care, Emergency and Surgical Patients. , 443-460.
CrossRef47
Alex Rogovik, Ran Goldman. (2008) Permissive Hypercapnia. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 26:4, 941-952
CrossRef48
Jason Phua, Thomas E. Stewart, Niall D. Ferguson. (2008) Acute respiratory distress syndrome 40 years later: Time to revisit its definition*. Critical Care Medicine 36:10, 2912-2921
CrossRef49
Rafael Fernandez, Xavier Trenchs, Jordi Klamburg, Jon Castedo, Jose Manuel Serrano, Guillermo Besso, Juan Pedro Tirapu, Antonio Santos, Arantxa Mas, Manuel Parraga, Paola Jubert, Fernando Frutos, Jose Manuel Añon, Manuela Garcia, Fernando Rodriguez, Joan Carles Yebenes, Maria Jesus Lopez. (2008) Prone positioning in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Medicine 34:8, 1487-1491
CrossRef50
James C. Leiter, Harold L. Manning. (2008) Permissive hypercapnia and immunosuppression*. Critical Care Medicine 36:7, 2209-2210
CrossRef51
Sreekar Maruvada, Alexandre T Rotta. (2008) Mechanical ventilation strategies in children. Pediatric Health 2:3, 301-314
CrossRef52
Neil R. MacIntyre. (2008) Is There a Best Way to Set Tidal Volume for Mechanical Ventilatory Support?. Clinics in Chest Medicine 29:2, 225-231
CrossRef53
Niranjan Kissoon, Peter C. Rimensberger, Desmond Bohn. (2008) Ventilation Strategies and Adjunctive Therapy in Severe Lung Disease. Pediatric Clinics of North America 55:3, 709-733
CrossRef54
Gustavo A. Ospina-Tascón, Ricardo L. Cordioli, Jean-Louis Vincent. (2008) What type of monitoring has been shownto improve outcomes in acutely ill patients?. Intensive Care Medicine 34:5, 800-820
CrossRef55
Yi-Ming Hua, Shao-Hung Lien, Tao-Yuan Liu, Chuen-Ming Lee, Yeong-Seng Yuh. (2008) A decremental PEEP trial for determining open-lung PEEP in a rabbit model of acute lung injury. Pediatric Pulmonology 43:4, 371-380
CrossRef56
Gustavo A. Ospina-Tascón, Gustavo Luiz Büchele, Jean-Louis Vincent. (2008) Multicenter, randomized, controlled trials evaluating mortality in intensive care: Doomed to fail?. Critical Care Medicine 36:4, 1311-1322
CrossRef57
Claude Guerin, Jean-Christophe Richard. (2008) Current ventilatory management of patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 2:1, 119-133
CrossRef58
M. Yilmaz, O. Gajic. (2008) Optimal ventilator settings in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 25:2, 89-96
CrossRef59
J.P. Viale, S. Duperret, P. Branche, M.-O. Robert, M. Muller. (2008) Ventilazione artificiale I: metodi di ventilazione meccanica. Effetti fisiologici e fisiopatologici. EMC - Anestesia-Rianimazione 13:2, 1-25
CrossRef60
Jack J. Haitsma, Arthur S. Slutsky. 2008. Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury. , 615-623.
CrossRef61
Jack J. Haitsma, Arthur S. Slutsky. 2008. Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury. , 42-50.
CrossRef62
Kevin C. Doerschug, Gary W. Hunninghake. 2008. Mechanisms of Acute Lung Injury and Repair. , 65-71.
CrossRef63
R. Phillip Dellinger, Mitchell M. Levy, Jean M. Carlet, Julian Bion, Margaret M. Parker, Roman Jaeschke, Konrad Reinhart, Derek C. Angus, Christian Brun-Buisson, Richard Beale, Thierry Calandra, Jean-Francois Dhainaut, Herwig Gerlach, Maurene Harvey, John J. Marini, John Marshall, Marco Ranieri, Graham Ramsay, Jonathan Sevransky, B. Taylor Thompson, Sean Townsend, Jeffrey S. Vender, Janice L. Zimmerman, Jean-Louis Vincent. (2008) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Intensive Care Medicine 34:1, 17-60
CrossRef64
R Phillip Dellinger, Mitchell M. Levy, Jean M. Carlet, Julian Bion, Margaret M. Parker, Roman Jaeschke, Konrad Reinhart, Derek C. Angus, Christian Brun-Buisson, Richard Beale, Thierry Calandra, Jean-Francois Dhainaut, Herwig Gerlach, Maurene Harvey, John J. Marini, John Marshall, Marco Ranieri, Graham Ramsay, Jonathan Sevransky, B Taylor Thompson, Sean Townsend, Jeffrey S. Vender, Janice L. Zimmerman, Jean-Louis Vincent. (2008) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Critical Care Medicine 36:1, 296-327
CrossRef65
Shazia M. Jamil, Roger G. Spragg. 2008. Acute Lung Injury: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. , 28-41.
CrossRef66
J.-P. Viale, S. Duperret, P. Branche, M.-O. Robert, M. Muller. (2008) Ventilazione artificiale II: strategie ventilatorie. Logistica della ventilazione meccanica. EMC - Anestesia-Rianimazione 13:2, 1-19
CrossRef67
Malhotra, Atul, . (2007) Low-Tidal-Volume Ventilation in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 357:11, 1113-1120
Full Text68
Frank C. Schmalstieg, Susan E. Keeney, Helen E. Rudloff, Kimberly H. Palkowetz, Manuel Cevallos, Xiaoquin Zhou, Robert A. Cox, Hal K. Hawkins, Daniel L. Traber, Joseph B. Zwischenberger. (2007) Arteriovenous CO2 Removal Improves Survival Compared to High Frequency Percussive and Low Tidal Volume Ventilation in a Smoke/Burn Sheep Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Model. Annals of Surgery 246:3, 512-523
CrossRef69
Karen J Bosma, James F Lewis. (2007) Emerging therapies for treatment of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 12:3, 461-477
CrossRef70
Shadi Badin, Todd W. Gress, Nancy Munn, Fuad M. Zeid. (2007) Mechanical Ventilation Management by Pulmonologists and Surgeons in Patients With Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 334:3, 155-159
CrossRef71
Luciana Mascia, Elisabeth Zavala, Karen Bosma, Daniela Pasero, Daniela Decaroli, Peter Andrews, Donatella Isnardi, Alessandra Davi, Maria Jose Arguis, Maurizio Berardino, Alessandro Ducati. (2007) High tidal volume is associated with the development of acute lung injury after severe brain injury: An international observational study*. Critical Care Medicine 35:8, 1815-1820
CrossRef72
Nicola Petrucci, Walter Iacovelli, Nicola Petrucci. 2007. Lung protective ventilation strategy for the acute respiratory distress syndrome. .
CrossRef73
Waleed H. Albuali, Ram N. Singh, Douglas D. Fraser, Jamie A. Seabrook, Brian P. Kavanagh, Christopher S. Parshuram, Alik Kornecki. (2007) Have changes in ventilation practice improved outcome in children with acute lung injury?*. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 8:4, 324-330
CrossRef74
Christian Putensen, Hermann Wrigge. (2007) Tidal Volumes in Patients with Normal Lungs. Anesthesiology 106:6, 1085-1087
CrossRef75
Arthur P Wheeler, Gordon R Bernard. (2007) Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a clinical review. The Lancet 369:9572, 1553-1564
CrossRef76
Marya D. Zilberberg, Thomas L. Higgins. (2007) Translational highway: It helps to have a map*. Critical Care Medicine 35:5, 1416-1417
CrossRef77
Jack J. Haitsma. (2007) Physiology of Mechanical Ventilation. Critical Care Clinics 23:2, 117-134
CrossRef78
Serge J. C. Verbrugge, Burkhard Lachmann, Jozef Kesecioglu. (2007) Lung protective ventilatory strategies in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: from experimental findings to clinical application. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 27:2, 67-90
CrossRef79
Raju T. Meyappan, Andre Raszynski, Jorge Bohorquez, Balagangadhar R. Totapally, Pulin B. Koul, Faraz M. Norozian, Karl Valcourt, Dan Torbati. (2007) Carbon Dioxide Clearance in Rabbits During Expiratory Phase Intratracheal Pulmonary Ventilation. ASAIO Journal 53:2, 163-167
CrossRef80
Y Zhao, S E Rees, S Kjærgaard, B W Smith, A Larsson, S Andreassen. (2007) An automated method for measuring static pressure–volume curves of the respiratory system and its application in healthy lungs and after lung damage by oleic acid infusion. Physiological Measurement 28:3, 235-247
CrossRef81
Tam N. Pham, Nicole S. Gibran. (2007) Thermal and Electrical Injuries. Surgical Clinics of North America 87:1, 185-206
CrossRef82
David A Turner, John H Arnold. (2007) Insights in pediatric ventilation: timing of intubation, ventilatory strategies, and weaning. Current Opinion in Critical Care 13:1, 57-63
CrossRef83
Koichi Nakazawa, Kuninori Yokoyama, Naoko Yamakawa, Koshi Makita. (2007) Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on inflammatory response in oleic acid-induced lung injury and whole-lung lavage-induced lung injury. Journal of Anesthesia 21:1, 47-54
CrossRef84
Edward Y. Chan, James E. Lynch, David B. Loran, Joseph B. Zwischenberger. 2007. Barotrauma. , 273-280.
CrossRef85
John J. Marini. (2007) Mechanical ventilation in the acute respiratory distress syndrome—2006. Journal of Organ Dysfunction 3:4, 224-231
CrossRef86
Luciano Gattinoni, Pietro Caironi, Franco Valenza, Eleonora Carlesso. (2006) The Role of CT-scan Studies for the Diagnosis and Therapy of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Clinics in Chest Medicine 27:4, 559-570
CrossRef87
Todd W. Rice, Gordon R. Bernard. (2006) Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Challenges in Clinical Trial Design. Clinics in Chest Medicine 27:4, 733-754
CrossRef88
Venktesh R. Ramnath, Dean R. Hess, B. Taylor Thompson. (2006) Conventional Mechanical Ventilation in Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Clinics in Chest Medicine 27:4, 601-613
CrossRef89
Mitchell M. Levy, J Randall Curtis. (2006) Improving end-of-life care in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine 34:Suppl, S301
CrossRef90
Peter Delong, James A. Murray, Christopher K. Cook. (2006) CRITICAL CARE ISSUES FOR THE NEPHROLOGIST: Mechanical Ventilation in the Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Seminars in Dialysis 19:6, 517-524
CrossRef91
Arthur S. Slutsky, Lorraine N. Tremblay. (2006) Reply to the comment by Dr. Jardin on “Ventilator-induced lung injury: from the bench to the bedside”. Intensive Care Medicine 32:8, 1279-1280
CrossRef92
Ajay R. Desai, Akash Deep. (2006) Ventilatory strategies and adjunctive therapy in ARDS. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 73:8, 661-668
CrossRef93
Daniel Talmor, Todd Sarge, Carl R. O??Donnell, Ray Ritz, Atul Malhotra, Alan Lisbon, Stephen H. Loring. (2006) Esophageal and transpulmonary pressures in acute respiratory failure*. Critical Care Medicine 34:5, 1389-1394
CrossRef94
John J. Marini. (2006) Lessons learned: The conditional importance of high positive end-expiratory pressure in acute respiratory distress syndrome*. Critical Care Medicine 34:5, 1540-1542
CrossRef95
Jes??s Villar, Robert M. Kacmarek, Lina P??rez-M??ndez, Armando Aguirre-Jaime. (2006) A high positive end-expiratory pressure, low tidal volume ventilatory strategy improves outcome in persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized, controlled trial*. Critical Care Medicine 34:5, 1311-1318
CrossRef96
John P. Kepros, Jeff M. Gauvin, Donald N. Reed, Janet Osuch. (2006) Acute Lung Injury: An Indicator of Serious Systemic Illness. Current Surgery 63:3, 197-201
CrossRef97
Martha A.Q. Curley, John H. Arnold, John E. Thompson, James C. Fackler, Mary Jo Grant, Lori D. Fineman, Natalie Cvijanovich, Frederick E. Barr, Shirley Molitor-Kirsch, David M. Steinhorn, Michael A. Matthay, Patricia L. Hibberd. (2006) Clinical trial design—effect of prone positioning on clinical outcomes in infants and children with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Journal of Critical Care 21:1, 23-32
CrossRef98
Carissa L. Bellardine, Andrew M. Hoffman, Larry Tsai, Edward P. Ingenito, Stephen P. Arold, Kenneth R. Lutchen, B??la Suki. (2006) Comparison of variable and conventional ventilation in a sheep saline lavage lung injury model*. Critical Care Medicine 34:2, 439-445
CrossRef99
John J Marini. (2006) Limitations of clinical trials in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Current Opinion in Critical Care 12:1, 25-31
CrossRef100
Gregory J Lowe, Niall D Ferguson. (2006) Lung-protective ventilation in neurosurgical patients. Current Opinion in Critical Care 12:1, 3-7
CrossRef101
Lorraine N. Tremblay, Arthur S. Slutsky. (2006) Ventilator-induced lung injury: from the bench to the bedside. Intensive Care Medicine 32:1, 24-33
CrossRef102
Hermann Wrigge, Ulrike Uhlig, Georg Baumgarten, Jan Menzenbach, Jörg Zinserling, Martin Ernst, Daniel Drömann, Armin Welz, Stefan Uhlig, Christian Putensen. (2005) Mechanical ventilation strategies and inflammatory responses to cardiac surgery: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Medicine 31:10, 1379-1387
CrossRef103
Daniel E. Cole, Tara L. Taylor, Deirdre M. McCullough, Catherine T. Shoff, Stephen Derdak. (2005) Acute respiratory distress syndrome in pregnancy. Critical Care Medicine 33:Supplement, S269-S278
CrossRef104
Niall D. Ferguson, Fernando Frutos-Vivar, Andr??s Esteban, Pilar Fern??ndez-Segoviano, Jos?? Antonio Aramburu, Laura N??jera, Thomas E. Stewart. (2005) Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Underrecognition by clinicians and diagnostic accuracy of three clinical definitions*. Critical Care Medicine 33:10, 2228-2234
CrossRef105
Dean R. Hess, B. Taylor Thompson. (2005) Ventilatory strategies in patients with sepsis and respiratory failure. Current Infectious Disease Reports 7:5, 342-348
CrossRef106
Marcus J. Schultz, Esther K. Wolthuis, Rogier M. Determann. (2005) Mixing Up Old Data. Critical Care Medicine 33:7, 1676
CrossRef107
Karen Bosma, Vito Fanelli, V Marco Ranieri. (2005) Acute respiratory distress syndrome: update on the latest developments in basic and clinical research. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 18:2, 137-145
CrossRef108
M Frass, M Linkesch, S Banyai, G Resch, C Dielacher, T Löbl, C Endler, M Haidvogl, I Muchitsch, E Schuster. (2005) Adjunctive homeopathic treatment in patients with severe sepsis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in an intensive care unit. Homeopathy 94:2, 75-80
CrossRef109
Justine A. Lee, Kenneth J. Drobatz, Michael W. Koch, Lesley G. King. (2005) Indications for and outcome of positive-pressure ventilation in cats: 53 cases (1993-2002). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 226:6, 924-931
CrossRef110
Kenneth P. W. Chan, Thomas E. Stewart. (2005) Clinical use of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care Medicine 33:Supplement, S170-S174
CrossRef111
John L. Moran, Andrew D. Bersten, Patricia J. Solomon. (2005) Meta-analysis of controlled trials of ventilator therapy in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: an alternative perspective. Intensive Care Medicine 31:2, 227-235
CrossRef112
Luciano Gattinoni, Pietro Caironi, Eleonora Carlesso. (2005) How to ventilate patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Current Opinion in Critical Care 11:1, 69-76
CrossRef113
Rees E. Oliver, Henry J. Rozycki, Jay S. Greenspan, Marla R. Wolfson, Thomas H. Shaffer. (2005) Tracheal gas insufflation as a lung-protective strategy: Physiologic, histologic, and biochemical markers. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 6:1, 64-69
CrossRef114
Syed Hashmi, Selwyn O. Rogers. (2005) Current concepts in critical care. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 200:1, 88-95
CrossRef115
Ivan W. Cheng, Mark D. Eisner, B Taylor Thompson, Lorraine B. Ware, Michael A. Matthay. (2005) Acute effects of tidal volume strategy on hemodynamics, fluid balance, and sedation in acute lung injury*. Critical Care Medicine 33:1, 63-70
CrossRef116
Niall D. Ferguson, Fernando Frutos-Vivar, Andr??s Esteban, Antonio Anzueto, Inmaculada Al??a, Roy G. Brower, Thomas E. Stewart, Carlos Apeztegu??a, Marco Gonz??lez, Luis Soto, Fekri Abroug, Laurent Brochard. (2005) Airway pressures, tidal volumes, and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care Medicine 33:1, 21-30
CrossRef117
Manu Jain, Jacob Iasha Sznajder. (2005) Low tidal volume needs to be used in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome*. Critical Care Medicine 33:1, 239
CrossRef118
Sung-Chul Lim, Alexander B. Adams, Dana A. Simonson, David J. Dries, Alain F. Broccard, John R. Hotchkiss, John J. Marini. (2004) Transient hemodynamic effects of recruitment maneuvers in three experimental models of acute lung injury*. Critical Care Medicine 32:12, 2378-2384
CrossRef119
Enrico Calzia, Peter Radermacher. (2004) VILI IN PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS: JUST FATE OR CAN WE AVOID IT?. Shock 22:6, 586-587
CrossRef120
Shelley L. Monkman, Chad C. Andersen, Claude Nahmias, Hasan Ghaffer, Jacqueline M. Bourgeois, Robin S. Roberts, Barbara Schmidt, Haresh M. Kirpalani. (2004) Positive end-expiratory pressure above lower inflection point minimizes influx of activated neutrophils into lung*. Critical Care Medicine 32:12, 2471-2475
CrossRef121
Jonathan E. Sevransky, Mitchell M. Levy, John J. Marini. (2004) Mechanical ventilation in sepsis-induced acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome: An evidence-based review. Critical Care Medicine 32:Supplement, S548-S553
CrossRef122
Neill KJ Adhikari, Karen EA Burns, Maureen O Meade, Mohana Ratnapalan, Neill KJ Adhikari. 2004. Pharmacologic therapies for adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. .
CrossRef123
V BANDI, U MUNNUR, M MATTHAY. (2004) Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in pregnancy. Critical Care Clinics 20:4, 577-607
CrossRef124
Joseph John, Steven Idell. (2004) Strategies for Optimizing Oxygenation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 11:5, 318-327
CrossRef125
Luciano Gattinoni, Eleonora Carlesso, Franco Valenza, Davide Chiumello, Maria Luisa Caspani. (2004) Acute respiratory distress syndrome, the critical care paradigm: what we learned and what we forgot. Current Opinion in Critical Care 10:4, 272-278
CrossRef126
Anil Vasudevan, Rakesh Lodha, S. K. Kabra. (2004) Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 71:8, 743-750
CrossRef127
Nicola Petrucci, Walter Iacovelli. (2004) Ventilation with Smaller Tidal Volumes: A Quantitative Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Anesthesia & Analgesia 99:1, 193-200
CrossRef128
Jean-Jacques Rouby, Jean-Michel Constantin, Cassio Roberto de A Girardi, Mao Zhang, Qin Lu. (2004) Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Anesthesiology 101:1, 228-234
CrossRef129
FRANCISCO MARTINEZ, JAMES LEWIS, IAN COPLAND, DOREEN ENGELBERTS, BRIAN P. KAVANAGH, MARTIN POST, SAMUEL SCHURCH, JAQUES BELIK. (2004) Mechanical Ventilation Effect on Surfactant Content, Function, and Lung Compliance in the Newborn Rat. Pediatric Research 56:1, 19-25
CrossRef130
Michael P. Young, Harold L. Manning, Diana L. Wilson, Stephen A. Mette, Richard R. Riker, J. C. Leiter, Stephen K. Liu, Jason T. Bates, Polly E. Parsons. (2004) Ventilation of patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Has new evidence changed clinical practice?*. Critical Care Medicine 32:6, 1260-1265
CrossRef131
T WOLTER. (2004) Is high PEEP low volume ventilation in burn patients beneficial?A retrospective study of 61 patients. Burns 30:4, 368-373
CrossRef132
F.C. Jandre, A.V. Pino, I. Lacorte, J.H.S. Neves, A. Giannella-Neto. (2004) A Closed-Loop Mechanical Ventilation Controller With Explicit Objective Functions. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 51:5, 823-831
CrossRef133
N Petrucci, W Iacovelli, Nicola Petrucci. 2004. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes versus traditional tidal volumes in adults for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. .
CrossRef134
Antonio Anzueto, Fernando Frutos–Vivar, Andres Esteban, Inmaculada Alía, Laurent Brochard, Thomas Stewart, Salvador Benito, Martin J. Tobin, Jose Elizalde, Fernando Palizas, Cide M. David, Jorge Pimentel, Marco González, Luis Soto, Gabriel D’Empaire, Paolo Pelosi. (2004) Incidence, risk factors and outcome of barotrauma in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Medicine 30:4, 612-619
CrossRef135
R. Phillip Dellinger, Jean M. Carlet, Henry Masur, Herwig Gerlach, Thierry Calandra, Jonathan Cohen, Juan Gea-Banacloche, Didier Keh, John C. Marshall, Margaret M. Parker, Graham Ramsay, Janice L. Zimmerman, Jean-Louis Vincent, Mitchell M. Levy. (2004) Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Critical Care Medicine 32:3, 858-873
CrossRef136
John W. Brice, W Bruce Davis. (2004) High Frequency Ventilation in the Adult. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 11:2, 101-106
CrossRef137
P. Povoa, E. Almeida, A. Fernandes, R. Mealha, P. Moreira, H. Sabino. (2004) Evaluation of a recruitment maneuver with positive inspiratory pressure and high PEEP in patients with severe ARDS. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 48:3, 287-293
CrossRef138
Nilesh M Mehta, John H Arnold. (2004) Mechanical ventilation in children with acute respiratory failure. Current Opinion in Critical Care 10:1, 7-12
CrossRef139
Neill Adhikari, Karen E A Burns, Maureen O Meade. (2004) Pharmacologic Treatments for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Acute Lung Injury. Treatments in Respiratory Medicine 3:5, 307-328
CrossRef140
John J. Marini, Luciano Gattinoni. (2004) Ventilatory management of acute respiratory distress syndrome: A consensus of two. Critical Care Medicine 32:1, 250-255
CrossRef141
T. Luecke, H. Roth, A. Joachim, P. Herrmann, B. Deventer, G. Weisser, P. Pelosi, M. Quintel. (2004) Effects of end-inspiratory and end-expiratory pressures on alveolar recruitment and derecruitment in saline-washout-induced lung injury - a computed tomography study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 48:1, 82-92
CrossRef142
Vladimir Bumbasirevic, V. Bukumirovic, Nada Popovic, V. Nikolic, Nevena Kalezic, G. Vlajkovic, Aleksandar Karamarkovic, Ana Sijacki, Djordje Bajec, Vitomir Rankovic. (2004) Protective - ventilation strategy in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acta chirurgica iugoslavica 51:3, 45-49
CrossRef143
David J. Dries, John J. Marini. (2004) A Rationale for Recruitment Maneuvers in ARDS. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 11:1, 33-39
CrossRef144
Richard B Goodman, Jérôme Pugin, Janet S Lee, Michael A Matthay. (2003) Cytokine-mediated inflammation in acute lung injury. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 14:6, 523-535
CrossRef145
I CHENG, M MATTHAY. (2003) Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care Clinics 19:4, 693-712
CrossRef146
Shannon S. Carson, Andrew F. Shorr. (2003) Is the implementation of research findings in the critically ill hampered by the lack of universal definitions of illness?. Current Opinion in Critical Care 9:4, 308-315
CrossRef147
Lorraine B. Ware. (2003) Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 10:4, 208-218
CrossRef148
N. Malarkkan, N. J. Snook, A. B. Lumb. (2003) New aspects of ventilation in acute lung injury. Anaesthesia 58:7, 647-667
CrossRef149
Dietrich Henzler, Rolf Rossaint, Ralf Kuhlen. (2003) Anaesthetic considerations in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 16:3, 323-330
CrossRef150
Benoit P. Guery, David A. Welsh, Nathalie B. Viget, Laurent Robriquet, Patrice Fialdes, Carol M. Mason, Gilles Beaucaire, Greg J. Bagby, Remi Neviere. (2003) Ventilation-Induced Lung Injury is Associated With an Increase in Gut Permeability. Shock 19:6, 559-563
CrossRef151
Steinbrook, Robert, . (2003) How Best to Ventilate? Trial Design and Patient Safety in Studies of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 348:14, 1393-1401
Full Text152
J. L. Vincent, Y. Sakr, V. M. Ranieri. (2003) Epidemiology and outcome of acute respiratory failure in intensive care unit patients. Critical Care Medicine 31:Supplement, S296-S299
CrossRef153
Roy G. Brower, Gordon D. Rubenfeld. (2003) Lung-protective ventilation strategies in acute lung injury. Critical Care Medicine 31:Supplement, S312-S316
CrossRef154
Luciano Gattinoni, Federica Vagginelli, Davide Chiumello, Paolo Taccone, Eleonora Carlesso. (2003) Physiologic rationale for ventilator setting in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Critical Care Medicine 31:Supplement, S300-S304
CrossRef155
Simru Tugrul, Ozkan Akinci, Perihan E. Ozcan, Sibel Ince, Figen Esen, Lutfi Telci, Kutay Akpir, Nahit Cakar. (2003) Effects of sustained inflation and postinflation positive end-expiratory pressure in acute respiratory distress syndrome: Focusing on pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms*. Critical Care Medicine 31:3, 738-744
CrossRef156
Sangeeta Mehta, Rod MacDonald, David C. Hallett, Stephen E. Lapinsky, Michael Aubin, Thomas E. Stewart. (2003) Acute oxygenation response to inhaled nitric oxide when combined with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome*. Critical Care Medicine 31:2, 383-389
CrossRef157
Jay A. Johannigman, Sandra L. Miller, Bradley R. Davis, Kenneth Davis, Robert S. Campbell, Richard D. Branson. (2003) Influence of Low Tidal Volumes on Gas Exchange in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and the Role of Recruitment Maneuvers. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 54:2, 320-325
CrossRef158
Liao Pinhu, Thomas Whitehead, Timothy Evans, Mark Griffiths. (2003) Ventilator-associated lung injury. The Lancet 361:9354, 332-340
CrossRef159
Jean-Christophe Richard, Laurent Brochard, Philippe Vandelet, Lucie Breton, Salvatore M. Maggiore, Bjorn Jonson, Karine Clabault, Jacques Leroy, Guy Bonmarchand. (2003) Respective effects of end-expiratory and end-inspiratory pressures on alveolar recruitment in acute lung injury*. Critical Care Medicine 31:1, 89-92
CrossRef160
Jay Steinberg, Henry J. Schiller, Jeffrey M. Halter, Louis A. Gatto, Monica Dasilva, Marcelo Amato, Ulysse G. McCann, Gary F. Nieman. (2002) Tidal volume increases do not affect alveolar mechanics in normal lung but cause alveolar overdistension and exacerbate alveolar instability after surfactant deactivation. Critical Care Medicine 30:12, 2675-2683
CrossRef161
Elisa Estenssoro, Arnaldo Dubin, Enrique Laffaire, Héctor Canales, Gabriela Sáenz, Miriam Moseinco, Mario Pozo, Alejandro Gómez, Natalio Baredes, Gustavo Jannello, Javier Osatnik. (2002) Incidence, clinical course, and outcome in 217 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care Medicine 30:11, 2450-2456
CrossRef162
N Adhikari, KEA Burns, MO Meade. 2002. Pharmacologic therapies for adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. .
CrossRef163
L Brochard. (2002) Points forts en réanimation. La Revue de Médecine Interne 23:10, 847-852
CrossRef164
(2002) Pulmonary Dead Space and Survival. New England Journal of Medicine 347:11, 850-852
Full Text165
Muneyuki Takeuchi, Sven Goddon, Marisa Dolhnikoff, Motomu Shimaoka, Dean Hess, Marcelo B. P. Amato, Robert M. Kacmarek. (2002) Set Positive End-expiratory Pressure during Protective Ventilation Affects Lung Injury. Anesthesiology 97:3, 682-692
CrossRef166
Ronald B. Hirschl. (2002) Support of respiratory failure in the pediatric surgical patient. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 14:4, 459-469
CrossRef167
Miriam M. Treggiari, Jacques-André Romand, Jean-Baptiste Martin, Peter M. Suter. (2002) Air cysts and bronchiectasis prevail in nondependent areas in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: A computed tomographic study of ventilator-associated changes. Critical Care Medicine 30:8, 1747-1752
CrossRef168
Antoine Vieillard-Baron, Sebastien Prin, Roch Augarde, Pierre Desfonds, Bernard Page, Alain Beauchet, François Jardin. (2002) Increasing respiratory rate to improve CO2 clearance during mechanical ventilation is not a panacea in acute respiratory failure*. Critical Care Medicine 30:7, 1407-1412
CrossRef169
Sadatomo Tasaka, Naoki Hasegawa, Akitoshi Ishizaka. (2002) Pharmacology of Acute Lung Injury. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 15:2, 83-95
CrossRef170
Nicholas S. Ward, Dennis Y. Lin, David L. Nelson, Jeane Houtchens, William A. Schwartz, James R. Klinger, Nicholas S. Hill, Mitchell M. Levy. (2002) Successful determination of lower inflection point and maximal compliance in a population of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome*. Critical Care Medicine 30:5, 963-968
CrossRef171
&NA;. (2002) Advances in Mechanical Ventilation. Survey of Anesthesiology 46:2, 69-70
CrossRef172
Rob Sheridan. (2002) Specific therapies for inhalation injury*. Critical Care Medicine 30:3, 718-719
CrossRef173
Jean-Damien Ricard, Didier Dreyfuss, Georges Saumon. (2002) Ventilator-induced lung injury. Current Opinion in Critical Care 8:1, 12-20
CrossRef174
Luciano Gattinoni, Davide Chiumello, Riccarda Russo. (2002) Reduced tidal volumes and lung protective ventilatory strategies: where do we go from here?. Current Opinion in Critical Care 8:1, 45-50
CrossRef175
Greg Martin, Stephanie Eaton. (2002) Clinical developments for treating ARDS. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 11:1, 37-48
CrossRef176
R BROWER. (2002) Mechanical ventilation in acute lung injury and ARDS: Tidal volume reduction. Critical Care Clinics 18:1, 1-13
CrossRef177
Ashok M. Karnik. (2001) Management of Pneumothorax and barotrauma: Current concepts. Comprehensive Therapy 27:4, 311-321
CrossRef178
Darren Burns, Thomas A. West, Kenneth Hawkins, Grant E. O???Keefe. (2001) Immediate Effects of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure and Low and High Tidal Volume Ventilation upon Gas Exchange and Compliance in Patients with Acute Lung Injury. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 51:6, 1177-1181
CrossRef179
Erika R. Mueller. (2001) Suggested Strategies for Ventilatory Management of Veterinary Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 11:3, 191-198
CrossRef180
Barry W. Holcomb, Arthur P. Wheeler, E. Wesley Ely. (2001) New ways to reduce unnecessary variation and improve outcomes in the intensive care unit. Current Opinion in Critical Care 7:4, 304-311
CrossRef181
Deborah H Markowitz. (2001) Recruitment Maneuver in ARDS: A Simple Technique to Improve Oxygenation. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 16:4, 201-203
CrossRef182
Ari Robin Joffe. (2001) Critical Care Medicine: Major Changes in Dogma of the Past Decade. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 16:4, 177-192
CrossRef183
G. A. Richards. (2001) Ventilation of the Cardiac Patient. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 8:4, 226-230
CrossRef184
Sangeeta Mehta, Stephen E. Lapinsky, David C. Hallett, Darren Merker, Ryan J. Groll, Andrew B. Cooper, Rod J. MacDonald, Thomas E. Stewart. (2001) Prospective trial of high-frequency oscillation in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care Medicine 29:7, 1360-1369
CrossRef185
S PASTORES. (2001) ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS WITH CANCERDiagnosis and Management. Critical Care Clinics 17:3, 623-646
CrossRef186
Tobin, Martin J., . (2001) Advances in Mechanical Ventilation. New England Journal of Medicine 344:26, 1986-1996
Full Text187
Chae-Man Lim, Younsuck Koh, Wann Park, Jae Y. Chin, Tae S. Shim, Sang D. Lee, Woo S. Kim, Dong S. Kim, Won D. Kim. (2001) Mechanistic scheme and effect of “extended sigh” as a recruitment maneuver in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A preliminary study. Critical Care Medicine 29:6, 1255-1260
CrossRef188
Pedro Navarrete-Navarro, Aurelio Rodriguez, Neal Reynolds, Robert West, Ricardo Rivera, Thomas Scalea. (2001) Adult respiratory distress syndrome among blunt and penetrating trauma patients: Demographics, mortality, and resource utilization over 8 years. Journal of Critical Care 16:2, 47-53
CrossRef189
Paul G Woodgate, Mark W Davies, Paul G Woodgate. 2001. Permissive hypercapnia for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants. .
CrossRef190
Simon J. Finney, Timothy W. Evans. (2001) Mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 14:2, 165-171
CrossRef191
G de Anda. (2001) Treatment and Prevention of Acute Respiratory Failure Physiological Basis. Archives of Medical Research 32:2, 91-101
CrossRef192
Bruce A. McKinley, Frederick A. Moore, R. Matthew Sailors, Christine S. Cocanour, Alicia Marquez, Roberta K. Wright, Alan S. Tonnesen, C. Jane Wallace, Alan H. Morris, Thomas D. East. (2001) Computerized Decision Support for Mechanical Ventilation of Trauma Induced ARDS: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 50:3, 415-425
CrossRef193
J Hammer. (2001) Acute lung injury: pathophysiology, assessment and current therapy. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2:1, 10-21
CrossRef194
A.H. Numa. (2001) Acute lung injury: outcomes and new therapies. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2:1, 22-32
CrossRef195
Peter M. Suter. (2001) Does Mechanical Ventilation Cause Lung Injury?. Anesthesia and Analgesia104-105
CrossRef196
Luca M. Bigatello, Nicoló Patroniti, Fabio Sangalli. (2001) Permissive hypercapnia. Current Opinion in Critical Care 7:1, 34-40
CrossRef197
Thomas Staudinger, Julia Kofler, Marcus Müllner, Gottfried J. Locker, Klaus Laczika, Sylvia Knapp, Heidrun Losert, Michael Frass. (2001) Comparison of prone positioning and continuous rotation of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome: Results of a pilot study. Critical Care Medicine 29:1, 51-56
CrossRef198
Joseph B. Zwischenberger, Scott K. Alpard, Akhil Bidani. (2001) Severe respiratory failure. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 71:1, 394-396
CrossRef199
Hermann Wrigge, Jörg Zinserling, Frank Stüber, Tilman von Spiegel, Rudolf Hering, Silke Wetegrove, Andreas Hoeft, Christian Putensen. (2000) Effects of Mechanical Ventilation on Release of Cytokines into Systemic Circulation in Patients with Normal Pulmonary Function. Anesthesiology 93:6, 1413-1417
CrossRef200
Richard J. Cook, Edmund T. M. Ng, Maureen O. Meade. (2000) Estimation of Operating Characteristics for Dependent Diagnostic Tests Based on Latent Markov Models. Biometrics 56:4, 1109-1117
CrossRef201
Preston B. Rich, Craig A. Reickert, Shigeki Sawada, Samir S. Awad, William R. Lynch, Kent J. Johnson, and Ronald B. Hirschl. (2000) Effect of Rate and Inspiratory Flow on Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 49:5, 903-911
CrossRef202
(2000) Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volumes as Compared with Traditional Tidal Volumes for Acute Lung Injury. New England Journal of Medicine 343:11, 812-814
Full Text203
David H. Ingbar. (2000) MECHANISMS OF REPAIR AND REMODELING FOLLOWING ACUTE LUNG INJURY. Clinics in Chest Medicine 21:3, 589-616
CrossRef204
Roy G. Brower, Henry E. Fessler. (2000) MECHANICAL VENTILATION IN ACUTE LUNG INJURY AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME. Clinics in Chest Medicine 21:3, 491-510
CrossRef205
Robert C. McIntyre, Edward J. Pulido, Denis D. Bensard, Brian D. Shames, Edward Abraham. (2000) Thirty years of clinical trials in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care Medicine 28:9, 3314-3331
CrossRef206
Jeffrey P. Burns, Christine Mitchell, Kristan M. Outwater, Maggie Geller, John L. Griffith, I. David Todres, Robert D. Truog. (2000) End-of-life care in the pediatric intensive care unit after the forgoing of life-sustaining treatment. Critical Care Medicine 28:8, 3060-3066
CrossRef207
W. Alan C. Mutch, Stefan Harms, Gerald R. Lefevre, M. Ruth Graham, Linda G. Girling, Stephen E. Kowalski. (2000) Biologically variable ventilation increases arterial oxygenation over that seen with positive end-expiratory pressure alone in a porcine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care Medicine2457-2464
CrossRef208
Philip S. Barie, Matthew D. Bacchetta, Soumitra R. Eachempati. (2000) THE CONTEMPORARY SURGICAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT. Surgical Clinics of North America 80:3, 791-804
CrossRef209
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. (2000) Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volumes as Compared with Traditional Tidal Volumes for Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 342:18, 1301-1308
Full Text210
Ware, Lorraine B., Matthay, Michael A., . (2000) The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 342:18, 1334-1349
Full Text211
Tobin, Martin J., . (2000) Culmination of an Era in Research on the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 342:18, 1360-1361
Full Text212
Robert R. Kirby. (2000) Round and round we go, and where we stop, nobody knows: The open lung concept and high-level positive end-expiratory pressure (revisited). Critical Care Medicine 28:5, 1672-1673
CrossRef213
Francois Lemaire. (2000) Pressure support for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: Less is more. Critical Care Medicine 28:5, 1652-1653
CrossRef214
Mary H. van Soeren, William L. Diehl-Jones, Robert J. Maykut, Wael M.R. Haddara. (2000) Pathophysiology and Implications for Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. AACN Clinical Issues: Advanced Practice in Acute & Critical Care 11:2, 179-197
CrossRef215
Arthur Hartog, Gilberto F. Vazquez de Anda, Diederik Gommers, Udo Kaisers, Burkhard Lachmann. (2000) At surfactant deficiency, application of "the open lung concept" prevents protein leakage and attenuates changes in lung mechanics. Critical Care Medicine 28:5, 1450-1454
CrossRef216
Benjamin D. Medoff, R. Scott Harris, Howard Kesselman, Jose Venegas, Marcelo B. P. Amato, Dean Hess. (2000) Use of recruitment maneuvers and high positive end-expiratory pressure in a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care Medicine 28:4, 1210-1216
CrossRef217
Michael A. Jantz, Steven A. Sahn. (2000) Pleural Disease in the Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 15:2, 63-89
CrossRef218
Eileen M. Bulger, Gregory J. Jurkovich, Larry M. Gentilello, Ronald V. Maier. (2000) Current Clinical Options for the Treatment and Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 48:3, 562-572
CrossRef219
Truog, Robert D., Burns, Jeffrey P., Mitchell, Christine, Johnson, Judy, Robinson, Walter, . (2000) Pharmacologic Paralysis and Withdrawal of Mechanical Ventilation at the End of Life. New England Journal of Medicine 342:7, 508-511
Full Text220
Herv?? Dupont, Herv?? Mentec, Christine Cheval, Pierre Moine, Lisiane Fierobe, Jean-Fran??ois Timsit. (2000) Short-term effect of inhaled nitric oxide and prone positioning on gas exchange in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care Medicine 28:2, 304-308
CrossRef221
Merc?? Amat, Miquel Barcons, Jordi Mancebo, Jos?? Mateo, Artur Oliver, Juan-Francisco Mayoral, Jordi Fontcuberta, Luis Vila. (2000) Evolution of leukotriene B4, peptide leukotrienes, and interleukin-8 plasma concentrations in patients at risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome and with acute respiratory distress syndrome: Mortality prognostic study. Critical Care Medicine 28:1, 57-62
CrossRef222
Mark D. Eisner, Michael A. Matthay. (1999) Health-related quality of life after acute lung injury. Critical Care Medicine 27:12, 2825-2826
CrossRef223
Andrew B. Cooper, Niall D. Ferguson, Patrick J. Hanly, Maureen O. Meade, John R. Kachura, John T. Granton, Arthur S. Slutsky, Thomas E. Stewart. (1999) Long-term follow-up of survivors of acute lung injury: Lack of effect of a ventilation strategy to prevent barotrauma. Critical Care Medicine 27:12, 2616-2621
CrossRef224
Luca M. Bigatello, William E. Hurford, Antonio Pesenti. (1999) Ventilatory Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Failure for Y2K. Anesthesiology 91:6, 1567
CrossRef225
Alan D Brook, Marin H Kollef. (1999) An Outcomes-Based Approach to Ventilatory Management: Review of Two Examples. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 14:6, 262-274
CrossRef226
David M. Forrest, James A. Russell, Julio S. G. Montaner. (1999) Focus on Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia AIDS in the intensive care unit. Current Opinion in Critical Care 5:5, 368-375
CrossRef227
Peter C. Rimensberger, Gorsev Pristine, J. Brendan M. Mullen, Peter N. Cox, Arthur S. Slutsky. (1999) Lung recruitment during small tidal volume ventilation allows minimal positive end-expiratory pressure without augmenting lung injury. Critical Care Medicine 27:9, 1940-1945
CrossRef228
Peter C. Rimensberger, Peter N. Cox, Helena Frndova, A. Charles Bryan. (1999) The open lung during small tidal volume ventilation: Concepts of recruitment and "optimal" positive end-expiratory pressure. Critical Care Medicine 27:9, 1946-1952
CrossRef229
Laurent Brochard, Francois Lemaire. (1999) Tidal volume, positive end-expiratory pressure, and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care Medicine 27:8, 1661-1663
CrossRef230
Grant E. O???Keefe, Ronald V. Maier. (1999) Are we winning the battle in the surgical intensive care unit?. Current Opinion in Critical Care 5:4, 308
CrossRef231
James E. Gadek, Stephen J. DeMichele, Michael D. Karlstad, Eric R. Pacht, Michael Donahoe, Timothy E. Albertson, Chi Van Hoozen, Ann K. Wennberg, Jeffrey L. Nelson, Mojtaba Noursalehi. (1999) Effect of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care Medicine 27:8, 1409-1420
CrossRef232
Duncan LA Wyncoll, Timothy W Evans. (1999) Acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Lancet 354:9177, 497-501
CrossRef233
Roy G. Brower, Carl B. Shanholtz, Henry E. Fessler, David M. Shade, Peter White, Charles M. Wiener, John G. Teeter, Jeffrey M. Dodd-o, Yaniv Almog, Steven Piantadosi. (1999) Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing traditional versus reduced tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Critical Care Medicine 27:8, 1492-1498
CrossRef234
Scott K. Alpard, Joseph B. Zwischenberger, Weike Tao, Donald J. Deyo, Akhil Bidani. (1999) Reduced Ventilator Pressure and Improved P/F Ratio During Percutaneous Arteriovenous Carbon Dioxide Removal for Severe Respiratory Failure. Annals of Surgery 230:2, 215
CrossRef235
Brian P. Kavanagh, Arthur S. Slutsky. (1999) Ventilator-induced lung injury. Critical Care Medicine 27:8, 1669-1671
CrossRef236
Mark R. Hemmila, Ronald B. Hirschl. (1999) Advances in ventilatory support of the pediatric surgical patient. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 11:3, 241-248
CrossRef237
Sunder Sandur, James K. Stoller. (1999) PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION. Clinics in Chest Medicine 20:2, 223-247
CrossRef238
Andrew J. Michaels, Robert J. Schriener, Srinivas Kolla, Samir S. Awad, Preston B. Rich, Craig Reickert, John Younger, Ronald B. Hirschl, Robert H. Bartlett. (1999) Extracorporeal Life Support in Pulmonary Failure after Trauma. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 46:4, 638-645
CrossRef239
Ganesh Suntharalingam, Timothy W. Evans. (1999) Current trends in the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Current Opinion in Critical Care 5:1, 1
CrossRef240
V. Marco Ranieri, Haibo Zhang. (1999) Respiratory mechanics in acute respiratory distress syndrome: relevance to monitoring and therapy of ventilator-induced lung injury. Current Opinion in Critical Care 5:1, 17
CrossRef241
Dean R. Hess, Benjamin D. Medoff. (1999) Respiratory monitoring. Current Opinion in Critical Care 5:1, 52
CrossRef242
C SESSLER. (1998) MECHANICAL VENTILATION OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE LUNG INJURY. Critical Care Clinics 14:4, 707-729
CrossRef243
M. Sair, T. W. Evans. (1998) ARDS: are we winning at last?. Anaesthesia 53:9, 831-832
CrossRef244
(1998) Protective Ventilation for the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 339:3, 196-199
Full Text245
John W. Hoyt. (1998) The shifting sands of mechanical ventilation. Critical Care Medicine 26:7, 1162-1163
CrossRef246
Gilbert Blaise, Eric Troncy. (1998) The best approach to ARDS?. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 45:5, 393-396
CrossRef247
Hudson, Leonard D., . (1998) Protective Ventilation for Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 338:6, 385-387
Full Text
- Letters
