Original Article
Sexually Transmitted Infection as a Cause of Anal Cancer
N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1350-1358November 6, 1997DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199711063371904
- Abstract
Background
The incidence of anal cancer has increased in recent decades, particularly among women. To identify underlying risk factors, we conducted a population-based case–control study in Denmark and Sweden.
Methods
We conducted telephone interviews with 324 women and 93 men in whom invasive or in situ anal cancer was diagnosed between 1991 and 1994, 534 controls with adenocarcinoma of the rectum, and 554 population controls. The interviews covered a wide spectrum of possible risk factors for anal cancer. Odds ratios were calculated by logistic regression. Specimens of anal-cancer tissue and samples of rectal adenocarcinomas were tested for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA with the polymerase chain reaction.
Results
Multivariate analysis revealed consistent and statistically significant associations between measures of sexual promiscuity and the risk of anal cancer in both men and women. There was a significant trend toward an association between higher numbers of partners of the opposite sex in women (P<0.001) and men (P<0.05) and strong associations with a variety of venereal diseases. In women, receptive anal intercourse, particularly before the age of 30 years, and venereal infections in the partner were also associated with an increased risk (odds ratios, 3.4 and 2.4, respectively). Fifteen percent of the men with anal cancer reported having had homosexual contact, as compared with none of the controls (P<0.001). High-risk types of HPV, notably HPV-16, were detected in 84 percent of the anal-cancer specimens examined, whereas all rectal-adenocarcinoma specimens tested were negative for HPV.
Conclusions
Our study provides strong evidence that a sexually transmitted infection causes anal cancer. The presence of high-risk types of HPV, notably HPV-16 (which is known to cause cancer of the cervix), in the majority of anal-cancer tissue specimens suggests that most anal cancers are potentially preventable. (N Engl J Med 1997;337;1350-8.)
Media in This Article
Table 1
Characteristics of 1505 Participants in a Case–Control Study of Anal Cancer in Denmark and Sweden, 1991–1994.Table 2
Univariate Odds Ratios and 95 Percent Confidence Intervals for the Risk of Anal Cancer in Women.Article Activity
- Article
Epidermoid anal cancer is a rare neoplasm of the epithelium lining the anal canal and perianal skin. The incidence of epidermoid anal cancer has increased considerably in recent decades,1-3 most notably among women, unmarried men, and persons living in or near large cities.2,3 Early observations suggested that anal cancer was associated with sexually transmitted diseases or male homosexual contact.4 Subsequent case reports5,6 and case–control studies7-9 supported these suggestions. A number of observations also link anal cancer to cervical cancer,10-12 a neoplasm now considered to be caused by certain types of sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses (HPV).13 However, apart from the strong association between anal cancer and male homosexual contact or a history of genital warts,7,9 there are only inconsistent data on other factors, such as age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners of the opposite sex, receptive anal intercourse, partner's characteristics, and sexually transmitted diseases other than genital warts. We conducted a population-based case–control study in Denmark and Sweden to determine the role of sexual practices and venereal diseases, with a particular emphasis on the role of HPV, in the development of anal cancer.
Methods
Patients with Anal Cancer
We searched national cancer registries in Denmark and Sweden to identify all incident cases of histologically verified invasive or in situ anal or rectal epidermoid carcinoma (hereafter referred to as anal cancer) reported during the period from 1991 to 1994 (with five cases reported in 1995). Danish patients were considered eligible for the study if the topography code for the tumor was 1541 (rectum), 1542 (anal canal), 1543 (anus), 1548 (anorectum), or 1735 (perianal skin) and if the histology code was 80512 or 80513, between 80702 and 80763, 80812, 80943, between 81203 and 81243, or 85603 (variants of invasive and in situ epidermoid carcinoma), according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. 14 Swedish patients were eligible if the topography code was 1541 (anus) or 1540 (rectum) and the histology code was 146 (invasive squamous-cell carcinoma), 144 (in situ squamous-cell carcinoma), or 126 (basaloid carcinoma), according to a national extension of the International Classification of Diseases, 7th Revision, coding system.1
Controls
We also included two control groups. One group consisted of patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum, who were chosen as controls to minimize any possible bias due to differential recall between patients with anal cancer and controls. The other control group consisted of persons from the general population. For the men, we tried to match two patients with rectal adenocarcinoma and two population controls to each patient with anal cancer, and for the women, we sought a 1:1:1 match. Controls were frequency-matched within each country for sex and age (in five-year intervals, except for the youngest patients in the cancer control group, because of the rarity of rectal cancer in young persons), and the patients with rectal adenocarcinoma were matched for the year of the diagnosis.
Data Collection
Identical questionnaires (in Danish and Swedish) were used in the two countries. Measures of sexual behavior and venereal infections were scrutinized in detail. Information on other potential risk factors, such as tobacco consumption and anal inflammatory lesions, was also collected (unpublished data), as was information on marital status; education; height; weight; ethnic background; use of alcohol; travel; gynecologic, hormonal, and reproductive factors; medications; radiographs; obstipation; and inflammatory bowel diseases. For respondents who were married or widowed, we sought information about the current or most recent spouse. For unmarried, separated, or divorced respondents who were in stable heterosexual relationships at the time of the study, identical questions were asked about current partners.
Before inviting subjects to participate in the study, we obtained permission to contact the patients from the physicians responsible for their treatment. All interviews were conducted by medically trained interviewers (medical students and research nurses), who were unaware of the specific study hypotheses. The study was approved by ethics committees in Sweden and Denmark.
Tissue Analyses
Paraffin-embedded specimens of anal cancer and rectal adenocarcinomas were collected from over 60 pathology laboratories in Denmark and Sweden. Tumor specimens (and samples of liver tissue that served as negative controls) were analyzed for HPV with the polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assay. From each specimen, 4-μm sections were digested in 250 μl of proteinase K mix consisting of 10 mM TRIS–hydrochloride (pH 7.4), 0.45 percent Tween 20, and 100 μg of proteinase K per milliliter (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) at 37°C for 20 to 24 hours.15 Samples were then treated at 100°C for 10 minutes and centrifuged; 10 μl of the supernatant was used for subsequent PCR. Initially, the samples were subjected to a human globin–specific PCR assay to exclude those without analyzable target DNA for the analysis of HPV. PCR was performed with the use of a general primer (GP5+/ GP6+) to amplify approximately 150 base pairs of a broad spectrum of mucosotropic HPV genotypes, as previously described,16 except that the GP6+ primer was biotinylated.17 The PCR products were captured on streptavidin-coated microwells, denatured by alkaline treatment, and hybridized to two probe cocktails of digoxigenin-labeled specific oligonucleotides, one comprising 14 high-risk HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68) and the other comprising 6 low-risk HPV types (6, 11, 40, 42, 43, and 44). Samples that were positive for HPV were subjected to individual typing for high-risk HPV types 16, 18, 31, and 33 and for low-risk HPV types 6 and 11.17
Statistical Analysis
Because of differences in the epidemiology of anal cancer in the two sexes,1-3 men and women were analyzed separately. Relative risks were estimated as odds ratios. First, univariate odds ratios were calculated, with adjustment only for age (<40, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, 70 to 79, or >80 years), country (Denmark or Sweden), and year of diagnosis (1991, 1992, 1993, or 1994–1995). A pseudo-year of diagnosis was assigned to the population controls according to the distribution of the year of diagnosis among patients of the same sex with anal cancer.
Multivariate logistic regression was performed to evaluate independent predictors of the risk of anal cancer. Because statistically significant univariate odds ratios for the two control groups were generally similar, we combined them in the multivariate analyses to increase the statistical power. The multivariate odds ratio for each variable was adjusted for the lifetime number of partners of the opposite sex (0, 1, 2 or 3, 4 through 9, and >10), smoking status (current smoker, former smoker, or nonsmoker), years of school (<10 or >10) and years of postgraduate education (none, <3, or >3), age at diagnosis (<40, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, 70 to 79, or >80 years), country (Denmark or Sweden), and year of diagnosis (1991, 1992, 1993, or 1994–1995). Finally, we examined statistically significant associations for possible differences between the two countries by introducing an interaction term in the multivariate model. All regression analyses were performed with the use of likelihood-ratio tests by means of the GENMOD procedure in SAS. In tests for trend, we treated categorized continuous variables as continuous variables, with the median for each category as the category value.18 The chi-square test was used to test for differences in HPV status between men and women with anal cancer.
Results
We interviewed 417 patients with anal cancer (93 men and 324 women, of whom 6 men and 62 women had in situ anal cancer), 534 controls with adenocarcinoma of the rectum (191 men and 343 women), and 554 population controls (205 men and 349 women). As measured against the total numbers of subjects invited to participate in the study (538 patients with anal cancer, of whom 89 had in situ anal cancer; 708 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma; and 915 population controls), the participation rate was 78 to 79 percent among female patients (cases and cancer controls) and 71 to 73 percent among male patients. Participation rates were 60 to 61 percent among population controls of both sexes. The sex, age, country, and smoking status of the study subjects are shown in Table 1Table 1
Characteristics of 1505 Participants in a Case–Control Study of Anal Cancer in Denmark and Sweden, 1991–1994..Univariate Analyses
Women
Sexual behavior. There was a strong positive correlation between the lifetime number of sexual partners and the risk of anal cancer (P for trend <0.001 with either control group) (Table 2Table 2
Univariate Odds Ratios and 95 Percent Confidence Intervals for the Risk of Anal Cancer in Women.). The risk of anal cancer among women reporting 10 or more lifetime partners was nearly five times the risk among women with only 1 lifetime partner. Women who first had sexual intercourse at or before the age of 16 years were at moderately elevated risk as compared with women who first had sexual intercourse after the age of 20 years. The risk of anal cancer among women who had had four or more sexual partners before the age of 20 years was almost three times the risk among women who had not yet had sexual intercourse at that age (Table 2).Approximately 1 of 10 women reported having had anal intercourse at least once. This practice was more common in the group of women with anal cancer than in either control group (odds ratio, 2.2). Having had anal intercourse for the first time at or after the age of 30 years was not associated with an increased risk of anal cancer. In contrast, women who had had anal intercourse before the age of 30 were clearly at increased risk of anal cancer (odds ratio, 4.4), and the lifetime number of anal-sex partners was positively correlated with the risk (Table 2).
Venereal diseases. Eighty-one women (8.0 percent), two thirds of whom had anal cancer, reported a history of anogenital warts (odds ratio, 6.0; 95 percent confidence interval, 3.6 to 10.2). The odds ratio for women with a history of genital warts was 5.4, but the association was even stronger when the analysis was restricted to anal warts (odds ratio, 9.8). Women with anal cancer were also significantly more likely than controls to have had gonorrhea (odds ratio, 4.4), trichomoniasis (odds ratio, 2.2), and prior cervical neoplasia (odds ratio, 2.6). No other venereal disease occurred significantly more frequently among women with anal cancer, but they had been tested for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) more often than controls (odds ratio, 2.0) (Table 2).
Partners' characteristics. Fewer patients with anal cancer (70 percent) than controls (82 percent) were married or widowed, and patients with anal cancer reported more sexual promiscuity among their partners. The risk of anal cancer among women whose partners had had three or more other sexual partners was twice as high as the risk among women whose partners had had no other sexual partners. Among women who were unable or reluctant to provide an estimate of the number of their partners' other sexual partners, the risk was similarly elevated (odds ratio, 2.5). Patients with anal cancer were almost three times as likely as controls to report that their partners had had one or more sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, or genital warts) (Table 2).
Men
Sexual behavior. As with the women, indicators of sexual promiscuity were positively correlated with the risk of anal cancer among the men (Table 3Table 3
Univariate Odds Ratios and 95 Percent Confidence Intervals for the Risk of Anal Cancer in Men.). Among men who reported ever having had heterosexual intercourse, there was a statistically significant trend toward an association between the lifetime number of female sexual partners and the risk of anal cancer, with men reporting a total of two or three partners at lowest risk (P for trend, 0.004). Men with 10 or more female partners had 2.8 times the risk of those with 2 or 3 partners. Some 23 percent of patients with anal cancer, as compared with 15 percent of controls, reported having visited a prostitute (odds ratio, 1.8). Unmarried men were at high risk for anal cancer: among those who did not report a current heterosexual relationship, the odds ratio was 3.3, and among those who lived with a female partner, the odds ratio was 8.7. The few men (n = 7) who reported never having had heterosexual intercourse were at particularly high risk (odds ratio, 12.7). Homosexual contact was reported by 14 men (2.9 percent), of whom 7 had engaged in receptive anal intercourse. All the homosexual and bisexual men in our study had anal cancer (odds ratio, ∞; P<0.001, by Fisher's exact test) (Table 3).Venereal diseases. Patients with anal cancer were more likely than controls to report a history of venereal disease. An increased risk of anal cancer was associated with a history of gonorrhea (odds ratio, 2.2) and a history of anogenital warts (odds ratio, 3.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 8.2). The latter association was due exclusively to anal warts (odds ratio, 11.7); penile condylomata were not associated with an increased risk of anal cancer (odds ratio, 0.9). Eight patients with anal cancer (9 percent) but only one control (0.3 percent) had had syphilis. Other diseases that may have a sexual route of transmission were also significantly more frequent among patients with anal cancer, including labial herpes (odds ratio, 1.7) and hepatitis (odds ratio, 3.0). Men with anal cancer, like their female counterparts, had been tested for HIV more often than controls (odds ratio, 2.6) (Table 3).
Multivariate Analyses
Women
The significant trend toward an association between the number of male partners and the risk of anal cancer persisted after adjustment for differences in smoking status and education (Table 4Table 4
Multivariate Odds Ratios and 95 Percent Confidence Intervals for the Risk of Anal Cancer.). Likewise, anal intercourse remained associated with an elevated risk, but the odds ratio was reduced from 2.2 to 1.6 after adjustment for differences in the lifetime number of male partners, smoking status, and education. However, the risk associated with a young age (<30 years) at the time of first anal intercourse remained elevated (odds ratio, 3.4), and the trend toward an association between the number of anal-sex partners and the risk of anal cancer remained significant (P = 0.03). Subjects who had a history of anogenital warts, gonorrhea, or cervical neoplasia, those who had been tested for HIV, and those whose partners had had sexually transmitted infections remained at significantly increased risk (Table 4).Men
Among the men who reported ever having had heterosexual intercourse, the significant trend toward an association between the number of female sexual partners and the risk of anal cancer persisted in the multivariate analysis (P for trend, 0.03), whereas the association between anal cancer and visits to prostitutes became statistically insignificant (Table 4). Anal warts, syphilis or hepatitis, and being tested for HIV remained significantly associated with the risk of anal cancer. When the 14 men with homosexual experience (all of whom had anal cancer) were excluded from the analysis, the multivariate odds ratios for anal warts and for syphilis or hepatitis were reduced from 8.0 to 4.9 and from 6.5 to 4.0, respectively. Unmarried men remained at elevated risk, and among men without a current female partner, the risk of anal cancer was more than three times the risk among married men. Also, men in current heterosexual relationships who were unmarried remained at high risk (odds ratio, 6.9) after adjustment for the lifetime number of female partners (Table 4).
For both women and men, we added a term for effect modification by country to the multivariate model for each variable that was significantly associated with an elevated risk of anal cancer (P<0.05). In only 1 of 17 such tests for effect modification was the term statistically significant. All other significant variables had similar associations with the risk of anal cancer in Denmark and Sweden, but among women, the overall effect of ever having had anal intercourse was higher in Sweden (P = 0.04). However, there was no significant difference between the countries in the strong associations between the risk of anal cancer and age at first anal intercourse (P =0.76 for effect modification by country) or number of partners with whom anal intercourse was performed (P = 0.39).
Tissue Analyses
We obtained tumor tissue from 394 of the 417 patients with anal cancer whom we interviewed (94 percent) and from 20 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma. Successful PCR analyses were performed in tumors from 388 patients with anal cancer (304 women and 84 men) (Table 5Table 5
Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) in Tumors from 388 Patients with Invasive or in Situ Anal Cancer, as Determined by the Polymerase Chain Reaction.) and in all 20 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma. A total of 340 patients with anal cancer (88 percent) had tissue specimens that were positive for HPV, and 73 percent of the 388 specimens were positive for HPV-16. Anal cancers were more likely to be HPV-positive in women (93 percent) than in men (69 percent, P<0.001), because a higher proportion of anal cancers in women were positive for high-risk HPV types, notably HPV-16. All rectal adenocarcinomas tested were negative for HPV.Discussion
In the 1940s and 1950s, the annual incidence of anal cancer in Denmark was approximately 2 per 1 million person-years, world standardized, for both men and women. There has been a significant increase in cases of anal cancer since then, particularly among women. Now the incidence of anal cancer among women (7 per 1 million person-years, world standardized) is almost twice that among men (4 per 1 million person-years).2 Similar increases have been reported in Sweden1 and the United States.3
Changes in sexual practices, including increasing promiscuity among young people,19 may be responsible in part for the increased incidence of anal cancer.2 A number of clinical observations4-6 and registry-linkage studies20-22 have suggested that sexual practices and venereal diseases are associated with the risk of anal cancer, but there have been only three case–control studies of the risk factors for anal cancer.7-9 In their study of 148 patients with anal cancer and 166 controls with colon cancer, Daling et al. found that the risk of anal cancer was strongly associated with homosexual contact, genital warts, and gonorrhea among men and with genital warts, infection with herpes simplex virus type 2, and chlamydia trachomatis infection among women.7 In a study of 56 women with anal cancer and 56 population controls, Holmes et al. failed to find an association between anal cancer and genital warts. However, a history of a positive or questionable cervical Pap smear, a positive serologic test for herpes simplex virus type 2, and a large number of sexual partners were more common among patients with anal cancer than among controls.8 Holly et al., in their study of 126 patients with anal cancer and 372 population controls, substantiated the association between male homosexual contact and anal cancer. Furthermore, for both sexes, genital warts, syphilis, and gonorrhea were more common among patients with anal cancer than among controls.9
In our study, the group of patients with anal cancer was larger than the combined groups of patients with anal cancer in the three previous case–control studies.7-9 A number of our findings substantiate the previously recognized associations between anal cancer and male homosexual contact. The fact that no controls but 15 percent of male patients with anal cancer reported homosexual contact and the strong statistical influence of being an unmarried man without a current female partner, never having had heterosexual intercourse, and having a history of syphilis, hepatitis, or anal (but not penile) warts23 strongly support the idea that male homosexual contact is a risk factor for anal cancer. Also in line with two of the three previous case–control studies7,9 is our finding that genital warts are a risk factor in women.
Unlike previous investigators, we found strong associations between anal cancer and measures of heterosexual promiscuity. For both men and women, there was a statistically significant trend toward an association between the lifetime number of opposite-sex partners and the risk of anal cancer. Furthermore, divorce and nonmarital heterosexual relationships were more common among patients with anal cancer, and for women, a young age at the time of first sexual intercourse and a nonmonogamous partner or a partner with a history of a sexually transmitted disease were associated with the risk of anal cancer. Each of these observations supports the view that anal cancer is linked to heterosexual promiscuity and that a sexually transmitted agent plays a role in anal carcinogenesis.
There is some evidence that the types of HPV that are causally linked to cervical cancer may also be linked to anal cancer.24-31 Using general-primer–based PCR to detect a broad spectrum of mucosotropic HPV types, if not all of them,16 we found the highest prevalence of HPV (88 percent) reported in an unselected, population-based sample of patients with anal cancer. This finding was due mainly to a very high prevalence of HPV, particularly oncogenic HPV-16, in the tumors in women. Hitherto the largest such study of HPV in invasive anal cancers involved samples from 99 patients in Norway31; HPV-16 was detected by in situ hybridization and PCR in 84 percent and 52 percent of anal epidermoid carcinomas in women and men, respectively, which is in close agreement with our results. In an analysis of 129 invasive and in situ anal cancers by PCR, one or more of HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 were found in 70 percent and 67 percent of cancer specimens among women and men, respectively.29
Heterosexual anal intercourse has long been regarded as a plausible mode of transmission of an infectious oncogenic agent, but unlike the findings in men, the association of anal cancer with receptive anal intercourse in women has not been statistically significant in previous studies. We found a strong association between the age at which receptive anal intercourse was first practiced and the risk of anal cancer. Indeed, women who had anal intercourse only after the age of 30 years were not at any greater risk than those who reported no anal intercourse. These observations suggest that anal intercourse itself does not carry an increased risk. Rather, anal sex at a young age and with multiple partners is likely to increase the risk of acquiring the presumably relevant infection. However, most men and women with anal cancer in our study did not engage in anal sex. Thus, if HPV is truly a causative agent in anal cancer, other modes of transmission to the anal area should be considered. A detailed analysis of sexual and other behavior among patients with HPV-positive tumors and those with HPV-negative tumors may add to our understanding of the factors leading to the development of anal cancer.
Our interview data are subject to misclassification, and external validation is obviously not possible at the individual level. However, in 1990, a self-administered, mailed questionnaire survey of sexual practices was carried out in a random sample of 4680 men and women (<60 years of age) in Denmark,19 permitting an evaluation of the validity of the Danish part of the present study. In the present study, the median number of lifetime partners reported by Danish population controls was similar to or even higher than that reported by subjects in similar age groups in the 1990 survey. Moreover, in various age groups, the percentages of women who had ever practiced anal intercourse and of men who had ever visited a prostitute were similar in the two studies (unpublished data). Overall, our telephone interviews resulted in prevalence estimates for measures of sexual promiscuity that were similar to or even higher than those based on entirely anonymous survey data.
We designed the study with two control groups. Patients with rectal adenocarcinoma were chosen as controls to minimize recall and reporting bias, because patients with anal cancer and controls with rectal adenocarcinoma should interpret associations with sexual factors similarly. Since there is no evidence of an association between sexual factors or HPV and adenocarcinoma of the rectum,13,32 the sexual behavior reported by these controls is likely to reflect sexual practices in the general population. The fact that there were similarly high participation rates among patients with anal cancer and controls with rectal adenocarcinoma also minimizes any selection bias. Moreover, by including two control groups, we increased the likelihood that the interviewers were unaware of an individual patient's diagnosis.
We conclude that a large number of partners, a young age at the time of first sexual intercourse, receptive anal intercourse, an unmarried status, divorce, a variety of sexually transmitted diseases, and in women, sexual promiscuity of the partner are all linked to the risk of anal cancer. A few decades ago, cancer of the uterine cervix was hypothesized to be caused by a sexually transmitted infection on similar epidemiologic grounds.33,34 The consistency of our findings with two independent control groups and the detection of oncogenic HPV types in most of the anal cancers we studied strongly suggest that in the majority of cases, anal cancer is a sexually transmitted and thus potentially preventable disease.
Supported by grants from the Danish Cancer Society (90-7620 and 94-004) and the Swedish Cancer Society (3258-B95-04XCC).
We are indebted to the members of pathology, surgery, oncology, and gynecology departments and private practitioners throughout Denmark and Sweden; to Dr. Claus Fenger for assistance in collecting tumor specimens; to Mr. R. Moes for preparing the paraffin-embedded tissues and performing the PCR analyses; to Dr. M. Jacobs for continuous support in developing the HPV test; to Mr. Henrik Møller for valuable comments on the content of the questionnaires; to Dr. Visti B. Larsen and Mr. Svend Bang for programming assistance; to Ms. Inger Hjertström-Öst for assistance in coordinating the Swedish interviews; and to Ms. Lena Åman Nordberg for translating the questionnaires into Swedish.
Source Information
From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Danish Epidemiology Science Center, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.F., J.W., M.M.); the Department of Oncology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden (B.G.); the Department of Pathology, Section for Molecular Pathology, University Hospital, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam (A.J.C.B., C.J.L.M.M., J.M.M.W.); the Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (S.G.); the Oncology Department of Southern Stockholm, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (C.S.); the Department of Medical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (H.-O.A.); and the Department of Epidemiology and Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention, Harvard University, Boston (H.-O.A.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Frisch at the Department of Epidemiology Research, Danish Epidemiology Science Center, Statens Serum Institut, 2300-Copenhagen S, Denmark.
- References
References
1
Goldman S ,Glimelius B ,Nilsson B ,Pahlman L . Incidence of anal epidermoid carcinoma in Sweden 1970-1984. Acta Chir Scand 1989;155:191-197
Medline2
Frisch M ,Melbye M ,Moller H . Trends in incidence of anal cancer in Denmark. BMJ 1993;306:419-422
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Melbye M ,Rabkin CS ,Frisch M ,Biggar RJ . Changing patterns of anal cancer incidence in the United States, 1940-1989. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:772-780
Web of Science | Medline4
Binkley GE ,Derrick WA . The association of squamous cancer with anal manifestations of lymphogranuloma venereum. Am J Dig Dis 1945;12:46-47
CrossRef5
Cooper HS ,Patchefsky AS ,Marks G . Cloacogenic carcinoma of the anorectum in homosexual men: an observation of four cases. Dis Colon Rectum 1979;22:557-558
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Li FP ,Osborn D ,Cronin CM . Anorectal squamous carcinoma in two homosexual men. Lancet 1982;2:391-391
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
Daling JR ,Weiss NS ,Hislop TG , et al. Sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, and the incidence of anal cancer. N Engl J Med 1987;317:973-977
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline8
Holmes F ,Borek D ,Owen-Kummer M , et al. Anal cancer in women. Gastroenterology 1988;95:107-111
Web of Science | Medline9
Holly EA ,Whittemore AS ,Aston DA ,Ahn DK ,Nickoloff BJ ,Kristiansen JJ . Anal cancer incidence: genital warts, anal fissure or fistula, hemorrhoids, and smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:1726-1731
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Scholefield JH ,Sonnex C ,Talbot IC , et al. Anal and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: possible parallel. Lancet 1989;2:765-769
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Melbye M ,Sprogel P . Aetiological parallel between anal cancer and cervical cancer. Lancet 1991;338:657-659
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Frisch M ,Olsen JH ,Melbye M . Malignancies that occur before and after anal cancer: clues to their etiology. Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:12-19
Web of Science | Medline13
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 64. Human papillomaviruses. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1995.
14
International classification of diseases for oncology. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1976.
15
Cromme FV ,Meijer CJLM ,Snijders PFJ , et al. Analysis of MHC class I and II expression in relation to presence of HPV genotypes in premalignant and malignant cervical lesions. Br J Cancer 1993;67:1372-1380
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
de Roda Husman A-M ,Walboomers JMM ,van den Brule AJC ,Meijer CJLM ,Snijders PJF . The use of general primers GP5 and GP6 elongated at their 3' ends with adjacent highly conserved sequences improves human papillomavirus detection by PCR. J Gen Virol 1995;76:1057-1062
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Jacobs MV ,Snijders PJF ,van den Brule AJC ,Helmerhorst TJM ,Meijer CJLM ,Walboomers JMM . A general primer GP5+/GP6(+)-mediated PCR-enzyme immunoassay method for rapid detection of 14 high-risk and 6 low-risk human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical scrapings. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:791-795
Web of Science | Medline18
The GENMOD procedure. In: SAS/STAT software: changes and enhancements through release 6.11. Cary, N.C.: SAS Institute, 1996:231-316.
19
Melbye M ,Biggar RJ . Interactions between persons at risk for AIDS and the general population in Denmark. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:593-602
Web of Science | Medline20
Austin DF. Etiological clues from descriptive epidemiology: squamous carcinoma of the rectum or anus. In: Third Symposium on Epidemiology and Cancer Registries in the Pacific Basin. National Cancer Institute monograph 62. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1982:89-90. (NIH publication no. 82-2438.)
21
Daling JR ,Weiss NS ,Klopfenstein LL ,Cochran LE ,Chow WH ,Daifuku R . Correlates of homosexual behavior and the incidence of anal cancer. JAMA 1982;247:1988-1990
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Scholefield JH ,Thornton Jones H ,Cuzick J ,Northover JMA . Anal cancer and marital status. Br J Cancer 1990;62:286-288
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Judson FN ,Penley KA ,Robinson ME ,Smith JK . Comparative prevalence rates of sexually transmitted diseases in heterosexual and homosexual men. Am J Epidemiol 1980;112:836-843
Web of Science | Medline24
Palmer JG ,Scholefield JH ,Coates PJ , et al. Anal cancer and human papillomaviruses. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:1016-1022
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Scholefield JH ,McIntyre P ,Palmer JG ,Coates PJ ,Shepherd NA ,Northover JMA . DNA hybridisation of routinely processed tissue for detecting HPV DNA in anal squamous cell carcinomas over 40 years. J Clin Pathol 1990;43:133-136
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Scholefield JH ,Kerr IB ,Shepherd NA ,Miller KJ ,Bloomfield R ,Northover JMA . Human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in anal cancers from six different countries. Gut 1991;32:674-676
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
Palefsky JM ,Holly EA ,Gonzales J ,Berline J ,Ahn DK ,Greenspan JS . Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer. Cancer Res 1991;51:1014-1019
Web of Science | Medline28
Higgins GD ,Uzelin DM ,Phillips GE ,Pieterse AS ,Burrell CJ . Differing characteristics of human papillomavirus RNA-positive and RNA-negative anal carcinomas. Cancer 1991;68:561-567
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Daling JR ,Sherman KJ ,Hislop TG , et al. Cigarette smoking and the risk of anogenital cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:180-189
Web of Science | Medline30
Noffsinger AE ,Hui Y-Z ,Suzuk L , et al. The relationship of human papillomavirus to proliferation and ploidy in carcinoma of the anus. Cancer 1995;75:958-967
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline31
Holm R ,Tanum G ,Karlsen F ,Nesland JM . Prevalence and physical state of human papillomavirus DNA in anal carcinomas. Mod Pathol 1994;7:449-453
Web of Science | Medline32
Schottenfeld D, Winawer SJ. Cancers of the large intestine. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr, eds. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996:813-40.
33
Beral V . Cancer of the cervix: a sexually transmitted infection? Lancet 1974;1:1037-1040
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline34
Muñoz N, Bosch FX. Epidemiology of cervical cancer. In: Muñoz N, Bosch FX, Jensen OM, eds. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1989:9-39. (IARC scientific publications no. 94.)
- Citing Articles (195)
Citing Articles
1
Séverine Valmary-Degano, Elise Jacquin, Jean-Luc Prétet, Franck Monnien, Benoit Girardo, Francine Arbez-Gindre, Marie Joly, Jean-François Bosset, Bernadette Kantelip, Christiane Mougin. (2013) Signature patterns of human papillomavirus type 16 in invasive anal carcinoma. Human Pathology 44:6, 992-1002
2
I. Giani, M. Mistrangelo, C. Fucini. (2013) The treatment of squamous anal carcinoma: guidelines of the Italian society of colo-rectal surgery. Techniques in Coloproctology 17:2, 171-179
3
A. Herold, D. Bussen, T. Schiedeck. (2013) Analkarzinom – klinische Präsentation, Diagnostik, Staging. coloproctology 35:2, 108-112
4
A. Jemal, E. P. Simard, C. Dorell, A.-M. Noone, L. E. Markowitz, B. Kohler, C. Eheman, M. Saraiya, P. Bandi, D. Saslow, K. A. Cronin, M. Watson, M. Schiffman, S. J. Henley, M. J. Schymura, R. N. Anderson, D. Yankey, B. K. Edwards. (2013) Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2009, Featuring the Burden and Trends in Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Associated Cancers and HPV Vaccination Coverage Levels. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 105:3, 175-201
5
Dan P. Zandberg, Ranjana Bhargava, Simon Badin, Kevin J. Cullen. (2013) The role of human papillomavirus in nongenital cancers. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 63:1, 57-81
6
Stephen E. Weis, Isabel Vecino, Janice M. Pogoda, Joseph S. Susa. (2012) Treatment of High-Grade Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia With Infrared Coagulation in a Primary Care Population of HIV-Infected Men and Women. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 55:12, 1236-1243
7
Vassiliki L Tsikitis, Kim C Lu, Daniel O Herzig, Charles R Thomas Jr. (2012) Anal canal squamous cell carcinoma: overview, surveillance after treatment and management of local recurrence. Colorectal Cancer 1:6, 503-511
8
F. Hinten, K.A.P. Meeuwis, M.M. van Rossum, J.A. de Hullu. (2012) HPV-related (pre)malignancies of the female anogenital tract in renal transplant recipients. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 84:2, 161-180
9
F. A. Castro, W. Quint, P. Gonzalez, H. A. Katki, R. Herrero, L.-J. van Doorn, M. Schiffman, L. Struijk, A. C. Rodriguez, C. DelVecchio, D. R. Lowy, C. Porras, S. Jimenez, J. Schiller, D. Solomon, S. Wacholder, A. Hildesheim, A. R. Kreimer, . (2012) Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Anal Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Young Healthy Women in Costa Rica. Journal of Infectious Diseases 206:7, 1103-1110
10
A. Herold, D. Bussen, T. Schiedeck. (2012) Analkarzinom – klinische Präsentation, Diagnostik, Staging. Der Onkologe 18:8, 666-671
11
Jeffrey J. Meyer, Christopher G. Willett, Brian G. Czito. Anal Cancer. In: Handbook of Gastrointestinal Cancer. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012:137-160.
12
Scott R. Steele, Madhulika G. Varma, Genevieve B. Melton, Howard M. Ross, Janice F. Rafferty, W. Donald Buie. (2012) Practice Parameters for Anal Squamous Neoplasms. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 55:7, 735-749
13
Alice R. Richman, Melissa J. Haithcox-Dennis, Ashley R. Allsbrook. (2012) Feasibility of a Catch-up HPV Vaccination Program Among College Students Attending a Large Rural University in the South. American Journal of Sexuality Education 7:3, 237-252
14
F. Bouscarat, D. Benabderrahmane, L. Abramowitz. (2012) Condylomes anaux. EMC - Gastro-entérologie 7:3, 1-9
15
M. Blomberg, S. Friis, C. Munk, A. Bautz, S. K. Kjaer. (2012) Genital Warts and Risk of Cancer: A Danish Study of Nearly 50 000 Patients With Genital Warts. Journal of Infectious Diseases 205:10, 1544-1553
16
Kim A. P. Meeuwis, Willem J. G. Melchers, Hanneke Bouten, Peter C. M. van de Kerkhof, Floor Hinten, Wim G. V. Quint, Leon F. A. G. Massuger, Andries J. Hoitsma, Michelle M. van Rossum, Joanne A. de Hullu. (2012) Anogenital Malignancies in Women After Renal Transplantation Over 40 Years in a Single Center. Transplantation Journal1
17
Gustaf Edgren, Liming Liang, Hans-Olov Adami, Ellen T. Chang. (2012) Enigmatic sex disparities in cancer incidence. European Journal of Epidemiology
18
Tara Lee Frenkl, Jeannette M. Potts. Sexually Transmitted Infections. In: Campbell-Walsh Urology. Elsevier, 2012:402-416.
19
Andrew E. Grulich, I. Mary Poynten, Dorothy A. Machalek, Fengyi Jin, David J. Templeton, Richard J. Hillman. (2012) The epidemiology of anal cancer. Sexual Health 9:6, 504
20
Ursula M. Szmulowicz, James S. Wu. (2012) Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: a review of the aetiology, presentation, staging, prognosis and methods available for treatment. Sexual Health 9:6, 593
21
François Coutlée, Alexandra de Pokomandy, Eduardo L. Franco. (2012) Epidemiology, natural history and risk factors for anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Sexual Health 9:6, 547
22
Richard J. Hillman, Marina T. van Leeuwen, Claire M. Vajdic, Leo McHugh, Garrett P. Prestage, Leon P. Botes, Iryna Zablotska, Gabriele Medley, Sepehr N. Tabrizi, Andrew E. Grulich, Fengyi Jin. (2012) Prevalence and predictors of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia in a community-based sample of homosexual men. Sexual Health 9:6, 574
23
HPV infection and association with cancer. In: Human papillomavirus infections. Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012:57-64.
24
M P Myklebust, O Bruland, Ø Fluge, A Skarstein, L Balteskard, O Dahl. (2011) MicroRNA-15b is induced with E2F-controlled genes in HPV-related cancer. British Journal of Cancer
25
Ho-Young Yhim, Na-Ri Lee, Eun-Kee Song, Jae-Yong Kwak, Soo Teik Lee, Jong Hun Kim, Jung-Soo Kim, Ho Sung Park, Ik-Joo Chung, Hyun-Jeong Shim, Jun-Eul Hwang, Hyeong Rok Kim, Taek-Keun Nam, Moo-Rim Park, Hyeok Shim, Hyo Sook Park, Hee Sun Kim, Chang-Yeol Yim. (2011) The prognostic significance of tumor human papillomavirus status for patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma treated with combined chemoradiotherapy. International Journal of Cancer 129:7, 1752-1760
26
Christopher W. Wheldon, Ellen M. Daley, Eric R. Buhi, Alan G. Nyitray, Anna R. Giuliano. (2011) Health beliefs and attitudes associated with HPV vaccine intention among young gay and bisexual men in the southeastern United States. Vaccine 29:45, 8060-8065
27
F L Day, E Link, S Ngan, T Leong, K Moodie, C Lynch, M Michael, E de Winton, A Hogg, R J Hicks, A Heriot. (2011) FDG-PET metabolic response predicts outcomes in anal cancer managed with chemoradiotherapy. British Journal of Cancer 105:4, 498-504
28
Eleanor McLellan-Lemal, Christine M. O'Daniels, Gary Marks, Olga Villar-Loubet, Irene A. Doherty, Cathy Simpson, Stephen Weiss, Barbara Hanna, Adaora A. Adimora, Becky L. White, John T. Wheeling, Craig B. Borkowf. (2011) Sexual Risk Behaviors among African-American and Hispanic Women in Five Counties in the Southeastern United States: 2008–2009. Women's Health Issues
29
Jack E. Burkhalter, Jennifer L. Hay, Elliot Coups, Barbara Warren, Yuelin Li, Jamie S. Ostroff. (2011) Perceived risk for cancer in an urban sexual minority. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 34:3, 157-169
30
A. H. Engledow, J. R. A. Skipworth, G. Blackman, A. Groves, J. Bomanji, S. J. Warren, P. J. Ell, P. B. Boulos. (2011) The role of 18fluoro-deoxy glucose combined position emission and computed tomography in the clinical management of anal squamous cell carcinoma. Colorectal Disease 13:5, 532-537
31
Stephen E. Weis, Isabel Vecino, Janice M. Pogoda, Joseph S. Susa, Jason Nevoit, Deborah Radaford, Paula McNeely, Catherine A. Colquitt, Elvin Adams. (2011) Prevalence of Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia Defined by Anal Cytology Screening and High-Resolution Anoscopy in a Primary Care Population of HIV-Infected Men and Women. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 54:4, 433-441
32
Aparna Mahajan, Denise V.S. DeFrias. (2011) Anal Cytology. Pathology Case Reviews 16:2, 83-86
33
Abdulaziz M. Saleem, Jessica K. Paulus, Anne P. Shapter, Nancy N. Baxter, Patricia L. Roberts, Rocco Ricciardi. (2011) Risk of Anal Cancer in a Cohort With Human Papillomavirus–Related Gynecologic Neoplasm. Obstetrics & Gynecology 117:3, 643-649
34
Justin M Julius, Lois Ramondeta, Katherine A Tipton, Lincy S Lal, Karen Schneider, Judith A Smith. (2011) Clinical Perspectives on the Role of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in the Prevention of Cancer. Pharmacotherapy 31:3, 280-297
35
Emil Salmo, Najib Haboubi. (2011) An Update on Anal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Polish Journal of Surgery 83:2, 108-116
36
Anand I. Rughani, Chih Lin, Bruce I. Tranmer, James T. Wilson. (2011) Anal cancer with cerebral metastasis: a case report. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 101:1, 141-143
37
Saverio G Parisi, Mario Cruciani, Renzo Scaggiante, Caterina Boldrin, Samantha Andreis, Federico Bello, Silvana Pagni, Andrea Barelli, Andrea Sattin, Carlo Mengoli, Giorgio Palù. (2011) Anal and oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in HIV-infected subjects in northern Italy: a longitudinal cohort study among men who have sex with men. BMC Infectious Diseases 11:1, 150
38
A. G. Nyitray, R. J. Carvalho da Silva, M. L. Baggio, B. Lu, D. Smith, M. Abrahamsen, M. Papenfuss, L. L. Villa, E. Lazcano-Ponce, A. R. Giuliano. (2011) Age-Specific Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Anal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) among Men Who Have Sex with Women and Men Who Have Sex with Men: The HPV in Men (HIM) Study. Journal of Infectious Diseases 203:1, 49-57
39
Takamune SHIBAJI, Michiyoshi HISANAGA, Kazushi NISHIO, Kenichi OTSUKI, Syoichi KINOSHITA, Masakazu SEGAWA. (2011) A CASE OF MULTIPLE BASALOID CARCINOMAS OF ANAL CANAL. Nihon Rinsho Geka Gakkai Zasshi (Journal of Japan Surgical Association) 72:8, 2092-2096
40
William Bonnez, Gerhard Lindeque. Human Papillomavirus Infections. In: Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice. Elsevier, 2011:532-540.
41
Li-Chung Chuang, Hui-Chi Chen, San-Lin You, Ching-Yu Lin, Mei-Hung Pan, Yi-Chun Chou, Chang-Yao Hsieh, Chien-Jen Chen. (2010) Association between human papillomavirus and adenocarcinoma of rectum and recto-sigmoid junction: a cohort study of 10,612 women in Taiwan. Cancer Causes & Control 21:12, 2123-2128
42
Kåre G. Sunesen, Mette Nørgaard, Ole Thorlacius-Ussing, Søren Laurberg. (2010) Immunosuppressive disorders and risk of anal squamous cell carcinoma: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark, 1978-2005. International Journal of Cancer 127:3, 675-684
43
Rachna Sharma, Joel M. Palefsky. (2010) Addition of a Single E2 Binding Site to the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Type 16 Long Control Region Enhances Killing of HPV Positive Cells via HPV E2 Protein-Regulated Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase-Mediated Suicide Gene Therapy. Human Gene Therapy 21:7, 843-854
44
Sarah M. Bean, David C. Chhieng, Zubair Baloch. (2010) Anal-rectal cytology: A review. Diagnostic Cytopathology 38:7, 538-546
45
J. B. Albright, H. Bonatti, J. Stauffer, R. C. Dickson, J. Nguyen, D. Harnois, C. Jeanpierre, R. Hinder, J. Steers, H. Chua, J. Aranda-Michel. (2010) Colorectal and anal neoplasms following liver transplantation. Colorectal Disease 12:7, 657-666
46
Michele C. Gornick, Xavier Castellsague, Gloria Sanchez, Thomas J. Giordano, Michelle Vinco, Joel K. Greenson, Gabriel Capella, Leon Raskin, Gad Rennert, Stephen B. Gruber, Victor Moreno. (2010) Human papillomavirus is not associated with colorectal cancer in a large international study. Cancer Causes & Control 21:5, 737-743
47
Anna R. Giuliano, Gabriella Anic, Alan G. Nyitray. (2010) Epidemiology and pathology of HPV disease in males. Gynecologic Oncology 117:2, S15-S19
48
R. Glynne-Jones, J. M. A. Northover, A. Cervantes, . (2010) Anal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology 21:Supplement 5, v87-v92
49
George Sgourakis, Sophocles Lanitis, Constantine Karaliotas. (2010) Anal Tumor With Refractory Hypercalcemia. Gastroenterology 138:5, 1667-2025
50
Diane S Tider, Gabriela Rodriguez Caprio, Michael Gaisa, Robert S Klein, Stephen E Goldstone. (2010) Successful initiation of an anal cancer screening and treatment program at a New York City HIV clinic. AIDS 24:7, 1085-1086
51
Nancy F Crum-Cianflone, Katherine Huppler Hullsiek, Vincent C Marconi, Anuradha Ganesan, Amy Weintrob, Robert V Barthel, Brian K Agan. (2010) Anal cancers among HIV-infected persons: HAART is not slowing rising incidence. AIDS 24:4, 535-543
52
Xian-Zhen Chen, Xiao-Hong Mao, Ke-Jian Zhu, Na Jin, Jun Ye, Jian-Ping Cen, Qiang Zhou, Hao Cheng. (2010) Toll like receptor agonists augment HPV 11 E7-specific T cell responses by modulating monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Archives of Dermatological Research 302:1, 57-65
53
Anna K Wong, Raymond C Chan, Nidhi Aggarwal, Manoj K Singh, W Stephen Nichols, Shikha Bose. (2010) Human papillomavirus genotypes in anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal carcinoma as detected in tissue biopsies. Modern Pathology 23:1, 144-150
54
WILLIAM BONNEZ, RICHARD C. REICHMAN. Papillomaviruses. In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Elsevier, 2010:2035-2049.
55
C. Lobry, L. Abramowitz. (2010) Lésions prénéoplasiques de l'anus. EMC - Gastro-entérologie 5:4, 1-10
56
S. C. Young, M. J. Solomon, G. Hruby, F. A. Frizelle. (2009) Review of 120 anal cancer patients. Colorectal Disease 11:9, 909-914
57
O. Matzinger, F. Roelofsen, L. Mineur, S. Koswig, E.M. Van Der Steen-Banasik, P. Van Houtte, K. Haustermans, L. Radosevic-Jelic, R.P. Mueller, P. Maingon, L. Collette, J.F. Bosset. (2009) Mitomycin C with continuous fluorouracil or with cisplatin in combination with radiotherapy for locally advanced anal cancer (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase II study 22011-40014). European Journal of Cancer 45:16, 2782-2791
58
Waldo Jiménez, Lawrence Paszat, Rachel Kupets, Andrew Wilton, Jill Tinmouth. (2009) Presumed previous human papillomavirus (HPV) related gynecological cancer in women diagnosed with anal cancer in the province of Ontario. Gynecologic Oncology 114:3, 395-398
59
Emily Chan, Lisa A. Kachnic, Charles R. Thomas. (2009) Anal Cancer: Progress on Combined-Modality and Organ Preservation. Current Problems in Cancer 33:5, 302-326
60
Ina U. Park, James W. Ogilvie, Kristin E. Anderson, Zhong-ze Li, Lindsay Darrah, Robert Madoff, Levi Downs. (2009) Anal human papillomavirus infection and abnormal anal cytology in women with genital neoplasia. Gynecologic Oncology 114:3, 399-403
61
Margarita Solares, Omayda Safora Enríquez, Aldo Rodríguez Izquierdo. (2009) La infección por virus del papiloma humano, una amenaza real para las adolescentes. Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecología 52:9, 505-510
62
L. ABRAMOWITZ, N. MATHIEU, F. ROUDOT-THORAVAL, N. LEMARCHAND, P. BAUER, C. HENNEQUIN, E. MITRY, C. ROMELAER, T. APARICIO, I. SOBHANI. (2009) Epidermoid anal cancer prognosis comparison among HIV+ and HIV− patients. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 30:4, 414-421
63
Brooke E. Hoots, Joel M. Palefsky, Jeanne M. Pimenta, Jennifer S. Smith. (2009) Human papillomavirus type distribution in anal cancer and anal intraepithelial lesions. International Journal of Cancer 124:10, 2375-2383
64
Hugo De Vuyst, Gary M. Clifford, Maria Claudia Nascimento, Margaret M. Madeleine, Silvia Franceschi. (2009) Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Cancer 124:7, 1626-1636
65
D Robinson, V Coupland, H Møller. (2009) An analysis of temporal and generational trends in the incidence of anal and other HPV-related cancers in Southeast England. British Journal of Cancer 100:3, 527-531
66
K. M. Devon, C. J. Brown, M. Burnstein, R. S. McLeod. (2009) Cancer of the Anus Complicating Perianal Crohn's Disease. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 52:2, 211-216
67
J. Michael Berry, Joel M. Palefsky, Naomi Jay, Su-Chun Cheng, Teresa M. Darragh, Peter V. Chin-Hong. (2009) Performance Characteristics of Anal Cytology and Human Papillomavirus Testing in Patients with High-Resolution Anoscopy-Guided Biopsy of High-Grade Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 52:2, 239-247
68
Paulo Giraldo, Cláudia Jacyntho, Cristina Costa, Maruccia Iglesias, Consuelo Gondim, Francisca Carvalho, Helena Giraldo, Ana Katherine Gonçalves. (2009) Prevalence of anal squamous intra-epithelial lesion in women presenting genital squamous intra-epithelial lesion. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 142:1, 73-75
69
James W. Ogilvie, Ina U. Park, Levi S. Downs, Kristin E. Anderson, Jamie Hansberger, Robert D. Madoff. (2008) Anal Dysplasia in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 207:6, 914-921
70
Maura L. Gillison, Anil K. Chaturvedi, Douglas R. Lowy. (2008) HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. Cancer 113:S10, 3036-3046
71
Djenaba A. Joseph, Jacqueline W. Miller, Xiaocheng Wu, Vivien W. Chen, Cyllene R. Morris, Marc T. Goodman, Jose M. Villalon-Gomez, Melanie A. Williams, Rosemary D. Cress. (2008) Understanding the burden of human papillomavirus-associated anal cancers in the US. Cancer 113:S10, 2892-2900
72
Meg Watson, Mona Saraiya, Faruque Ahmed, Cheryll J. Cardinez, Marsha E. Reichman, Hannah K. Weir, Thomas B. Richards. (2008) Using population-based cancer registry data to assess the burden of human papillomavirus-associated cancers in the United States: Overview of methods. Cancer 113:S10, 2841-2854
73
Jami S. Leichliter. (2008) Heterosexual Anal Sex: Part of an Expanding Sexual Repertoire?. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 35:11, 910-911
74
Lin H. Tian, Thomas A. Peterman, Guoyu Tao, Lesley C. Brooks, Carol Metcalf, C Kevin Malotte, Sindy M. Paul, John M. Douglas. (2008) Heterosexual Anal Sex Activity in the Year After an STD Clinic Visit. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 35:11, 905-909
75
Eliav Barr, Heather L. Sings. (2008) Prophylactic HPV vaccines: New interventions for cancer control. Vaccine 26:49, 6244-6257
76
Pascal Gervaz, Nicolas Buchs, Philippe Morel. (2008) Diagnosis and management of anal cancer. Current Gastroenterology Reports 10:5, 502-506
77
Daron G. Ferris, Jennifer L. Waller, Jeremiah Miller, Pratik Patel, Lanier Jackson, George A. Price, Courtesia Wilson. (2008) Men's Attitudes Toward Receiving the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 12:4, 276-281
78
Felix Aigner, Friedrich Conrad, Andreas Widschwendter, Robert Zangerle, Bettina Zelger, Alfred Haidenberger, Sebastian Roka, Kurt Heim, Reinhard Höpfl, Martin Klimpfinger, Yves Marcus Rigler, Hugo Bonatti, Johann Pfeifer, Andrea Maier, Reinhard Kirnbauer, Andreas Salat. (2008) Anale HPV-Infektionen. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 120:19-20, 631-641
79
Laurent Gohy, Isabella Gorska, Danielle Rouleau, Georges Ghattas, Alexandra de Pokomandy, Sylvie Vézina, Pierre Coté, John Macleod, Guy Allaire, Rachid Hadjeres, Janet R Kornegay, Eduardo Franco. (2008) Genotyping of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Anal Biopsies and Anal Swabs Collected From HIV-Seropositive Men With Anal Dysplasia. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 49:1, 32-39
80
Grace L. Reynolds, Amanda D. Latimore, Dennis G. Fisher. (2008) Heterosexual Anal Sex Among Female Drug Users: U.S. National Compared to Local Long Beach, California Data. AIDS and Behavior 12:5, 796-805
81
Michael Selgrad, Peter Malfertheiner, Lucia Fini, Ajay Goel, C. Richard Boland, Luigi Ricciardiello. (2008) The role of viral and bacterial pathogens in gastrointestinal cancer. Journal of Cellular Physiology 216:2, 378-388
82
Gypsyamber DʼSouza, Dorothy J Wiley, Xiuhong Li, Joan S Chmiel, Joseph B Margolick, Ross D Cranston, Lisa P Jacobson. (2008) Incidence and Epidemiology of Anal Cancer in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 48:4, 491-499
83
Alan Nyitray, Carrie M. Nielson, Robin B. Harris, Roberto Flores, Martha Abrahamsen, Eileen F. Dunne, Anna R. Giuliano. (2008) Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Anal Human Papillomavirus Infection in Heterosexual Men. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 197:12, 1676-1684
84
Alexander Kreuter, Norbert H. Brockmeyer, Peter Altmeyer, Ulrike Wieland, . (2008) Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV infection. JDDG 0:0, 080413223543825-???
85
O Bruland, Ø Fluge, H Immervoll, L Balteskard, M P Myklebust, A Skarstein, O Dahl. (2008) Gene expression reveals two distinct groups of anal carcinomas with clinical implications. British Journal of Cancer 98:7, 1264-1273
86
Marc T. Goodman, Yurii B. Shvetsov, Katharine McDuffie, Lynne R. Wilkens, Xuemei Zhu, Lily Ning, Jeffrey Killeen, Lori Kamemoto, Brenda Y. Hernandez. (2008) Acquisition of Anal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Women: the Hawaii HPV Cohort Study. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 197:7, 957-966
87
B. Y. Hernandez, L. R. Wilkens, X. Zhu, K. McDuffie, P. Thompson, Y. B. Shvetsov, L. Ning, M. T. Goodman. (2008) Circumcision and Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men: A Site‐Specific Comparison. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 197:6, 787-794
88
Rachel Greenberg, Bruce Greenwald, J. Scott Roth, Olga Ioffe, Raymond Cross. (2008) Squamous Dysplasia of the Rectum in a Patient with Ulcerative Colitis Treated with 6-Mercaptopurine. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 53:3, 760-764
89
Tara Lee Frenkl, Jeannette Potts. (2008) Sexually Transmitted Infections. Urologic Clinics of North America 35:1, 33-46
90
Hyman Scott, Joe Khoury, Brent A. Moore, Sharon Weissman. (2008) Routine Anal Cytology Screening for Anal Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions in an Urban HIV Clinic. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 35:2, 197-202
91
Phillip R. Fleshner, Sridhar Chalasani, George J. Chang, David H. Levien, Neil H. Hyman, W. Donald Buie. (2008) Practice Parameters for Anal Squamous Neoplasms. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 51:1, 2-9
92
Florian Roka, Julia Roka, Andreas Trost, Horst Schalk, Christian Zagler, Reinhard Kirnbauer, Andreas Salat. (2008) Anal Human Papillomavirus Testing with Digeneʼs Hybrid Capture 2 Using Two Different Sampling Methods. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 51:1, 62-66
93
Xavier Castellsagué Piqué, F. Xavier Bosch José. (2008) Vacunas frente al virus del papiloma humano. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica 26, 65-77
94
Stephen E. Rubesin, Emma E. Furth. Other Tumors of the Colon. In: Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology. Elsevier, 2008:1167-1187.
95
Teresa M. Darragh, J. Michael Berry, Naomi Jay, Joel M. Palefsky. Anal Disease. In: Colposcopy. Elsevier, 2008:451-481.
96
Jami S. Leichliter, Anjani Chandra, Nicole Liddon, Kevin A. Fenton, Sevgi O. Aral. (2007) Prevalence and Correlates of Heterosexual Anal and Oral Sex in Adolescents and Adults in the United States. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 196:12, 1852-1859
97
Neil A. Shepherd. (2007) Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Other Neoplastic Precursor Lesions of the Anal Canal and Perianal Region. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 36:4, 969-987
98
Michael J Silverberg, Donald I Abrams. (2007) AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining malignancies: cancer occurrence in the antiretroviral therapy era. Current Opinion in Internal Medicine 6:6, 642-647
99
Atsushi Ohtsu. (2007) Chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anus: the same histology but different story?. Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology 3:4, 163-164
100
Luisa Lina Villa. (2007) Overview of the clinical development and results of a quadrivalent HPV (types 6, 11, 16, 18) vaccine. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 11, S17-S25
101
Yi-Wei Chen, Sang-Hue Yen, Sheng-Yu Chen, Pin-I Huang, Cheng-Ying Shiau, Yu-Ming Liu, Jen-Kou Lin, Ling-Wei Wang. (2007) Anus-preservation treatment for anal cancer: Retrospective analysis at a single institution. Journal of Surgical Oncology 96:5, 374-380
102
Christine Elizabeth Kaestle, Carolyn Tucker Halpern. (2007) What’s Love Got to Do with It? Sexual Behaviors of Opposite-Sex Couples Through Emerging Adulthood. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 39:3, 134-140
103
Hugo De Vuyst, Silvia Franceschi. (2007) Human papillomavirus vaccines in HIV-positive men and women. Current Opinion in Oncology 19:5, 470-475
104
Laurent Abramowitz, Dalila Benabderrahmane, Philippe Ravaud, Francine Walker, Christophe Rioux, Christine Jestin, Elisabeth Bouvet, Jean-Claude Soul??, Catherine Leport, Xavier Duval. (2007) Anal squamous intraepithelial lesions and condyloma in HIV-infected heterosexual men, homosexual men and women: prevalence and associated factors. AIDS 21:11, 1457-1465
105
Felix Aigner, Ellen Boeckle, Jeffrey Albright, Juliane Kilo, Claudia Boesmueller, Friedrich Conrad, Silke Wiesmayr, Herwig Antretter, Raimund Margreiter, Walter Mark, Hugo Bonatti. (2007) Malignancies of the colorectum and anus in solid organ recipients. Transplant International 20:6, 497-504
106
D.C. Damin, M.B. Caetano, M.A. Rosito, G. Schwartsmann, A.S. Damin, A.P. Frazzon, R.D. Ruppenthal, C.O.P. Alexandre. (2007) Evidence for an association of human papillomavirus infection and colorectal cancer. European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) 33:5, 569-574
107
G. Gross. (2007) Bedeutung der prophylaktischen HPV-Vakzine für die Dermatologie und Venerologie. Der Hautarzt 58:6, 507-514
108
Gustaf Edgren, Pär Sparén. (2007) Risk of anogenital cancer after diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a prospective population-based study. The Lancet Oncology 8:4, 311-316
109
R. TACHEZY, T. JIRASEK, M. SALAKOVA, V. LUDVIKOVA, M. KUBECOVA, L. HORAK, V. MANDYS, E. HAMSIKOVA. (2007) Human papillomavirus infection and tumours of the anal canal: correlation of histology, PCR detection in paraffin sections and serology. APMIS 115:3, 195-203
110
Monika Hampl, Nicolas Wentzensen, Svetlana Vinokurova, Magnus Knebel-Doeberitz, Cristopher Poremba, Hans G. Bender, Volkmar Kueppers. (2007) Comprehensive analysis of 130 multicentric intraepithelial female lower genital tract lesions by HPV typing and p16 expression profile. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 133:4, 235-245
111
Tomoko Seya, Noritake Tanaka, Seiichi Shinji, Kimiyoshi Yokoi, Tatsuo Oguro, Yoshiharu Oaki, Toshiyuki Ishiwata, Zenya Naito, Takashi Tajiri. (2007) Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising from Recurrent Anal Fistula. Journal of Nippon Medical School 74:4, 319-324
112
A. Salat, A. Trost, J. Roka, F. Roka. (2006) Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-associated proctologic diseases. European Surgery 38:6, 411-416
113
U. R. Hengge, R. Mota, A. Marini. (2006) Häufige und seltene dermatologische Erkrankungen bei HIV-Patienten. Der Hautarzt 57:11, 975-987
114
David Parés, José Mullerat, Miguel Pera. (2006) Neoplasia intraepitelial anal. Medicina Clínica 127:19, 749-755
115
H.-N. Rakoto-Ratsimba, A.-F. Rakototiana, J. Rakotosamimanana, A. Ranaivozanany. (2006) Fistule périanale révélatrice d'un adénocarcinome du canal anal. À propos d'une observation. Annales de Chirurgie 131:9, 564-566
116
Caroline Nordenvall, Ellen T. Chang, Hans-Olov Adami, Weimin Ye. (2006) Cancer risk among patients with condylomata acuminata. International Journal of Cancer 119:4, 888-893
117
Joel M. Palefsky, Maura L. Gillison, Howard D. Strickler. (2006) Chapter 16: HPV vaccines in immunocompromised women and men. Vaccine 24, S140-S146
118
D H Brewster, L A Bhatti. (2006) Increasing incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus in Scotland, 1975–2002. British Journal of Cancer 95:1, 87-90
119
Dorothy Wiley, Emmanuel Masongsong. (2006) Human Papillomavirus: The Burden of Infection. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 61:Supplement 1, S3-S14
120
Joel M Palefsky, J Michael Berry, Naomi Jay, Marya Krogstad, Maria Da Costa, Teresa M Darragh, Jeannette Y Lee. (2006) A trial of SGN-00101 (HspE7) to treat high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive individuals. AIDS 20:8, 1151-1155
121
S. S. Karandikar, A. Borley, T. Crosby, G. Williams, S. Reynolds, A. G. Radcliffe. (2006) A five-year audit of anal cancer in Wales. Colorectal Disease 8:4, 266-272
122
P. Gervaz, B. Hirschel, P. Morel. (2006) Molecular biology of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. British Journal of Surgery 93:5, 531-538
123
A. Salat. (2006) Anal cancer. European Surgery 38:2, 135-138
124
Farbod Darvishian, Elizabeth A. Stier, Robert A. Soslow, Oscar Lin. (2006) Immunoreactivity of p16 in anal cytology specimens. Cancer 108:1, 66-71
125
Jeffrey M Partridge, Laura A Koutsky. (2006) Genital human papillomavirus infection in men. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 6:1, 21-31
126
A. Senéjoux. (2006) Dermatoproctología. EMC - Dermatología 40:3, 1-6
127
A. Senéjoux. (2006) Dermatoproctologie. EMC - Dermatologie 1:2, 1-5
128
Philippe Maingon, Gilles Truc, Jean Cuisenier, Jean-Claude Horiot, Jean-Franc¸ois Bosset, Jean-Pierre Gérard. (2006) Cancer du canal anal. EMC - Gastro-entérologie 1:1, 1-17
129
(2005) Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Surgical Oncology 14:3, 121-132
130
Eric Van Der Snoek, Hubert Niesters, Gerard Van Doornum, Paul Mulder, Albert Osterhaus, Willem Van Der Meijden. (2005) Acquisition and Clearance of Perianal Human Papillomavirus Infection in Relation to HIV‐positivity in Men Who Have Sex with Men in the Netherlands. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 85:5, 437-443
131
Karen Chen, Peter Hsu. Perioperative Care for Major Abdominal Surgery. In: Acute Care of the Cancer Patient. CRC Press, 2005:385-405.
132
Joseph W. Akornor, Joseph W. Segura, Ajay Nehra. (2005) General and Cystoscopic Procedures. Urologic Clinics of North America 32:3, 319-326
133
Harry T. Papaconstantinou, Augustine J. Lee, Clifford L. Simmang, Raheela Ashfaq, Sefik T. Gokaslan, Saul Sokol, Philip J. Huber, Sharon G. Gregorcyk. (2005) Screening Methods for High-Grade Dysplasia in Patients with Anal Condyloma1. Journal of Surgical Research 127:1, 8-13
134
Anne Blazy, Christophe Hennequin, Jean-Marc Gornet, André Furco, Laurence Gérard, Marc Lémann, Claude Maylin. (2005) Anal Carcinomas in HIV-Positive Patients: High-Dose Chemoradiotherapy Is Feasible in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 48:6, 1176-1181
135
Cécile Ortholan, Alain Ramaioli, Didier Peiffert, Antoine Lusinchi, Pascale Romestaing, Laurent Chauveinc, Emmanuel Touboul, Karine Peignaux, Antoine Bruna, Guy de La Roche, Jean-Léon Lagrange, Christian Alzieu, Jean Pierre Gerard. (2005) Anal canal carcinoma: Early-stage tumors ≤10 mm (T1 or Tis): Therapeutic options and original pattern of local failure after radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 62:2, 479-485
136
Alice Lytwyn, Irving E. Salit, Janet Raboud, William Chapman, Teresa Darragh, Barbara Winkler, Jill Tinmouth, James B. Mahony, Marie Sano. (2005) Interobserver agreement in the interpretation of anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer 103:7, 1447-1456
137
Abdelkarim S. Allal, Marie-Anne Br
ndler, Pascal Gervaz. (2005) Differential expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in keratinizing versus non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 20:2, 161-164
138
F. Abbasakoor, P. B. Boulos. (2005) Anal intraepithelial neoplasia. British Journal of Surgery 92:3, 277-290
139
Andrea R Spence, Eduardo L Franco, Alex Ferenczy. (2005) The Role of Human Papillomaviruses in Cancer. American Journal of Cancer 4:1, 49-64
140
Paul A Fox, Mun-Yee Tung. (2005) Human Papillomavirus. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 6:6, 365-381
141
Nathaniel J. Jellinek. (2005) Primary Malignant Tumors of the Nail Unit. Advances in Dermatology 21, 33-64
142
Pascal Gervaz, Abdelkarim S Allal, Arnaud Roth, Philippe Morel. (2004) Chemotherapeutic options in the management of anal cancer. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 5:12, 2479-2484
143
F. Pelletier, C. Drobacheff-Thiebaut, F. Aubin, A.-G. Venier, C. Mougin, R. Laurent. (2004) Effets de l’imiquimod sur l’infection périanale latente à papillomavirus humain chez des malades infectés par le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine. Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 131:11, 947-951
144
Kari Hemminki, Bowang Chen. (2004) Familial association of colorectal adenocarcinoma with cancers at other sites. European Journal of Cancer 40:16, 2480-2487
145
A S Allal, P Gervaz, M-A Bründler. (2004) Cyclin D1, cyclin E, and p21 have no apparent prognostic value in anal carcinomas treated by radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. British Journal of Cancer 91:7, 1239-1244
146
Stephen J. Genuis, Shelagh K. Genuis. (2004) Managing the sexually transmitted disease pandemic: A time for reevaluation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 191:4, 1103-1112
147
Ross D. Cranston, Teresa M. Darragh, Elizabeth A. Holly, Naomi Jay, J. Michael Berry, Maria Da Costa, Jimmy T. Efird, Joel M. Palefsky. (2004) Self-Collected Versus Clinician-Collected Anal Cytology Specimens to Diagnose Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia in HIV-Positive Men. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 36:4, 915-920
148
Lisa G. Johnson, Margaret M. Madeleine, Laura M. Newcomer, Stephen M. Schwartz, Janet R. Daling. (2004) Anal cancer incidence and survival: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results experience, 1973-2000. Cancer 101:2, 281-288
149
Janet R. Daling, Margaret M. Madeleine, Lisa Godefroy Johnson, Stephen M. Schwartz, Katherine A. Shera, Michelle A. Wurscher, Joseph J. Carter, Peggy L. Porter, Denise A. Galloway, James K. McDougall. (2004) Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer. Cancer 101:2, 270-280
150
Iradj Sobhani, Francine Walker, Fran??oise Roudot-Thoraval, Laurent Abramowitz, Hubert Johanet, Dominique H??nin, Jean-Charles Delchier, Jean-Claude Soul??. (2004) Anal carcinoma. AIDS 18:11, 1561-1569
151
F Levi, V-C Te, L Randimbison, C La Vecchia. (2004) Incidence of anal carcinoma in Vaud, Switzerland, 1979???2001. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 13:3, 213-215
152
Maria A. Friedlander, Elizabeth Stier, Oscar Lin. (2004) Anorectal cytology as a screening tool for anal squamous lesions. Cancer 102:1, 19-26
153
Pascal Gervaz. Anal Cancer. In: Encyclopedia of Gastroenterology. Elsevier, 2004:76-78.
154
Kyriakos Papadopoulos. Gender and Gastrointestinal Malignancies. In: Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine. Elsevier, 2004:664-670.
155
G Denise Zielinski, Peter JF Snijders, Lawrence Rozendaal, Nathalie Fransen Daalmeijer, Elle KJ Risse, Feja J Voorhorst, N Medi Jiwa, Hans C van der Linden, Frits A de Schipper, Arnold P Runsink, Chris JLM Meijer. (2003) The presence of high-risk HPV combined with specific p53 and p16INK4a expression patterns points to high-risk HPV as the main causative agent for adenocarcinomain situ and adenocarcinoma of the cervix. The Journal of Pathology 201:4, 535-543
156
Yazid Belkacémi, Christine Berger, Philip Poortmans, Gaëlle Piel, Abderrahim Zouhair, Jean-Baptiste Méric, Tan-Dat Nguyen, Marco Krengli, Franck Behrensmeier, Abdelkarim Allal, Dany De Looze, Jacques Bernier, Luciano Scandolaro, René-Olivier Mirimanoff. (2003) Management of primary anal canal adenocarcinoma: A large retrospective study from the Rare Cancer Network. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 56:5, 1274-1283
157
H.S Evans, A Newnham, S.V Hodgson, H Møller. (2003) Second primary cancers after cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III and invasive cervical cancer in Southeast England. Gynecologic Oncology 90:1, 131-136
158
D. W. Lu. (2003) Expression of p16, Rb, and p53 Proteins in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Anorectal Region Harboring Human Papillomavirus DNA. Modern Pathology 16:7, 692-699
159
Barbara J Klencke, Joel M Palefsky. (2003) Anal cancer: an HIV-associated cancer. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 17:3, 859-872
160
C. Cuvelier, L. Ferdinande, P. Demetter. (2003) Tumeurs et pseudotumeurs du canal anal et de l'anus. Acta Endoscopica 33:3, 357-365
161
N Randall Chu. (2003) Therapeutic vaccination for the treatment of mucosotropic human papillomavirus-associated disease. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 3:3, 477-486
162
Anna-Barbara Moscicki, Stephen J Durako, Jolene Houser, Yong Ma, Debra A Murphy, Teresa M Darragh, Sepideh Farhat, Craig M Wilson. (2003) Human papillomavirus infection and abnormal cytology of the anus in HIV-infected and uninfected adolescents. AIDS 17:3, 311-320
163
Neerja Sethi, Joel Palefsky. (2003) Treatment of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Type 16-Infected Cells Using Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase-Mediated Gene Therapy Transcriptionally Regulated by the HPV E2 Protein. Human Gene Therapy 14:1, 45-57
164
Petar Vukasin. (2002) Anal condyloma and HIV-associated anal disease. Surgical Clinics of North America 82:6, 1199-1211
165
Harvey G Moore, Joseé G Guillem. (2002) Anal neoplasms. Surgical Clinics of North America 82:6, 1233-1251
166
D. J. Wiley, John Douglas, Karl Beutner, Tom Cox, Kenneth Fife, Anna‐Barbara Moscicki, Lynne Fukumoto. (2002) External Genital Warts: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Clinical Infectious Diseases 35:s2, S210-S224
167
Mathias K. Fehr, Ren
168
M. Giovannini, E. Bories, Ch. Pesenti. (2002) Aspects cliniques et bilan d'extension des cancers de l'anus. Place de l'échographie endo-ano-rectale: technique radial et linéaire. Acta Endoscopica 32:1, 37-45
169
Hanlin L. Wang. 16 Role of immunohistochemical expression of p53, Rb, and p16 proteins in anal squamous cell carcinoma. Elsevier, 2002:267-275.
170
Pascal Gervaz, Jonathan Efron, Alfredo A. Poza, Sung W. Chun, Thu-Thao T. Pham, Sherry Woodhouse, Steven D. Wexner, John M. Carethers. (2001) Loss of heterozygosity and HIV infection in patients with anal squamous-cell carcinoma. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 44:10, 1503-1508
171
Christoffer Johansen, Lene Mellemkjaer, Morten Frisch, Susanne K. Kjaer, Gloria Gridley, Jorgen H. Olsen. (2001) Risk for anogenital cancer and other cancer among women hospitalized with gonorrhea. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 80:8, 757-761
172
Kari Hemminki, Yongwen Jiang, Chuanhui Dong. (2001) Second primary cancers after anogenital, skin, oral, esophageal and rectal cancers: Etiological links?. International Journal of Cancer 93:2, 294-298
173
Stephen E. Goldstone, Barbara Winkler, Laurence J. Ufford, Elaine Alt, Joel M. Palefsky. (2001) High prevalence of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions and squamous-cell carcinoma in men who have sex with men as seen in a surgical practice. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 44:5, 690-698
174
Mohammed M Bagheri, Bijan Safai. (2001) Cutaneous malignancies of keratinocytic origin. Clinics in Dermatology 19:3, 244-252
175
Ashish K. Chawla, Christopher G. Willett. (2001) SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE ANAL CANAL AND ANAL MARGIN. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 15:2, 321-344
176
Iradj Sobhani, Albert Vuagnat, Francine Walker, Christiane Vissuzaine, Babak Mirin, Florence Hervatin, Jean-Pierre Marmuse, Anne-Claude Crémieux, Claude Carbon, Dominique Henin, Thérèse Lehy, Michel Mignon. (2001) Prevalence of high-grade dysplasia and cancer in the anal canal in human papillomavirus-infected individuals. Gastroenterology 120:4, 857-866
177
Ewa Matczak. (2001) Human papillomavirus infection: An emerging problem in anal and other squamous cell cancers. Gastroenterology 120:4, 1046-1048
178
K Hemminki, C Dong, M Frisch. (2000) Tonsillar and other upper aerodigestive tract cancers among cervical cancer patients and their husbands. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 9:6, 433-437
179
C.Shun Wong, Richard W Tsang, Bernard J Cummings, Anthony W Fyles, Jean Couture, James D Brierley, Melania Pintilie. (2000) Proliferation parameters in epidermoid carcinomas of the anal canal. Radiotherapy and Oncology 56:3, 349-353
180
David P. Ryan, Robert J. Mayer. (2000) Anal carcinoma: histology, staging, epidemiology, treatment. Current Opinion in Oncology 12:4, 345-352
181
Sue J Goldie, Karen M Kuntz, Milton C Weinstein, Kenneth A Freedberg, Joel M Palefsky. (2000) Cost-effectiveness of screening for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions and anal cancer in human immunodeficiency virus–negative homosexual and bisexual men. The American Journal of Medicine 108:8, 634-641
182
Kari Hemminki, Chuanhui Dong. (2000) Cancer in Husbands of Cervical Cancer Patients. Epidemiology 11:3, 347-349
183
Anna-Barbara Moscicki. (2000) Genital human papillomavirus infections in children and adolescents. Current Problems in Dermatology 12:3, 134-140
184
Ryan , David P. , Compton , Carolyn C. , Mayer , Robert J. , . (2000) Carcinoma of the Anal Canal. New England Journal of Medicine 342:11, 792-800
Full Text185
Morten Frisch, Marc T. Goodman. (2000) Human papillomavirus-associated carcinomas in Hawaii and the mainland U.S.. Cancer 88:6, 1464-1469
186
Cathy Critchlow, Nancy Kiviat. HPV-Related Neoplasia in HIV Infection. In: AIDS-Related Cancers and Their Treatment. CRC Press, 2000:209-222.
187
F. Xavier Bosch, Nubia Muñoz. Cervical Cancer. In: Women and Health. Elsevier, 2000:932-941.
188
Daryl Lim Joon, Michael W.T Chao, Samuel Y.K Ngan, Michael Lim Joon, Michael J Guiney. (1999) Primary adenocarcinoma of the anus: a retrospective analysis. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 45:5, 1199-1205
189
C.Shun Wong, Ming S Tsao, Vinay Sharma, William B Chapman, Melania Pintilie, Bernard J Cummings. (1999) Prognostic role of p53 protein expression in epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 45:2, 309-314
190
M. Frisch, B. Glimelius, J. Wohlfahrt, H.-O. Adami, M. Melbye. (1999) Tobacco Smoking as a Risk Factor in Anal Carcinoma: an Antiestrogenic Mechanism?. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 91:8, 708-715
191
Jorma Paavonen, Matti Lehtinen. (1999) Interactions between human papillomavirus and other sexually transmitted agents in the etiology of cervical cancer. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 12:1, 67-71
192
Douglas R Lowy, John T Schiller. (1999) Papillomaviruses: prophylactic vaccine prospects. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer 1423:1, M1-M8
193
(1998) Human Papillomaviruses and Anogenital Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 338:13, 921-922
Free Full Text194
John Elkas, Robin Farias-Eisner. (1998) Cancer of the uterine cervix. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 10:1, 41-45
195
Shah , Keerti V. , . (1997) Human Papillomaviruses and Anogenital Cancers. New England Journal of Medicine 337:19, 1386-1388
Full Text
