Original Article
A Comparison of Reteplase with Alteplase for Acute Myocardial Infarction
N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1118-1123October 16, 1997
- Abstract
Background
Reteplase (recombinant plasminogen activator), a mutant of alteplase tissue plasminogen activator, has a longer half-life than its parent molecule and produced superior angiographic results in pilot studies of acute myocardial infarction. In this large clinical trial, we compared the efficacy and safety of these two thrombolytic agents.
Methods
A total of 15,059 patients from 807 hospitals in 20 countries who presented within 6 hours after the onset of symptoms with ST-segment elevation or bundle-branch block were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive reteplase, in two bolus doses of 10 MU each given 30 minutes apart, or an accelerated infusion of alteplase, up to 100 mg infused over a period of 90 minutes. The primary hypothesis was that mortality at 30 days would be significantly lower with reteplase.
Results
The mortality rate at 30 days was 7.47 percent for reteplase and 7.24 percent for alteplase (adjusted P = 0.54; odds ratio, 1.03; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.18). The 95 percent confidence interval for the absolute difference in mortality rates was -1.1 to 0.66 percent. Stroke occurred in 1.64 percent of patients treated with reteplase and in 1.79 percent of those treated with alteplase (P = 0.50). The respective rates of the combined end point of death or nonfatal, disabling stroke were 7.89 percent and 7.91 percent (P =0.97; odds ratio, 1.0; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.88 to 1.13).
Conclusions
As compared with an accelerated infusion of alteplase, reteplase, although easier to administer, did not provide any additional survival benefit in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Other results, particularly for the combined end point of death or nonfatal, disabling stroke, were remarkably similar for the two plasminogen activators.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Kaplan–Meier Estimate of Mortality at 30 Days, According to Treatment Group.Figure 3
Point Estimates and 95 Percent Confidence Intervals for the Risk of Death within 30 Days, Stroke, and Net Clinical Benefit, Defined as Freedom from Death or Disabling Stroke.Article Activity
- Article
Recent trials have confirmed the importance of achieving early, complete, and sustained reperfusion after acute myocardial infarction.1-3 In the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO I) trial, an accelerated infusion of alteplase led to a relative reduction in 30-day mortality of 14.6 percent as compared with streptokinase, the previous standard therapy.1,2 The reason for the enhanced survival with tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase) proved to be a higher rate of complete patency of the infarcted vessel 90 minutes after therapy, as determined angiographically, but this was achieved in only 54 percent of patients.3,4 Accordingly, a major goal of myocardial reperfusion therapy is to improve this rate of early fibrinolysis.
Recombinant plasminogen activator (reteplase) is a mutant of wild-type tissue plasminogen activator that lacks the finger, epidermal growth factor, and kringle-1 domains.5 The slower clearance resulting from these changes in the molecule allows reteplase to be given as a bolus. In two angiographic trials, reteplase compared favorably with alteplase with regard to enhanced patency of the infarct-related vessel and the incidence of bleeding complications.6,7 In a previous randomized comparison with streptokinase, treatment with reteplase resulted in an absolute 0.5 percent reduction in mortality at 30 days and a 1.0 percent reduction at 6 months, which, although not statistically significant, established the safety profile of the drug.8 In the present trial, we tested the primary hypothesis that the mortality rate 30 days after acute infarction would be significantly lower with reteplase than with alteplase.
Methods
Patient Population
Patients of any age who presented after 30 minutes of continuous symptoms but within 6 hours after the onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction and who had, on the basis of 12-lead electrocardiography, ST-segment elevation of at least 1 mm in two or more limb leads, ST-segment elevation of at least 2 mm in the precordial leads, or bundle-branch block were considered eligible. The exclusion criteria included active bleeding, a history of stroke or central nervous system damage, recent major surgery, systolic blood pressure greater than 200 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure greater than 110 mm Hg at any time after arrival, recent noncompressible vascular puncture, or concomitant use of an oral anticoagulant with an international normalized ratio greater than 2. All patients provided informed consent for participation, and the protocol was approved by the institutional review board at each hospital.
Randomization and Drug Regimens
Investigators and study coordinators telephoned a central randomization center to receive a patient's treatment assignment. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive reteplase (Boehringer Mannheim, Gaithersburg, Md., and Mannheim, Germany), in two bolus doses of 10 MU given 30 minutes apart, or an accelerated infusion of alteplase (Genentech, South San Francisco, Calif., and Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany), in a bolus dose of 15 mg, followed by the infusion of 0.75 mg per kilogram of body weight over a 30-minute period (not to exceed 50 mg) and the infusion of 0.5 mg per kilogram (up to 35 mg) over the next 60 minutes, on an open-label basis.1
Aspirin (160 mg) was given as soon as possible and then in a daily dose of 160 to 325 mg. With the assigned fibrinolytic therapy, patients received a bolus dose of 5000 U of heparin given intravenously, followed by an infusion of 1000 U per hour. The initial rate of heparin infusion was reduced to 800 U per hour for patients who weighed less than 80 kg and was adjusted to maintain an activated partial-thromboplastin time of 50 to 70 seconds in all patients.9 Other medications, including beta-blockers and nitrates, were given at the discretion of the investigator.
Study End Points
The primary end point was mortality at 30 days of follow-up. Other prospectively defined secondary end points included net clinical benefit, defined as freedom from death or disabling stroke; death or nonfatal stroke; reinfarction; congestive heart failure; and mortality at 24 hours. All focal neurologic signs were evaluated by either computed tomographic or magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical features, images, and available autopsy results were reviewed by a stroke committee that was unaware of patients' treatment assignments to classify whether the stroke was hemorrhagic and whether it resulted in disability.1 Bleeding complications were classified as severe or life-threatening if they resulted in substantial hemodynamic compromise requiring treatment. Moderate bleeding was defined by the need for transfusion, and minor bleeding was defined as bleeding that did not require transfusion or cause hemodynamic compromise.
Data Management and Quality Assurance
Case-report forms were used to collect the primary data and were forwarded to the coordinating centers (the Duke Clinical Research Institute in Durham, N.C., or the Nottingham Clinical Trials Data Centre in Nottingham, United Kingdom) so that the data could be entered and missing or inconsistent data could be identified. We used the methods of the GUSTO I trial to obtain data on vital status.1 A random sample of 10 percent of the case-report forms was verified against source medical records, including at least one form at each enrolling site. The investigators had no access to the data until the trial was complete and the specified analyses had been performed by the two biostatisticians who coordinated the data analyses. An independent data and safety monitoring board reviewed the data after 7891 patients had been enrolled. The data reported herein are based on a 99.8 percent level of completeness for 30-day mortality outcomes.
Statistical Analysis
The study design required the enrollment of 15,000 patients in order to have at least 85 percent power to detect a 20 percent relative reduction in mortality with reteplase as compared with alteplase. Continuous data are summarized as medians with 25th and 75th percentiles unless otherwise stipulated. Selected base-line characteristics and clinical outcomes were compared between treatment groups by the chi-square test for discrete variables and by nonparametric analysis of variance for continuous variables. Mortality during the 30-day follow-up was characterized with Kaplan–Meier curves. Odds ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals were used to compare other major clinical outcomes between treatment groups. A logistic model that included adjustment for covariates was used to incorporate into the primary analysis base-line clinical predictors of mortality at 30 days: age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and location of infarction.10 The covariate-adjusted comparison of mortality in the two treatment groups constituted the primary analysis, with the standard, unadjusted treatment comparison also provided.
The protocol specified the following categories for subgroup analysis: age, location of infarction, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, length of time from onset of symptoms to randomization, and site of enrollment (United States vs. elsewhere). All tests of significance were two-tailed, and treatments were compared according to the intention-to-treat principle.
Results
A total of 15,059 patients were enrolled in 807 hospitals in 20 countries (see the Appendix) from October 13, 1995, to January 13, 1997. Both treatment groups had a very high rate of compliance: 97.3 percent with respect to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and 98.1 percent with respect to the initiation of study drug. Treatment with the study drug was terminated early in 0.8 percent of the patients treated with reteplase and 1.9 percent of those treated with alteplase, primarily because of early death or bleeding events. As expected, the base-line characteristics did not differ significantly between groups (Table 1Table 1
Base-Line Characteristics of the Patients.).The mortality rate at 30 days was 7.47 percent in the reteplase group and 7.24 percent in the alteplase group (odds ratio, 1.03; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.18; unadjusted P = 0.61; covariate-adjusted P = 0.54) (Figure 1Figure 1
Kaplan–Meier Estimate of Mortality at 30 Days, According to Treatment Group.). At 24 hours, the mortality rate was 3.03 percent with reteplase and 2.72 percent with alteplase (odds ratio, 1.12; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.37). The 95 percent confidence interval for the absolute difference in 30-day mortality was -1.11 to 0.66 percent. The similarity in the overall mortality data remained consistent across subgroups (Figure 2Figure 2
Odds Ratios and 95 Percent Confidence Intervals for Death within 30 Days, According to Age, Location of Infarction, Site of Enrollment, and Time from Onset of Symptoms to Treatment.). The patients who were at highest risk, such as elderly patients or those with anterior infarction, had a slightly higher mortality rate with reteplase than with alteplase. Only in the subgroup of patients who received treatment more than four hours after the onset of symptoms did the difference in mortality rates approach significance (P = 0.07) (Figure 2). However, there was a significant interaction between treatment assignment and time to treatment (adjusted P = 0.02).The rate of any stroke or hemorrhagic stroke was similar in the two treatment groups (Table 2Table 2
Incidence of Stroke in the Two Treatment Groups.), with a slightly but not significantly higher rate of hemorrhagic stroke after treatment with reteplase among patients over the age of 75 (2.5 percent vs. 1.7 percent; odds ratio, 1.55; P = 0.21).The overall incidence of death or disabling stroke was 7.89 percent with reteplase and 7.91 percent with alteplase (odds ratio, 1.0). Figure 3Figure 3
Point Estimates and 95 Percent Confidence Intervals for the Risk of Death within 30 Days, Stroke, and Net Clinical Benefit, Defined as Freedom from Death or Disabling Stroke. shows the point estimates and 95 percent confidence intervals for the differences between the thrombolytic agents with respect to the primary and secondary end points of the trial. Serious or life-threatening bleeding was infrequent in the trial, occurring in 0.95 percent of the patients treated with reteplase and in 1.20 percent of the patients treated with alteplase. The rates of moderate bleeding were also similar (6.9 percent and 6.8 percent, respectively). Blood was transfused in 5.9 percent of the patients treated with reteplase, as compared with 6.2 percent of the patients treated with alteplase. The incidences of reinfarction, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias were similar in the two groups (Table 3Table 3
Incidence of Complications in the Two Treatment Groups.). Medication use was also similar in the two groups. Finally, the use of angiography, angioplasty, bypass surgery, and other major procedures did not differ significantly between the groups.Discussion
The chief finding of this trial is that reteplase is not superior to alteplase for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. However, in terms of 30-day mortality, hemorrhagic stroke, the combined end point of death and stroke (be it nonfatal or disabling), and bleeding complications, the results of reteplase therapy were similar to those of alteplase therapy. Furthermore, because the long half-life of reteplase allows for bolus therapy, it is easier to administer. The results of the trial nonetheless raise questions about the reasons for the lack of superiority, the definition of equivalence in trials of reperfusion therapies, and the potential lack of meaningful progress in reducing key adverse end points since the early 1990s.
Our finding of the similar efficacy of reteplase and alteplase differs from the results of angiographic studies6,7 that preceded the current trial. Although the rate of patency of the infarct-related vessel at 90 minutes had been shown to be higher with reteplase than with an accelerated infusion of alteplase, with a 30 percent increase in the incidence of complete reperfusion, patency at 30 minutes in a subgroup of patients who underwent very early angiography was lower with reteplase (27 percent, vs. 39 percent with accelerated alteplase).7 Furthermore, reteplase lacks the finger and kringle-1 domains, characteristics of wild-type tissue plasminogen activator that confer fibrin binding. Fibrin specificity may be a desirable feature of a plasminogen activator, and the potentially slower rate of initial lysis with reteplase may reflect its reduced fibrin affinity. Nonthrombolytic effects of reteplase, a protease with reduced fibrin specificity, may also account for its lack of an incremental mortality benefit. Other possible explanations for the difference in clinical and angiographic results include an overestimate of the patency advantage in the previous trial,7 differences in the rates of reocclusion, an underestimate of the survival benefit in the current trial, or simply the play of chance.
The absolute difference in mortality at 30 days between reteplase and alteplase was 0.23 percent, with a 95 percent confidence interval of -1.11 percent to 0.66 percent. In a trial of 6010 patients, designed to assess the equivalence of reteplase and streptokinase,8 the absolute difference in mortality at 30 days was 0.5 percent in favor of reteplase, with a 95 percent confidence interval of -1.98 percent to 0.96 percent. The results of these two trials raise the question of an appropriate boundary for the definition of equivalence. In the earlier trial, this was stipulated as an absolute difference of 1 percent, but 90 percent rather than 95 percent confidence intervals were used. This absolute difference of 1 percent, however, is the same as that between an accelerated infusion of alteplase and streptokinase,1 and the use of alteplase would be associated with the prevention of one of every seven deaths that would otherwise have occurred with the established therapy. We used 95 percent confidence intervals, which exceed a definition of equivalence requiring a difference of less than 1 percent. Moreover, our study was not designed to assess equivalence, nor did it have adequate power to do so. Notwithstanding, for the secondary end point of death or disabling stroke, because the 95 percent confidence intervals are less than 1 percent, the equivalency of alteplase and reteplase is supported. As new approaches to reperfusion are attempted, we should be concerned that acceptance of broad statistical definitions of equivalence may compromise previously established benchmarks of therapy. Accordingly, the boundaries for equivalence deserve careful scrutiny with respect to the new plasminogen activators under development, including lanoteplase, recombinant staphylokinase, and TNK–tissue plasminogen activator.9
The types of patients who participate in thrombolytic trials have changed over the years (Table 4Table 4
Changes in Demographics and Major Outcomes in the GUSTO Trials over a Seven-Year Period.). For instance, in the GUSTO trials, there has been an increase in the numbers of elderly patients, with patients over 75 years of age accounting for nearly 14 percent of all patients in the current trial. There has also been increased representation of women and patients with hypertension. An important and unsettling finding is the lack of any reduction in the time to treatment during this extended period. After adjustment of the mortality and stroke models10,11 for differences in base-line features, including the increased proportion of anterior-wall infarctions, there has been no true increase in either the death rate or the rate of hemorrhagic stroke. However, an alternative interpretation is that mortality and stroke have not been reduced substantially during this period, as shown by longitudinal assessment of these successive trials performed by the same network of investigators. The apparent increase in the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke in the current trial may be related to a more complete acquisition of data, through techniques such as the centralized, systematic review of all computed tomographic scans of the head and hospital-discharge summaries.The search for more effective therapies for myocardial reperfusion will continue. The superior results of catheter-based strategies of reperfusion, as compared with thrombolytic therapy, although not entirely durable over the long term,12 most likely relate to the fact that there is earlier and more complete restoration of myocardial blood flow than occurs with thrombolytic agents. For future thrombolytic strategies to have a clear survival advantage over established ones, substantial increases in the speed, quality, and persistence of reperfusion will be required. Such advances may rely not only on plasminogen activators, which until now have resulted in complete patency in less than 60 percent of patients (within 60 to 90 minutes after therapy), but also on better adjunctive agents such as direct antithrombins, which have markedly improved the results obtained with streptokinase,13,14 or inhibitors of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa.15,16 It is equally as important to reduce the time to treatment, which remains considerably higher than the ideal of 30 minutes or less once the patient arrives at the hospital.
Supported by a grant from Boehringer Mannheim Therapeutics, Mannheim, Germany, and Gaithersburg, Md.
Dr. Topol, as study chairman, assumes full responsibility for the overall content and integrity of the manuscript.
Source Information
Address reprint requests to Dr. Eric J. Topol at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Dept. of Cardiology, F25, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195.
The investigators and institutions participating in the GUSTO III trial are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
Steering Committee — Topol E (Study Chairman), USA; Califf R (Clinical Director, Coordinating Center), USA; Ohman EM, USA; Skene AM (Director, Nottingham Clinical Trials Data Centre), United Kingdom; Wilcox R, United Kingdom; Grinfeld L, Argentina; Aylward P, Australia; Simes RJ, Australia; Probst P, Austria; Van de Werf F, Belgium; Armstrong P, Canada; Heikkila J, Finland; Vahanian A, France; Bode C, Germany; Ostör E, Hungary; Ardissino D, Italy; Deckers J, the Netherlands; White H, New Zealand; Sadowski Z, Poland; Seabra-Gomes R, Portugal; Dalby A, South Africa; Betriu A, Spain; Emanuelsson H, Sweden; Hartford M, Sweden; Follath D, Switzerland; Hampton J, United Kingdom; Bates E, USA; Gibler WB, USA; Gore J, USA; Granger C, USA; Guerci A, USA; Hochman J, USA; Holmes, D Jr., USA; Kleiman N, USA; Moliterno D, USA; Morris D, USA; Smalling R, USA; Weaver WD, USA.
Data and Safety Monitoring Committee: Neuhaus K, Cheitlin M, de Bono D, Fisher L, Frye R, Jensen G.
Stroke Review Committee: Alberts M, Granger C, Kleiman N, Mahaffey K, Miller J, Sloan M, White H.
Coordinating Center: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina Clinicians: Ohman EM, Granger C, Califf R, Anderson RD; Statisticians: Lee K, Stebbins A, Card T, Schildcrout J; Project Manager: Moffie I; Coordinators: Newark N, Blackwell D, Cianciolo C, Day T, Evans R, Janning C, Moggio M, Monds P, Oliverio R, Petrycki S, Poku M, Robinson J, Wehrle A, Wingate R, Workman J; Assistants/Support Staff: Atwood T, Beacham L, Blanchette J, Condor S, Covalt C, Duke P, Gentry T, Gilfort G, Harris-Currie E, Hodgson E, Lawrence V, Lemons P, Meade C, Schaudel C, Thompson B, Thompson G, Webb L, Weddle R, Wells-Hedgpeth M, Underwood L; Clinical Pharmacist: Christopher D; Staff Pharmacists: Dorsey M, Fiacco L, Ingle G, Harris J, Mabie J; Pharmacy Technicians: Campbell K, Curtis M, Feely S, Gross-Paige B, Jahamaliah J, Johnston K, Jones J, Vachieri B, Weaver T; Data Management Coordinator: Ellis S; Data Management/Randomization: Snapp J, Covell B, Cozart K, Dowd L, Mark D, Veasey S, Waller C, Wynne J; CEC & Safety: Winchell M, Bradsher W, Eckles R, Gordon C, Johnson T, McClanahan M, McLendon C, Pleasant V, Rathinam F, Schupp J; Follow-up: McCants C Jr., Ballard C; Hotline Clinicians: Anderson RD, Barsness G, Granger C, Thel M, Ohman EM; Administration/Operations: Melton J, Karnash S, Woodlief L, Gross S, Lemons P, Miller K, Scharenbroich M; Communications: Williams P, Bassett K; Programming: Cohen H, Cress S, Oster D, Alston K, Banta B, Flournour J, Hines R, Hollis T, Kaplan E, Kappert L, Moody S, Parrish J, Perdue R, Pitt M, Steinmetz K, Setliff G, Walker K, Young M; ECG Core Lab: Wagner G, Gates K, Song Q, Starr S.
Executive Center: Cleveland Clinic Cardiovascular Coordinating Center, Cleveland, Ohio: Topol E, Brindza A, Castle V, Fiore E, Konczos L, Passmore D, Zimmerman T.
European Coordinating Center: Nottingham Clinical Trials Data Centre, Nottingham, UK: Director: Skene AM; Project Management: Foxley A, Ward K, Wolf L; Data Management: Stead S, Townsend S, Manktelow S; Regional Site Coordinators: Salein D, Baumann-Leitner S, Bruckner M, Bruckner S, Jost C, Austria, Germany, Switzerland; Houbracken K, Teughels C, Belgium; Puhakaninen I, Seitsalo A, Finland; Louglade P, France; Csukas M, Hungary; Boscani P, Savonitto S, Italy; Teunissen Y, Keulen I, the Netherlands; Szajewski T, Poland; Macedo C, Batalha P, Portugal; Pilz J, South Africa; Escrig C, Alt B, Spain; Kreigholm E, Norberg H, Sweden; Borland I, Stimson L, United Kingdom.
Argentina Coordinating Center: Grinfeld L, Cohen M.
Australia Coordinating Center: Aylward P, Dolan S, Thomas C.
Canada Coordinating Center: Armstrong P, Martin S, Sutherland W.
New Zealand Coordinating Center: White H, Scott M, Williams B, Bucan O.
UNITED STATES — East (1131 patients) (DC, DE, KY, MD, NJ, OH, PA, VA, WV): Medical Center of Delaware, Christiana, Newark: Doorey A, O'Connor R; Danville Regional Medical Center, Danville: Miller G, Zakhary B; Lynchburg General Hospital, Lynchburg: Nygaard T, Moore C; St. Agnes Hospital, Baltimore: Bahr R, Lowry D; Camden Clark Memorial Hospital, Parkersburg: Avington M, Ritchie J; York Hospital, York: Schrading W, Sonin N; Fallston General Hospital, Fallston: Drossner M, Twonmoh J; Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore: Gottlieb P, Lowry D; Good Samaritan Hospital, Dayton: Hammer D, White C; Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church: DiLorenzo P, Magee A; Chester County Hospital, West Chester: Boyek T, Warrener C; St. Luke's Hospital, Bethlehem: Dale H, Heller M; Audubon Regional Medical Center, Louisville: Lash J, Hanrahan J; Good Samaritan Medical Center, Zanesville: VanGuilder J, Drake M; Licking Memorial Hospital, Newark: Morrice B, Heldman D; Overlook Hospital, Summit: Gregory J, Romano J; Morristown Memorial Hospital, Morristown: Banas J, Ferry J; Medical Center of Delaware, Wilmington: Doorey A, O'Connor R; EMH Regional Medical Center, Elyria: Hulyalkar A, Pronesti L; Adams County Hospital, West Union: Ashley B, Higby N; St. Joseph's Hospital, Parkersburg: Modi H, Perry S; St. Elizabeth Medical Center South, Edgewood: Schutzman J, Laroy S; Akron City Hospital, Akron: Josephson R, Jasso D; Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland: Topol E, Hejl S; Kaiser Permanente, Parma: Firestone T, Gajdowski R; Mount Vernon Hospital, Alexandria: Rosenblat A, Giovanelli T; Halifax Regional Hospital, South Boston: Goulah R, Harmer R; Ohio Valley Medical Center, Wheeling: Noble W, Noble D; Ephraim McDowell Regional Medical Center, Danville: Hempel R, Carter B; Jennie Stuart Medical Center, Hopkinsville: Traughber S, Becker S; Bethesda Hospital, Zanesville: VanGilder J, Crist K; St. Elizabeth Medical Center North, Covington: Schutzman J, Laroy S; Somerset Medical Center, Somerville: Georgeson S, Zarro M; Mount Carmel Medical Center, Columbus: Gorfinkel J, Lutmerding M; Medical College of Virginia, Richmond: Jesse R, Roberts C; Riverside Regional Medical Center, Newport News: Micale P, Harris W; St. Luke East, Florence: Schutzman J, Liles S; Franciscan Hospital–Mt. Airy Campus, Cincinnati: Crall F Jr., Higby N; Middletown Regional Hospital, Middletown: Brown G, Higby N; Ephrata Community Hospital, Ephrata: Loss D, Hollywood L; Baptist Hospital East, Louisville: Lacy J, Hanrahan J; Delaware County Memorial Hospital, Drexel Hill: Beckwith W, Videtto P; Hershey Medical Center, Hershey: Gilchrist I, Zimmerman H; Lorain Community/St. Joseph Hospital, Lorain: Hulyalkar A, Schaeffer J; Hamot Medical Center, Erie: Sharma S, Kisiel T; Obici Hospital, Suffolk: Eich D, Porter T; St. Luke's West, Florence: Schutzman J, Liles S; Community Methodist, Henderson: Neahring M, Nalley S; MedCentral Mansfield, Mansfield: Polinski W, Hershner D; Sibley Memorial Hospital, Washington: Davenport N; Mount Carmel East Hospital, Columbus: Gorfinkel J, Derck J; St. Alexis Hospital, Cleveland: Shah A, Trizzino C; St. Agnes Medical Center, Philadelphia: Covalesky V, Schliefer C; Fair Oaks Hospital, Fairfax: Barker W, Herron R; Kent and Queen Anne's Hospital, Chestertown: Young G, Konz K; Franciscan Hospital–Western Hills Campus, Cincinnati: Crall F Jr., Higby N; Cannonsburg General, Cannonsburg: Gehl L, Diilio R; St. Joseph Medical Center, Towson: Gottlieb S, Nolan S; St. Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston: Torre S; The Christ Hospital, Cincinnati: Runyon J, Higby N; Brandywine Hospital & Trauma Center, Coatesville: Ferrari D, Hollywood L; Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore: Gurbel P, Serebruany V; Firelands Community INOHC, Sandusky: McGuinn P, Pronesti L; Jeanes Hospital, Philadelphia: Parris T, Fireman A; Community Hospital of Lancaster, Lancaster: Loss D, Hollywood L; Newton Memorial Hospital, Newton: Redline P, Owens P; Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh: Vesio K, Ward J; St. Mary's Hospital, Langhorne: Fields R, Cistone M; Twin County Regional Hospital, Galax: Puma J, Jones L; Northeast (1098 patients) (CT, ME, MA, NH, NY, RI, VT): Kent County Memorial Hospital, Warwick: Salzsieder K, Lake B; Glens Falls Hospital, Glens Falls: Layden J, Venon N; AtlantiCare Medical Center–Union Hospital, Lynn: Zarren H, Block L; Concord Hospital, Concord: Levick C, Deloge K; Lawrence & Memorial Hospital, New London: Andrias W, Korn R; Milford Regional Hospital, Milford: Shine W, Nichols P; St. John's Riverside Hospital, Yonkers: Sheikh S, Strauss J; Ellis Hospital, Schenectady: Parkes R, Lindenberg B; St. Peter's Hospital, Albany: Desantis J, DeMeo D; Park Ridge Hospital, Rochester: Rocco T, Ghosh R; Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island: McCord D, Viswanathan N; Falmouth Hospital, Falmouth: Urbach D, Bull T; North Shore University Hospital, Plainview: Binder A, Ryan C; Sound Shore Medical Center Westchester, New Rochelle: Gitler B, Keltz T; Wilson Memorial Hospital, Johnson City: Jamal N, Whiting D; Leominster Hospital, Leominster: Mercadante N, Cunningham C; Day Kimball Hospital, Putnam: Modica J, Senecal B; St. Vincent Hospital, Worcester: Bishop R, Arsenault P; Rochester General Hospital, Rochester: Thompson M, Hoffman D; Greenwich Hospital, Greenwich: Seidenstein H, Reilly H; Berkshire Medical Center, Pittsfield: Zwerner P, Orsi B; Sturdy Memorial Hospital, Attleboro: Dicola J, Nordstrom S; Griffin Hospital, Derby: Rashkow A, Shah J; Danbury Hospital, Danbury: Alexander J, Copen D; Staten Island University Hospital South, Staten Island: Lefkovic L, Viswanathan N; St. Luke's–(Roosevelt) Hospital Center, New York: Palazzo A, Tamis J; (St. Luke's)–Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York: Leber R, McAnulty M; Northern Westchester Hospital, Mt. Kisco: Wallach R, Keeler K; St. Clare's Hospital, Schenectady: Parkes R, Lindenberg B; Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Williamsville: Corbelli J, Janicke D; The Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket: Khan A, O'Neil P; Huntington Hospital, Huntington: Weinberg M, Caliceno C; Millard Fillmore Hospital, Buffalo: Corbelli J, Janicke D; Phelps Memorial Hospital, North Tarrytown: Fass A, Moore W; Addison Gilbert Hospital, Gloucester: Aresian M, Lacey L; Arnot Ogden Medical, Elmira: Deluccia W, Tanner D; Brattleboro Memorial Hospital, Brattleboro: Tepfer B, Wanta P; Mercy Hospital, Springfield: Traub S, Ranahan A; Health Alliance–Burbank Hospital, Fitchburg: Wilson P, Kazmierczak B; Lakes Region General Hospital, Laconia: Rosenfeld A, Waldron K; Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport: McPherson C, Yasick D; Saints Memorial Medical Center, Lowell: Birkhead R, Kycia K; New Britain General Hospital, New Britain: Sands M, Malone P; St. Mary's Regional Hospital, Lewistown: Weiss R, Abisalih D; St. Joseph's Medical Center, Yonkers: Bleiberg M, Rispoli M; Albany Memorial Hospital, Albany: Desantis J, Mosca K; Miriam Hospital, Providence: Sadaniantz A, Staples B; St. John's Queens Hospital, Elmhurst: Kantrowitz N, Visco F; Brookhaven Memorial Hospital, Patchogue: Zema M, Veltri S; Buffalo General Hospital, Buffalo: Graham S, Henault M; Lowell General Hospital, Lowell: Pinsky L, Pelleriti L; St. Francis Hospital, Roslyn: Guerci A, Christie-Gulotta C; York Hospital, York: Petrovich L, Petrovich S; Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston: Weiss R, Abisalih D; WCA Hospital, Jamestown: Cirbus J, Walton R; Central (935 patients) (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MO, MN, NE, ND, OK, SD, WI): MacNeal Hospital, Berwyn: Clark S, McNally R; Fairview–Southdale Hospital, Edina: Hession W, Sturm S; DePaul Health Center, Bridgeton: Camp A, Buhr L; Garden City Hospital, Garden City: Papasifakis E, Miracle N; Botsford General Hospital, Farmington Hills: Rasak M, Pierce L; St. Joseph Health Center, St. Charles: Ferrigni F, Magrew B; Mid-Michigan Regional Medical Center, Midland: Genovese R, Penney J; St. Paul–Ramsey Medical Center, St. Paul: Swenson L, Vittum K; Community Hospital East, Indianapolis: Harlamert E, Sprague R; Butterworth Hospital, Grand Rapids: Besley D, Dunn S; Burlington Medical Center, Burlington: Henderson C, Brent L; St. Mary's Health Services, Grand Rapids: Lojek M, Mroz P; Blodgett Memorial Medical Center, Grand Rapids: Grove R, Johnson E; Proctor Hospital, Peoria: Schmidt P, Ness C; Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago: Chandna H, Quasny H; Pekin Hospital, Pekin: Schmidt P, Zimmerman T; St. Mary's Medical Center, Duluth: Albin G, Neva C; Douglas County Hospital, Alexandria: Verant R, Rentz J; Fairview Ridges Hospital, Burnsville: Hession W, Sturm S; Christ Hospital and Medical Center, Oak Lawn: Abramowitz B, Kreplick L; St. Mary's Medical Center, Evansville: Millsaps R, Ernest J; Midwest City Regional Hospital, Midwest City: Baber Z, Chambers D; Mt. Clemens General Hospital, Mt. Clemens: Kazmierski J, Thompson L; St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor: Bengtson J, Adolphson M; Allen Memorial Hospital, Waterloo: Pamulapati M, Brickman D; Winona Community Memorial Hospital, Winona: Edin A, Gerdes J; Missouri Delta Medical Center, Sikeston: Pfefferkorn D, Vickery K; St. Joseph Hospital, Kirkwood: Fagan L, Donnell J, Robinson D; Bay Medical Center, Bay City: Mohan K, Brown M; St. Joseph Hospital West, Lake St. Louis: Ferrigni F, Laramie W; St. Francis Medical Center, Peoria: Schmidt P, Ness C; Providence Hospital, Southfield: Duvernoy W, David S; Starke Memorial Hospital, Knox: Nguyen T; Mercy Medical Center, Minneapolis: Anderson B, Sentz B; St. Alexius Medical Center, Bismarck: Oatfield R, McPherson D; Saint Therese Medical Center, Waukegan: Cheng T, Monroe C; St. Luke's Hospital, Saginaw: Gudipati R, Andrews M; St. Francis Hospital, Tulsa: Brewer D, Parker J; Condell Medical Center, Libertyville: Okner J, Steckel L; Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis: Schumacher R, Thomas L; Stormontt–Vail Regional Medical Center, Topeka: Payne P, McMaster S; St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Pontiac: Heinsimer J, Markowski K; Lake Forest Hospital, Lake Forest: Alexander J, Steckel L; Dearborn County Hospital, Lawrenceburg: Cardosi R, Higby N; St. Joseph's Hospital, Omaha: Mooss A, Stengel L; Mercy Health Center, Dubuque: Loukinen K, Hoyer S; Highland Park Hospital, Highland Park: Alexander J, Steckel L; Annapolis Hospital, Wayne: Love J, Morelli J; United Memorial Hospital, Greenville: Kovack P, Dunn S; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City: Meyers D, Edwards C; University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor: Bates E, Quain L; Saginaw General Hospital, Saginaw: Gudipati R, Andrews M; Bryan Memorial Hospital, Lincoln: Mahapatra S, Foster J; Methodist Medical Center, Peoria: Schmidt P, Ness C; Community Hospital South, Indianapolis: Harlamert E, Sprague R; North Memorial Medical Center, Robbinsdale: Hanovich G, Antolick A; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana: Handler B, Lofrano S; Ball Memorial Hospital, Muncie: Graham B, Swinehart M; Riverside Osteopathic Hospital, Trenton: Rogers F, Walthal S; St. Mary's Health Center, St. Louis: Whiting R, Milton J; St. Nicholas Hospital, Sheboygan: Coulis L, Sommers T; Community Hospital North, Indianapolis: Harlamert E, Sprague R; Finley Hospital, Dubuque: Loukinen K, Hoyer S; Columbia Hospital, Milwaukee: Wilson B, Matheus J; West (799 patients) (AK, AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY): McKenzie Willamette Hospital, Springfield: Chappell J, Dennis G; Mt. Hood Medical Center, Gresham: Hart M, Nissl G; Southwest Washington Medical Center, Medical Center Campus, Vancouver: Swenson R, Cluzel M; St. Mary's Hospital, Tucson: Lancaster L, Lansman D; Walter O. Boswell Memorial Hospital, Sun City: Browne P, Vavrick R; Desert Samaritan Medical Center, Mesa: Stern M, Bartlett D; Memorial Medical Center, Modesto: Lai P, Baker S; Yavapai Regional Medical Center, Prescott: Newton A, Lynch A; Merced Community Medical Center, Merced: Nallasivan M, Aquino-McCarthy O; Alameda Hospital, Alameda: Raskin S, Irzk C; Good Samaritan Hospital, Puyallup: Peizner D, Regulado M; Sutter Roseville Community Hospital, Roseville: Fehrenbacher G, Seymour K; St. Anthony Hospital Central, Denver: Svinarich J, Knightly A; Kaiser Foundation, Woodland Hills: Ryman K, Stewart C; Sacred Heart General Hospital, Eugene: Chappell J, Lind M; Affiliated Health Services, Mount Vernon: Rowe W, Goodman J; Tacoma General Hospital, Tacoma: Banitt P, Burton C; Maricopa Medical Center, Phoenix: Glatter T, Jacobsen T; Mercy Hospital and Health Services, Merced: Nallasivan M, Sanford M; Doctors Hospital, Pinole: Hill D, Weiland D; Valley Lutheran Hospital, Mesa: Stern M, Mitchell A; Trinity Mother Frances Hospital, Tyler: Navetta F, Gould T; ValleyCare Medical Center, Pleasanton: Kwee H, Vattuone M; St. Agnes Medical Center, Fresno: Merrill D, Lopez M; St. Elizabeth Hospital, Beaumont: Lombardo T, Long M; Lyndon B. Johnson General Hospital, Houston: Smalling R, Thandroyen F; Lutheran Hospital, Wheat Ridge: Martel D, Aris G; Straub Clinic and Hospital, Honolulu: White R, Morgan C; Pioneer Valley, West Valley City: Lee H, Sticinski D; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix: Kraus M, Casey K; Portland Adventist Medical Center, Portland: Hart M, Moyer R; St. Joseph Hospital, Orange: Wesley G, Keefer-Lynch A; Brookside Hospital, San Pablo: Hill D, Arambula L; St. Anthony Hospital North, Westminster: Svinarich J, Knightly A; Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield: Ragland A, Pershadsingh H; Thunderbird Samaritan Medical Center, Glendale: Saini J, Woody F; Hoag Memorial Hospital, Newport Beach: Haskell R, Porter K; St. Mary Medical Center, Long Beach: Witter B, Dibernardo N; St. Alphonsus Regional Medical Center, Boise: Priest M, Bethel T; Holy Family Hospital, Spokane: Leimgruber P, Kintschi F; Del E. Webb Hospital, Sun City: Caplan J, Alvarez J; Denver General Hospital, Denver: Havranek E, McGovern K; St. Luke's Regional Medical Center, Boise: Priest M, Bethel T; Scott and White Clinic, Temple: Baum A, Stern S; West Houston Medical Center, Houston: Tang S, Nishikawa A; Wyoming Medical Center, Casper: Mattern A, Cann J; Daniel Freeman Hospital, Inglewood: Chesne R, Hattori V; Virginia Mason Hospital, Seattle: Mahrer K, Walsh R; Dominican Santa Cruz Hospital, Santa Cruz: Finegan R, Dempsey E; Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles: Mahrer P, Kotlewski A; Good Samaritan Regional Medical, Phoenix: Selsky E, Vanderslice B; Columbia Northwest Hospital, Tucson: Lancaster L, Lansman D; Peace Harbor Hospital, Florence: Christie L, Jacques R; University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Galveston: Stouffer G, Potter M; Valley Hospital and Medical Center, Spokane: Leimgruber P, Kintschi F; South (781 patients) (AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, SC, TN): Anderson Area Medical Center, Anderson: Morse H, Spoon D; Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville: Ferguson R, Henry L; Columbia Grand Strand Regional Medical Center, Myrtle Beach: Trask N III, Grose R; Margaret R. Pardee Memorial Hospital, Henderson: Goodfield P, Goodfield T; Memorial Mission Hospital, Asheville: Maddox W, Allen S; St. Patrick Hospital, Lake Charles: White J, Brashear C; Gaston Memorial Hospital, Gastonia: Silver M, Preston A; Presbyterian Hospital, Charlotte: Iwaoka R, Whisnant D; Athens Regional Medical Center, Athens: Sinyard R Jr., Baugus-Wellmeier B; Cabarrus Memorial Hospital, Concord: Campbell P, Smith C; St. Joseph's Hospital, Asheville: Maddox W, Allen S; Baptist Medical Center, Jacksonville: Schrank J, Schrank J; Tallahassee Memorial Regional Medical Center, Tallahassee: Williams D, Evans A; Dekalb Medical Center, Decatur: Sherman S, Greenman C; Venice Hospital, Venice: Baga V, Miller K; University Hospital, Tamarac: Schneider R, Schneider W; Southeastern Regional Medical Center, Lumberton: Beasley C, Pittman F; Redmond Regional Medical Center, Rome: Ware J, Hardy C; Bay Medical Center, Panama City: Williams C, Rodes C; East Alabama Medical Center, Opelika: Ingram R, Ledbetter M; Raulerson Hospital, Okeechobee: Riaz M, Afsharimehr M; Wuesthoff Memorial, Rockledge: Sheik S, Quattrachi F; Doctors' Hospital of Sarasota, Sarasota: Frey M, Browning T; Health Central Hospital, Orlando: Gonzalez M, Jopperi L; Franklin Regional Medical Center, Louisburg: Kile P, Wester F; University Hospital, Augusta: Chandler A, Edwards M; Columbia Memorial Hospital of Jacksonville, Jacksonville: Seals A, Hartley J; Bayfront Hospital, St. Petersburg: Walsh J, Lawson J; Onslow Memorial Hospital, Jacksonville: Tse A, Sosa N; Charlotte Regional Medical Center, Punta Gorda: Popper P, Dunham D; Emory Adventist Hospital, Smyrna: Morris D, Moehring K; Morton Plant Mease Health Care–Dunedin, Dunedin: Gibbs K; Overton Brooks VAMC, Shreveport: Sheridan F, Penny L; Presbyterian Hospital–Matthews, Matthews: Iwaoka R, Whisnant D; Lake Norman Medical Regional Hospital, Mooresville: Sugarman D, Rogers K; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock: Talley J, Ashcraft S; Baptist Memorial Hospital–Tippah County, Ripley: Cappleman T, Shelton B; Coosa Valley Hospital, Sylacauga: Stanford D, Maske L; Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota: Frey M, Browning T; St. Luke's Hospital, Jacksonville: Lane G, Ebener K; Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta: Schlant R, Jeffries V; Floyd Medical Center, Rome: Ware J, Sherman J; Duke University Medical Center, Durham: Ohman EM, Berrios E; University of North Carolina Memorial Hospital, Chapel Hill: Crenshaw B, Jackson M; Baptist Memorial Hospital–Memphis, Memphis: McGrew F, Brown T; Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga: McKoy R, Steelman J; McLellan Memorial VA Hospital, Little Rock: Talley J, Ashcraft S; Cape Fear Valley Medical Center, Fayetteville: Ginn S, Teter Y; Baptist Memorial Hospital East, Memphis: McGrew F, Brown T; University Community Hospital–Carrollwood, Tampa: Smith J, Sullivan C; Memorial Medical Center, Savannah: Beeson W, Grogan P; Person County Memorial, Roxboro: Long T, McDowell R; Baptist Memorial Hospital–Tipton, Covington: Cannon J Jr., Wallace T; Birmingham Baptist Medical Center, Birmingham: Reeves R, Maske L; Crawford Long Hospital, Atlanta: Morris D, Moehring K; Edgefield County Hospital, Edgefield: Chandler A, Edwards M.
CANADA (2018 patients): Peel Memorial Hospital, Brampton: Gupta M, Antoni K; Scarborough Grace Hospital, Scarborough: Zadra R, Hutton D; Scarborough General Hospital, Scarborough: Roth S, Smith J; St. Boniface General Hospital, Winnipeg: Morris A, Carr V; Toronto East General Hospital, Toronto: Lefkowitz C, Hambly P; Centenary Health Centre, Scarborough: Goode JE, Bozek B; Pasqua Hospital, Regina: Gebhardt V, Taylor J; Calgary General Hospital, Calgary: Roth D, Beresford P; Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa: Turek M, Biro E; Oshawa General, Oshawa: Bhargava R, McCallum A; Cambridge Memorial Hospital, Cambridge: Vizel S, Menard J; York Central Hospital, Richmond Hill: Blakely J, Carnegie L; Montfort Hospital, Ottawa: Quinn B, Gagne R; Sturgeon General Hospital, St. Albert: Lakhani Z, Borgersen K; Kingston General Hospital, Kingston: Curtis M, Evans J; Greater Niagara General Hospital, Niagara Falls: Chan Y, Atherton J; Norfolk General Hospital, Simcoe: Chiu S, Nagrani P; Grey Bruce Regional Health Center, Owen Sound: Kuruvilla G, Glass S; University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton: Tymchak W, Kee C; North York General Hospital, Willowdale: Lubelsky B, Bunka R; St. Paul's Hospital, Saskatoon: Khouri M, Dhingra S; St. Joseph's Hospital, London: Wisenberg G, Danter W; North York Branson Hospital, Willowdale: Teitelbaum E, Strauss M; Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey: Kornder J, Prentice C; The Moncton Hospital, Moncton: Trifts R, Robichaud-Trifts C; Etobicoke General Hospital, Rexdale: To T, Gillett J; Grace General Hospital, Winnipeg: McDowell J, Ziemski R; Health Sciences Center, St. John's: Rose B, Skanes J; University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa: Labinaz M, Kearns S; Grand River Hospital Kitchener-Waterloo, Kitchener: Tallon J, Janzen I; Victoria Hospital, London: Finnie K, McCreery S; Thunder Bay Regional–McKellar, Thunder Bay: Weeks A, Czolpinski T; Guelph General Hospital, Guelph: Chan N, Misterski T; Oakville Trafalger Memorial Hospital, Oakville: Zawadowski A, Franks R; Penticton Regional Hospital, Penticton: Ashton T, Hernandez J; Windsor Regional Hospital, Metropolitan, Windsor: Mandal A, Difederico C; Royal Victoria Hospital, Barrie: Burke B, Chomyc R; Hotel Dieu Grace Hospital, Windsor: Fulop J, Yakopich M; Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston: Curtis M, Sanfilippo A; Victoria General Hospital, Halifax: Bata I, Curley S; Stratford General Hospital, Stratford: VanWalraven A, Smith P; St. Mary's Hospital, Kitchener: Tallon, J, Janzen I; Concordia Hospital, Winnipeg: Smith H, Mohammed I; Sarnia General Hospital, Sarnia: Sahay B, Duffield L; Regina General Hospital, Regina: Aboguddah A, Kyle C; Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton: Hui W, Williams R; Windsor Western Regional, Windsor: Pearce M, Fulop J; Prince George Regional Hospital, Prince George: MacRitchie D, Sweeney R; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto: Langer A, Goodman S; Centre Regional Hospital Lanaudiere, Joliette: Kouz S, LaForest M; University Hospital, London: Jablonsky G, Allegretti M; Orillia Soldiers' Memorial Hospital, Orillia: Alexander D, Campbell D; Royal Inland Hospital, Kamloops: Reid R, Kembel L; Saint John Regional Hospital, St. John: Bessoudo R, McKim B; Mission Memorial Hospital, Mission: Baillie H, Savoy J; Lake of the Woods District Hospital, Kenora: Cameron W, Adams L; Ridge Meadows Hospital, Maple Ridge: Ervin F, Auersperg E; Victoria General Hospital, Winnipeg: Sinha S, Moorby C; Foothills Hospital, Calgary: Traboulsi M, Galbraith D; Misericordia Hospital, Edmonton: Greenwood P, Muzyka T; Hotel Dieu Montreal, Montreal: Phaneuf D, Pilon C; Plummer Memorial Hospital, Sault Ste. Marie: Gould D, Barban K; Camp Hill Medical Centre, Halifax: Bata I, Curley S; Campbell River Hospital, Campbell River: Heath J, Thompson M; Valley Regional Hospital, Kentville: O'Reilly M, Fairfax J; Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon: Lopez J, Kuny P; Lionsgate Hospital, North Vancouver: Imrie J, Moore R; Rockyview Hospital, Calgary: Giannoccaro P, Jordan L; Credit Valley Hospital, Mississauga: Strauss H, Loughlin A; Grey Nuns Community Health Center, Edmonton: Senaratne M, Goeres M; York County Hospital, Newmarket: Hess A, Gaudet M; Woodstock General Hospital, Woodstock: Carter R, McGillen J; Vernon Jubilee Hospital, Vernon: Tsang T, Barnes M; Port Arthur General Thunder Bay, Thunder Bay: Lai C, Kwiatkowski K; Saskatoon City Hospital, Saskatoon: Lopez J, Hamilton D; Cobequid Multi-Service Centre, Lower Sackville: Bata I, Curley S; Mississauga Hospital, Mississauga: Kannampuzha P, Hink H; Queensway General, Etobicoke: Sevitt B, Fitzsimons J; Cowichan District Hospital, Duncan: Hilton D, Allan C; Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto: Morgan C, Freskiw K; Fort McMurray Regional Hospital, Fort McMurray: Sauve M, Szlachetka B; Sudbury Memorial Hospital, Sudbury: Juma Z, Nawaz S; St. Joseph's General Hospital, Thunder Bay: Lai C, Kwiatkowski K.
UNITED KINGDOM (1408 patients): University Hospital, Nottingham: Wilcox R, Congreave S; Kings Mill Hospital, Sutton-in-Ashfield: Rowley J, Beal A; North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester: Swan J; Fazakerley Hospital, Liverpool: Rodrigues E, Somauroo J; City Hospital, Nottingham: Banks D, Knowles K; City Hospital, Birmingham: Watson R; North Tees General Hospital, North Tees: Smith R, Bell H; York District Hospital, York: Boyle R, Wiseman B; North Staffordshire Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent: Davis J, Middleton B; Southmead General Hospital, Bristol: Dwight J, Durham B; Luton and Dunstable Hospital, Luton: Travill C, Jackson N; Ashford Hospital, Ashford: Wilkinson P, Heath J; West Suffolk Hospital, Bury St. Edmunds: Siklos P, Hunt J; Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds: Reynolds G, Hamer D; Royal United Hospital, Bath: Thomas R, Wicks M; Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford: Murray M, Turner D; Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge: Weissberg P, Turtill S; Hillingdon Hospital, Uxbridge: Sutton G, Ellison A; Monklands Hospital, Airdrie: Rodger J, Pell A; Oldchurch Hospital, Romford: Stephens J, Kadr H; The Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth: Rozkovec A; Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, Dumfries: Tait G, Gysin J; General Hospital, Hartlepool: Tildesley G, Wilkinson H; Oldham Royal Hospital, Oldham: Coupe M, Sujit-Kumar P; Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow: Lahiri A, Basu S; Crawley Hospital, Crawley: Bailey R, Sneddon J; Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton: James M, Gosh D; St. Peters Hospital, Chertsey: Joy M, Gardner J; Dewsbury District Hospital, Dewsbury: Kemp T, Ahir S; North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke: Fowler J; Epsom General Hospital, Epsom: Odemuyiwa S, Leadbeater R; Darlington Memorial Hospital, Darlington: Murphy J, Alcock S; King George Hospital, Goodmayes: Deaner A, Smy K; Wycombe General Hospital, High Wycombe: Hendry W, Houghton J; General Hospital, Trafford: Trelawny J; Royal Preston Hospital, Preston: Khan S, Fisher S; Poole Hospital, Poole: McLeod A, Howarth B; Princess Royal Hospital, Telford: Heber M; Rotherham District General, Rotherham: Muthusamy R, Haste A; Scunthorpe General Hospital, Scunthorpe: Dhawan J, Petkar S; Macclesfield District General Hospital, Macclesfield: Davies E, Price B; Halton General Hospital, Runcorn: Rose E, Lewis R; Victoria Hospital, Blackpool: Roberts D, Davies C; Tameside General Hospital, Ashton-under-Lyne: Husaini M, Cotton G; North Middlesex Hospital, London: Banim S, Todd N; Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli: Avery P; Hereford County Hospital, Hereford: Pitcher D, Glancy J; Queen Margaret Hospital, Dunfermline: MacLeod D, Anderson N; Southern General Hospital, Glasgow: Murdoch D.
GERMANY (1243 patients): Kreiskrankenhaus Grevenbroich, Grevenbroich: Wacker P; Krankenhaus am Urban, Berlin–Kreuzberg: Hoffmann S; Krankenhaus, München: Doering W; Krankenhaus an der Weser, Hameln: Topp H; Evangelisches Krankenhaus, Witten: Horacek T; St. Sixtus-Hospital, Haltern: Bethien RD; Kreiskrankenhaus Gifhorn, Gifhorn: Kreft H; Krankenhaus Neukölln, Berlin: Forycki F; Allg. Krankenhaus Wandsbeck, Hamburg: Gartemann A; Universitätsklinik Tübingen, Tübingen: Hoffmeister HM; Malteser-Krankenhaus St. Elisabeth, Jülich: Jebens C; Klinikum Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg: Bode C; Stadtklinik Baden Baden, Baden Baden: Kaschner W; Kreiskrankenhaus Weinheim, Weinheim: Höltermann F; Krieskrankenhaus Rudolstadt, Rudolstadt: Meier F; Krankenhaus Traunstein, Traunstein: Schlotterbeck K; Krankenhaus Bietigheim, Bietigheim: Hey D; Theresienkrankenhaus, Mannheim: Chorianopoulos E; Klinikum Kreis Herford, Herford: Schmitz-Hümubner; Borromäus-Hospital, Leer: Overbeck P; Krankenhaus Porz am Rhein, Köln: Hossmann V; DRK-Krankenhaus Westerwald, Hachenburg: Kaulhausen A; St. Franziskus-Hospital, Köln: Schneider F; Kreiskrankenhaus Böblingen, Böblingen: Nebelsieck H; Klinikum Minden, Minden: Kratzsch G; Kreiskrankenhaus Tuttlingen, Tuttlingen: Kauder E; Ev. Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Berlin: Justiz R; Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder, Trier: Hauptmann K; Krankenhaus Dresden–Friedrichstadt, Dresden: Altmann H; Evangelisches Krankenhaus Kalk, Köln: Wacker R; Krankenhaus Trostberg, Trostberg: Biedermann; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen: Moshage; Klinikum Süd Nürenburg, Nürenburg: Burkhardt; Städtische Kliniken, Oldenburg: Brunsz A; Paracelsus-Klinik Hemer, Hemer: Riebeling V; Krankenhaus Stift Bethlehem, Ludwigslust: Köber H; St. Franziskus Krankenhaus, Aachen: Dienst C; Caritas-Krankenhaus Uhlandst, Bad Mergentheim: Bundschuh H; Kreiskrankenhaus Rastatt, Rastatt: Keller H; Krankenhaus Düren, Düren: Simon; Zentralkranenhaus, Bremen: Meyer-Hoffmann H; Prosper Hospital, Recklinghausen: Tomsik H; Kreiskrankenhaus Buchen, Buchen: Göttfert; Krankenhaus Hameln-Pyrmont, Hameln-Pyrmont: Depping K; Krankenhaus St. Josef Stift, Bremen: Caeser K; Klinik Fränkische Schweiz, Ebermannstadt: Hamer; Kreiskrankenhaus, Güstrow: Throß J; Städtisches Krankenhaus, Salgitter: Glogner P; Waldkrankenhaus “Rudolf Elle,” Eisenberg: Schmolke G; St. Josefskrankenhaus, Heidelberg: Stein U; Zentralkrankenhaus Reinkenheide, Bremerhaven: Dissmann; Krankenhaus-Spitalfond, Waldshut-Tiengen: Kurth C; Kreiskrankenhaus Freising, Freising: Mackes; Herzzentrum Leipzig–Uniklinik, Leipzig: Spranger C; St. Antonius-Krankenhaus, Köln: Scholz D; Kreiskrankenhaus Sinsheim, Sinsheim: Schatz R; Klinikum der Universität, Frankfurt: Hohenloser; Marien-Krankenhaus, Bergisch Gladbach: Hinzmann S; St. Josef-Hospital, Gelsenkirchen: Callsen H; St. Carolus Frankenhaus, Görlitz: Breuer H; Klinikum Hoyerswerda, Hoyerswerda: Berwing; Ev. Krankenhaus, Darmstadt: Schneider W; Stadtkrankenhaus Rüsselsheim, Rüsselsheim: von Mengden H; St-Marien-Hospital, Köln: von Smekal P; St. Salvator Krankenhaus, Halberstadt: Unger T; Klinikum der Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Jena-Neulobeda Ost, Jena-Neulobeda Ost: Thiele R; Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg: Jeserich; Städtisches Klinikum, Pforzheim: Helwing H-P; Kreiskrankenhaus, Neustadt–Aisch: Spitzer W; Krankenhaus Maria-Hilf, Krefeld: Peters U; Städtische Klinik Leipzig West, Leipzig West: Kottwitz B; Klinikum Lippe-Lemgo GmbH, Lemgo: Alswede; Kreiskrankenhaus Querfurt, Querfurt: Kozariszczuk G; “Georgius Agricola,” Saalfeld: Hässler W; Lukas-Hospital-Anklam, Anklam: Krabbe; Luisenhospital, Aachen: Ontyd J; Kreiskrankenhaus Nauen, Berlin: Hampel D; Kreiskrankenhaus, Fürstenwalde: Gröschke K; Krankenhaus in Friedrichshain, Berlin: Titlbach; Kreiskrankenhaus Gelnhausen, Gelnhausen: Consemüller; Ketteler Krankenhaus, Offenbach: Nast; St. Elisabeth Krankenhaus Mayen GmbH, Mayen: Kilp M; St. Barbara Hospital, Gladbeck: Graupner M; Malteser Krankenhaus St. Franziskus Hospital, Flensburg: Wick C; Kreiskrankenhaus Giessen in Lich, Giessen in Lich: Goubeaud G; Städtisches Klinikum “St. Georg,” Leipzig: Thiele H; Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Essen: Wittstamm F; Klinikum Stralsund, Stralsund: Müller-Esch G; Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg: Maisch B; Marienhospital, Düsseldorf: Adamczak M.
AUSTRALIA (1088 patients): Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA: Tideman P, Gow D; Gosford Hospital, Gosford, NSW: Woods J, Conway B; Geelong Hospital, Geelong, VIC: Appelbe A, Tyack B; Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC: Hunt D, Sallaberger M; Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD: Cross D, Fitzpatrick L; Redcliffe Hospital, Redcliffe, QLD: Carroll P, Duroux M; Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre–Austin Campus, Heidelberg, VIC: Tonkin A, Brown L; John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW: Leitch J, Cox K; Dandenong Hospital, Dandenong, VIC: Counsell J, Martin M; Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, WA: Hendricks R, Garrett J; Sutherland Hospital, Caringbah, NSW: Healey J, Spencer C; Ashford Community Hospital, Ashford, SA: Lehman R, Robinson D; Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS: Thompson A, Neid P; Western General Hospital, Footscray, VIC: Newman R, Peeler C; Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS: Singh B, Singh C; Nepean Hospital, Penrith, NSW: Fitzpatrick M, Schoevers D; Gold Coast Hospital, Southport, QLD: Aroney G, Hicks P; Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD: Garrahy P, Hall C; Woden Valley Hospital, Canberra, ACT: Jeffery I, Taverner P; North Western Adelaide Health Service–Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA: Horowitz J, Leslie S; St. George Hospital Kogarah, NSW: Ramsay D, Davidson T; Rockhampton Base Hospital, Rockhampton, QLD: Gnanaharan C, Armstrong C; Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA: Rankin J, Brooks M; Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW: Nelson G, Padley J; Ballarat Base Hospital, Ballarat, VIC: Stickland J, Taylor L; Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA: Brown M, Kealley J; Illawarra Regional Hospital, Wollongong, NSW: Owensby D, Davidson T; Box Hill Hospital, Box Hill, VIC: Lim Y, Roberts L; The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD: Bett N, O'Brien D; Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW: Walsh W, Friend C; Townsville General Hospital, Townsville, QLD: Cannon A, Russo T; Nambour General Hospital, Nambour, QLD: Coverdale S, Cocks C; Coffs Harbour Base Hospital, Coffs Harbour, NSW: Waites J, Cahill P; Royal Darwin Hospital, Casuarina, NT: Burrow J, Nelson T; Alfred Hospital, Prahran, VIC: Federman J, Briggs H; Cairns Base Hospital, Cairns, QLD: Lim C, Cooke B; Canterbury Hospital, Campsie, NSW: Wikramanayake R, Vickers P; Mildura Base Hospital, Mildura, VIC: Soward A, Berry S; Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre–Repatriation Campus, West Heidelberg, VIC: Hamer A, Bradbury J; North Western Adelaide Health Service–Lyell McEwin Hospital, Vale, Adelaide, SA: Horowitz J, Rose J; Wyong Hospital, Kanwal, NSW: Woods J, Kearney A; Manly Hospital, Manly, NSW: Black I, Searle J.
SWEDEN (1041 patients): Malmö University Hospital, Malmö: Hansen O, Holm J; Borås Hospital, Borås: Wettervik C, Tolagen K; Hjärtmottagningen, Västeras: Bandh S, Malmquist L; Òstra Hospital, Göteborg: Eriksson P, Dellborg M; Sahlgrenskasjukhuset, Göteborg: Emanuelsson H, Hartford M; Mölndals Hospital, Mölndals: Risenfors M, Lundströrm T; Norrköpings Hospital, Norrköpings: Falk S, Nilsson O; Centralsjukhuset, Kristianstad: Ohlsson O, Mattsson E; Norrlands University Hospital, Umeå: Näslund U, Söderberg S; Medical Klinik, Falun: Ahlberg G, Pihl E; Lunds Hospital, Lunds: Molund T, Öhlin H; Mälar Hospital, Eskilstuna: Stjerna A, Basilier E; Regional Hospital, Örebro: Ryttberg B, Björkman-Tofeldt C; Ängelhoms Hospital, Ängelhoms: Ahremark U, Nyman P; Östersunds Hospital, Östersunds: Friberg B, Lövheim O; Sundsvall Hospital, Sundsvall: Möller B, Lycksell M; Huddinge Hospital, Huddinge: Rasmanis G, Nyquist O; Central Hospital, Karlstad: Carlsson R, Åbjörn C; Sandvikens Hospital, Sandviken: Ellström J, Brodersson H; Central Hospital, Växjö: Östberg S, Andersson G; Kalmar Hospital, Kalmar: Ryden S, Landgren F; Piteå Hospital, Piteå: Lindgren U, Zingmark A; Kiruna Hospital, Kiruna: Stålnacke S, Petersson B.
POLAND (625 patients): Szpital Wolski, Warszawa: Grodzki W; Szpital Bródnowski, Warszawa: Kuch J; Klinika Hematologii AM, Poznan: Zawilska K; Szpital Miejski, Gdynia: Czestochowska E; Instytut Medycyny Morskiek, Gdynia: Górski J; Klinika Kardiologii, Bydgoszcz: Nartowicz E; Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony, Plock: Malinski A; Szpital Wojewódzki, Wroclaw: Wrabec K; Klinika Chorób Serca, Gdansk: Swiatecka G; Szpital Zespolony im T Marciniaka, Wroclaw: Loboz-Grudzien K; Oddzial Intensywney Opieki Kardiologicznej, Warszawa: Stepinska J; Instytut Kardiologii, Szczecin: Kornacewicz-Jach Z; Instytut Kardiologii AM, Poznan: Cieslinski A; Centralny Szpital Kliniczny AM, Warszawa: Kraska T; Klinika Kardiologii IMW AM, Lódz: Krzeminska-Pakula M; Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony, Radom: Achremczyk P; Pogotowie Ratunkowe, Warszawa: Dyduszynski A; Klinika Choroby Wiencowej, Warsawa: Sadowski Z; Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony, Szczecin: Kurowski M; Szpital Wojewódzki Jana Pawla, Zamosc: Kleinrok A; Szpital Miejski, Milanówek: Stopinski M; II Klinka Kardiologii, Poznan: Wierzchowiecki M; Instytut Chorób Wewn. AM. Warszawa, Warszawa: Pfeifer D.
NEW ZEALAND (563 patients): Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch: Ikram H, Lawson T; Middlemore Hospital, Auckland: Williams M, Grey T; North Shore Hospital, Auckland: Hart H, Dooley M; Green Lane Hospital, Auckland: French J, Bush L; Wellington Hospital, Wellington: Leslie P, Saunders K; Hutt Hospital, Lower Hutt: Mann S, Dewar J; Timaru Hospital, Timaru: Jardine D, Carstenson P; Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin: Wilkins G, Blok M; Tauranga Hospital, Tauranga: Patel H, Watts V; Nelson Hospital, Nelson: Hammer A, Price R; Taranaki Base Hospital, New Plymouth: Chia G, Megee S; Napier Hospital, Napier: Lewis G, Bent M; Whangarei Area Hospital, Whangarei: Rankin R; Wairau Hospital, Blenheim: Durham D, Earle L; Waikato Hospital, Hamilton: Friedlander D, Low L; Rotorua Hospital, Rotorua: Bruns B, Morley A; Auckland Public Hospital, Auckland: Gordon G, Gasson D; Ashburton Hospital, Ashburton: Audeau F, Smart A; Southland Hospital, Invercargill: O'Meeghan T, Brown J; Memorial Hospital, Hastings: Luke R, Schmid D.
ITALY (510 patients): Ospedale Civile Caserta, Caserta: Corsini G, Vetrano A; “A De Gasperis,” Milano: Savonitto S, Pezzano A; Policlinico San Matteo IRCCS, Pavia: Ardissino D, Fetiveau R; Ospedale Maggiore, Bologna: Bracchetti D, Casella G; Ospedale Maggiore di Lodi, Maggiore di Lodi: Orlandi M, Ferrario M; Ospedale V Monaldi, Napoli: Mininni N, Petrillo C; Ospedale S. Carlo Borromeo, Milano: Casazza F, Agostoni O; Sant Anna Hospital, Como: Politi A, Bonatti R; Ospedale Civile di Piacenza, Piacenza: Capucci A, Rosi A; Ospedale Civile Maggiore Borgo Trento, Verona: Zardini P, Morando G; Ospedale Civile di Mirano, Mirano: Sartori F, Mgneghello M; Ospedale Civico di Chivasso, Chivasso: Borello G, Pinneri F; Presidio Ospedaliero Ulss 1 di Belluno, Belluno: Dalle Mule J, Catania C; Ospedale S. Maria Delle Croci, Ravenna: Maresta A, Ottani F; Ospedale Sandro Pertini, Roma: Palamara A, Guzzardi G; Ospedale Civile “SS Annunziata,” Sassari: Terrosu P, Pes R; Ospedale Riuniti di Bergamo, Bergamo: Piti A, Rondi M; Ospedale “M Bufalini,” Cesena: Tartagni F, Pretolani M; Ospedale Niguarda “Ca Granda,” Milano: Mafriei A, Ferrari S; Ospedale G.B. Morgagni, Forli: Galvani M, Pantoli D; Azienda Ospedaliera Maggiore della Carita, Novara: Cernigliaro C, Prando M; Ospidale Civile di Conegliano, Conegliano Veneto: Accorsi F, Cannarozzo P; Ospedaliera S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna: Branzi A, Cerè E; Ospedale di Merate, Merate: Mauri F, Lobiati E; Ospedale S. Camillo, Roma: Vajola S, Natale E; Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, S. Giovanni Rotondo: Fanelli R, Perna G; Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna: di Pasquale G, Pinelli G; Ospedale di Lecco, Lecco: Bossi M, Tiberti G; Presidio Ospedaliero di Rovigo, Rovigo: Zonzin P; Ospedale Regionale S. Maria del Battuti, Treviso: Frigo G, Bruni A; Ospedale di Rho, Milano: Rovelli E, Locati F; Ospedale Civile di Verbania, Verbania: Glenzer R, Iraghi G; Az Ospedaliera S. Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano: Sappé D, Pozzi R; INRCA Ancona, Ancona: Paciaroni E, Fraticelli A; Ospedale Civile Fatebenefratelli, Acqui Terme: Roncarolo P; Ospedale Civile, San Daniele del Friuli: Mos L.
FRANCE (453 patients): Hôpital de Longjumeau, Longjumeau: Tran Thanh X; Hôpital “Font-pré,” Toulon: Barreau D; Hôpital du Bocage, Dijon: Wolf J; Hôpital Morvan, Brest: Boschat J; Centre Hospitalier “Lagny-Marne-la-Vallée,” Lagny: Elhadad; C.H.U. Abert Michallon, Grenoble: Machecourt; Hôpital Sud, Amiens: Quiret J; Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart: Slama; C.H.U. Miletrie, Poitiers: Coisne; Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris: Cohen A; C.H.U. Hôtel Dieu, Angers: Furber; Hôpital Laënnec, Quimper: Dewilde J; Hôpital Tenon, Paris: Vahanian A; Centre Hospitalier de Lorient, Lorient: Cazaux; Hôpital Pasteur, Nice: Gibelin; Hôpital de Frejus, Frejus: Marquand; Centre Hospitalier, Lens: Deturck; Hôpital René Dubos, Pontoise: Funck F; Centre Hospitalier, Draguignan: Latour; Hôpital Notre-Dame de Bon Secours, Metz: Khalife K; CHG Robert Ballanger, Aulnay Sous Bois: Hanania G; Hôpital Dupuytren, Limoges: Cassat; Centre Hospitalier d'Albi, Albi: Galley; Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne Billancourt: Bourdarias J; Centre Hospitalier, Nevers: Vitoux B; Hôpital Boucicaut, Paris: Guerot; Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal, Montfermeil: Nallet; Hôpital Rangueil, Toulouse: Galinier; Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil: Fruchaud; Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy: Cohen-Solal A; Centre Hospitalier Général, Gap: Olive; Hôpital Necker, Paris: Vacheron A.
HUNGARY (261 patients): Pécsi Orvostudományi Egyetem, Pécs: Sárosi I, Mühl D; Bacs-Kiskun Megyei Kórház, Kecskemet: Timár S, Király C; Szent Gyorgy Korhaz Rendelointezet, Székesfehérvár: Simon K, Szelier A; SZOTE II. Bel-Intenziv Belgyogyaszati, Szeged: Rudas L, Pap I; Bekes Megyei Kórház, Gyula: Katona A; Országos Kardiológiai Intézet, Budapest: Vándor L, Sitkei É; Szent Janos Korhaz Rendelointezet, Budapest: Jánosi A, Kiss B; MÁV Kórház IVBel, Budapest: Szabóky F, Monostori E.
SPAIN (236 patients): Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Barcelona: Betriu A; Hospital de Txagorritxu, Vitoria: Loma-Osorio A; Complejo Hospitalario, León: Bayón J; Hospital del Valle Hebrón, Barcelona: Figueras J; Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid: Bescos L; Hospital Princeps d'Espanya, Hospitalet de Llobregat: Sabater X; Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona: Sáenz L; Hospital General de Asturias, Oviedo: Llorián A; Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander: San José J; Hospital Clinico Universitario, Salamanca: Luengo C; Hospital La Paz, Madrid: Maqueda I; Hospital Clinico Universitario, Valladolid: Fernández-Aviles A; Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao: Arzubiaga J; Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona: Masiá R.
SOUTH AFRICA (215 patients): R.K. Khan Hospital, Chatsworth: Ranjith N; Addington, South Beach, Durban: Cassim S, Aboo O; Milpark Hospital, Parktown West: Cassel G; Midlands Medical Centre, Pietermaritzburg: Baig M, Solomon E; St. Dominic's Hospital–East London, East London: Duncan D, Griffiths M; Unitas Hospital, Centurion: Bennett J, Blomerus P; Mediclinic-Verdegen, Somerset-West: Roos J, Ellis G; St. Augustine's Hospital, Durban: Naidu R; Chatsmed Medical Clinic, Chatsworth: Naidu R; Union Hospital, Alberton: Kok A, Botha B; Mediclinic Hospital, PMB 3201: Baig M; NI City Hospital, Goodwood: Conradie C; Glynnwood, Benoni: Jardine R; Pretoria Heart Hospital, Pretoria: Snyders F; Greenacres Hospital, Port Elizabeth: Dean M, Krige L; St. Anne's Hospital, PMB 3201: Baig M; East London Private Hospital, East London: Duncan D, Horsfall C; Baragwanath Hospital, Bertsham: Sareli P; Empangeni Private Clinic, Empangeni: Quantock P; Bay Hospital, Richards Bay: Kelbe D; Panorama Clinic, Panorama: Mabin T; Morningside Clinic, Sandton: King J.
PORTUGAL (159 patients): Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada: Carrageta M, Catarino C; Hospital S. Bernardo, Setúbal: Caetano F, Proença G; Hospital Fernando Fonseca, Amadora: Ferreira R, Ferreira D; Hospital S. Joao do Porto, Porto: dos Santos C, Mendes S; Hospital de Sta. Marta, Lisboa: Antunes M, Ferreìra L; Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra: Providência L, Morias J; Hospital Distrital de Faro, Faro: Pereira S, Mimoso J; Hospital de Sta. Cruz, Carnaxide: Seabra-Gomes R, Ferreira J; Hospital Distrital de Santarém, Santarém: Silva G, Loureiro J; Hospital S. Marcos, Braga: Rodrigues P, Basto L; Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra, Coimbra: Gonsalves A, Pais J.
FINLAND (149 patients): Tampere University Hospital, Tampere: Pietilä K, Arvola P; Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä: Melin J, Olli T; Maria Hospital, Helsinki: Kala R, Pajari R; Oulu University Central Hospital, Oulu: Kesäniemi A, Lilja M; Pori Central Hospital, Pori: Koskivirta H; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki: Heikkilä J, Luomanmàki K.
BELGIUM (148 patients): A.Z. Diest, A.Z. Diest: Van den Bosch H, Gijsbrechts M; CPAS Centre Hospitalier Hutois, Huy: El Allaf D; St. Niklaaskliniek, Kortrijk: Dejaegher P; Ziekenhuis De Pelikaan, Temse: Koentges D; St. Franciskus Ziekenhuis, Heusden-Zolder: Geutjens L; St. Andriesziekenhuis, Tielt: Carlier B; Hôpital Civil, Tournai: Gilles R; Stadskliniek, St. Niklaas: Dekeyser F; Stedelijk Ziekenhuis, Geraardsbergen: Van Besien J; Kliniek O.L.V. van Lourdes, Waregem: Carpentier J; Clinique N.D. de Grâce, Gosselies: Sottiaux T; Ziekenhuis Koningin Fabiola, Blankenberge: De Vlieghere F; H. Hartziekenhuis, Mol: Strickwold H; H. Hartziekenhuis, Oostende: D'Hooghe G; Hôpital Civil de Charleroi, Charleroi: Picart N; O.L.V. Gasthuis, Ieper: Roelandt R; H. Hartziekenhuis, Neerpelt: Van Dorpe A, Van Hauuaert; Mariaziekenhuis, Poperinge: Ulrichts H; St. Mariaziekenhuis, Halle: Croonenbergs J; I.M.C. des mut. Socialistes, Tournai: Shita A.
ARGENTINA (121 patients): Hospital Ramos Mejia, Buenos Aires: Girotti L, Carbajales J; Hospital Eva Perón, Pvcia de Buenos Aires: Sinisi A, Susana L; Instituto de Cardiologia–JF Cabral de Corrientes, Corrientes: Badaraco J, Perna L; Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin, Buenos Aires: Martinez J, Perez De La Hoz R; Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires: Belziti C, Cohen M; Sanatorio Antartida, Buenos Aires: Trongé J, Bassara M; Hospital Español–Instituto de Cardiología, Buenos Aires: Iparraguirre H, Calindrelli M; Hospital Nacional Prof. Alefandro Posadas, Villa Sarmiento: Balestrini A, Romera G; Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires: Nau G, Higa C; Hopital Israelita, Buenos Aires: Soifer S, Mimicopulo A; Hospital Santojanni, Buenos Aires: Ryba D, Kevorkian R.
AUSTRIA (31 patients): Krankenhaus der Stadt Wien Lainz, Wein: Miczoch J; Wilhelminenspital der Stadt Wien, Wein: Steinbach K; Krankenhaus St. Pölten, St. Pölten: Mayr H; A ö Landeskrankenhaus, Villach: Wimmer H; A ö Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Linz: Nesser HJ; Landeskrankenhaus Oberpullendorf, Oberpullendorf: Stockenhuber.
SWITZERLAND (31 patients): Schwerpunktspital Bülach, Bülach: Münch U; Kantonsspital Zug, Zug: Vogt M; Ospedale S. Giovanni Bellinzona, Bellinzona: Gallino A; Universitätsspital, Zürich: Follath F; Kantonsspital Glarus, Glarus: Bonetti A.
NETHERLANDS (15 patients): Ziekenhuisapotheek Gelderse Vallei, Bennekom: van Kalmthout P; Drechtsteden Ziekenhuis, Dordrecht: ten Kate J; Ziekenhuis Eemland, Amersfoort: Hamer B; Elkerliek Ziekenhuis, Helmond: Bendermacher P; Ziekenhuiscentrum Apeldoorn, Apeldoorn: Cozijnsen L.
- References
References
1
The GUSTO Investigators
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline2
The GUSTO Angiographic Investigators
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline3
Simes RJ ,Topol EJ ,Holmes DR , et al. Link between the angiographic substudy and mortality outcomes in a large randomized trial of myocardial reperfusion: importance of early and complete infarct artery reperfusion. Circulation 1995;91:1923-1928
Web of Science | Medline4
Lincoff AM ,Topol EJ . Illusion of reperfusion: does anyone achieve optimal reperfusion during acute myocardial infarction? Circulation 1993;88:1361-1374
Web of Science | Medline5
Martin U ,Bader R ,Bohm E , et al. BM 06.022: a novel recombinant plasminogen activator. Cardiovasc Drugs Rev 1993;11:299-311
CrossRef | Web of Science6
Smalling RW ,Bode C ,Kalbfleisch J , et al. More rapid, complete, and stable coronary thrombolysis with bolus administration of reteplase compared with alteplase infusion in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1995;91:2725-2732
Web of Science | Medline7
Bode C ,Smalling RW ,Berg G , et al. Randomized comparison of coronary thrombolysis achieved with double-bolus reteplase (recombinant plasminogen activator) and front-loaded, accelerated alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1996;94:891-898
Web of Science | Medline8
International Joint Efficacy Comparison of Thrombolytics
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Granger CB ,Hirsch J ,Califf RM , et al. Activated partial thromboplastin time and outcome after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: results from the GUSTO-I trial. Circulation 1996;93:870-878
Web of Science | Medline10
Lee KL ,Woodlief LH ,Topol EJ , et al. Predictors of 30-day mortality in the era of reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction: results from an international trial of 41,021 patients. Circulation 1995;91:1659-1668
Web of Science | Medline11
Gore JM ,Granger CB ,Simoons ML , et al. Stroke after thrombolysis: mortality and functional outcomes in the GUSTO-I trial. Circulation 1995;92:2811-2818
Web of Science | Medline12
The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes (GUSTO-IIb) Angioplasty Substudy Investigators
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline13
Metz BK ,Granger CB ,White HD ,Simes J ,Topol EJ . Streptokinase and hirudin reduces death and reinfarction in acute myocardial infarction compared with streptokinase and heparin: results from GUSTO IIb. Circulation 1996;94:Suppl I:I-430 abstract.14
White HD, Aylward PE, Frey M, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of Hirulog versus heparin in patients receiving streptokinase and aspirin for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation (in press).
15
Ohman EM ,Kleiman NS ,Gacioch G , et al. Combined accelerated tissue-plasminogen activator and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa integrin receptor blockade with Integrilin in acute myocardial infarction: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Circulation 1997;95:846-854
Web of Science | Medline16
Moliterno DJ ,Harrington RA ,Krucoff MW , et al. More complete and stable reperfusion with platelet IIb/IIIa antagonism plus thrombolysis for AMI: the PARADIGM Trial. Circulation 1996;94:Suppl I:I-553 abstract.
- Citing Articles (183)
Citing Articles
1
Martin Flemmig, Matthias F. Melzig. (2012) Serine-proteases as plasminogen activators in terms of fibrinolysis. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyno-no
CrossRef2
Dong-Woo Seo, Chang Hwan Sohn, Jeong Min Ryu, Jae Chol Yoon, Shin Ahn, Won Kim. (2011) ST elevation measurements differ in patients with inferior myocardial infarction and right ventricular infarction. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 29:9, 1067-1073
CrossRef3
David H. Fitchett, Pierre Theroux, James M. Brophy, Warren J. Cantor, Jafna L. Cox, Milan Gupta, Heather Kertland, Shamir R. Mehta, Robert C. Welsh, Shaun G. Goodman. (2011) Assessment and Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS): A Canadian Perspective on Current Guideline-Recommended Treatment – Part 2: ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 27:6, S402-S412
CrossRef4
Rajendra H. Mehta, Amanda S. Stebbins, Renato D. Lopes, Robert M. Califf, Karen S. Pieper, Paul W. Armstrong, Frans Van de Werf, Judith S. Hochman, Harvey D. White, Eric J. Topol, John H. Alexander, Christopher B. Granger. (2011) Comparison of Incidence of Bleeding and Mortality of Men Versus Women With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Fibrinolysis. The American Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef5
Samad Ghaffari, Babak Kazemi, Iraj Gorbani Golzari. (2011) Efficacy of a New Accelerated Streptokinase Regime in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Cardiovascular Therapeuticsno-no
CrossRef6
Hector M. Medina, Christopher P. Cannon, Xin Zhao, Adrian F. Hernandez, Deepak L. Bhatt, Eric D. Peterson, Li Liang, Gregg C. Fonarow. (2011) Quality of acute myocardial infarction care and outcomes in 33,997 patients aged 80 years or older: Findings from Get With The Guidelines-Coronary Artery Disease (GWTG-CAD). American Heart Journal 162:2, 283-290.e2
CrossRef7
Abdullah S. Assiri. (2011) Gender differences in clinical presentation and management of patients with acute coronary syndrome in Southwest of Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Saudi Heart Association 23:3, 135-141
CrossRef8
(2011) Acute Coronary Syndromes: Reperfusion Strategy. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2011. Emergency Medicine Australasia 23:3, 312-316
CrossRef9
Charles S. Craik, Michael J. Page, Edwin L. Madison. (2011) Proteases as therapeutics. Biochemical Journal 435:1, 1-16
CrossRef10
Muhammad Zeeshan Memon, Sabareesh K. Natarajan, Jitendra Sharma, Marlon S. Mathews, Kenneth V. Snyder, Adnan H. Siddiqui, L. Nelson Hopkins, Elad I. Levy. (2011) Safety and feasibility of intraarterial eptifibatide as a revascularization tool in acute ischemic stroke. Journal of Neurosurgery 114:4, 1008-1013
CrossRef11
Cihan Simsek, Eric Boersma. (2011) Percutaneous coronary interventions for acute myocardial infarction. EuroIntervention 6:7, 883-888
CrossRef12
Jonathan P. Piccini, Phillip J. Schulte, Karen S. Pieper, Rajendra H. Mehta, Harvey D. White, Frans Van de Werf, Diego Ardissino, Robert M. Califf, Christopher B. Granger, E. Magnus Ohman, John H. Alexander. (2011) Antiarrhythmic drug therapy for sustained ventricular arrhythmias complicating acute myocardial infarction*. Critical Care Medicine 39:1, 78-83
CrossRef13
Sini Saarinen, Jyrki Puolakka, James Boyd, Taneli Väyrynen, Harri Luurila, Markku Kuisma. (2011) Warfarin and fibrinolysis - a challenging combination: an observational cohort study. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 19:1, 21
CrossRef14
Rajendra H. Mehta, J. Conor O'Shea, Amanda L. Stebbins, Christopher B. Granger, Paul W. Armstrong, Harvey D. White, Eric J. Topol, Robert M. Califf, E. Magnus Ohman. (2011) Association of Mortality With Years of Education in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Fibrinolysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57:2, 138-146
CrossRef15
Vijayalakshmi Kunadian, C. Michael Gibson. (2010) Thrombolytics and Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovascular Therapeuticsno-no
CrossRef16
Andrea H. Tackett, Alison L. Bailey, Joanne Micale Foody, Julie M. Miller, Carolyn Apperson-Hansen, E. Magnus Ohman, Judith S. Hochman, Sharon L. Karnash, Robert M. Califf, Eric J. Topol, David J. Moliterno. (2010) Hormone replacement therapy among postmenopausal women presenting with acute myocardial infarction: Insights from the GUSTO-III trial. American Heart Journal 160:4, 678-684
CrossRef17
&NA;. (2010) Thrombolytics play an important part in the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 26:9, 10-14
CrossRef18
Amit Kumar, Christopher P. Cannon. (2009) Acute Coronary Syndromes: Diagnosis and Management, Part II. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84:11, 1021-1036
CrossRef19
Michael A. Morse, Josh W. Todd, George A. Stouffer. (2009) Optimizing the Use of Thrombolytics in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Drugs 69:14, 1945-1966
CrossRef20
Roberto R. Giraldez, Stephen D. Wiviott, Jose C. Nicolau, Satishkumar Mohanavelu, David A. Morrow, Elliott M. Antman, Robert P. Giugliano. (2009) Streptokinase and Enoxaparin as an Alternative to Fibrin-Specific Lytic-Based Regimens. Drugs 69:11, 1433-1443
CrossRef21
Gregory Piazza, Samuel Z. Goldhaber. 2009. Thrombolysis for Acute Pulmonary Embolism. , 595-616.
CrossRef22
(2009) Guías de Práctica Clínica de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología (ESC). Manejo del infarto agudo de miocardio en pacientes con elevación persistente del segmento ST. Revista Española de Cardiología 62:3, 293.e1-293.e47
CrossRef23
F. J. VAN DE WERF, E. J. TOPOL, B. E. SOBEL. (2009) The impact of fibrinolytic therapy for ST-segment-elevation acute myocardial infarction. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 7:1, 14-20
CrossRef24
, F. Van de Werf, J. Bax, A. Betriu, C. Blomstrom-Lundqvist, F. Crea, V. Falk, G. Filippatos, K. Fox, K. Huber, A. Kastrati, A. Rosengren, P. G. Steg, M. Tubaro, F. Verheugt, F. Weidinger, M. Weis, , A. Vahanian, J. Camm, R. De Caterina, V. Dean, K. Dickstein, G. Filippatos, C. Funck-Brentano, I. Hellemans, S. D. Kristensen, K. McGregor, U. Sechtem, S. Silber, M. Tendera, P. Widimsky, J. L. Zamorano, , S. Silber, F. V. Aguirre, N. Al-Attar, E. Alegria, F. Andreotti, W. Benzer, O. Breithardt, N. Danchin, C. D. Mario, D. Dudek, D. Gulba, S. Halvorsen, P. Kaufmann, R. Kornowski, G. Y. H. Lip, F. Rutten. (2008) Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force on the management of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction of the European Society of Cardiology:. European Heart Journal 29:23, 2909-2945
CrossRef25
Angela Bång, Lars Grip, Johan Herlitz, Stefan Kihlgren, Thomas Karlsson, Kenneth Caidahl, Marianne Hartford. (2008) Lower mortality after prehospital recognition and treatment followed by fast tracking to coronary care compared with admittance via emergency department in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. International Journal of Cardiology 129:3, 325-332
CrossRef26
Paul A. Scuffham, Vivienne Tippett. (2008) The cost-effectiveness of thrombolysis administered by paramedics*. Current Medical Research and Opinion 24:7, 2045-2058
CrossRef27
Charles V. Pollack, A. David Goldberg. (2008) The Medical Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes and Potential Roles for New Antithrombotic Agents. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 34:4, 417-428
CrossRef28
Peter R. Sinnaeve, Frans J. Van de Werf. 2008. Bolus Fibrinolytic Therapy. , 59-70.
CrossRef29
Robert C Welsh, Paul W Armstrong. 2008. Treatment Opportunities with Fibrinolytic Therapy. , 71-90.
CrossRef30
Gust H. Bardy, Kerry L. Lee, Daniel B. Mark, Jeanne E. Poole, William D. Toff, Andrew M. Tonkin, Warren Smith, Paul Dorian, Julie J. Yallop, Douglas L. Packer, Roger D. White, Will Longstreth, Jill Anderson, George Johnson, Eric Bischoff, Crystal D. Munkers, Amanda Brown, Steven McNulty, Linda Davidson Ray, Nancy E. Clapp-Channing, Yves Rosenberg, Marcel Salive, Eleanor B. Schron. (2008) Rationale and design of the Home Automatic External Defibrillator Trial (HAT). American Heart Journal 155:3, 445-454
CrossRef31
William E. Boden, James Hoekstra, Chadwick D. Miller. (2008) ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the role of adjunctive antiplatelet therapy. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 26:2, 212-220
CrossRef32
Gian M. Novaro, Craig R. Asher, Deepak L. Bhatt, David J. Moliterno, Robert A. Harrington, A. Michael Lincoff, L. Kristin Newby, James E. Tcheng, Amy P. Hsu, Sergio L. Pinski. (2008) Meta-Analysis Comparing Reported Frequency of Atrial Fibrillation After Acute Coronary Syndromes in Asians Versus Whites. The American Journal of Cardiology 101:4, 506-509
CrossRef33
Gjin Ndrepepa, Peter B. Berger, Julinda Mehilli, Melchior Seyfarth, Franz-Josef Neumann, Albert Schömig, Adnan Kastrati. (2008) Periprocedural Bleeding and 1-Year Outcome After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51:7, 690-697
CrossRef34
Miloje Tomasevic, Tomislav Kostic, Svetlana Apostolovic, Zoran Perisic, Danijela Djordjevic-Radojkovic, Goran Koracevic, Sonja Salinger-Martinovic. (2008) Comparative effect of streptokinase and alteplase on electrocardiogram and angiogram signs of myocardial reperfusion in ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 136:9-10, 481-487
CrossRef35
Adnan I. Qureshi, Haitham M. Hussein, Nazli Janjua, Pansy Harris-Lane, Mustapha A. Ezzeddine. (2008) Postprocedure Intravenous Eptifibatide Following Intra-Arterial Reteplase in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Journal of Neuroimaging 18:1, 50-55
CrossRef36
Benjamin Leader, Quentin J. Baca, David E. Golan. (2008) Protein therapeutics: a summary and pharmacological classification. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 7:1, 21-39
CrossRef37
Daniel E Hilleman, James P Tsikouris, A. Allen Seals, Jonathan D Marmur. (2007) Fibrinolytic Agents for the Management of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Pharmacotherapy 27:11, 1558-1570
CrossRef38
Gabriel Tatu-Chiţoiu, Maria Dorobanţu, Cristina Teodorescu, Elvira Craiu, Marius Vintilă, Bogdan Minescu, Daniel Burghină, Sorin Stamate, Luminiţa Serban, Tudor Protopopescu, Monica Dan, Petre Căpraru, Manuela Guran, Oana Istrătescu, Mircea Vlădoianu, Nicoleta Caea. (2007) Accelerated streptokinase in ST-elevation myocardial infarction — a romanian (ASK–ROMANIA) multicenter registry. International Journal of Cardiology 122:3, 216-223
CrossRef39
Olga Delgado Sánchez, Francesc Puigventós Latorre, Manel Pinteño Blanco, Pere Ventayol Bosch. (2007) Equivalencia terapéutica: concepto y niveles de evidencia. Medicina Clínica 129:19, 736-745
CrossRef40
Hitinder S. Gurm, Eric R. Bates. (2007) Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Myocardial Infarction. Critical Care Clinics 23:4, 759-777
CrossRef41
Osama I.I. Soliman, Dominic A.M.J. Theuns, Folkert J. ten Cate, Ashraf M. Anwar, Attila Nemes, Wim B. Vletter, Luc J. Jordaens, Marcel L. Geleijnse. (2007) Baseline Predictors of Cardiac Events After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure Secondary to Ischemic or Nonischemic Etiology. The American Journal of Cardiology 100:3, 464-469
CrossRef42
Thomas J. Kiernan, Bernard J. Gersh. (2007) Thrombolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Current Status. Medical Clinics of North America 91:4, 617-637
CrossRef43
I Serša, J Vidmar, B Grobelnik, U Mikac, G Tratar, A Blinc. (2007) Modelling the effect of laminar axially directed blood flow on the dissolution of non-occlusive blood clots. Physics in Medicine and Biology 52:11, 2969-2985
CrossRef44
Alejandro Barbagelata, Eduardo R. Perna, Peter Clemmensen, Barry F. Uretsky, Juan P. Cimbaro Canella, Robert M. Califf, Christopher B. Granger, George L. Adams, Ramanna Merla, Yochai Birnbaum. (2007) Time to reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction. It is time to reduce it!. Journal of Electrocardiology 40:3, 257-264.e6
CrossRef45
Harald Herkner, Jasmin Arrich, Christof Havel, Marcus Müllner, Harald Herkner. 2007. Bed rest for acute uncomplicated myocardial infarction. .
CrossRef46
Rajendra H. Mehta, Robert M. Califf, Qinghong Yang, Karen S. Pieper, Harvey D. White, E. Magnus Ohman, Robert A. Harrington, Christopher B. Granger. (2007) Impact of Initial Heart Rate and Systolic Blood Pressure on Relation of Age and Mortality Among Fibrinolytic-Treated Patients With Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Presenting With Cardiogenic Shock. The American Journal of Cardiology 99:6, 793-796
CrossRef47
W. Frank Peacock, Judd E. Hollander, Richard W. Smalling, Michael J. Bresler. (2007) Reperfusion strategies in the emergency treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 25:3, 353-366
CrossRef48
Gulmira Kudaiberdieva, Bulent Gorenek. (2007) Post PCI atrial fibrillation. Acute Cardiac Care 9:2, 69-76
CrossRef49
George A. Diamond, Sanjay Kaul. (2007) An Orwellian Discourse on the Meaning and Measurement of Noninferiority. The American Journal of Cardiology 99:2, 284-287
CrossRef50
Victor J. Marder. 2007. Thrombolytic Therapy. , 491-501.
CrossRef51
Adnan I. Qureshi, Pansy Harris-Lane, Jawad F. Kirmani, Nazli Janjua, Afshin A. Divani, Yousef M. Mohammad, Jose I. Suarez, Michael O. Montgomery. (2006) Intra-arterial Reteplase and Intravenous Abciximab in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: An Open-label, Dose-ranging, Phase I Study. Neurosurgery 59:4, 789-797
CrossRef52
Sarah A Spinler. (2006) ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Guidelines and the Challenge of Real-World Patient Care. Pharmacotherapy 26:8part2, 115S-122S
CrossRef53
Antman, Elliott M., Morrow, David A., McCabe, Carolyn H., Murphy, Sabina A., Ruda, Mikhail, Sadowski, Zygmunt, Budaj, Andrzej, López-Sendón, Jose L., Guneri, Sema, Jiang, Frank, White, Harvey D., Fox, Keith A.A., Braunwald, Eugene, . (2006) Enoxaparin versus Unfractionated Heparin with Fibrinolysis for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 354:14, 1477-1488
Full Text54
Shaheeda Ahmed, Elliott M. Antman, Sabina A. Murphy, Robert P. Giugliano, Christopher P. Cannon, Harvey White, David A. Morrow, Eugene Braunwald. (2006) Poor outcomes after fibrinolytic therapy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Impact of age (A Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Trials). Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 21:2, 119-129
CrossRef55
Stephen W. Smith. (2006) ST Segment Elevation Differs Depending on the Method of Measurement. Academic Emergency Medicine 13:4, 406-412
CrossRef56
Andrea B. Parker, C. David. Naylor, Alice Chong, David A. Alter. (2006) Clinical prognosis, pre-existing conditions and the use of reperfusion therapy for patients with ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 22:2, 131-139
CrossRef57
Dev B. Baruah, Rajendra N. Dash, M.R. Chaudhari, S.S. Kadam. (2006) Plasminogen activators: A comparison. Vascular Pharmacology 44:1, 1-9
CrossRef58
Sean M Donahoe, Marc S Sabatine. (2005) Adding clopidogrel to aspirin improves outcome in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 5:6, 751-761
CrossRef59
T HANOVER, C KALBAUGH, B GRAY, E LANGANIII, S TAYLOR, M ANDROES, W JONES, D BLACKHURST. (2005) Safety and Efficacy of Reteplase for the Treatment of Acute Arterial Occlusion: Complexity of Underlying Lesion Predicts Outcome. Annals of Vascular Surgery 19:6, 817-822
CrossRef60
Adnan I. Qureshi, M. Fareed K. Suri, Zulfiqar Ali, Andrew J. Ringer, Alan S. Boulos, Marian T. Nakada, Ronald A. Alberico, Lisa B. E. Martin, Lee R. Guterman, L. Nelson Hopkins. (2005) Intraarterial reteplase and intravenous abciximab for treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Neuroradiology 47:11, 845-854
CrossRef61
Chris A. Ghaemmaghami, David R. Burt. (2005) Acute Reperfusion Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 23:4, 1043-1063
CrossRef62
S. Boulé, A. Gongora, M. Randriamora, D. Adala, C. Courteaux, K. Taghipour, A. Rifaï, E. Bearez, G. Hannebicque. (2005) Infarctus du myocarde et thrombolyse : actualités. Annales de Cardiologie et d'Angéiologie 54:6, 344-352
CrossRef63
J.-H. Schiff, H. R. Arntz, B. W. Böttiger. (2005) Das akute Koronarsyndrom in der Prähospitalphase. Der Anaesthesist 54:10, 957-974
CrossRef64
Michael Haude, Rainer Schulz, Gerd Heusch, Raimund Erbel. (2005) Overview of contemporary reperfusion strategies in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 3:4, 667-680
CrossRef65
(2005) Addition of Clopidogrel to Aspirin and Fibrinolytic Therapy for Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 352:25, 2647-2648
Full Text66
L. D. CURTIS, A. BROWN, M. B. COMER, J. M. SENIOR, S. WARRINGTON, K. M. DAWSON. (2005) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BB-101531, a thrombin-activatable plasminogen, in healthy volunteers. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 3:6, 1180-1186
CrossRef67
Rajendra H. Mehta, Robert M. Califf, Jyotsna Garg, Karen S. Pieper, John H. Alexander, David J. Moliterno, Frans Van de Werf, E. Magnus Ohman, Harvey D. White, Eric J. Topol, Christopher B. Granger. (2005) Association of Height With Outcomes in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Receiving Reperfusion Therapy. The American Journal of Cardiology 95:11, 1371-1375
CrossRef68
Sabatine, Marc S., Cannon, Christopher P., Gibson, C. Michael, López-Sendón, Jose L., Montalescot, Gilles, Theroux, Pierre, Claeys, Marc J., Cools, Frank, Hill, Karen A., Skene, Allan M., McCabe, Carolyn H., Braunwald, Eugene, . (2005) Addition of Clopidogrel to Aspirin and Fibrinolytic Therapy for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation. New England Journal of Medicine 352:12, 1179-1189
Full Text69
Marc Cohen. (2005) Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Patients With Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. The American Heart Hospital Journal 3:2, 82-87
CrossRef70
William F. Baker. (2005) Thrombolytic Therapy: Current Clinical Practice. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 19:1, 147-181
CrossRef71
Alain Baumelou, Eric Bruckert, Corinne Bagnis, Gilbert Deray. (2005) Renal Disease in Cardiovascular Disorders: An Underrecognized Problem. American Journal of Nephrology 25:2, 95-105
CrossRef72
M. B. COMER, K. S. CACKETT, S. GLADWELL, L. M. WOOD, K. M. DAWSON. (2005) Thrombolytic activity of BB-10153, a thrombin-activatable plasminogen. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 3:1, 146-153
CrossRef73
Laura Popitean, Olivier Barthez, Gilles Rioufol, Marianne Zeller, Isabelle Arveux, Gilles Dentan, Yves Laurent, Luc Janin-Manificat, Michel Fraison, Jean-Claude Beer, Hamid Makki, Pierre Pfitzenmeyer, Yves Cottin. (2005) Factors Affecting the Management of Outcome in Elderly Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Particularly with Regard to Reperfusion. Gerontology 51:6, 409-415
CrossRef74
A. I. Qureshi, A. S. Boulos, R. A. Hanel, M. F. K. Suri, A. M. Yahia, R. A. Alberico, L. N. Hopkins. (2004) Randomized comparison of intra-arterial and intravenous thrombolysis in a canine model of acute basilar artery thrombosis. Neuroradiology 46:12, 988-995
CrossRef75
J.A. Páramo Fernández, J. Feliú Sánchez, M.P. Sánchez Antón, E. Rocha Hernando. (2004) Nuevas estrategias antitrombóticas en la trombosis arterial. Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado 9:22, 1414-1422
CrossRef76
Paul A Gurbel, Kevin P Bliden, Kevin M Hayes, Udaya Tantry. (2004) Platelet activation in myocardial ischemic syndromes. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 2:4, 535-545
CrossRef77
Suresh Vedantham, Thomas M. Vesely, Gregorio A. Sicard, Daniel Brown, Brian Rubin, Luis A. Sanchez, Naveen Parti, Daniel Picus. (2004) Pharmacomechanical Thrombolysis and Early Stent Placement for Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 15:6, 565-574
CrossRef78
D. Collen, H. R. Lijnen. (2004) Tissue-type plasminogen activator: a historical perspective and personal account. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2:4, 541-546
CrossRef79
Michael R. Grunwald, Lawrence V. Hofmann. (2004) Comparison of Urokinase, Alteplase, and Reteplase for Catheter-directed Thrombolysis of Deep Venous Thrombosis. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 15:4, 347-352
CrossRef80
Megan B. Bestul, Marianne McCollum, Kathleen A. Stringer, Jeb Burchenal. (2004) Impact of a Critical Pathway on Acute Myocardial Infarction Quality Indicators. Pharmacotherapy 24:2, 173-178
CrossRef81
Padma Kaul, L Kristin Newby, Yuling Fu, Daniel B Mark, Robert M Califf, Eric J Topol, Phil Aylward, Christopher B Granger, Frans Van de Werf, Paul W Armstrong. (2004) International differences in evolution of early discharge after acute myocardial infarction. The Lancet 363:9408, 511-517
CrossRef82
Alan S. Boulos, Elad I. Levy, Bernard R. Bendok, Stanley H. Kim, Adnan I. Qureshi, Lee R. Guterman, L. Nelson Hopkins. (2004) Evolution of Neuroendovascular Intervention: A Review of Advancement in Device Technology. Neurosurgery 54:2, 438-453
CrossRef83
Hitinder S. Gurm, A.Michael Lincoff, David Lee, W.H.Wilson Tang, Gang Jia, Joan E. Booth, Robert M. Califf, E.M. Ohman, Frans Van de Werf, Paul W. Armstrong, Victor Guetta, Robert Wilcox, Eric J. Topol. (2004) Outcome of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in diabetics treated with fibrinolytic or combination reduced fibrinolytic therapy and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 43:4, 542-548
CrossRef84
Mahmood K. Razavi, David S. Lee, Lawrence V. Hofmann. (2004) Catheter-directed Thrombolytic Therapy for Limb Ischemia: Current Status and Controversies. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 15:1, 13-23
CrossRef85
Chin Y. Liu, Vikash Jain, Anthony F. Shields, Lance K. Heilbrun. (2004) Efficacy and Safety of Reteplase for Central Venous Catheter Occlusion in Patients with Cancer. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 15:1, 39-44
CrossRef86
Mahmood K. Razavi, David S. Lee, Lawrence V. Hofmann. (2003) Catheter-directed Thrombolytic Therapy for Limb Ischemia: Current Status and Controversies. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 14:12, 1491-1501
CrossRef87
Christophe L Dubois, Ann Belmans, Christopher B Granger, Paul W Armstrong, Lars Wallentin, Paolo M Fioretti, José L López-Sendón, Freek W Verheugt, Jürgen Meyer, Frans Van de Werf. (2003) Outcome of urgent and elective percutaneous coronary interventions after pharmacologic reperfusion with tenecteplase combined with unfractionated heparin, enoxaparin, or abciximab. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42:7, 1178-1185
CrossRef88
Howard C Herrmann. (2003) Optimizing outcomes in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42:8, 1357-1359
CrossRef89
Harald Herkner, Jana Thoennissen, Mariam Nikfardjam, Maria Koreny, Anton N. Laggner, Marcus Müllner. (2003) Short versus prolonged bed rest after uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 56:8, 775-781
CrossRef90
Daniel R Guerra, Juhana Karha, C Michael Gibson. (2003) Safety and efficacy of tenecteplase in acute myocardial infarction. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 4:5, 791-798
CrossRef91
Kelly A. Wood, David Huang, Derek C. Angus. (2003) Improving clinical trial design in acute lung injury. Critical Care Medicine 31:Supplement, S305-S311
CrossRef92
H. Bounameaux, A. Perrier. (2003) LMWH contra LMWH: superior, equivalent or non-inferior?. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1:3, 414-415
CrossRef93
William F Baker. (2003) Thrombolytic therapy. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 17:1, 283-311
CrossRef94
Jan Erik Otterstad, Frank Brosstad. (2003) Results from clinical trials on ST‐elevation myocardial infarction in a historic perspective with some pathophysiological aspects. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 37:6, 316-323
CrossRef95
Michael Nathanson, Kai Ihnken. (2003) Beyond Complete Myocardial Revascularization: Is It Important and Does It Matter?. Journal of Cardiac Surgery 18:1, 80-90
CrossRef96
Daniel B McKenzie, Robert G Wilcox. (2003) Thrombolytics: prospects for new agents. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 4:1, 41-54
CrossRef97
J P Tsikouris, K C Jackson, D S Fike, C D Cox, G E Meyerrose, C F Seifert. (2002) Thrombolytic fibrin specificity influences activated partial thromboplastin time prolongation in vitro. Blood Coagulation& Fibrinolysis 13:8, 725-731
CrossRef98
Adnan I. Qureshi, Amir M. Siddiqui, M. Fareed K. Suri, Stanley H. Kim, Zulfiqar Ali, Abutaher M. Yahia, Demetrius K. Lopes, Alan S. Boulos, Andrew J. Ringer, Mustafa Saad, Lee R. Guterman, L. Nelson Hopkins. (2002) Aggressive Mechanical Clot Disruption and Low-dose Intra-arterial Third-generation Thrombolytic Agent for Ischemic Stroke: A Prospective Study. Neurosurgery 51:5, 1319-1329
CrossRef99
Rajendra H Mehta, Douglas A Criger, Christopher B Granger, Karen K Pieper, Robert M Califf, Eric J Topol, Eric R Bates. (2002) Patient outcomes after fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction at hospitals with and without coronary revascularization capability. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 40:6, 1034-1040
CrossRef100
Thomas Lumley. (2002) Network meta-analysis for indirect treatment comparisons. Statistics in Medicine 21:16, 2313-2324
CrossRef101
Judy WM Cheng. (2002) Pharmacotherapeutic options for the management of myocardial infarction. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 3:8, 1153-1168
CrossRef102
Ara M. Maranian, Steven R. Steinhubl. (2002) Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor-thrombolytic combination therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Current Cardiology Reports 4:4, 313-319
CrossRef103
Victor J Marder, Daphne Stewart. (2002) Towards safer thrombolytic therapy. Seminars in Hematology 39:3, 206-216
CrossRef104
Paul P. Dobesh, Jennifer B. Kasiar. (2002) Administration of Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa Inhibitors in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Pharmacotherapy 22:7, 864-888
CrossRef105
A GERSHLICK. (2002) Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Medicine 30:4, 71-76
CrossRef106
Thomas Mooe. (2002) Risk, mechanisms and prevention of stroke after an acute myocardial infarction. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2:2, 177-186
CrossRef107
Timothy D. Gladwell. (2002) Bivalirudin: A direct thrombin inhibitor. Clinical Therapeutics 24:1, 38-58
CrossRef108
Ken Nagao, Nariyuki Hayashi, Katsuo Kanmatsuse, Satoru Kikuchi, Tomiya Ohuba, Hiroshi Takahashi. (2002) An Early and Complete Reperfusion Strategy for Acute Myocardial Infarction Using Fibrinolysis and Subsequent Transluminal Therapy. Circulation Journal 66:6, 576-576
CrossRef109
Paul Tanswell, Nishit Modi, Dan Combs, Thierry Danays. (2002) Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Tenecteplase in Fibrinolytic Therapy of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 41:15, 1229-1245
CrossRef110
Manesh R. Patel, Matthew T. Roe. (2002) Pharmacological Treatment of Elderly Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes without Persistent ST Segment Elevation. Drugs & Aging 19:9, 633-646
CrossRef111
Wilbert S. Aronow. (2002) Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly. Drug Safety 25:11, 753-758
CrossRef112
P DRESCHER, M CRAIN, W RILLING. (2002) Initial Experience with the Combination of Reteplase and Abciximab for Thrombolytic Therapy in Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: A Pilot Study. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 13:1, 37-43
CrossRef113
Slobodan Obradovic, Branko Gligic, Vjekoslav Orozovic. (2002) Reperfuziona terapija akutnog infarkta miokarda. Vojnosanitetski pregled 59:3, 281-292
CrossRef114
(2001) Thrombin-specific anticoagulation with bivalirudin versus heparin in patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: the HERO-2 randomised trial. The Lancet 358:9296, 1855-1863
CrossRef115
James A de Lemos, Eugene Braunwald. (2001) ST segment resolution as a tool for assessing the efficacy of reperfusion therapy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 38:5, 1283-1294
CrossRef116
Kenneth Boockvar, Mark Lachs. (2001) Development of Definitions for Acute Illness in Nursing Home Residents Based on Chart-Recorded Physical Exam Findings. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2:6, 279-284
CrossRef117
Michael W. Rich. (2001) Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction. The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 10:6, 328-336
CrossRef118
Albert W. Chan, David J. Moliterno. (2001) Defining the role of abciximab for acute coronary syndromes: Lessons from CADILLAC, ADMIRAL, GUSTO IV, GUSTO V, and TARGET. Current Opinion in Cardiology 16:6, 375-383
CrossRef119
Thach Nguyen, THACH NGUYEN, PHAM MANH HUNG, NGUYEN QUANG TUAN, JAMES HERMILLER, JOHN S. DOUGLAS, CINDY GRINES. (2001) Balloon Angioplasty. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 14:5, 563-569
CrossRef120
C. Michael Gibson, Susan J. Marble. (2001) Issues in the assessment of the safety and efficacy of tenecteplase (TNK-tPA). Clinical Cardiology 24:9, 577-584
CrossRef121
Hans Martin Hoffmeister, Sebastian Szabo, Uwe Helber, Ludger Seipel. (2001) The Thrombolytic Paradox. Thrombosis Research 103, S51-S55
CrossRef122
Peter Sinnaeve, Frans Van de Werf. (2001) Thrombolytic Therapy. Thrombosis Research 103, S71-S79
CrossRef123
V.J. Marder. (2001) Thrombolytic therapy: 2001. Blood Reviews 15:3, 143-157
CrossRef124
J. Murray Estess, David J. Moliterno. (2001) Thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 53:4, 489-498
CrossRef125
Takehiko Izumi, Yoshihiko Saito, Ichiro Kishimoto, Masaki Harada, Koichiro Kuwahara, Ichiro Hamanaka, Nobuki Takahashi, Rika Kawakami, Yuhao Li, Genzo Takemura, Hisayoshi Fujiwara, David L. Garbers, Seibu Mochizuki, Kazuwa Nakao. (2001) Blockade of the natriuretic peptide receptor guanylyl cyclase-A inhibits NF-κB activation and alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Journal of Clinical Investigation 108:2, 203-213
CrossRef126
Adnan I. Qureshi, Zulfiqar Ali, M. Fareed K. Suri, Stanley H. Kim, Ahmed A. Shatla, Andrew J. Ringer, Demetrius K. Lopes, Lee R. Guterman, L. Nelson Hopkins. (2001) Intra-arterial Third-generation Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (Reteplase) for Acute Ischemic Stroke. Neurosurgery 49:1, 41-50
CrossRef127
J BENENATI, R SHLANSKYGOLDBERG, A MEGLIN, E SEIDL. (2001) Thrombolytic and Antiplatelet Therapy in Peripheral Vascular Disease with Use of Reteplase and/or AbciximabThe SCVIR Consultants' Conference; May 22, 2000; Orlando, FL. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 12:7, 795-805
CrossRef128
(2001) Reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction with fibrinolytic therapy or combination reduced fibrinolytic therapy and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition: the GUSTO V randomised trial. The Lancet 357:9272, 1905-1914
CrossRef129
Sarah A. Spinler, Stephanie M. Inverso. (2001) Update on Strategies to Improve Thrombolysis for Acute Myocardial Infarction. Pharmacotherapy 21:6, 691-716
CrossRef130
Ville Voipio, Markku Kuisma, Ari Alaspää, Matti Mänttäri, Per Rosenberg. (2001) Thrombolytic treatment of acute myocardial infarction after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 49:3, 251-258
CrossRef131
Freek WA Verheugt. (2001) GUSTO V: the bottom line of fibrinolytic reperfusion therapy. The Lancet 357:9272, 1898-1899
CrossRef132
&NA;. (2001) Bolus administration further enhances role of thrombolytics in initial management of myocardial infarction. Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 17:9, 9-12
CrossRef133
C Toombs. (2001) New directions in thrombolytic therapy. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 1:2, 164-168
CrossRef134
R SUNDRANI, L KLEIN. (2001) ANTITHROMBOTIC AND THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY IN ACUTE CARDIAC CARE. Critical Care Clinics 17:2, 379-390
CrossRef135
F ALMEDA, R SNELL, J PARRILLO. (2001) The Contemporary Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Critical Care Clinics 17:2, 411-434
CrossRef136
Michel R Le May, Marino Labinaz, Richard F Davies, Jean-François Marquis, Louise A Laramée, Edward R O’Brien, William L Williams, Rob S Beanlands, Graham Nichol, Lyall A Higginson. (2001) Stenting versus thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction trial (STAT). Journal of the American College of Cardiology 37:4, 985-991
CrossRef137
James P. Tsikouris, Alexander P. Tsikouris. (2001) A Review of Available Fibrin-Specific Thrombolytic Agents Used in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Pharmacotherapy 21:2, 207-217
CrossRef138
Christopher J. Dunn, Karen L. Goa. (2001) Tenecteplase. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 1:1, 51-66
CrossRef139
Charles W. Francis. (2001) New Thrombolytic Drugs. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 12:1, P21-P23
CrossRef140
R LI. (2000) Facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention: A novel concept in expediting and improving acute myocardial infarction care. American Heart Journal 140:6, s125-s135
CrossRef141
C CANNON. (2000) Exploring the issues of appropriate dosing in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction: Potential benefits of bolus fibrinolytic agents. American Heart Journal 140:6, s154-s160
CrossRef142
Yasuhiko Ikeda, Ken-ichi Kawano, Hisakuni Hashimoto, Kazuo Umemura. (2000) Reduction in myocardial infarct size by YM866, a modified tissue-type plasminogen activator, after coronary artery thrombotic occlusion in rats. Drug Development Research 51:3, 200-205
CrossRef143
Cheuk-Kit Wong, Harvey D. White. (2000) Medical treatment for acute coronary syndromes. Current Opinion in Cardiology 15:6, 441-462
CrossRef144
Howard C Herrmann, David J Moliterno, E.Magnus Ohman, Amanda L Stebbins, Christopher Bode, Amadeo Betriu, Florian Forycki, Jerry S Miklin, William B Bachinsky, A.Michael Lincoff, Robert M Califf, Eric J Topol. (2000) Facilitation of early percutaneous coronary intervention after reteplase with or without abciximab in acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 36:5, 1489-1496
CrossRef145
Ian BA Menown, AA Jennifer Adgey. (2000) Intracranial haemorrhage with bolus thrombolytic agents. The Lancet 356:9244, 1848-1849
CrossRef146
D Collen, B Sobel. (2000) Intracranial haemorrhage with bolus thrombolytic agents. The Lancet 356:9244, 1848
CrossRef147
Christopher F. Richards, Christopher P. Cannon. (2000) Reducing Medication Errors Potential Benefits of Bolus Thrombolytic Agents. Academic Emergency Medicine 7:11, 1285-1289
CrossRef148
R S Wright, S L Kopecky, G S Reeder. (2000) Update on intravenous fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction.. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 75:11, 1185-1191
CrossRef149
Venu Menon, Harvey White, Thierry LeJemtel, John G Webb, Lynn A Sleeper, Judith S Hochman. (2000) The clinical profile of patients with suspected cardiogenic shock due to predominant left ventricular failure: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 36:3, 1071-1076
CrossRef150
Sidney A. Cohen, Mohit Trikha, Mary A. Mascelli. (2000) Potential future clinical applications for the GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, abciximab in thrombosis, vascular and oncological indications. Pathology & Oncology Research 6:3, 163-174
CrossRef151
Schömig, Albert, Kastrati, Adnan, Dirschinger, Josef, Mehilli, Julinda, Schricke, Ullrich, Pache, Jürgen, Martinoff, Stefan, Neumann, Franz-Josef, Schwaiger, Markus, . (2000) Coronary Stenting plus Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Blockade Compared with Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Acute Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 343:6, 385-391
Full Text152
Shamir R Mehta, John W Eikelboom, Salim Yusuf. (2000) Risk of intracranial haemorrhage with bolus versus infusion thrombolytic therapy: a meta-analysis. The Lancet 356:9228, 449-454
CrossRef153
(2000) Part 7: The Era of Reperfusion. Resuscitation 46:1-3, 203-237
CrossRef154
Bart W.J Hellebrekers, Trudy C.M Trimbos-Kemper, J.Baptist M.Z Trimbos, Jef J Emeis, Teake Kooistra. (2000) Use of fibrinolytic agents in the prevention of postoperative adhesion formation. Fertility and Sterility 74:2, 203-212
CrossRef155
Ivan T. Straznicky, Harvey D. White. (2000) Thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction in the elderly. Coronary Artery Disease 11:4, 299-304
CrossRef156
William E Boden, Wiek H van Gilst, Rudy G Scheldewaert, Ian R Starkey, Marc F Carlier, Desmond G Julian, Anne Whitehead, Michel E Bertrand, Jacques J Col, Ole Lederballe Pedersen, Kong I Lie, Jean-P Santoni, Kim M Fox. (2000) Diltiazem in acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic agents: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet 355:9217, 1751-1756
CrossRef157
Ute Priglinger, Kurt Huber. (2000) Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Drugs & Aging 16:4, 301-312
CrossRef158
Newby, L. Kristin, Eisenstein, Eric L., Califf, Robert M., Thompson, Trevor D., Nelson, Charlotte L., Peterson, Eric D., Armstrong, Paul W., Van de Werf, Frans, White, Harvey D., Topol, Eric J., Mark, Daniel B., . (2000) Cost Effectiveness of Early Discharge after Uncomplicated Acute Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 342:11, 749-755
Full Text159
Gordon A Ewy, Joseph P Ornato. (2000) Emergency cardiac care: introduction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 35:4, 825-880
CrossRef160
M DAVIDIAN, A POWELL, J BENENATI, B KATZEN, G BECKER, G ZEMEL. (2000) Initial Results of Reteplase in the Treatment of Acute Lower Extremity Arterial Occlusions. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 11:3, 289-294
CrossRef161
David Hasdai, Robert M. Califf, Trevor D. Thompson, Judith S. Hochman, E.Magnus Ohman, Matthias Pfisterer, Eric R. Bates, Alec Vahanian, Paul W. Armstrong, Douglas A. Criger, Eric J. Topol, David R. Holmes. (2000) Predictors of cardiogenic shock after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 35:1, 136-143
CrossRef162
Sebastian Harder, Ute Klinkhardt. (2000) Thrombolytics. Drug Safety 23:5, 391-399
CrossRef163
Paul A. Gurbel, Dean J. Kereiakes,. (2000) Baseline Platelet Aggregation and Major Receptor Expression Predict Subsequent Activity Following Thrombolysis for Acute Myocardial Infarction. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 34:1, 53-58
CrossRef164
Christopher P Cannon. (1999) Overcoming thrombolytic resistance. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 34:5, 1395-1402
CrossRef165
Simon Maxwell. (1999) Emergency management of acute myocardial infarction. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 48:3, 284-298
CrossRef166
Thomas J Ryan, Elliott M Antman, Neil H Brooks, Robert M Califf, L.David Hillis, Loren F Hiratzka, Elliot Rapaport, Barbara Riegel, Richard O Russell, Earl E Smith, W.Douglas Weaver, Raymond J Gibbons, Joseph S Alpert, Kim A Eagle, Timothy J Gardner, Arthur Garson, Gabriel Gregoratos, Richard O Russell, Thomas J Ryan, Sidney C Smith. (1999) 1999 update: ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 34:3, 890-911
CrossRef167
Uwe Zeymer, Karl-Ludwig Neuhaus. (1999) Clinical trials in acute myocardial infarction. Current Opinion in Cardiology 14:5, 392
CrossRef168
Frans Van de Werf. (1999) Single-bolus tenecteplase compared with front-loaded alteplase in acute myocardial infarction: the ASSENT-2 double-blind randomised trial. The Lancet 354:9180, 716-722
CrossRef169
Karl Wescheider, Karl -Ludwig Neuhaus, Rüdiger Dissmann, Ulrich Tebbe, Uwe Zeymer, Rolf Schröder. (1999) Prognostische Bedeutung der ST-Strecken-Veränderung beim akuten Myokardinfarkt. Herz 24:5, 378-388
CrossRef170
Harvey D White. (1999) Future of reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. The Lancet 354:9180, 695-697
CrossRef171
Andrew I.R. Maas, Ewout W. Steyerberg, Gordon D. Murray, Ross Bullock, Alexander Baethmann, Lawrence F. Marshall, Graham M. Teasdale. (1999) Why Have Recent Trials of Neuroprotective Agents in Head Injury Failed to Show Convincing Efficacy? A Pragmatic Analysis and Theoretical Considerations. Neurosurgery 44:6, 1286-1298
CrossRef172
Allan M. Ross. (1999) New plasminogen activators: A clinical review. Clinical Cardiology 22:3, 165-171
CrossRef173
CHRISTOPHER B. GRANGER, ROBERT M. CALIFF. (1999) The GUSTO Trials. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 12:1, 13-31
CrossRef174
J. DAVID TALLEY. (1999) Medical Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 12:1, 33-49
CrossRef175
Harold L. Kennedy. (1999) The importance of randomized clinical trials and evidence-based medicine: A clinician's perspective. Clinical Cardiology 22:1, 6-12
CrossRef176
HOMAYOUN KHANLOU, GAURAV MALHOTRA, NEHGAR KHANLOU, GLENN EIGER, PETER FRECHIE. (1999) Massive Subfascial Hematoma After Alteplase Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 317:1, 53-54
CrossRef177
GEORGE P. HANNA, RICHARD W. SMALLING. (1998) New Thrombolytics, Adjunctive Therapies, and Mechanical Interventions for Acute Ischemic Syndromes: A Current Perspective. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 11:5, 415-425
CrossRef178
GERALD C. TIMMIS, STEVEN B.H. TIMMIS. (1998) The Restoration of Coronary Blood Flow in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 11:s5, S9-S17
CrossRef179
Paul A. Gurbel, Victor L. Serebruany, Andrew R. Shustov, Raymond D. Bahr, Cynthia Carpo, E.Magnus Ohman, Eric J. Topol. (1998) Effects of Reteplase and Alteplase on Platelet Aggregation and Major Receptor Expression During the First 24 Hours of Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 31:7, 1466-1473
CrossRef180
(1998) Thrombolytic Therapy for Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 338:8, 545-548
Full Text181
J. David Talley, Pius Manavalan, Todd Stewart. (1997) Progress in Interventional Cardiology. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 10:6, 511-515
CrossRef182
ALLAN M. ROSS. (1997) New Thrombolytic Agents. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 10:6, 395-399
CrossRef183
Ware, James H., , Antman, Elliott M., . (1997) Equivalence Trials. New England Journal of Medicine 337:16, 1159-1161
Full Text
- Letters
