Correspondence
Impact of Combination Therapy for HIV Infection on Inpatient Census
N Engl J Med 1997; 336:1531-1533May 22, 1997
- Article
To the Editor:
St. Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center in New York is located in the Greenwich Village–Chelsea section of lower Manhattan, one of the areas with the highest density of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States (3863 and 4744 cases of AIDS per 100,000 in Greenwich Village and Chelsea, respectively, in 1996). Over the past 10 years, the medical center has had annual increases in inpatient admissions and discharges, as well as increases in total days of inpatient care for HIV-related illnesses. Before the availability of protease-inhibitor therapy, the average daily inpatient census of patients with AIDS peaked at 136 patients in 1994. In December 1995, the first protease inhibitor, saquinavir, received approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA); in February and March 1996, ritonavir and indinavir, respectively, also received FDA approval.
Figure 1Figure 1
Average Inpatient Census and Total Outpatient Visits per Month from January 1994 through December 1996. shows the average monthly inpatient census and total monthly outpatient visits for the period from January 1994 through December 1996. There was a reduction in the average inpatient census, beginning at the end of 1995 and coinciding with an increase in the volume of outpatient visits. From 1995 to 1996, there was a 33 percent increase in outpatient visits by HIV-positive patients (from a total of 16,670 visits in 1995 to a total of 22,173 in 1996). The services provided during these visits included HIV testing and counseling, primary medical care and early intervention, and specialty care. The number of individual patients seen in the outpatient clinic increased from 2268 in 1994 to 2739 in 1996, a 21 percent increase.From 1994 to 1996, the average inpatient census dropped by 28 percent (from 109 to 79), and from 1995 to 1996, it dropped by 24 percent. The numbers of inpatient admissions and discharges decreased by 11 and 9 percent, respectively, from 1995 to 1996, and the total number of inpatient days decreased by 24 percent. The average length of stay was reduced from 15 to 12.6 days, a 16 percent decrease. In comparison, admissions unrelated to HIV infection increased by 6 percent from 1995 to 1996, and the average length of stay for acute care was the same (6.6 days) in 1995 and 1996.
The inpatient hospital pharmacy began to dispense protease inhibitors in late 1995, and the use of nucleoside-analogue therapy increased dramatically during 1996. This change is related to the increased use of combination regimens (“cocktails”), which typically combine two nucleoside analogues with one protease inhibitor. Use of these new treatments resulted in a marked increase in expenditures by the inpatient hospital pharmacy for antiretroviral agents: from $28,471 in 1995 to $219,446 in 1996, nearly an eight-fold increase. It is unclear whether the savings from the decreased use of inpatient services and the decrease in the average length of stay are offset by higher drug costs and the increased use of ambulatory services.
Ramón A. Torres, M.D.
Michael Barr, B.S.
St. Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center, New York, NY 10011- Citing Articles (102)
Citing Articles
1
Kelly A Gebo, John A Fleishman, Richard Conviser, James Hellinger, Fred J Hellinger, Joshua S Josephs, Philip Keiser, Paul Gaist, Richard D Moore. (2010) Contemporary costs of HIV healthcare in the HAART era. AIDS 24:17, 2705-2715
CrossRef2
Z Wang, Z Tang, Y Zheng, D Yu, M Spear, S R Iyer, B Bishop, Y Wu. (2010) Development of a nonintegrating Rev-dependent lentiviral vector carrying diphtheria toxin A chain and human TRAF6 to target HIV reservoirs. Gene Therapy 17:9, 1063-1076
CrossRef3
Dirk Meyer-Olson, Reinhold E Schmidt, Benjamin A Bollmann. (2010) Treatment and prevention of cytomegalovirus-associated diseases in HIV-1 infection in the era of HAART. HIV Therapy 4:4, 413-436
CrossRef4
Baligh R Yehia, John A Fleishman, Perrin L Hicks, Michelande Ridore, Richard D Moore, Kelly A Gebo. (2010) Inpatient Health Services Utilization Among HIV-Infected Adult Patients in Care 2002-2007. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 53:3, 397-404
CrossRef5
G. Miiro, S. Nakubulwa, C. Watera, P. Munderi, S. Floyd, H. Grosskurth. (2010) Evaluation of affordable screening markers to detect CD4+ T-cell counts below 200 cells/μl among HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults. Tropical Medicine & International Health
CrossRef6
JS Josephs, JA Fleishman, PT Korthuis, RD Moore, KA Gebo, . (2010) Emergency department utilization among HIV-infected patients in a multisite multistate study*. HIV Medicine 11:1, 74-84
CrossRef7
Bohdan Nosyk, Huiying Sun, Nick Bansback, Daphne P. Guh, Xin Li, Paul Barnett, Ahmed Bayoumi, Susan Griffin, Vilija Joyce, Mark Holodniy, Doug K. Owens, Aslam H. Anis. (2009) The concurrent validity and responsiveness of the health utilities index (HUI 3) among patients with advanced HIV/AIDS. Quality of Life Research 18:7, 815-824
CrossRef8
Pedro M. Olaechea, Francisco Álvarez-Lerma, Miguel Sánchez, Antonio Torres, Mercedes Palomar, Pedro Fernández, José M. Miró, José Miguel Cisneros, Manuel Torres. (2009) Evaluación del estado de gravedad de pacientes con infecciones graves. Criterios de ingreso en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica 27:6, 342-352
CrossRef9
Baligh R. Yehia, Kelly A. Gebo, Perrin B. Hicks, P. Todd Korthuis, Richard D. Moore, Michelande Ridore, William Christopher Mathews. (2008) Structures of Care in the Clinics of the HIV Research Network. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 22:12, 1007-1013
CrossRef10
Natividad Benito, Asunción Moreno-Camacho, Antoni Torres. (2008) Pulmonary Infiltrates in HIV Patients in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 15:6, 313-324
CrossRef11
John A. Fleishman, Richard D. Moore, Richard Conviser, Perrin B. Lawrence, P. Todd Korthuis, Kelly A. Gebo. (2008) Associations between Outpatient and Inpatient Service Use among Persons with HIV Infection: A Positive or Negative Relationship?. Health Services Research 43:1p1, 76-95
CrossRef12
Homer L. Twigg III, Michael Weiden, Fred Valentine, Carol T. Schnizlein‐Bick, Roland Bassett, Lu Zheng, Joseph Wheat, Richard B. Day, Helen Rominger, Ronald G. Collman, Lawrence Fox, Barbara Brizz, Joan Dragavon, Robert W. Coombs, R. Pat Bucy, . (2008) Effect of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Viral Burden in the Lungs of HIV‐Infected Subjects. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 197:1, 109-116
CrossRef13
Bettina Knoll, Britta Lassmann, Zelalem Temesgen. (2007) Current status of HIV infection: a review for non-HIV-treating physicians. International Journal of Dermatology 46:12, 1219-1228
CrossRef14
Seth Himelhoch, Geetanjali Chander, John A. Fleishman, James Hellinger, Paul Gaist, Kelly A. Gebo. (2007) Access to HAART and utilization of inpatient medical hospital services among HIV-infected patients with co-occurring serious mental illness and injection drug use. General Hospital Psychiatry 29:6, 518-525
CrossRef15
Stephen D Shafran. (2007) Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 44:5, 551-556
CrossRef16
HB Krentz, S Dean, MJ Gill. (2006) Longitudinal assessment (1995–2003) of hospitalizations of HIV-infected patients within a geographical population in Canada. HIV Medicine 7:7, 457-466
CrossRef17
Zelalem Temesgen, David Warnke, Mary J Kasten. (2006) Current status of antiretroviral therapy. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 7:12, 1541-1554
CrossRef18
Jeanne Bertolli, Ho-Wen Hsu, Thomas Sukalac, John Williamson, Vicki Peters, Toni Frederick, Tamara A. Rakusan, Idith Ortiz, Sharon K. Melville, Kenneth Dominguez. (2006) Hospitalization Trends Among Children and Youths With Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, 1990???2002. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 25:7, 628-633
CrossRef19
A. Solages, J. A. Vita, D. J. Thornton, J. Murray, T. Heeren, D. E. Craven, C. R. Horsburgh. (2006) Endothelial Function in HIV-Infected Persons. Clinical Infectious Diseases 42:9, 1325-1332
CrossRef20
R. Y. Chen, N. A. Accortt, A. O. Westfall, M. J. Mugavero, J. L. Raper, G. A. Cloud, B. K. Stone, J. Carter, S. Call, M. Pisu, J. Allison, M. S. Saag. (2006) Distribution of Health Care Expenditures for HIV-Infected Patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases 42:7, 1003-1010
CrossRef21
Motasim Badri, Gary Maartens, Sundhiya Mandalia, Linda-Gail Bekker, John R. Penrod, Robert W. Platt, Robin Wood, Eduard J. Beck. (2006) Cost-Effectiveness of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa. PLoS Medicine 3:1, e4
CrossRef22
Darren J Clayson, Diane J Wild, Paul Quarterman, Isabelle Duprat-Lomon, Maria Kubin, Stephen Joel Coons. (2006) A Comparative Review of Health-Related Quality-of-Life Measures for Use in HIV/AIDS Clinical Trials. PharmacoEconomics 24:8, 751-765
CrossRef23
Kelly A Gebo, John A Fleishman, Richard D Moore. (2005) Hospitalizations for Metabolic Conditions, Opportunistic Infections, and Injection Drug Use Among HIV Patients. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 40:5, 609-616
CrossRef24
SD Shafran, LD Mashinter, SE Roberts. (2005) The effect of low-dose ritonavir monotherapy on fasting serum lipid concentrations. HIV Medicine 6:6, 421-425
CrossRef25
Natividad Benito-Hernández, Asunción Moreno-Camacho, José María Gatell-Artigas. (2005) Complicaciones infecciosas pulmonares en los pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en la era del tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad en España. Medicina Clínica 125:14, 548-555
CrossRef26
Richard M. Rutstein, Kelly A. Gebo, George K. Siberry, Patricia M. Flynn, Stephen A. Spector, Victoria L. Sharp, John A. Fleishman. (2005) Hospital and Outpatient Health Services Utilization Among HIV-Infected Children in Care 2000???2001. Medical Care 43:suppl, III-31-III-39
CrossRef27
John A. Fleishman, Kelly A. Gebo, Erin D. Reilly, Richard Conviser, W Christopher Mathews, P Todd Korthuis, James Hellinger, Richard Rutstein, Philip Keiser, Haya Rubin, Richard D. Moore. (2005) Hospital and Outpatient Health Services Utilization Among HIV-Infected Adults in Care 2000???2002. Medical Care 43:suppl, III-40-III-52
CrossRef28
Constance R. Uphold, William N. Mkanta. (2005) Review: Use of Health Care Services Among Persons Living with HIV Infection: State of the Science and Future Directions. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 19:8, 473-485
CrossRef29
Nora Franceschini, Sonia Napravnik, Joseph J. Eron, Lynda A. Szczech, William F. Finn. (2005) Incidence and etiology of acute renal failure among ambulatory HIV-infected patients. Kidney International 67:4, 1526-1531
CrossRef30
T. Kitajima, Y. Kobayashi, W. Chaipah, H. Sato, S. Toyokawa, W. Chadbunchachai, R. Thuennadee. (2005) Access to antiretroviral therapy among HIV/AIDS patients in khon kaen province, Thailand. AIDS Care 17:3, 359-366
CrossRef31
Valerio Vidotto, Marcia Melhem, Sandra Pukinskas, Shigeji Aoki, Cristina Carrara, Agostino Pugliese. (2005) Actividad enzimática extracelular y serotipo en cepas de Cryptococcus neoformans de pacientes con sida en Brasil. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología 22:1, 29-33
CrossRef32
Klaus E. M
nkem
CrossRef33
Catherine L. Cherry, Luxshimi Lal, Steven L. Wesselingh. (2005) Mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside analogues: mechanism, monitoring and management. Sexual Health 2:1, 1
CrossRef34
Kelly A. Gebo, John A. Fleishman, Richard Conviser, Erin D. Reilly, P. Todd Korthuis, Richard D. Moore, James Hellinger, Philip Keiser, Haya R. Rubin, Lawrence Crane, Fred J. Hellinger, W. Christopher Mathews. (2005) Racial and Gender Disparities in Receipt of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Persist in a Multistate Sample of HIV Patients in 2001. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 38:1, 96-103
CrossRef35
Véronique Dufour, Jacques Cadranel, Marie Wislez, Armelle Lavole, Emmanuel Bergot, Antoine Parrot, Pierre Rufat, Charles Mayaud. (2004) Changes in the Pattern of Respiratory Diseases Necessitating Hospitalization of HIV-infectedPatients Since the Advent of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Lung 182:6, 331-341
CrossRef36
Herminia Palacio, Xiuhong Li, Tracey E Wilson, Henry Sacks, Mardge H Cohen, Jean Richardson, Mary Young, Alvaro Mu??oz. (2004) Healthcare use by varied highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) strata. AIDS 18:4, 621-630
CrossRef37
Zelalem Temesgen, Francesca Cainelli, David Warnke, Janak Koirala. (2004) Initial antiretroviral therapy in chronically-infected HIV-positive adults. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 5:3, 595-612
CrossRef38
Liliana E. Pezzin, John A. Fleishman. (2003) Is Outpatient Care Associated with Lower Use of Inpatient and Emergency Care? An Analysis of Persons with HIV Disease. Academic Emergency Medicine 10:11, 1228-1238
CrossRef39
Tsutomu Kitajima, Yasuki Kobayashi, Weerasak Chaipah, Hajime Sato, Witaya Chadbunchachai, Ruengsin Thuennadee. (2003) Costs of medical services for patients with HIV/AIDS in Khon Kaen, Thailand. AIDS 17:16, 2375-2381
CrossRef40
Kelly A. Gebo, Marie Diener-West, Richard D. Moore. (2003) Hospitalization Rates Differ by Hepatitis C Status in an Urban HIV Cohort. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 34:2, 165-173
CrossRef41
John A. Fleishman, Fred H. Hellinger. (2003) Recent Trends in HIV-Related Inpatient Admissions 1996???2000. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 34:1, 102-110
CrossRef42
Heike Gehringer, Klaus Von der Helm, Sigrid Seelmeir, Benedikt Weißbrich, Josef Eberle, Hans Nitschko. (2003) Development and evaluation of a phenotypic assay monitoring resistance formation to protease inhibitors in HIV-1-infected patients. Journal of Virological Methods 109:2, 143-152
CrossRef43
Monique M.R. de Maat, Teun M. Post, Dani??l M. Jonker, Jan W. Mulder, Pieter L. Meenhorst, Eric C.M van Gorp, Cornelis H.W. Koks, Anthonius de Boer, Jos H. Beijnen. (2003) Pharmacotherapy of Hospitalised HIV-Infected Patients in a General Hospital during 1990, 1997 and 2001. Clinical Drug Investigation 23:1, 45-53
CrossRef44
Ira B. Wilson, Lin Ding, Ron D. Hays, Martin F. Shapiro, Samuel A. Bozzette, Paul D. Cleary. (2002) HIV Patients’ Experiences With Inpatient and Outpatient Care. Medical Care 40:12, 1149-1160
CrossRef45
Catherine L. Cherry, Michelle E. Gahan, Justin C. McArthur, Sharon R. Lewin, Jennifer F. Hoy, Steven L. Wesselingh. (2002) Exposure to Dideoxynucleosides Is Reflected in Lowered Mitochondrial DNA in Subcutaneous Fat. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 30:3, 271-277
CrossRef46
(2002) Hospital and Outpatient Health Services Utilization Among HIV-Infected Patients in Care in 1999. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 30:1, 21-26
CrossRef47
(2002) Hospital and Outpatient Health Services Utilization Among HIV-Infected Patients in Care in 1999. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes21-26
CrossRef48
Simon Paul, Holly M. Gilbert, Leah Lande, Carlos M. Vaamonde, Jonathan Jacobs, Sharp Malak, Kent A. Sepkowitz. (2002) Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Decreasing Hospitalization Rates of HIV-Infected Patients in 2001. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 18:7, 501-506
CrossRef49
K. T. Tashima, J. W. Hogan, L. I. Gardner, C. Korkontzelou, E. E. Schoenbaum, P. Schuman, A. Rompalo, C. C. J. Carpenter. (2001) A Longitudinal Analysis of Hospitalization and Emergency Department Use among Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Women Reporting Protease Inhibitor Use. Clinical Infectious Diseases 33:12, 2055-2060
CrossRef50
L. Garattini, F. Tediosi, E. Di Cintio, D. Yin, F. Parazzini. (2001) Resource utilization and hospital cost of HIV/AIDS care in Italy in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Care 13:6, 733-741
CrossRef51
S. K. Cinti, Wendy S. Armstrong, Carol A. Kauffman. (2001) Case Report. Recurrence of increased intracranial pressure with antiretroviral therapy in an AIDS patient with cryptococcal meningitis. Mycoses 44:11-12, 497-501
CrossRef52
Nicoletta Orchi, Enrico Girardi, Giorgio Antonucci, Giuseppina Nurra, Carlo A. Perucci, Giuseppe Ippolito. (2001) Changing Patterns of "Hospital-at-Home" Care Use by Persons with AIDS in the Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 15:12, 625-632
CrossRef53
Ira B. Wilson, Eric Tchetgen, Donna Spiegelman. (2001) Patterns of Adherence With Antiretroviral Medications: An Examination of Between-Medication Differences. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 28:3, 259-263
CrossRef54
Michelle E. Gahan, Francis Miller, Sharon R. Lewin, Catherine L. Cherry, Jennifer F. Hoy, Anne Mijch, Franklin Rosenfeldt, Steven L. Wesselingh. (2001) Quantification of mitochondrial DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and subcutaneous fat using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Clinical Virology 22:3, 241-247
CrossRef55
John A. Fleishman, Fred J. Hellinger. (2001) Trends in HIV-Related Inpatient Admissions From 1993 to 1997: A Seven-State Study. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 28:1, 73-80
CrossRef56
Sheri A. Keitz, Tamara L. Box, Rick K. Homan, John A. Bartlett, Eugene Z. Oddone. (2001) Primary Care for Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 16:9, 573-582
CrossRef57
J. G. Kahn, B. Haile, J. Kates, S. Chang. (2001) Health and Federal Budgetary Effects of Increasing Access to Antiretroviral Medications for HIV by Expanding Medicaid. American Journal of Public Health 91:9, 1464-1473
CrossRef58
James G. Kahn, Susan M. Kegeles, Robert Hays, Nathalie Beltzer. (2001) Cost-Effectiveness of the Mpowerment Project, a Community-Level Intervention for Young Gay Men. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:5, 482-491
CrossRef59
James G. Kahn, Susan M. Kegeles, Robert Hays, Nathalie Beltzer. (2001) Cost-Effectiveness of the Mpowerment Project, a Community-Level Intervention for Young Gay Men. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:5, 482-491
CrossRef60
(2001) Expenditures for the Care of Patients with HIV. New England Journal of Medicine 344:25, 1948-1949
Full Text61
Kelly A. Gebo, Marie Diener-West, Richard D. Moore. (2001) Hospitalization Rates in an Urban Cohort After the Introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:2, 143-152
CrossRef62
Kelly A. Gebo, Marie Diener-West, Richard D. Moore. (2001) Hospitalization Rates in an Urban Cohort After the Introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:2, 143-152
CrossRef63
Natividad Benito, Ana Rañó, Asunción Moreno, Julià González, Montserrat Luna, Carlos Agustí, Cristina Danés, Tomás Pumarola, José María Miró, Antoni Torres, José María Gatell. (2001) Pulmonary Infiltrates in HIV-Infected Patients in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era in Spain. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:1, 35-43
CrossRef64
Natividad Benito, Ana Rañó, Asunción Moreno, Julià González, Montserrat Luna, Carlos Agustí, Cristina Danés, Tomás Pumarola, José María Miró, Antoni Torres, José María Gatell. (2001) Pulmonary Infiltrates in HIV-Infected Patients in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era in Spain. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:1, 35-43
CrossRef65
Philip Keiser, Naiel Nassar, Mary Beth Kvanli, Dianna Turner, James W. Smith, Daniel Skiest. (2001) Long-Term Impact of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV-Related Health Care Costs. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:1, 14-19
CrossRef66
Philip Keiser, Naiel Nassar, Mary Beth Kvanli, Dianna Turner, James W. Smith, Daniel Skiest. (2001) Long-Term Impact of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV-Related Health Care Costs. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:1, 14-19
CrossRef67
Jl Turner, Jr Kostman, A Aquino, D Wright, S Szabo, R Bidwell, J Goodgame, A Daigle, E Kelley, F Jensen, C Duffy, D Carlo, Rb Moss. (2001) The effects of an HIV-1 immunogen (Remune) on viral load, CD4 cell counts and HIV-specific immunity in a double-blind, randomized, adjuvant-controlled subset study in HIV infected subjects regardless of concomitant antiviral drugs. HIV Medicine 2:2, 68-77
CrossRef68
Freedberg, Kenneth A., Losina, Elena, Weinstein, Milton C., Paltiel, A. David, Cohen, Calvin J., Seage, George R., Craven, Donald E., Zhang, Hong, Kimmel, April D., Goldie, Sue J., . (2001) The Cost Effectiveness of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 344:11, 824-831
Full Text69
T. Delate, S. J. Coons. (2001) The Use of 2 Health-Related Quality-of-Life Measures in a Sample of Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases 32:3, e47-e52
CrossRef70
Mark R. Wallace, Sybil A. Tasker, Y. Todd Shinohara, Hal E. Hill, Gail D. Chapman, Larry K. Miller. (2001) The Changing Economics of HIV Care. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 15:1, 25-29
CrossRef71
Clara M. Escolano Hortelano, Félix Gutiérrez Rodero, Javier Ena Muñoz, Concepción Benito Santaleocadia, Mar Masiá Canuto, Alberto Martín Hidalgo, Antonia Mora Rufete, Ildefonso Hernández Aguado. (2001) Impact of a day-care center on the appropriateness of hospital admissions and frequency of hospitalization in patients with HIV infection. British Journal of Clinical Governance 6:2, 102-108
CrossRef72
Quarraisha Abdool Karim. (2000) Trends in HIV/AIDS infection: Beyond current statistics. South African Journal of International Affairs 7:2, 1-21
CrossRef73
M Velasco, A Gomez, C Fernandez, E Perez-Cecilia, MJ Tellez, V Roca, A Fernandez-Cruz. (2000) Economic impact of HIV protease inhibitor therapy in the global use of health-care resources. HIV Medicine 1:4, 246-251
CrossRef74
Richard D. Moore. (2000) Healthcare economics in HIV. Current Infectious Disease Reports 2:4, 371-375
CrossRef75
Fred J. Hellinger, John A. Fleishman. (2000) Estimating the National Cost of Treating People With HIV Disease: Patient, Payer, and Provider Data. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 24:2, 182-188
CrossRef76
Fred J. Hellinger, John A. Fleishman. (2000) Estimating the National Cost of Treating People With HIV Disease: Patient, Payer, and Provider Data. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 24:2, 182-188
CrossRef77
Robert Colebunders, Kristien Verdonck, Jean Nachega, Pravin Kothari. (2000) Impact of New Developments in Antiretroviral Treatment on AIDS Prevention and Care in Resource-Poor Countries. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 14:5, 251-257
CrossRef78
Josephine A. Mauskopf, Jerry M. Tolson, Kit N. Simpson, Sissi V. Pham, James Albright. (2000) Impact of Zidovudine-Based Triple Combination Therapy on an AIDS Drug Assistance Program. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 23:4, 302-313
CrossRef79
Richard D. Moore. (2000) Cost Effectiveness of Combination HIV Therapy. PharmacoEconomics 17:4, 325-330
CrossRef80
Josephine A. Mauskopf, Jerry M. Tolson, Kit N. Simpson, Sissi V. Pham, James Albright. (2000) Impact of Zidovudine-Based Triple Combination Therapy on an AIDS Drug Assistance Program. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 23:4, 302-313
CrossRef81
Klaus E. Monkemuller, Stephanie A. Call, Audrey J. Lazenby, C. Mel Wilcox. (2000) Declining prevalence of opportunistic gastrointestinal disease in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 95:2, 457-462
CrossRef82
Wayne D.L. Bentham, Liming Cai, Kevin A. Schulman. (1999) Characteristics of Hospitalizations of HIV-Infected Patients: An Analysis of Data From the 1994 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 22:5, 503
CrossRef83
Wayne D.L. Bentham, Liming Cai, Kevin A. Schulman. (1999) Characteristics of Hospitalizations of HIV-Infected Patients: An Analysis of Data From the 1994 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 22:5, 503
CrossRef84
Eduard J. Beck, Sundhiya Mandalia, Ian Williams, Amanda Power, Roger Newson, Anna Molesworth, David Barlow, Philippa Easterbrook, Martin Fisher, John Innes, George Kinghorn, Bibhat Mandel, Anton Pozniak, Alan Tang. (1999) Decreased morbidity and use of hospital services in English HIV-infected individuals with increased uptake of anti-retroviral therapy 1996-1997. AIDS 13:15, 2157-2164
CrossRef85
Duncan R. Churchill, Alexander S. Pym, Sarah Galpin, Russell Foxall, Chris Stainsby, John R. Clarke, Steve Kaye, Stuart Bloor, Brendan A. Larder, Ben Wills, Eugene Sun, Abdel G. Babiker, David J. Back, Jonathan N. Weber. (1999) The Rabbit Study: Ritonavir and Saquinavir in Combination in Saquinavir-Experienced and Previously Untreated Patients. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 15:13, 1181-1189
CrossRef86
Anne C Moorman, Scott D Holmberg, Steven I Marlowe, Jennifer C Von Bargen, Bienvenido G Yangco, Frank J Palella, Douglas J Ward, Mark O Loveless, Jack Fuhrer, Patrick Joseph, William A Alexander, Diane J Aschman. (1999) Changing Conditions and Treatments in a Dynamic Cohort of Ambulatory HIV Patients. Annals of Epidemiology 9:6, 349-357
CrossRef87
Jordi Altés, Manuel Guadarrama, Lluís Force, Alfons Tapiz, Josep Vilaró, Isabel García. (1999) The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on HIV-related hospitalizations in 17 county hospitals in Catalonia, Spain. AIDS 13:11, 1418
CrossRef88
Sandra K. Schwarcz, Ling C. Hsu, Maree K. Parisi, Mitchell H. Katz. (1999) The impact of the 1993 AIDS case definition on the completeness and timeliness of AIDS surveillance. AIDS 13:9, 1109-1114
CrossRef89
Kelly A. Gebo, Richard E. Chaisson, John G. Folkemer, John G. Bartlett, Richard D. Moore. (1999) Costs of HIV medical care in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 13:8, 963-969
CrossRef90
Patrizio Pezzotti, Pier Angela Napoli, Serenella Acciai, Stefano Boros, Roberta Urciuoli, Vera Lazzeri, Giovanni Rezza. (1999) Increasing survival time after AIDS in Italy: the role of new combination antiretroviral therapies. AIDS 13:2, 249-255
CrossRef91
Steven Forsythe, Charles Gilks. (1999) Economic issues and antiretroviral therapy in developing countries. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93:1, 1-3
CrossRef92
T.T.Y. HO, K.C.W. CHAN, K.H. WONG, S.S. LEE. (1999) Indinavir-Associated Facial Lipodystrophy in HIV-Infected Patients. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 13:1, 11-16
CrossRef93
Christian Michelet, Cedric Arvieux, Cecile François, Jean Marc Besnier, Jean Philippe Rogez, Jean Philippe Breux, Faouzi Souala, Clotilde Allavena, François Raffi, Michel Garre, François Cartier. (1998) Opportunistic infections occurring during highly active antiretroviral treatment. AIDS 12:14, 1815-1822
CrossRef94
Valerie E. Stone, Jennifer Clarke, Joan Lovell, Kathleen A. Steger, Lisa R. Hirschhorn, Stephen Boswell, Alicia D. Monroe, Michael D. Stein, Tamra J. Tyree, Kenneth H. Mayer. (1998) HIV/AIDS Patients' Perspectives on Adhering to Regimens Containing Protease Inhibitors. Journal of General Internal Medicine 13:9, 586-593
CrossRef95
Rosemary Spira, Catherine Marimoutou, Christine Binquet, Denis Lacoste, François Dabis. (1998) Rapid Change in the Use of Antiretroviral Agents and Improvement in a Population of HIV-Infected Patients: France, 1995 to 1997. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 18:4, 358-364
CrossRef96
Ahmed M. Bayoumi, Donald A. Redelmeier. (1998) Preventing Mycobacterium avium complex in patients who are using protease inhibitors. AIDS 12:12, 1503-1512
CrossRef97
Concepta Merry, Michael G. Barry, Fiona Mulcahy, Mairin Ryan, John F. Tjia, Kathryn L. Halifax, Alasdair M. Breckenridge, David J. Back. (1998) The pharmacokinetics of combination therapy with nelfinavir plus nevirapine. AIDS 12:10, 1163-1167
CrossRef98
Palella, Frank J. Jr., Delaney, Kathleen M., Moorman, Anne C., Loveless, Mark O., Fuhrer, Jack, Satten, Glen A., Aschman, Diane J., Holmberg, Scott D., the HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. (1998) Declining Morbidity and Mortality among Patients with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. New England Journal of Medicine 338:13, 853-860
Full Text99
Hirschel, Bernard, , Francioli, Patrick, . (1998) Progress and Problems in the Fight against AIDS. New England Journal of Medicine 338:13, 906-908
Full Text100
M. Barry, F. Mulcahy, D. J. Back. (1998) Antiretroviral therapy for patients with HIV disease. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 45:3, 221-228
CrossRef101
(1997) End-of-Life Care in HIV Disease Let's Talk. Journal of General Internal Medicine 12:12, 784-786
CrossRef102
Yves Mouton, Serge Alfandari, Michel Valette, François Cartier, Pierre Dellamonica, Guy Humbert, Jean Marie Lang, Patrice Massip, Denis Mechali, Pascale Leclercq, Jacques Modai, Henri Portier. (1997) Impact of protease inhibitors on AIDS-defining events and hospitalizations in 10 French AIDS reference centres. AIDS 11:12, F101-F105
CrossRef
