Original Article
An Outbreak of Gastroenteritis and Fever Due to Listeria monocytogenes in Milk
N Engl J Med 1997; 336:100-106January 9, 1997
- Abstract
Background
After an outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever among persons who attended a picnic in Illinois, chocolate milk served at the picnic was found to be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes.
Methods
In investigating this outbreak, we interviewed the people who attended the picnic about what they ate and their symptoms. Surveillance for invasive listeriosis was initiated in the states that receive milk from the implicated dairy. Stool and milk samples were cultured for L. monocytogenes. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibody to listeriolysin O.
Results
Forty-five persons had symptoms that met the case definition for illness due to L. monocytogenes, and cultures of stool from 11 persons yielded the organism. Illness in the week after the picnic was associated with the consumption of chocolate milk. The most common symptoms were diarrhea (present in 79 percent of the cases) and fever (72 percent). Four persons were hospitalized. The median incubation period for infection was 20 hours (range, 9 to 32), and persons who became ill had elevated levels of antibody to listeriolysin O. Isolates from stool specimens from patients who became ill after the picnic, from sterile sites in three additional patients identified by surveillance, from the implicated chocolate milk, and from a tank drain at the dairy were all serotype 1/2b and were indistinguishable on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, ribotyping, and DNA macrorestriction analysis.
Conclusions
L. monocytogenes is a cause of gastroenteritis with fever, and sporadic cases of invasive listeriosis may be due to unrecognized outbreaks caused by contaminated food.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
DNA Macrorestriction Patterns of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates, Determined by Ap aI Restriction of Genomic DNA and Separation of the Restriction Fragments by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis.Figure 2
Anti–Listeriolysin O Levels among Picnic Attendees and Controls.Article Activity
- Article
There was an outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever among the people who ate at a picnic at a Holstein cow show in Elizabeth, Illinois, on July 9, 1994. Complaints about the taste and quality of commercial pasteurized chocolate milk consumed at the picnic led to the culture of Listeria monocytogenes from samples of leftover milk. Milk with the same production date from the same dairy had been distributed throughout Wisconsin and part of Michigan. In the past, outbreaks caused by food-borne L. monocytogenes have generally been characterized by severe invasive disease.1-4 However, in recent outbreaks, infection with L. monocytogenes has presented with fever and gastroenteritis without progression to invasive illness.5,6 We investigated the cause and nature of illness among attendees at the picnic in Illinois and initiated surveillance to determine whether L. monocytogenes in chocolate milk had also caused illness in Wisconsin and Michigan.
Methods
Epidemiologic Investigation
Efforts were made to contact all persons who had gone to the picnic. Using a standard questionnaire, we interviewed attendees by telephone or in person about all the foods and beverages they consumed at the picnic and about the quantity of chocolate milk they consumed and its temperature and taste. Information about the frequency and duration of symptoms, use of medications, and medical history was also obtained. To analyze risk factors for illness and to describe the relation between illness and serologic response, we defined a case of L. monocytogenes infection as the presence of symptoms from two of the following four groups within one week after the consumption of foods or beverages at or from the picnic: (1) fever; (2) diarrhea (defined as loose stools for 24 hours or more), nausea, or vomiting; (3) myalgia or arthralgia; and (4) headache.
Environmental and Laboratory Investigation
All the people who attended the picnic were asked to submit stool and blood specimens. Rectal swabs were transported in refrigerated Cary–Blair medium to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, where they were transferred to U.S. Department of Agriculture listeria enrichment broth (modified University of Vermont [UVM] formulation).7 Stool samples (1.0 g) were inoculated into listeria enrichment broth and transported at ambient temperature to the CDC. Listeria was isolated by the method of McClain and Lee.7 Suspect colonies were streaked onto trypticase soy agar (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) with 5 percent sheep's blood and incubated for 18 hours at 35°C. If the isolates were confirmed to be L. monocytogenes, 8 we determined the serotype.9 Isolates of the serotype responsible for the Illinois outbreak were further characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis,10 ribotyping,11 and DNA macrorestriction analysis with use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.12,13 L. monocytogenes in the chocolate milk was measured by direct plating.14
Stool specimens from five picnic attendees were also examined for shigella, salmonella, campylobacter, pseudomonas, vibrio, Escherichia coli O157:H7,15 Yersinia enterocolitica, Clostridium perfringens, enterotoxigenic E. coli, and coliforms; stool specimens from 11 attendees were examined for Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. 16 Chocolate milk was cultured for L. monocytogenes, shigella, salmonella, campylobacter, B. cereus, C. perfringens, yersinia, pseudomonas, E. coli O157:H7, and coliforms at the CDC.16
Antibodies against listeriolysin O were detected with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)17 based on listeriolysin O purified by affinity chromatography with a monoclonal-antibody ligand attached to a solid matrix.18 Serum samples from 51 adults with other enteric infections were used as controls.
Illness Detected by Surveillance
Health departments in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Michigan conducted surveillance for febrile gastrointestinal illness associated with the consumption of chocolate milk from the implicated dairy and for invasive listeriosis by issuing press releases and memoranda to all infection-control practitioners, laboratory directors, and local health departments.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with EpiInfo version 6.02,19 except for the calculation of lower 95 percent confidence limits, for which StatXact 3 software was used.20 Chi-square tests were used for the analysis of categorical variables. The Wilcoxon two-sample test was used to compare median anti–listeriolysin O levels between patients with illness that met the case definition and controls.
Results
Epidemiologic Investigation
Eighty-two (89 percent) of the estimated 92 persons who attended the picnic were interviewed. The median age of those who had an illness that met the case definition was 31 years (range, 3 to 79); the median age of those who did not have such an illness was 24 years (range, 4 to 69). Nineteen of 37 females (51 percent) met the case definition, as compared with 26 of 45 males (58 percent). None of the people who went to the picnic reported having a chronic illness or immune deficiency. One woman was 40 weeks pregnant; the day after the picnic she had a six-hour episode of diarrhea, with no other symptoms. She delivered a healthy baby five days later.
Forty-five (75 percent) of the 60 people who consumed chocolate milk at the picnic reported an illness that met the case definition, as compared with none of the 22 persons who did not drink chocolate milk (Table 1Table 1
Food-Specific Attack Rates among Persons Who Attended the Picnic at the Holstein Cow Show in Illinois, July 1994.). Nine other persons who consumed the implicated milk at the picnic had an illness in the week after the picnic that did not meet the case definition, indicating that up to 54 (90 percent) of the 60 picnic attendees who consumed chocolate milk may have become ill as a result. The only other food associated with illness was Swiss cheese; however, only 25 persons ate this, and they all drank chocolate milk as well. Drinking plain milk was slightly protective (relative risk of illness among those who drank plain milk as compared with those who did not, 0.9). Among the four people who did not attend the picnic but drank chocolate milk brought home from the picnic, three had an illness meeting the case definition. Among the people who provided information on how much chocolate milk they consumed, there was no difference in the amount consumed by 42 people who became ill and 15 who did not; both groups consumed a median of one 8-oz (240-ml) carton (range, one to eight).Among the 58 people who drank milk from the picnic (either at the picnic or thereafter) and reported any symptoms in the seven days after consuming the milk, 50 percent or more had each of the following: diarrhea, fatigue, fever, chills, headache, myalgia, and abdominal cramps (Table 2Table 2
Prevalence of Various Symptoms among the 58 Persons Who Reported Symptoms after Consuming Chocolate Milk from the Picnic at the Holstein Cow Show.). Diarrhea lasted a median of 42 hours, and fever a median of 27 hours. Persons with diarrhea had a median of 12 stools (range, 3 to 50) during the 24 hours of maximal diarrhea. Among the 17 persons whose temperature was reported, the median maximal temperature was 38.9°C (range, 37.8 to 40.3°C). The median incubation period (the time to the first symptom included in the case definition) was 20 hours (range, 9 to 32) for the 48 persons whose illness met the case definition (including 3 who consumed the chocolate milk at home). Four persons — 1, 7, 49, and 77 years of age — were hospitalized for a total of eight hospital days; none of them died.Environmental Investigation
Most of the cartons of chocolate milk served at the picnic on July 9 were marked with an expiration date of July 12. A total of 5600 8-oz cartons of chocolate milk containing 1 percent fat were manufactured on June 24, with an expiration date of July 12. Chocolate flavoring was added before the milk was pasteurized at 87°C or higher for 18 seconds; the milk was immediately cooled to less than 8°C. No defects in the pasteurization process were identified. The milk was pumped to a holding tank that was designed to be refrigerated; however, the poor condition of the insulating jacket had not allowed the use of a refrigerant for three years. Inspection revealed a breach in the lining that allowed milk to leak into the insulation jacket, creating a pool of sequestered milk. As the tank was drained, sequestered milk could reenter through the breach. The sanitizing-solution sprayers were severely clogged, inhibiting the flow of sanitizing solution onto the tank lining.
The pasteurized chocolate milk was held in the unrefrigerated tank for two hours, then pumped over the next seven hours into a machine that filled and sealed half-pint containers. On the day of production, there was a single handwritten temperature recording of 45°F (7.2°C) for a randomly sampled carton of chocolate milk as it left the filler. The cartons were stored in a refrigerated room until they were transported in a refrigerated truck to a distributor in Madison, Wisconsin. A company employee reported that on the day before the picnic, 180 8-oz cartons of chocolate milk produced on June 24 and 60 8-oz cartons of plain milk were transported without refrigeration for 2 1/4 hours to Elizabeth, Illinois. The milk was then placed in one domestic refrigerator. The next morning, at approximately 11 a.m., the milk was placed in an unrefrigerated cooler and transported to the picnic site. Most of it was consumed between 11:30 a.m. and 12:30 p.m., but it remained available and unrefrigerated throughout the afternoon.
Laboratory Investigation
Milk Specimens
L. monocytogenes was isolated from multiple unopened products from the dairy, including 8-oz cartons of chocolate milk with a production date of June 24 that were left from the picnic and chocolate milk with the same production date that was not sent to the picnic. Two unopened cartons of chocolate milk, one from the picnic and one produced on the same day at the dairy, yielded 1.2×109 and 8.8×108 colony-forming units (CFU) of L. monocytogenes per milliliter, respectively. Since the median volume consumed at the picnic by those who drank chocolate milk was 8 oz, the median dose of listeria may have been as high as 2.9×1011 CFU per person.
Environmental Cultures
L. monocytogenes was isolated from 2 of 64 environmental specimens from the dairy. One was obtained on July 19 from a floor drain beneath the chocolate-milk filler, and the other was obtained on July 22 from a valve connected to the chocolate-milk pasteurizer. None of the six specimens obtained on July 22 from the empty post-pasteurization holding tank yielded listeria.
Cultures of Samples from Patients
Stool specimens were collected from 41 persons who consumed chocolate milk from the picnic; specimens from 38 (93 percent) were collected from 16 to 19 days after the consumption of the milk. L. monocytogenes was isolated from the stools of 11 persons. People with more severe illness were more likely to have positive stool cultures. Among the people who consumed chocolate milk, stool cultures were negative in 6 who had had no symptoms, positive in 11 (37 percent) of the 30 whose illness met the case definition, and positive in 3 (75 percent) of the 4 who were hospitalized. The stool specimens did not yield other pathogens, except for one specimen that yielded 3×106 CFU of Clostridium perfringens per gram. Cultures of blood from a hospitalized person whose illness met the case definition were negative.
Subtyping
L. monocytogenes isolates from the 11 positive stool samples, from chocolate milk, and from the floor drain and vacuum valve at the dairy were all serotype 1/2b and were indistinguishable from each other by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (all were enzyme type 7) and by ribotyping with EcoRI restriction-enzyme analysis. When the same isolates were evaluated for clonality by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, all but one had identical restriction patterns; one patient's isolate differed by a single band from the others (Figure 1Figure 1
DNA Macrorestriction Patterns of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates, Determined by Ap aI Restriction of Genomic DNA and Separation of the Restriction Fragments by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis.).Serologic Results
Forty-eight people who had been at the picnic submitted blood for serologic testing a median of 18 days after consuming chocolate milk (range, 16 to 20 days). The median anti–listeriolysin O level among picnic attendees was 57 ELISA units (an arbitrary measure) in 9 persons who were asymptomatic, 92 units in 8 persons with mild illness, and 143 units in 31 persons with illness that met the case definition (Figure 2Figure 2
Anti–Listeriolysin O Levels among Picnic Attendees and Controls.). The median anti–listeriolysin O level of the 51 control samples was 63 ELISA units, significantly lower than the median for the patients who had an illness that met the case definition (P<0.001).Illness Detected by Surveillance
In July, a febrile gastrointestinal illness similar to the illness in the outbreak developed in all the members of an Illinois family of five (who did not attend the picnic) after they consumed chocolate milk from the implicated dairy while traveling through Michigan. All five submitted stool specimens to the CDC. L. monocytogenes 1/2b, enzyme type 7, with the same ribotype and the same pattern on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as the strain in the outbreak was cultured from one family member's stool. Also in July, 20 Wisconsin residents reported having gastrointestinal illness after consuming the implicated milk; cultures for L. monocytogenes were negative, however.
Between July 1 and September 30, 1994, 27 isolates of L. monocytogenes from blood or cerebrospinal fluid were identified in Wisconsin (2 isolates), Michigan (11 isolates), and Illinois (14 isolates). Of the nine isolates sent to the CDC for serotyping, three were serotype 1/2a, three were serotype 1/2b, and three were serotype 4b.
All three isolates of serotype 1/2b were obtained in July. All were enzyme type 7 and were indistinguishable from the strain identified in the outbreak at the Illinois picnic according to ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. One was isolated from the blood of a two-year-old Michigan girl. She had consumed chocolate milk in the week before the onset of her illness at a restaurant that served milk from the implicated dairy. Another isolate was obtained from a cerebral abscess in a 72-year-old Wisconsin man. Approximately three weeks before hospitalization, he had had fever, diarrhea, chills, vomiting, myalgia, joint aches, headaches, and fatigue. He had a history of bladder cancer and ischemic heart disease but was not taking immunosuppressive medication. He had consumed chocolate milk from the implicated dairy an average of once each week in the two months before he became ill. His anti–listeriolysin O level after discharge from the hospital was 382 ELISA units. The third isolate was from the blood of an 81-year-old Wisconsin resident; an undetermined length of time before the onset of diarrhea and fever, he had consumed chocolate milk purchased from a store that sold milk from the implicated dairy.
Discussion
This outbreak was most likely caused by post-pasteurization contamination due to poor sanitation practices at the milk company and exacerbated by holding temperatures in transit to the picnic that allowed the rapid growth of listeria.21,22 Our data strongly suggest that both the noninvasive illness among the picnic attendees and at least three cases of invasive illness were caused by the same strain of L. monocytogenes. There was a strong association between drinking chocolate milk contaminated with L. monocytogenes and becoming ill. The chocolate milk contained very high levels of L. monocytogenes. No other pathogen compatible with the illness suffered by the picnic attendees was present in the chocolate milk or in the stools of ill persons. All isolates from ill persons who had attended the picnic, from the three persons with cases of invasive listeriosis detected by surveillance, and from the implicated chocolate milk were enzyme type 7, with the same ribotype, and — with one exception — were indistinguishable from each other by DNA macrorestriction analysis. The link between invasive illness and the implicated milk was further confirmed in Wisconsin by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.23 During active surveillance for listeriosis in the United States in 1986 and 1987, only 14 (6.3 percent) of 222 isolates of L. monocytogenes found by surveillance and sent to the CDC were enzyme type 7 (these isolates accounted for 16.9 percent of serotype 1/2b isolates).10 Similar results were obtained in tests of isolates submitted to the CDC in 1994 (Bibb WF: unpublished data). Ill persons were more likely than well persons to have elevated anti–listeriolysin O levels and to have stool cultures that yielded L. monocytogenes. In addition, the incubation period and some features of the clinical illness are similar to cases of L. monocytogenes infection induced experimentally in nonhuman primates and goats during feeding trials.24,25
Several other studies have suggested that fever and gastroenteritis are important features of infection with L. monocytogenes and, in some patients, can be the sole manifestation of infection. A prodromal illness characterized by fever and, occasionally, by vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain has been reported in nonpregnant adults with L. monocytogenes bacteremia.26 In an outbreak of invasive listeriosis in Philadelphia in 1986 and 1987, 35 percent of patients had diarrhea, 27 percent had vomiting, and 52 percent had fever in the week before their positive cultures.27 Gastrointestinal symptoms and fever were commonly reported by persons with noninvasive disease in an outbreak of listeriosis in Connecticut; however, the median incubation period for noninvasive illness was 21 days, and only one person with noninvasive illness had a positive stool culture.5 In an outbreak among immunocompetent adults, the most common presentation was gastrointestinal illness with a median incubation period of 18 hours; however, no stool specimens collected from patients with illness yielded L. monocytogenes.6
The noninvasive illness described by the people who attended the picnic was not benign. Many persons reported being bedridden and losing time from work, and four were hospitalized. The one blood culture that was obtained was negative; however, it is possible that the patients had transient bacteremia. Recovery from L. monocytogenes bacteremia without antibiotic treatment has been well documented.26,28
The serologic test for anti–listeriolysin O is a relatively new and promising test that may assist in the diagnosis of both invasive and noninvasive listeriosis. Berche et al. found antibodies to listeriolysin O in 27 of 28 patients with invasive listeriosis.17 In the outbreak described here, a single high anti–listerio-lysin O level during the convalescent phase was strongly associated with illness. This study demonstrates the potential value of this assay in the investigation of outbreaks of febrile gastroenteritis. A new method based on an amino-terminal residue of listeriolysin O may be even more specific for listeriosis.29
Since L. monocytogenes is not detected by routine stool cultures, it may be a more common cause of febrile gastroenteritis than is currently recognized. L. monocytogenes is often isolated from food30 and can be isolated from the stools of 1 to 10 percent of healthy persons.4,31 Further studies are needed to determine the infectious dose and the characteristics of the host that are associated with noninvasive febrile gastroenteritis caused by L. monocytogenes.
Early recognition of outbreaks of gastroenteritis will allow commercial products contaminated with L. monocytogenes to be identified and recalled so as to prevent further gastrointestinal illness and possible invasive listeriosis. Clinicians and public health personnel should request that stools be cultured for L. monocytogenes in outbreaks of illness characterized by diarrhea, fever, headache, myalgia, and abdominal cramps, after the presence of other enteric pathogens has been ruled out. To prevent illness, dairies should monitor their final products for spoilage and for pathogens, including L. monocytogenes. Expiration dates should be based on the results of these tests and the general level of sanitation at the plant. High standards of plant sanitation should be maintained through adequate cleaning, sanitizing, and maintenance of equipment guided by a hazard-analysis and critical-control-point program. Consumers should store pasteurized dairy products at 4°C or at lower temperatures and should consume the products before their expiration dates.
We are indebted to the following people for their assistance in this investigation: Ms. Peg Murphy, Mr. Mark Elder, and Ms. Judy Behnke of the Jo Davies County Health Department; Ms. Barb Adam and Dr. Carl Langkop of the Illinois Department of Public Health; Dr. William N. Hall and the staff of the Microbiology Section, Michigan Department of Public Health; Dr. John Mellen of the Wisconsin Department of Public Health and Social Services; Mr. Mike Barnett, Mr. Neil Vassau, Mr. John Guler, and Mr. Lee Larsen of the Division of Food Safety, Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection; and Dr. Anne Schuchat, Dr. Eric Mintz, and Dr. Paul A. Blake of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Source Information
From the Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases (C.B.D., J.S., P.S.H., W.F.B., L.M.G., B.S., P.M.G.), and the Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office (C.C.A., J.S.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta; the Division of Infectious Disease, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield (C.C.A.); and the Bureau of Public Health, Wisconsin Division of Health, Madison (M.E.P.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Dalton at the National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
- References
References
1
Schlech WF ,Lavigne PM ,Bortolussi RA , et al. Epidemic listeriosis -- evidence for transmission by food. N Engl J Med 1983;308:203-206
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline2
Fleming DW ,Cochi SL ,MacDonald KL , et al. Pasteurized milk as a vehicle of infection in an outbreak of listeriosis. N Engl J Med 1985;312:404-407
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline3
Linnan MJ ,Mascola L ,Lou XD , et al. Epidemic listeriosis associated with Mexican-style cheese. N Engl J Med 1988;319:823-828
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline4
Farber JM ,Peterkin PI . Listeria monocytogenes, a food-borne pathogen. Microbiol Rev 1991;55:476-511[Erratum, Microbiol Rev 1991;55:752.]
Medline5
Riedo FX ,Pinner RW ,Tosca ML , et al. A point-source foodborne listeriosis outbreak: documented incubation period and possible mild illness. J Infect Dis 1994;170:693-696
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Salamina G, Niccolini A, Dalle Donne E, et al. A food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis due to Listeria monocytogenes in northern Italy. In: Program supplement of the 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, October 17–20, 1993. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1993. abstract.
7
McClain D ,Lee WH . Development of USDA-FSIS method for isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from raw meat and poultry. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1988;71:660-664
Medline8
Weaver RE. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical characterization. In: Jones GL, ed. Isolation and identification of Listeria monocytogenes. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control, 1989:39-43.
9
Seeliger HPR, Höhne K. Serotyping of Listeria monocytogenes and related species. In: Bergan T, Norris JR, eds. Methods in microbiology. Vol. 13. London: Academic Press, 1979:31-49.
10
Bibb WF ,Gellin BG ,Weaver R , et al. Analysis of clinical and food-borne isolates of Listeria monocytogenes in the United States by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and application of the method to epidemiologic investigations. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990;56:2133-2141
Web of Science | Medline11
Graves LM ,Swaminathan B ,Reeves MW , et al. Comparison of ribotyping and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis for subtyping of Listeria monocytogenes isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:2936-2943
Web of Science | Medline12
Brosch R ,Buchrieser C ,Rocourt J . Subtyping of Listeria monocytogenes serovar 4b by use of low-frequency-cleavage restriction endonucleases and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Res Microbiol 1991;142:667-675
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Brosch R ,Chen J ,Luchansky JB . Pulsed-field fingerprinting of listeriae: identification of genomic divisions for Listeria monocytogenes and their correlation with serovar. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994;60:2584-2592
Web of Science | Medline14
Vanderzant C, Splittstoesser DF, eds. Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association, 1992.
15
Wells JG ,Davis BR ,Wachsmuth IK , et al. Laboratory investigation of hemorrhagic colitis outbreaks associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype. J Clin Microbiol 1983;18:512-520
Web of Science | Medline16
Bacteriological analytical manual. 7th ed. Arlington, Va.: Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, 1992.
17
Berche P ,Reich KA ,Bonnichon M , et al. Detection of anti-listeriolysin O for serodiagnosis of human listeriosis. Lancet 1990;335:624-627
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Matar GM ,Bibb WF ,Helsel L ,Dewitt W ,Swaminathan B . Immunoaffinity purification, stabilization and comparative characterization of listeriolysin O from Listeria monocytogenes serotypes 1/2a and 4b. Res Microbiol 1992;143:489-498
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Dean AG, Coulombier JA, Brendel KA, et al. EpiInfo, version 6.02: a word processing, data base, and statistics program for epidemiology on microcomputers. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994.
20
StatXact 3 for Windows. Cambridge, Mass.: Cytel Software Corporation, 1995.
21
Donnelly CV ,Briggs EH . Psychotrophic growth and thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes as a function of milk composition. J Food Prot 1986;49:994-8, 1002
Web of Science22
Rosenow EM ,Marth EH . Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in skim, whole and chocolate milk, and in whipping cream during incubation at4, 8, 13, 21 and 35 deg. C. J Food Prot 1987;50:452-459
Web of Science23
Proctor ME ,Brosch R ,Mellen JW ,Garrett LA ,Kaspar CW ,Luchansky JB . Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to link sporadic cases of invasive listeriosis with recalled chocolate milk. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995;61:3177-3179
Web of Science | Medline24
Farber JM ,Daley E ,Coates F ,Beausoleil N ,Fournier J . Feeding trials of Listeria monocytogenes with a nonhuman primate model. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:2606-2608
Web of Science | Medline25
Miettinen A ,Husu J ,Tuomi J . Serum antibody response to Listeria monocytogenes, listerial excretion, and clinical characteristics in experimentally infected goats. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:340-343
Web of Science | Medline26
Nieman RE ,Lorber B . Listeriosis in adults: a changing pattern: report of eight cases and review of the literature, 1968-1978. Rev Infect Dis 1980;2:207-227
CrossRef | Medline27
Schwartz B ,Hexter D ,Broome CV , et al. Investigation of an outbreak of listeriosis: new hypotheses for the etiology of epidemic Listeria monocytogenes infections. J Infect Dis 1989;159:680-685
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Bula CJ ,Bille J ,Glauser MP . An epidemic of food-borne listeriosis in western Switzerland: description of 57 cases involving adults. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:66-72
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Gholizadeh Y ,Poyart C ,Juvin M , et al. Serodiagnosis of listeriosis based upon detection of antibodies against recombinant truncated forms of listeriolysin O. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:1391-1395
Web of Science | Medline30
Pinner RW ,Schuchat A ,Swaminathan B , et al. Role of foods in sporadic listeriosis. II. Microbiologic and epidemiologic investigation: the Listeria Study Group. JAMA 1992;267:2046-2050
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline31
Schuchat A ,Swaminathan B ,Broome CV . Epidemiology of human listeriosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991;4:169-183[Erratum, Clin Microbiol Rev 1991;4:396.]
Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (136)
Citing Articles
1
Susan Rouse, Des Field, Karen M. Daly, Paula M. O'Connor, Paul D. Cotter, Colin Hill, R. Paul Ross. (2012) Bioengineered nisin derivatives with enhanced activity in complex matrices. Microbial Biotechnologyno-no
CrossRef2
Montserrat Campdepadrós, Alberto Miguel Stchigel, Marta Romeu, Joan Quilez, Rosa Solà. (2012) Effectiveness of two sanitation procedures for decreasing the microbial contamination levels (including Listeria monocytogenes) on food contact and non-food contact surfaces in a dessert-processing factory. Food Control 23:1, 26-31
CrossRef3
Swapnil Doijad, S.B. Barbuddhe, Sandeep Garg, Sushanta Kalekar, Jenney Rodrigues, Dilecta D’Costa, S. Bhosle, Trinad Chakraborty. (2011) Incidence and genetic variability of Listeria species from three milk processing plants. Food Control 22:12, 1900-1904
CrossRef4
C. Charlier, A. Leclercq, B. Cazenave, N. Desplaces, L. Travier, T. Cantinelli, O. Lortholary, V. Goulet, A. Le Monnier, M. Lecuit, . (2011) Listeria monocytogenes-Associated Joint and Bone Infections: A Study of 43 Consecutive Cases. Clinical Infectious Diseases
CrossRef5
Joon Il Cho, Soon Ho Lee, Ji Su Lim, Hyo Sun Kwak, In Gyun Hwang. (2011) Development of a predictive model describing the growth of Listeria Monocytogenes in Kimbab. Food Science and Biotechnology 20:5, 1347-1350
CrossRef6
R.A. Fairley, P.A. Pesavento, R.G. Clark. (2011) Listeria monocytogenes Infection of the Alimentary Tract (Enteric Listeriosis) of Sheep in New Zealand. Journal of Comparative Pathology
CrossRef7
Bwalya Lungu, Corliss A. O'Bryan, Arunachalam Muthaiyan, Sara R. Milillo, Michael G. Johnson, Philip G. Crandall, Steven C. Ricke. (2011) Listeria monocytogenes : Antibiotic Resistance in Food Production. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 8:5, 569-578
CrossRef8
Ronald F. Lamont, Jack Sobel, Shali Mazaki-Tovi, Juan Pedro Kusanovic, Edi Vaisbuch, Sun Kwon Kim, Niels Uldbjerg, Roberto Romero. (2011) Listeriosis in human pregnancy: a systematic review. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 39:3, 227-236
CrossRef9
Ryan Newkirk, Craig Hedberg, Jeff Bender. (2011) Establishing a Milkborne Disease Outbreak Profile: Potential Food Defense Implications. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 8:3, 433-437
CrossRef10
M.S. Schvartzman, A. Maffre, F. Tenenhaus-Aziza, M. Sanaa, F. Butler, K. Jordan. (2011) Modelling the fate of Listeria monocytogenes during manufacture and ripening of smeared cheese made with pasteurised or raw milk. International Journal of Food Microbiology 145, S31-S38
CrossRef11
L. Epelboin, P. Bossi. (2011) Listeriosis. EMC - Tratado de Medicina 15:1, 1-8
CrossRef12
Miguel L. O'Ryan, James P. Nataro, Thomas G. Cleary. 2011. Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea. , 359-418.
CrossRef13
Jose M. Garza, Mitchell B. Cohen. 2011. Infectious Diarrhea. , 405-422.
CrossRef14
Amy J. Gagnon, Ronald S. Gibbs. 2011. Obstetric Factors Associated with Infections of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. , 51-79.
CrossRef15
Elaine Scallan, Robert M. Hoekstra, Frederick J. Angulo, Robert V. Tauxe, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Sharon L. Roy, Jeffery L. Jones, Patricia M. Griffin. (2011) Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States—Major Pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17:1, 7-15
CrossRef16
Sachidevi Puttaswamy, Shramik Sengupta. (2010) Rapid detection of bacterial proliferation in food samples using microchannel impedance measurements at multiple frequencies. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety 4:3-4, 108-118
CrossRef17
Benoit Desnues, Khatoun Al Moussawi, Didier Raoult. (2010) Defining causality in emerging agents of acute bacterial diarrheas: a step beyond the Koch’s postulates. Future Microbiology 5:12, 1787-1797
CrossRef18
Iain A. Gillespie, Piers Mook, Christine L. Little, Kathie Grant, Goutam K. Adak. (2010) Listeria monocytogenes Infection in the Over-60s in England Between 2005 and 2008: A Retrospective Case–Control Study Utilizing Market Research Panel Data. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7:11, 1373-1379
CrossRef19
Ianick Souto Martins, Flavia Cristina da Conceição Faria, Marco Antônio Lemos Miguel, Manuela Pereira de Sá Colaço Dias, Fernando Luís Lopes Cardoso, Ana Cristina de Gouveia Magalhães, Luiz Affonso Mascarenhas, Simone Aranha Nouér, André Victor Barbosa, Deyse Christina Vallim, Ernesto Hofer, Renata Fernandes Rebello, Lee W. Riley, Beatriz Meurer Moreira. (2010) A cluster of Listeria monocytogenes infections in hospitalized adults. American Journal of Infection Control 38:9, e31-e36
CrossRef20
James M. Fleckenstein, Scott R. Bartels, Peter D. Drevets, Michael S. Bronze, Douglas A. Drevets. (2010) Infectious Agents of Food- and Water-Borne Illnesses. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 340:3, 238-246
CrossRef21
Bang-Yuan Chen, Rajkumar Pyla, Tae-Jo Kim, Juan L. Silva, Yean-Sung Jung. (2010) Prevalence and contamination patterns of Listeria monocytogenes in catfish processing environment and fresh fillets. Food Microbiology 27:5, 645-652
CrossRef22
John Rothman, Anu Wallecha, Paulo Cesar Maciag, Sandra Rivera, Vafa Shahabi, Yvonne Paterson. 2010. The Use of Living Listeria Monocytogenes as an Active Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Cancer. , 13-48.
CrossRef23
M.S. Schvartzman, X. Belessi, F. Butler, P. Skandamis, K. Jordan. (2010) Comparison of growth limits of Listeria monocytogenes in milk, broth and cheese. Journal of Applied Microbiologyno-no
CrossRef24
A.A. Latorre, J.S. Van Kessel, J.S. Karns, M.J. Zurakowski, A.K. Pradhan, K.J. Boor, B.M. Jayarao, B.A. Houser, C.S. Daugherty, Y.H. Schukken. (2010) Biofilm in milking equipment on a dairy farm as a potential source of bulk tank milk contamination with Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Dairy Science 93:6, 2792-2802
CrossRef25
David G Nyachuba. (2010) Foodborne illness: is it on the rise?. Nutrition Reviews 68:5, 257-269
CrossRef26
R.V. Tauxe, M.P. Doyle, T. Kuchenmüller, J. Schlundt, C.E. Stein. (2010) Evolving public health approaches to the global challenge of foodborne infections. International Journal of Food Microbiology 139, S16-S28
CrossRef27
Arie H. Havelaar, Stanley Brul, Aarieke de Jong, Rob de Jonge, Marcel H. Zwietering, Benno H. ter Kuile. (2010) Future challenges to microbial food safety. International Journal of Food Microbiology 139, S79-S94
CrossRef28
Henk C. den Bakker, Esther D. Fortes, Martin Wiedmann. (2010) Multilocus Sequence Typing of Outbreak-Associated Listeria monocytogenes Isolates to Identify Epidemic Clones. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7:3, 257-265
CrossRef29
Victoria Garrido, Isabel García-Jalón, Ana Isabel Vitas, Moez Sanaa. (2010) Listeriosis risk assessment: Simulation modelling and “what if” scenarios applied to consumption of ready-to-eat products in a Spanish population. Food Control 21:3, 231-239
CrossRef30
Robert Bortolussi, Timothy L. Mailman. 2010. Listeriosis. , 470-488.
CrossRef31
Markus Schuppler, Martin J. Loessner. (2010) The Opportunistic Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes: Pathogenicity and Interaction with the Mucosal Immune System. International Journal of Inflammation 2010, 1-12
CrossRef32
Mohamed Z. Badaoui Najjar, Michael L. Chikindas, Thomas J. Montville. (2009) The Acid Tolerance Response Alters Membrane Fluidity and Induces Nisin Resistance in Listeria monocytogenes. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins 1:2, 130-135
CrossRef33
Vivek K. Bajpai, Hak Ryul Kim, Ching Tsang Hou, Sun Chul Kang. (2009) Bioconverted products of essential fatty acids as potential antimicrobial agents. New Biotechnology 26:3-4, 122-130
CrossRef34
Klara M. Posfay-Barbe, Ellen R. Wald. (2009) Listeriosis. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 14:4, 228-233
CrossRef35
(2009) In Vitro Antilisterial Potential of a Marine Isolate of Aspergillus sp. Collected from the South Coast of Korea. Korea Journal of Environmental Agriculture 28:1, 75-81
CrossRef36
Juliane Pichler, Peter Much, Sabine Kasper, Rainer Fretz, Bettina Auer, Julia Kathan, Michaela Mann, Steliana Huhulescu, Werner Ruppitsch, Ariane Pietzka, Karl Silberbauer, Christian Neumann, Ernst Gschiel, Alfred de Martin, Angelika Schuetz, Josef Gindl, Ernst Neugschwandtner, Franz Allerberger. (2009) An outbreak of febrile gastroenteritis associated with jellied pork contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 121:3-4, 149-156
CrossRef37
Inoka Priyadarshani Peiris, Gloria Lopez-Valladares, Vishal Singh Parihar, Seved Helmersson, Sukdevo Barbuddhe, Wilhelm Tham, Marie-Louise Danielsson-Tham. (2009) Gravad (Gravlax) and cold-smoked salmon, still a potential source of listeriosis. Journal of Foodservice 20:1, 15-20
CrossRef38
C. Bell, A. Kyriakides. 2009. Listeria monocytogenes. , 675-717.
CrossRef39
Koichi TAKESHI, Masahiko KITAGAWA, Mutsuyo KADOHIRA, Shizunobu IGIMI, Sou-Ichi MAKINO. (2009) Hazard Analysis of Listeria monocytogenes Contaminations in Processing of Salted Roe from Walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 71:1, 87-91
CrossRef40
Yvonne C. Chan, Martin Wiedmann. (2008) Physiology and Genetics of Listeria Monocytogenes Survival and Growth at Cold Temperatures. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 49:3, 237-253
CrossRef41
Heather E. Clauss, Bennett Lorber. (2008) Central nervous system infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Current Infectious Disease Reports 10:4, 300-306
CrossRef42
Barbara M. Lund. 2008. Properties of Microorganisms that Cause Foodborne Disease. , 12-233.
CrossRef43
Thomas Kruszyna, Mark Walsh, Kevork Peltekian, Michele Molinari. (2008) Early invasiveListeria monocytogenes infection after orthotopic liver transplantation: Case report and review of the literature. Liver Transplantation 14:1, 88-91
CrossRef44
HOAN-JEN PANG, CATHERINE J. POTENSKI, KARL R. MATTHEWS. (2007) EXPOSURE OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES TO FOOD AND TEMPERATURE ABUSE USING A DIALYSIS TUBING CULTURE METHOD. Journal of Food Safety 27:4, 426-444
CrossRef45
Marc Lecuit. (2007) Human listeriosis and animal models. Microbes and Infection 9:10, 1216-1225
CrossRef46
Bala Swaminathan, Peter Gerner-Smidt. (2007) The epidemiology of human listeriosis. Microbes and Infection 9:10, 1236-1243
CrossRef47
G. Cataldo, M.P. Conte, F. Chiarini, L. Seganti, M.G. Ammendolia, F. Superti, C. Longhi. (2007) Acid adaptation and survival of Listeria monocytogenes in Italian-style soft cheeses. Journal of Applied Microbiology 103:1, 185-193
CrossRef48
Armando Giovannini, Giacomo Migliorati, Vincenza Prencipe, Davide Calderone, Carlo Zuccolo, Paolo Cozzolino. (2007) Risk assessment for listeriosis in consumers of Parma and San Daniele hams. Food Control 18:7, 789-799
CrossRef49
Yu-Long Gao, Xing-Rong Ju, Wu-Ding. (2007) A predictive model for the influence of food components on survival of Listeria monocytogenes LM 54004 under high hydrostatic pressure and mild heat conditions. International Journal of Food Microbiology 117:3, 287-294
CrossRef50
I. Hristea, S. Bunnapradist, A. Peng, D. Puliyanda, A. Vo, S.C. Jordan. (2007) The onset of rapidly progressive neurologic deterioration after a brief gastrointestinal illness in a renal allograft recipient. Transplant Infectious Disease 9:2, 142-147
CrossRef51
Donna M. Denno, Eileen J. Klein, Vincent B. Young, James G. Fox, David Wang, Phillip I. Tarr. (2007) Explaining unexplained diarrhea and associating risks and infections. Animal Health Research Reviews 8:01, 69
CrossRef52
Rajesh Guntupalli, Ramji S. Lakshmanan, Michael L. Johnson, Jing Hu, Tung-Shi Huang, James M. Barbaree, Vitaly J. Vodyanoy, Bryan A. Chin. (2007) Magnetoelastic biosensor for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium in food products. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety 1:1, 3-10
CrossRef53
Veena Hegde, Carlos G. Leon-Velarde, Christina M. Stam, Lee-Ann Jaykus, Joseph A. Odumeru. (2007) Evaluation of BBL CHROMagar Listeria agar for the isolation and identification of Listeria monocytogenes from food and environmental samples. Journal of Microbiological Methods 68:1, 82-87
CrossRef54
Sinéad Corr, Colin Hill, Cormac G.M. Gahan. (2006) An in vitro cell-culture model demonstrates internalin- and hemolysin-independent translocation of Listeria monocytogenes across M cells. Microbial Pathogenesis 41:6, 241-250
CrossRef55
Renata Ivanek, Yrjö T. Gröhn, Martin Wiedmann. (2006) Listeria monocytogenes in Multiple Habitats and Host Populations: Review of Available Data for Mathematical Modeling. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 3:4, 319-336
CrossRef56
J.M. Kongo, F.X. Malcata, A.J. Ho, M. Wiedmann. (2006) Detection and Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in São Jorge (Portugal) Cheese Production. Journal of Dairy Science 89:11, 4456-4461
CrossRef57
I WALLS. (2006) Role of quantitative risk assessment and food safety objectives in managing Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat meats. Meat Science 74:1, 66-75
CrossRef58
Ana Luisa Pinto, Paula Teixeira, Fernanda Castilho, Maria Teresa Felicio, Filomena Pombal, Paul A Gibbs. (2006) Prevalence and serotyping of Listeria monocytogenes in Portuguese live bivalve molluscs sampled in various steps along the sanitary control process. Aquaculture Research 37:11, 1112-1116
CrossRef59
GAYLEN A. UHLICH, JOHN B. LUCHANSKY, MARK L. TAMPLIN, FRANCISCO J. MOLINA-CORRAL, SHIVANTHI ANANDAN, ANNA C.S. PORTO-FETT. (2006) EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES ON QUESO BLANCO SLICES*. Journal of Food Safety 26:3, 202-214
CrossRef60
Y. Doorduyn, C. M. Jager, W. K. Zwaluw, W. J. B. Wannet, A. Ende, L. Spanjaard, Y. T. H. P. Duynhoven. (2006) Invasive Listeria monocytogenes infections in the Netherlands, 1995–2003. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 25:7, 433-442
CrossRef61
K. Xanthiakos, D. Simos, A.S. Angelidis, G.J.-E. Nychas, K. Koutsoumanis. (2006) Dynamic modeling of Listeria monocytogenes growth in pasteurized milk. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100:6, 1289-1298
CrossRef62
Carmen Buchrieser, Philippe Glaser. 2006. Listeriae. .
CrossRef63
R. San Juan Garrido, F. López Medrano, C. Díaz Pedroche. (2006) Infecciones por Listeria. Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado 9:51, 3338-3343
CrossRef64
G. Amagliani, E. Omiccioli, A. Campo, I.J. Bruce, G. Brandi, M. Magnani. (2006) Development of a magnetic capture hybridization-PCR assay for Listeria monocytogenes direct detection in milk samples. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100:2, 375-383
CrossRef65
Marina Bubonja, Branka Wraber, Gordana Brumini, Ivana Gobin, Danijela Veljkovic, Maja Abram. (2006) Systemic and Local CC Chemokines Production in a Murine Model of Listeria monocytogenes Infection. Mediators of Inflammation 2006, 1-9
CrossRef66
Miguel L. O’Ryan, James P. Nataro, Thomas G. Cleary. 2006. Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea. , 603-663.
CrossRef67
Robert Bortolussi, Timothy L. Mailman. 2006. Listeriosis. , 465-483.
CrossRef68
S. L. Gottlieb, E. C. Newbern, P. M. Griffin, L. M. Graves, R. M. Hoekstra, N. L. Baker, S. B. Hunter, K. G. Holt, F. Ramsey, M. Head, P. Levine, G. Johnson, D. Schoonmaker-Bopp, V. Reddy, L. Kornstein, M. Gerwel, J. Nsubuga, L. Edwards, S. Stonecipher, S. Hurd, D. Austin, M. A. Jefferson, S. D. Young, K. Hise, E. D. Chernak, J. Sobel, . (2006) Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Turkey Deli Meat and Subsequent Changes in US Regulatory Policy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 42:1, 29-36
CrossRef69
Isabel Walls, Robert L. Buchanan. (2005) Use of food safety objectives as a tool for reducing foodborne listeriosis. Food Control 16:9, 795-799
CrossRef70
Uta Gasanov, Denise Hughes, Philip M. Hansbro. (2005) Methods for the isolation and identification of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes : a review. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 29:5, 851-875
CrossRef71
S.-I. Makino, K. Kawamoto, K. Takeshi, Y. Okada, M. Yamasaki, S. Yamamoto, S. Igimi. (2005) An outbreak of food-borne listeriosis due to cheese in Japan, during 2001. International Journal of Food Microbiology 104:2, 189-196
CrossRef72
W. F. Schlech, W. F. Schlech, H. Haldane, T. L. Mailman, M. Warhuus, N. Crouse, D. J. M. Haldane. (2005) Does Sporadic Listeria Gastroenteritis Exist? A 2-Year Population-Based Survey in Nova Scotia, Canada. Clinical Infectious Diseases 41:6, 778-784
CrossRef73
Luca Cocolin, Simone Stella, Raffaella Nappi, Elena Bozzetta, Carlo Cantoni, Giuseppe Comi. (2005) Analysis of PCR-based methods for characterization of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from different sources. International Journal of Food Microbiology 103:2, 167-178
CrossRef74
M. Lecuit. (2005) Understanding how Listeria monocytogenes targets and crosses host barriers. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 11:6, 430-436
CrossRef75
C.G.M. Gahan, C. Hill. (2005) Gastrointestinal phase of Listeria monocytogenes infection. Journal of Applied Microbiology 98:6, 1345-1353
CrossRef76
S. T. Ooi, B. Lorber. (2005) Gastroenteritis Due to Listeria monocytogenes. Clinical Infectious Diseases 40:9, 1327-1332
CrossRef77
Sigrún Gudmundsdóttir, Birna Gudbjörnsdóttir, Hélène L. Lauzon, Hjörleifur Einarsson, Karl G. Kristinsson, Már Kristjánsson. (2005) Tracing Listeria monocytogenes isolates from cold-smoked salmon and its processing environment in Iceland using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. International Journal of Food Microbiology 101:1, 41-51
CrossRef78
Sonja J. Olsen, Mary Patrick, Susan B. Hunter, Vasudha Reddy, Laura Kornstein, William R. MacKenzie, Kimberly Lane, Sally Bidol, Gillian A. Stoltman, Douglas M. Frye, Irene Lee, Sharon Hurd, Timothy F. Jones, Tracy N. LaPorte, Wallis Dewitt, Lewis Graves, Martin Wiedmann, Dianna J. Schoonmaker‐Bopp, Ada J. Huang, Curt Vincent, Al Bugenhagen, Joe Corby, Edmund R. Carloni, Mara E. Holcomb, Raymond F. Woron, Shelley M. Zansky, Gerrie Dowdle, Forrest Smith, Susann Ahrabi‐Fard, Anna Rae Ong, Nicole Tucker, Noreen A. Hynes, Paul Mead. (2005) Multistate Outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes Infection Linked to Delicatessen Turkey Meat. Clinical Infectious Diseases 40:7, 962-967
CrossRef79
Tony Fang. 2005. Bacterial Contamination of Ready-to-Eat Foods. .
CrossRef80
Giovanna Franciosa, Antonella Maugliani, Francesca Floridi, Paolo Aureli. (2005) Molecular and experimental virulence of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from cases with invasive listeriosis and febrile gastroenteritis. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 43:3, 431-439
CrossRef81
Philippe Gilot. 2004. Listeria spp.: DNA Probes and Conventional PCR Assays. , 726-729.
CrossRef82
Nikolay Sergeev, Margaret Distler, Shannon Courtney, Sufian F. Al-Khaldi, Dmitriy Volokhov, Vladimir Chizhikov, Avraham Rasooly. (2004) Multipathogen oligonucleotide microarray for environmental and biodefense applications. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 20:4, 684-698
CrossRef83
D.Y. Kabuki, A.Y. Kuaye, M. Wiedmann, K.J. Boor. (2004) Molecular Subtyping and Tracking of Listeria monocytogenes in Latin-Style Fresh-Cheese Processing Plants. Journal of Dairy Science 87:9, 2803-2812
CrossRef84
Yvonne Paterson, R Johnson. (2004) Progress towards the use of Listeria monocytogenes as a live bacterial vaccine vector for the delivery of HIV antigens. Expert Review of Vaccines 3:4s1, S119-S134
CrossRef85
S. Lukinmaa, K. Aarnisalo, M.-L. Suihko, A. Siitonen. (2004) Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes isolates of human and food origin studied by serotyping, automated ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 10:6, 562-568
CrossRef86
J McLauchlin, R.T Mitchell, W.J Smerdon, K Jewell. (2004) Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis: a review of hazard characterisation for use in microbiological risk assessment of foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology 92:1, 15-33
CrossRef87
J. Kells, A. Gilmour. (2004) Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in two milk processing environments, and assessment of Listeria monocytogenes blood agar for isolation. International Journal of Food Microbiology 91:2, 167-174
CrossRef88
J.D. Martin, B.G. Werner, J.H. Hotchkiss. (2003) Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Bacterial Growth Parameters in Milk as Measured by Conductivity. Journal of Dairy Science 86:6, 1932-1940
CrossRef89
Paolo Aureli, Anna Maria Ferrini, Veruscka Mannoni, Snjezana Hodzic, Christina Wedell-Weergaard, Brunello Oliva. (2003) Susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food in Italy to antibiotics. International Journal of Food Microbiology 83:3, 325-330
CrossRef90
C. Longhi, A. Maffeo, M. Penta, G. Petrone, L. Seganti, M.P. Conte. (2003) Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Italian-style soft cheeses. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94:5, 879-885
CrossRef91
Martin Wagner, F Allerberger. (2003) Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes recovered from 41 cases of sporadic listeriosis in Austria by serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 35:3, 227-234
CrossRef92
Marc Lecuit, Pascale Cossart. (2002) Genetically-modified-animal models for human infections: the Listeria paradigm. Trends in Molecular Medicine 8:11, 537-542
CrossRef93
J. Sim, D. Hood, L. Finnie, M. Wilson, C. Graham, M. Brett, J.A. Hudson. (2002) Series of incidents of Listeria monocytogenes non-invasive febrile gastroenteritis involving ready-to-eat meats. Letters in Applied Microbiology 35:5, 409-413
CrossRef94
Douglas M. Frye, Rachael Zweig, Joan Sturgeon, Michael Tormey, Michelle LeCavalier, Irene Lee, Leonard Lawani, Laurene Mascola. (2002) An Outbreak of Febrile Gastroenteritis Associated with Delicatessen Meat Contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. Clinical Infectious Diseases 35:8, 943-949
CrossRef95
Robert V. Tauxe. (2002) Emerging foodborne pathogens. International Journal of Food Microbiology 78:1-2, 31-41
CrossRef96
Olivier Dussurget, Didier Cabanes, Pierre Dehoux, Marc Lecuit, , Carmen Buchrieser, Philippe Glaser, Pascale Cossart. (2002) Listeria monocytogenes bile salt hydrolase is a PrfA-regulated virulence factor involved in the intestinal and hepatic phases of listeriosis. Molecular Microbiology 45:4, 1095-1106
CrossRef97
Nancy F. Crum. (2002) Update on listeria monocytogenes infection. Current Gastroenterology Reports 4:4, 287-296
CrossRef98
Apostolos S Angelidis, Linda Tombras Smith, Gary M Smith. (2002) Elevated carnitine accumulation by Listeria monocytogenes impaired in glycine betaine transport is insufficient to restore wild-type cryotolerance in milk whey. International Journal of Food Microbiology 75:1-2, 1-9
CrossRef99
Edward J. Wing, Stephen H. Gregory. (2002) Listeria monocytogenes: Clinical and Experimental Update. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 185:s1, S18-S24
CrossRef100
A. D. Hitchins, R. C. Whiting. (2001) Food-borne Listeria monocytogenes risk assessment. Food Additives and Contaminants 18:12, 1108-1117
CrossRef101
Kenneth Boockvar, Mark Lachs. (2001) Development of Definitions for Acute Illness in Nursing Home Residents Based on Chart-Recorded Physical Exam Findings. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2:6, 279-284
CrossRef102
Rosa Capita, Carlos Alonso-Calleja, Miguel Prieto, Marı́a del Camino Garcı́a-Fernández, Benito Moreno. (2001) Comparison of PALCAM and modified Oxford plating media for isolation of Listeria species in poultry meat following UVM II or Fraser secondary enrichment broths. Food Microbiology 18:5, 555-563
CrossRef103
E. JOSE-CUNILLERAS, K. W. HINCHCLIFF. (2001) Listeria monocytogenes septicaemia in foals. Equine Veterinary Journal 33:5, 519-522
CrossRef104
Latiffah Hassan, Hussni O. Mohammed, Patrick L. McDonough. (2001) Farm-management and milking practices associated with the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in New York state dairy herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 51:1-2, 63-73
CrossRef105
Marie-Laure De Buyser, Barbara Dufour, Murielle Maire, Véronique Lafarge. (2001) Implication of milk and milk products in food-borne diseases in France and in different industrialised countries. International Journal of Food Microbiology 67:1-2, 1-17
CrossRef106
Catherine W. Donnelly. (2001) Listeria monocytogenes: A Continuing Challenge. Nutrition Reviews 59:6, 183-194
CrossRef107
B. Pron, C. Boumaila, F. Jaubert, P. Berche, G. Milon, F. Geissmann, J. -L. Gaillard. (2001) Dendritic cells are early cellular targets of Listeria monocytogenes after intestinal delivery and are involved in bacterial spread in the host. Cellular Microbiology 3:5, 331-340
CrossRef108
Lewis M. Graves, Bala Swaminathan. (2001) PulseNet standardized protocol for subtyping Listeria monocytogenes by macrorestriction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. International Journal of Food Microbiology 65:1-2, 55-62
CrossRef109
Ingeborg Hein, Dieter Klein, Angelika Lehner, Andreas Bubert, Ernst Brandl, Martin Wagner. (2001) Detection and quantification of the iap gene of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua by a new real-time quantitative PCR assay. Research in Microbiology 152:1, 37-46
CrossRef110
Anu Kamat, Rahul Warke, Madhusudan Kamat, Paul Thomas. (2000) Low-dose irradiation as a measure to improve microbial quality of ice cream. International Journal of Food Microbiology 62:1-2, 27-35
CrossRef111
Ahmed S. Hussein, Stephen D. Shafran. (2000) Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Adults. Medicine 79:6, 360-368
CrossRef112
L. Hassan, H.O. Mohammed, P.L. McDonough, R.N. Gonzalez. (2000) A Cross-Sectional Study on the Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella in New York Dairy Herds. Journal of Dairy Science 83:11, 2441-2447
CrossRef113
Justin J.D. Daniels, Ingo B. Autenrieth, Werner Goebel. (2000) Interaction of Listeria monocytogenes with the intestinal epithelium. FEMS Microbiology Letters 190:2, 323-328
CrossRef114
W. F. Schlech, D. Acheson. (2000) Foodborne Listeriosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 31:3, 770-775
CrossRef115
J.M. Farber, E.M. Daley, M.T. Mackie, B. Limerick. (2000) A small outbreak of listeriosis potentially linked to the consumption of imitation crab meat. Letters in Applied Microbiology 31:2, 100-104
CrossRef116
Xiaoming Li, Nissab Boudjellab, Xin Zhao. (2000) Combined PCR and slot blot assay for detection of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes. International Journal of Food Microbiology 56:2-3, 167-177
CrossRef117
T. Chakraborty, T. Hain, E. Domann. (2000) Genome organization and the evolution of the virulence gene locus in Listeria species. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 290:2, 167-174
CrossRef118
Aureli, Paolo, Fiorucci, Giovanni Carlo, Caroli, Daniela, Marchiaro, Giovanna, Novara, Oreste, Leone, Leonello, Salmaso, Stefania, . (2000) An Outbreak of Febrile Gastroenteritis Associated with Corn Contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes. New England Journal of Medicine 342:17, 1236-1241
Full Text119
Subhas Banerjee, J.Thomas LaMont. (2000) Treatment of gastrointestinal infections. Gastroenterology 118:2, S48-S67
CrossRef120
Trinad Chakraborty. (1999) Molecular and Cell Biological Aspects of Infection by Listeria Monocytogenes. Immunobiology 201:2, 155-163
CrossRef121
J.G. AMORIL, A.K. BHUNIA. (1999) IMMUNOLOGICAL AND CYTOPATHOGENIC PROPERTIES OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES ISOLATED FROM NATURALLY CONTAMINATED MEATS. Journal of Food Safety 19:3, 195-207
CrossRef122
J. O'Driscoll, C. Nnadi, J. McLauchlin. (1999) Listeria monocytogenes septic arthritis in an immunocompetent adult. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 5:4, 234-235
CrossRef123
Clark R. Gregg, Naiel N. Nassar. (1999) Infectious enteritis. Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology 2:2, 119-126
CrossRef124
B. SAMPATHKUMAR, E. TSOUGRIANI, L.S.L. YU, G.G. KHACHATOURIANS. (1998) A QUANTITATIVE MICROTITER PLATE HEMOLYSIS ASSAY FOR LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES. Journal of Food Safety 18:3, 197-203
CrossRef125
Eleftherios Mylonakis, Elizabeth L. Hohmann, Stephen B. Calderwood. (1998) Central Nervous System Infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Medicine 77:5, 313-336
CrossRef126
Jaume Mora, Mary White, Ira J. Dunkel. (1998) Listeriosis in pediatric oncology patients. Cancer 83:4, 817-820
CrossRef127
Laurence Slutsker, Sean F. Altekruse, David L. Swerdlow. (1998) FOODBORNE DISEASES. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 12:1, 199-216
CrossRef128
D.A.A Mossel, G.H Weenk, G.P Morris, Corry B Struijk. (1998) Identification, assessment and management of food-qrelated microbiological hazards: historical, fundamental and psycho-social essentials1Presented, in part, to the First International Eijkman Post-graduate Course in Food Safety at the University of Wisconsin, River Falls, USA, 26th May 1995; the AIFST Regional Meeting, Sydney, 12th October 1995; the Veterinary Public Health Course at Zagreb, Croatia, 6th March 1996; the Microbiological Food Safety Seminar, Taipei, Taiwan, 11th June 1996; the Mercosur Food Protection Conference, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 28th November 1996; the Food Microbiology and Safety in International Perspective Course, University of Wisconsin at River Falls, 4–10 June 1997; and the Regional Public Health and Preventive Medicine Conference, Bologna, 19th November 1997.1. International Journal of Food Microbiology 39:1-2, 19-51
CrossRef129
A.J. Marco, J. Altimira, N. Prats, S. López, L. Dominguez, M. Domingo, V. Briones. (1997) Penetration ofListeria monocytogenesin mice infected by the oral route. Microbial Pathogenesis 23:5, 255-263
CrossRef130
D.A.A. Mossel, G.P. Morris, C.B. Struijk, J.E. Ehiri. (1997) Shaping the new generation of microbiological food safety professionals: Attitudes, education and training. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 7:3, 233-250
CrossRef131
J. McLauchlin. (1997) Listeria and listeriosis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 3:4, 484-492
CrossRef132
Marianne Heitmann, Peter Gerner-Smidt, Ole Heltberg. (1997) GASTROENTERITIS CAUSED BY LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN A PRIVATE DAY-CARE FACILITY. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 16:8, 827-828
CrossRef133
Keith Ireton, Pascale Cossart. (1997) Mécanismes d'entrée de Listeria monocytogenes dans les cellules de mammifères: facteurs bactériens, ligands cellulaires, signalisation. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Actualités 8:2, 131-138
CrossRef134
Stéphane Blanot, Martine Muffat Joly, Françoise Vilde, Francis Jaubert, Olivier Clement, Guy Frija, Patrick Berche. (1997) A gerbil model for rhombencephalitis due toListeria monocytogenes. Microbial Pathogenesis 23:1, 39-48
CrossRef135
(1997) Food Poisoning, Listeriosis, and Febrile Gastroenteritis. Nutrition Reviews 55:2, 57-60
CrossRef136
Schlech, Walter F. III, . (1997) Listeria Gastroenteritis — Old Syndrome, New Pathogen. New England Journal of Medicine 336:2, 130-132
Full Text
