Original Article

Comparison of Coronary Bypass Surgery with Angioplasty in Patients with Multivessel Disease

The Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) Investigators

N Engl J Med 1996; 335:217-225July 25, 1996

Abstract

Background

Coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) are alternative methods of revascularization in patients with coronary artery disease. We tested the hypothesis that in selected patients with multivessel disease suitable for treatment with either procedure, an initial strategy of PTCA does not result in a poorer five-year clinical outcome than CABG.

Full Text of Background...

Methods

Patients with multivessel disease were randomly assigned to an initial treatment strategy of CABG (n = 914) or PTCA (n = 915) and were followed for an average of 5.4 years. Analysis of outcome events was performed according to the intention to treat.

Full Text of Methods...

Results

The respective in-hospital event rates for CABG and PTCA were 1.3 percent and 1.1 percent for mortality, 4.6 percent and 2.1 percent for Q-wave myocardial infarction (P<0.01), and 0.8 percent and 0.2 percent for stroke. The five-year survival rate was 89.3 percent for those assigned to CABG and 86.3 percent for those assigned to PTCA (P = 0.19; 95 percent confidence interval of the difference in survival, -0.2 percent to 6.0 percent). The respective five-year survival rates free from Q-wave myocardial infarction were 80.4 percent and 78.7 percent. By five years after study entry, 8 percent of the patients assigned to CABG had undergone additional revascularization procedures, as compared with 54 percent of those assigned to PTCA; 69 percent of those assigned to PTCA did not subsequently undergo CABG. Among diabetic patients who were being treated with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents at base line, a subgroup not specified by the protocol, five-year survival was 80.6 percent for the CABG group as compared with 65.5 percent for the PTCA group (P = 0.003).

Full Text of Results...

Conclusions

As compared with CABG, an initial strategy of PTCA did not significantly compromise five-year survival in patients with multivessel disease, although subsequent revascularization was required more often with this strategy. For treated diabetics, five-year survival was significantly better after CABG than after PTCA.

Full Text of Discussion...

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Media in This Article

Figure 1Overall Survival (Heavy Lines) and Survival Free from Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction (Light Lines) after Study Entry.

Figure 3Five-Year Survival Rates for All Patients and Patients without Treated Diabetes at Base Line, According to Subgroups Selected on the Basis of Base-Line Characteristics.

Article Activity

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Article

Coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG), introduced in 1968,1 results in longer survival and a better quality of life in specific subgroups of patients with multivessel coronary artery disease than does an initial strategy of medical therapy.2-6 Since the introduction of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 1977,7 the use of this less invasive procedure for coronary revascularization has rapidly expanded. Initially, PTCA was used in patients with single-vessel disease, but as experience and technology have advanced, it has been used in those with multivessel disease as well.

Because of the growing use of both CABG and PTCA and a lack of properly controlled comparative studies, in 1987 the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) initiated the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI). BARI tested the hypothesis that in patients with multivessel disease and severe angina or ischemia, an initial revascularization strategy involving PTCA does not result in a poorer clinical outcome than CABG during a five-year follow-up period.8

Previous clinical trials comparing coronary surgery with medical therapy have found that high-risk groups defined by the presence of left main coronary artery disease,9 triple-vessel disease with impaired left ventricular function,2,5,6 or other risk factors5 benefit from CABG. Conversely, no benefit was found in lower-risk groups, such as patients with single-vessel disease. Therefore, an analysis of subgroups was included in the design of BARI.

Methods

Patients were eligible for the study if they had angiographically documented multivessel coronary disease with clinically severe angina or objective evidence of ischemia requiring revascularization and were suitable candidates for both CABG and PTCA as an initial revascularization procedure. A detailed description of the study's aims, patient selection, exclusion criteria, procedure guidelines, definitions, and administrative structure has been published previously.8

Between August 1988 and August 1991, 1829 patients were randomly assigned to undergo CABG or PTCA at 18 centers, 16 in the United States and 2 in Canada, after providing written informed consent. Another 2013 eligible patients who refused to undergo randomization and 422 who were ineligible on the basis of angiographic findings consented to follow-up by means of a registry. Screening results and base-line characteristics of randomized and registry patients have been published elsewhere.10-14 Randomization was carried out with the use of blocks of varying length, with stratification only according to clinical center. Computers provided to the clinical centers were used to decode the encrypted assignments to ensure that treatment remained blinded until randomization.

Base-line data included the clinical profile, interpretation of a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), and information on coronary angiographic features, angina and functional status, medications, risk factors, and quality of life. The protocol stipulated that initial revascularization had to be performed within two weeks after randomization. Scheduled multiple stages of PTCA were counted as a single procedure. New interventional devices, such as stents, were not used during the initial revascularization. Data obtained during hospitalizations and coronary procedures included electrocardiographic information obtained before and after each procedure and in the setting of a suspected myocardial infarction. Follow-up visits were conducted at the clinics at weeks 4 through 14 after study entry and at 1, 3, and 5 years, with telephone contacts at 6 months and 2 and 4 years. The importance of risk-factor modification was emphasized throughout the study to the patients and their primary physicians.

All ECGs obtained during rest or exercise were interpreted at a central ECG and myocardial-infarction classification laboratory. All angiograms were evaluated quantitatively (measurement with electronic calipers) and qualitatively by a central radiographic laboratory. The coordinating center was responsible for the administration of the study, data management, and statistical analysis. An independent safety and data monitoring board regularly reviewed interim study results to advise the NHLBI.

Ascertainment of Outcomes

Mortality from all causes was the primary end point. Each patient was contacted to determine vital status as of June 5, 1995. A Q-wave myocardial infarction was defined as new pathologic Q waves (a worsening by two grades) according to the Minnesota code15,16 or new left bundle-branch block with abnormal cardiac-enzyme levels (total creatine kinase twice the normal level and an abnormal MB isoenzyme level). A Q-wave myocardial infarction during the four-day period following a revascularization procedure was diagnosed solely on the basis of the Minnesota code.

Angiographic Definitions

A clinically important lesion was defined as stenosis of at least 50 percent of the diameter of a vessel with a reference diameter of more than 1.5 mm as measured by calipers. The extent of vessel disease was determined on the basis of the number of myocardial territories (anterior, lateral, and inferoposterior) affected by clinically important lesions. The extent of coronary artery disease was quantified according to the percentage of left ventricular myocardial territory jeopardized17 by clinically important lesions. The complexity of the lesions was categorized as type A, B, or C according to the criteria of the American Heart Association–American College of Cardiology Consensus Panel.18 The proximal left anterior descending artery was defined as the region before the first septal branch, whereas the mid–left anterior descending artery was defined as the segment between the first septal perforator and the last major diagonal branch. The left ventricular ejection fraction was assessed with the area–length method on contrast ventriculograms. Abnormal left ventricular function was defined as an ejection fraction below 50 percent, or a total of more than 10 for the sum of five regional-wall-motion scores (each scored on a 5-point scale in which a score of 1 indicates normal motion and a score of 5 dyskinesia)19 when ejection fraction was unavailable. Dilatation of a stenotic vessel was considered successful if the degree of stenosis was reduced by at least 20 percentage points, with residual stenosis of less than 50 percent of the lumen diameter and normal flow (a grade of 3 according to the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction system).20 Detailed angiographic definitions have been published.8,11,12,17

Statistical Analysis

We compared the outcomes for CABG and PTCA according to the intention-to-treat principle; however, we compared the rates of in-hospital complications only among patients who actually received the assigned treatment. For the assessment of overall outcomes, we calculated 95 percent confidence intervals of the differences between treatments. We used Kaplan–Meier analysis21 to estimate the cumulative rates of survival, Q-wave myocardial infarction, survival free from Q-wave myocardial infarction, and repeated revascularization. The time of the occurrence of an asymptomatic Q-wave myocardial infarction detected at a routine follow-up visit was estimated as the midpoint between that follow-up visit and the ECG preceding it. We compared Kaplan–Meier curves using the log-rank test,22 with stratification according to clinical center. We used Cox regression analysis23 to test for a departure from a common relative risk across clinical centers.

Subgroups of patients were specified a priori by the protocol and were examined by the safety and data monitoring board. These subgroups were defined by four factors: the severity of angina, the number of diseased vessels, left ventricular function, and the complexity of the lesions. In 1992 the safety and data monitoring board requested an analysis of diabetic patients on the basis of published reports of adverse outcomes of PTCA after thrombolytic therapy in a subgroup of such patients.24 Treated diabetes was defined as diabetes involving the use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents at entry into the study. To detect a treatment difference, wider confidence intervals of 99 percent and 99.5 percent for the a priori and diabetes subgroups, respectively, were used to correct for multiple comparisons.

Results

Vital status as of June 5, 1995, was ascertained for 1792 patients (98 percent). Data on the remaining 2 percent of patients were censored when they withdrew consent or were lost to follow-up. The mean length of follow-up was 5.4 years, with a range of 3.8 to 6.8. Of the 1229 patients (67 percent) who were followed for at least five years, 88 percent were alive at five years and 79 percent of these survivors had a five-year ECG available. The base-line characteristics11 were not significantly different between the group assigned to PTCA and that assigned to CABG (Table 1Table 1Characteristics of 1829 Patients Assigned to Undergo CABG or PTCA for Multivessel Disease.). The patients had an average of 3.5 clinically important lesions; 41 percent had triple-vessel disease. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 57 percent.

Outcome during Hospitalization

Of the 914 patients assigned to undergo CABG, 892 (98 percent) received their assigned treatment, 15 underwent PTCA as the initial treatment, and 7 were being treated medically at last contact. Of the 915 patients assigned to undergo PTCA, 904 (99 percent) received the assigned treatment, 9 underwent CABG as the initial treatment, and 2 were treated medically at last contact. Initial revascularizations were performed within two weeks after treatment assignment in 90.7 percent of cases and within eight weeks in 99.6 percent. Among the 892 patients who underwent CABG as assigned, an average of 3.1 coronary arteries were bypassed with a mean of 2.8 grafts. All intended vessels were grafted in 91 percent of patients. The mean duration of cardiopulmonary bypass was 91 minutes. At least one internal-thoracic-artery graft was used in 82 percent of patients. The median hospital stay after CABG was seven days. Among the 904 patients who underwent PTCA as assigned, angioplasty was attempted for an average of 2.4 lesions. Multilesion PTCA was attempted in 78 percent of the patients, and multivessel PTCA in 70 percent. At least one lesion was successfully dilated in 88 percent of the patients, and all were successfully dilated in 57 percent. Immediate angiographic success was achieved in 78 percent of attempts, with the mean degree of stenosis reduced from 67 percent to 31 percent. Therefore, an average of 1.9 of 3.5 clinically important lesions were successfully dilated (54 percent). The initial PTCA was undertaken in stages in 158 patients (17 percent). The median hospital stay after PTCA was three days.

Table 2Table 2Complications of CABG and PTCA That Occurred in the Hospital. summarizes events and complications that occurred in the hospital after the initial procedures among patients who received their assigned treatment. The rates of in-hospital mortality and stroke were similar in the two treatment groups. Patients assigned to CABG were more likely to have a Q-wave myocardial infarction than patients assigned to PTCA (P = 0.004). Patients assigned to PTCA were more likely to require early reintervention: 12.8 percent had additional procedures during hospitalization, and 6.3 percent required emergency CABG. Abrupt closure of a dilated lesion occurred in the laboratory in 86 patients who underwent PTCA as assigned. In 35 patients, all stenotic vessels were reopened and considered successfully treated, although 3 patients subsequently underwent CABG during the initial hospitalization. Of the 51 patients with abrupt closure of vessels that were not reopened by PTCA, 30 (59 percent) required CABG.

Mortality and Myocardial Infarction

There was no statistically significant difference in the cumulative survival curves (Figure 1Figure 1Overall Survival (Heavy Lines) and Survival Free from Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction (Light Lines) after Study Entry.) for the two treatment groups (111 deaths in the CABG group and 131 in the PTCA group, P = 0.19 by the log-rank test). The cumulative survival rates at five years were 89.3 percent for patients assigned to CABG and 86.3 percent for those assigned to PTCA. The difference between groups rounds to 2.9 percentage points, with a 95 percent confidence interval of -0.2 percent to 6.0 percent. The results did not vary significantly among the clinical centers (P = 0.76).

The rates of survival free of Q-wave myocardial infarction (Figure 1) also did not differ significantly between assigned treatment groups (P = 0.84 by the log-rank test). At five years, 80.4 percent of the patients assigned to CABG and 78.7 percent of those assigned to PTCA were alive and free from Q-wave myocardial infarction. The difference between groups rounds to 1.6 percentage points, with a 95 percent confidence interval of -2.2 percent to 5.4 percent. The cumulative rates of Q-wave myocardial infarction at five years were 11.7 percent and 10.9 percent for the CABG and PTCA groups, respectively (P = 0.45 by the log-rank test) (data not shown).

Repeated Revascularization

Eight percent of the patients assigned to CABG underwent additional revascularization procedures in the first five years: 1 percent underwent CABG and 7 percent PTCA (Figure 2AFigure 2Percentage of Patients Who Underwent at Least One Subsequent Revascularization (Panel A), Subsequent CABG (Panel B), or Subsequent PTCA (Panel C) after Study Entry., Figure 2B, and Figure 2C). In the PTCA group, 54 percent underwent at least one subsequent procedure, 31 percent underwent a subsequent CABG, and 34 percent underwent a second PTCA (11 percent underwent both subsequent PTCA and CABG). Unlike patients assigned to CABG, most patients assigned to PTCA who underwent a second revascularization did so in the first year of follow-up. In the PTCA group, 60 percent avoided CABG by undergoing the initial PTCA or at most one additional PTCA (Table 3Table 3Comparison of the Need for Subsequent Revascularization Procedures at Five Years in the Two Treatment Groups.). Multiple additional revascularizations, however, were required for 19 percent of the patients assigned to PTCA, as compared with 3 percent of those assigned to CABG. Reflecting this need for additional procedures, patients undergoing PTCA required more hospitalizations during follow-up, an average of 2.5 as compared with 1.9 in the CABG group (P<0.001 by the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test).

Mortality within Subgroups

Figure 3Figure 3Five-Year Survival Rates for All Patients and Patients without Treated Diabetes at Base Line, According to Subgroups Selected on the Basis of Base-Line Characteristics. shows five-year survival rates for monitored subgroups, with 99 percent and 99.5 percent confidence intervals for treatment difference. The only significant difference occurred in the subgroup of patients with treated diabetes. Five-year survival was 65.5 percent among patients with treated diabetes who were assigned to PTCA, as compared with 80.6 percent among diabetics assigned to CABG (Figure 4Figure 4Survival among Patients Who Were Being Treated for Diabetes at Base Line (Heavy Lines) and All Other Patients (Light Lines).). The difference between groups was 15.1 percentage points, with a 99.5 percent confidence interval of 1.4 percent to 28.9 percent, corresponding to a statistically significant difference in the cumulative survival curves (37 deaths in the CABG group vs. 60 deaths in the PTCA group, P = 0.003 by the log-rank test). The in-hospital mortality rates for the initial procedure among treated diabetics were similar: 0.6 percent for those assigned to PTCA and 1.2 percent for those assigned to CABG (P = 1.0 by Fisher's exact test).

For the 1476 other patients (81 percent of the BARI population), survival was essentially identical in the two treatment groups (at five years, 91.4 percent for those assigned to CABG and 91.1 percent for those assigned to PTCA) (Figure 4), with no significant differences among a priori subgroups (Figure 3).

Discussion

This clinical trial was designed to provide an overall comparison between coronary bypass surgery and angioplasty as initial treatment strategies in patients with multivessel coronary disease and a comparative assessment of treatment strategies in specified subgroups of patients. An analysis based on an average follow-up of 5.4 years revealed no statistically significant difference in survival between the two treatment strategies, with cumulative 5-year survival rates of 89.3 percent for patients assigned to CABG and 86.3 percent for patients assigned to PTCA. This slight difference was due to a better long-term outcome of the initial CABG strategy among patients with treated diabetes mellitus, who made up 19 percent of the entire randomized cohort. Among patients with treated diabetes, a difference of 15 percentage points in five-year survival was found in favor of CABG. Of equal importance, five-year survival and survival free of Q-wave myocardial infarction were nearly identical for the two revascularization strategies in the remaining 81 percent of the patients.

Five-year mortality in the trial was twice as high as expected at the time of study design. We attribute this difference to a more elderly and higher-risk population than the cohort with multivessel disease enrolled in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study,19 which we used for the original estimates. One-year mortality in our trial was also higher than in a recent meta-analysis of six randomized trials comparing PTCA and CABG in patients with multivessel disease.25 The one-year mortality rate for PTCA in our study was 4.2 percent, as compared with a combined rate of 3.1 percent in the other trials; the corresponding rates for CABG were 3.8 percent and 2.8 percent. As compared with these trials, our trial enrolled older patients, a higher proportion of women, and a higher proportion of patients with a history of myocardial infarction, hypertension, congestive heart failure, diabetes, and poor left ventricular function. In the Emory Angioplasty versus Surgery Trial (EAST), the randomized patients were similar to those in our trial, except that the prevalence of disease in the proximal left anterior descending artery was 72 percent in that trial26 as compared with 37 percent in the current study. This difference can be attributed to differences in the definitions of anatomical boundaries. The EAST reported five-year mortality rates of 8.8 percent for CABG and 12.1 percent for PTCA,27 values within the range observed among our centers.

Five-year survival free of Q-wave myocardial infarction was similar in both treatment groups. During the initial hospitalization, Q-wave myocardial infarction occurred more frequently in patients undergoing CABG, although this difference was offset by the occurrence of a higher rate in the PTCA group during follow-up. The total rates of myocardial infarction were underestimated in the study since non–Q-wave myocardial infarctions were not counted.

Although the mortality rates and rates of Q-wave myocardial infarction were similar for CABG and PTCA, there are clear differences in other aspects of the clinical course. An initial strategy of angioplasty was associated with a substantially greater need for additional revascularization procedures, especially during the first year of follow-up. For patients assigned to PTCA, the rate of additional procedures at one year (42 percent) was higher than the rate of 35 percent reported in the meta-analysis of other trials,25 whereas the 3 percent rate for patients assigned to CABG was identical. Of the patients assigned to PTCA, 31 percent subsequently underwent CABG. This five-year rate was 5 percentage points higher than the rate reported in the EAST, even though the rate of subsequent CABG during the initial hospitalization was 10 percent in both studies.26,27 In spite of the greater need for reintervention, 60 percent of the patients assigned to PTCA avoided subsequent CABG by undergoing the initial PTCA or at most one additional PTCA. Thus, for patients who prefer to avoid major surgery, angioplasty offers a reasonable alternative with an expectation of similar overall survival rates and survival rates free of Q-wave myocardial infarction.

Differences in survival between the treatment groups were not significant in any of the a priori subgroups. In 1992 the safety and data monitoring board requested that diabetic patients be monitored because of concern aroused by a previous study about the effects of PTCA in diabetics.24 Although the difference between treatments in this subgroup exceeded a stringent level of statistical significance, this finding should be confirmed in other populations. Two-year results for 122 diabetic patients in the Coronary Angioplasty versus Bypass Revascularization Investigation suggest that CABG improves survival to the same extent as in our trial.28 The EAST reported no difference in five-year survival between treatment groups in 59 diabetic patients.27 The more extensive coronary disease among diabetics and their greater tendency to have restenosis after angioplasty suggest potential mechanisms to explain the relatively better outcome after bypass surgery found in our trial. The influence of these and other factors requires further study.

Of equal importance is the finding of no difference between treatments in any other subgroup of patients examined, including those defined by clinical and angiographic characteristics for which CABG had previously been determined to be superior to medical therapy.2-6

The higher than expected mortality rates for both treatment strategies have implications for testing the study's original hypothesis. Overall, there was a difference between treatment groups of 2.9 percentage points, which was not statistically significant. Although a difference of this magnitude would have been significant under the original mortality assumptions, higher observed rates led to wider confidence intervals for the true difference. The power to detect relative differences between the treatment groups, however, was not compromised.

The coronary revascularization approaches used in BARI have continued to undergo refinements.29 For instance, in the wake of reports that stents reduce the risk of early restenosis, stent implantation is now more common among patients who require coronary angioplasty.30,31 Studies are exploring ways to avoid median sternotomy by means of “minimally invasive” surgical procedures.32 BARI and the other clinical trials of PTCA and CABG begun in the late 1980s will provide benchmarks for the assessment of these newer approaches.

A recent survey of centers participating in the current trial and 75 other U.S. institutions performing coronary revascularization33 confirms that our clinical sites are representative of U.S. centers in terms of patient characteristics and treatment choice based on extent of coronary disease. In combination with data on patient screening in BARI,10 the survey suggests that approximately 12 percent of all patients who require coronary revascularization would be eligible for the BARI trial. For the remaining majority, indicators of treatment are better established.

Continuing follow-up will further elucidate the advantages and disadvantages of PTCA and CABG, since graft failure34 and the development of new coronary disease2-4,35 may have substantial effects over the long term on mortality, morbidity, and the need for additional procedures.

Supported by grants (HL38493, HL38504, HL38509, HL38512, HL38514-6, HL38518, HL38524-5, HL38529, HL38532, HL38556, HL38610, HL38642, and HL42145) from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

This article was prepared by Edwin L. Alderman, M.D., Katharine Andrews, M.S., James Bost, Ph.D., Martial Bourassa, M.D., Bernard R. Chaitman, M.D., Katherine Detre, M.D., Dr.P.H., David P. Faxon, M.D., Dean Follmann, Ph.D., Robert L. Frye, M.D., Mark Hlatky, M.D., Robert H. Jones, M.D., Sheryl F. Kelsey, Ph.D., William J. Rogers, M.D., Allan D. Rosen, M.S., Hartzell Schaff, M.D., Mary Ann Sellers, B.S.N., M.S., George Sopko, M.D., M.P.H., Kim Sutton Tyrrell, Dr.P.H., and David O. Williams, M.D., on behalf of the BARI Investigators. Dr. Frye, as study chairman, assumes responsibility for the overall content and integrity of this article.

Source Information

Address reprint requests to Dr. Robert L. Frye, c/o BARI Coordinating Center, University of Pittsburgh, Rm. 127, Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261.

Appendix

The following institutions and persons participated in the BARI trial: University of Alabama — W. Rogers, W. Baxley, L. Dean, G. Roubin, J.K. Kirklin, J.W. Kirklin, A. Pacifico, G. Zorn, E. Charles, T. Paine, S. Brewer, G. Duke, L. Maske, T. Morgan, K. Doss, K. Anderson, M. Brunner-Scott, F. Harris, T. Bulle, J. Cavender, P. Garrahy; Rhode Island Hospital — D. Williams, T. Drew, A. Singh, G. Cooper, B. Sharaf, J. Wheeler, M. Grogan; Bellevue Hospital — F. Feit, M. Attubato, S. Colvin, A. Galloway, G. Ribakove, P. Pasternack, M. Rey, S. Shapiro; Boston University — A. Jacobs, D. Faxon, G. Garber, N. Ruocco, R. Shemin, G. Aldea, T. Ryan, D. Weiner, B. Hankin, M. Mazur; Cleveland Clinic Foundation — P. Whitlow, S. Ellis, I. Franco, R. Raymond, E. Topol, D. Cosgrove, F. Loop, B. Lytele, R. Stewart, P. Taylor, A. Dimas, A. Lincoff, M. Lowrie, K. Comella; Duke University — R. Califf, R. Bauman, V. Behar, Y. Kong, M. Krucoff, K. Morris, R. Peter, H. Phillips, R. Stack, J. Tcheng, R. Jones, H. Oldham, R. Van Tright, W. Baker, T. Bashore, D. Fortin, K. Lee, E. Ohman, L. Drew, M. Sellers, V. Bass; Beth Israel Hospital — D. Baim, J. Aroesty, B. Lorell, R. Johnson, R. Thurer, R. Weintraub, M. Flatley; Maine Medical Center — M. Kellett, Jr., W. Alpern, R. Anderson, D. Cutler, P. Sweeney, D. Donegan, S. Katz, R. Kramer, C. Lutes, J. Morton, E. Nowicki, J. Tryzelaar, R. White, C. Lambrew, S. Bosworth-Farrell, J. Kane, N. Tooker; University of Massachusetts — B. Weiner, J. Moran, O. Okike, A. Pezzella, T. VanderSalm, M. Borbone, K. Quist; Mayo Clinic Foundation — R. Frye (study chair), M. Mock, J. Bresnahan, D. Holmes, G. Reeder, C. Mullany, T. Orszulak, H. Schaff, P. Berger, R. Gibbons, S. Kopecky, R. Schwartz, H. Smith, S. Matheson, L. Kelly, L. Pierre, D. Bresnahan, B. Gersh, F. Nobrega, M. Peterson, R. Vlietstra; Medical College of Virginia — M. Cowley, G. Vetrovec, A. Guerraty, D. Salter, A. Wechsler, K. Kelly Hall; University of Michigan — B. Pitt, E. Bates, D. Muller, S. Bolling, M. Deeb, M. Kirsh, M. Stock, J. Corbett, P. Fox, T. Johnson, K. McNeely, S. Pitt, K. Burek; Montreal Heart Institute — M. Bourassa, R. Bonan, G. Cote, J. Crepeau, P. DeGuise, Y. Leclerc, C. Pelletier, J. Gregoire, G. Hudon, J. Lesperance, J. Trudel, C. Faille; Toronto Hospital — L. Schwartz, H. Aldridge, T. David, C. Feindel, B. Goldman, L. Mickleborough, R. Weisel, C. Lazzam, M. McLoughlin, L. Zelovitsky, P. Liu, L. Lazzam; New York Medical College — M. Weiss, R. Moggio, R. Pooley, G. Reed, M. Sarabu, R. Steinberg; St. Louis University — B. Chaitman, F. Aguirre, M. Kern, G. Kaiser, V. Willman, R. Wiens, C. Huffman, T. Stonner, S. Aubuchon, M. Kramer; Jewish Hospital — R. Krone, N. Kouchoukos, A. Salimi, T. Wareing, P. Cole, K. Fischer, R. Kleiger, J. Humphrey, D. Bowen, G. Eisenkramer, P. Rice, J. Waldschmidt; Georgetown University (former site); Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic (parallel study); Central Electrocardiographic and Myocardial Infarction Classification Laboratory: St. Louis University Medical Center — B. Chaitman, P. Bjerregaard, I. Gussak, R. Wiens, L. Younis, K. Stocke, K. Russell, S. Cannon, C. Homeyer, M. Miller; Central Radiographic Laboratory: Stanford University Medical Center — E. Alderman, M. Stadius, B. Brown, W. Sanders, L. Wexler, B. Hollak; Coordinating Center: University of Pittsburgh — K. Detre, S. Kelsey, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, A. Rosen, S. Crow, K. Andrews, J. Bost, M. Brooks, R. Hardison, G. Harger, R. Holubkov, A. Siewers, J. Martin, J. Greenhouse, A. Sampson, C. Ravotti; NHLBI — G. Sopko, D. Follmann, M. Horan; Safety and Data Monitoring Board — J. Bristow, J. Childress, T. Gardner, C. Grines, J. Kennedy, G. Knatterud, J. Waldhausen, C. White; Morbidity and Mortality Classification Committee — R. Prineas, C. Fisch, H. Greene, R. Karp, S. King III, J. Mason, J. Titus.

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   Kevin L. Greason, Hartzell V. Schaff. (2011) Myocardial Revascularization by Coronary Arterial Bypass Graft: Past, Present, and Future. Current Problems in Cardiology 36:9, 325-368
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    R. A. Veasey, J. A. J. Hyde, M. E. Lewis, U. H. Trivedi, A. C. Cohen, G. W. Lloyd, S. S. Furniss, N. R. Patel, A. N. Sulke. (2011) It’s good to talk! Changes in coronary revascularisation practice in PCI centres without onsite surgical cover and the impact of an angiography video conferencing system. International Journal of Clinical Practice 65:6, 658-663
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