Original Article
Infection with Hepatitis GB Virus C in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis
N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1485-1491June 6, 1996
- Abstract
Background
A recently discovered non-A–E hepatitis virus has been designated hepatitis GB virus C (HGBV-C), but little is known about its mode of transmission and its clinical manifestations. We studied 519 patients on maintenance hemodialysis to determine whether they were infected with HGBV-C.
Methods
HGBV-C RNA was identified in serum by a reverse-transcription–polymerase-chain-reaction assay with nested primers deduced from a nonstructural region. A nucleotide sequence of 100 bp in the nonstructural region was determined on HGBV-C clones.
Results
HGBV-C RNA was detected in 3.1 percent of the patients on hemodialysis (16 of 519), as compared with 0.9 percent of healthy blood donors (4 of 448, P<0.03). None of the 16 patients had evidence of active liver disease, although 7 were also infected with hepatitis C virus. Eight patients with HGBV-C infection were followed for 7 to 16 years. In two patients the virus was present at the start of hemodialysis. One had a history of transfusion, and HGBV-C RNA persisted over a period of 16 years; the other became free of HGBV-C after 10 years. In five patients, HGBV-C RNA was first detected 3 to 20 weeks after blood transfusion and persisted for up to 13 years. One patient with no history of transfusion was infected with an HGBV-C variant with the same sequence as in two of the patients with post-transfusion HGBV-C infections.
Conclusions
Patients on maintenance hemodialysis are at increased risk for HGBV-C infection. This virus produces persistent infections, which may be transmitted by transfusions but may also be transmitted by other means.
Media in This Article
Figure 3
Nucleotide Sequence of a 100-bp Portion of HGBV-C Complementary DNA Obtained from Eight Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis Who Were Followed for 2 to 16 Years.Figure 1
Age-Specific Prevalence of HGBV-C, HCV, and HBV among 519 Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis.Article Activity
- Article
The discovery of hepatitis C virus (HCV)1 was a major step toward the control of non-A, non-B hepatitis.2 HCV is responsible for the majority of acute and chronic cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis,3 and the screening of blood for antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV) prevents post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis.4
However, it has become increasingly evident that there are patients with acute or chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis who are not infected with HCV and that there remains a residual risk of post-transfusion hepatitis in recipients of blood that tests negative for anti-HCV or hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).5 These patients also have no evidence of infection with hepatitis D or E virus (hence the designation of non-A–E hepatitis). A GB hepatitis agent isolated in 1967 from a surgeon (whose initials were G.B.) with acute hepatitis has been propagated in tamarins.6,7 It has turned out to be two novel RNA viruses of the Flaviviridae family, which are known as hepatitis GB virus A (HGBV-A) and hepatitis GB virus B (HGBV-B).8 Another closely related virus, called hepatitis GB virus C (HGBV-C), has been recovered from patients with non-A–E hepatitis in Africa, Canada, and the United States.9 HGBV-C is a single-stranded RNA virus that can be categorized as belonging to the Flaviviridae family on the basis of its structure. HGBV-C resembles HCV, but its nucleotide sequence is too divergent to be classified as a genotype of HCV.10 Recently, yet another non-A–E hepatitis virus has been reported and designated hepatitis G virus.11 It is similar in sequence to HGBV-C and may actually be the same virus with a different genotype.
We used a reverse-transcription–polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay with nested primers deduced from the nonstructural region of HGBV-C to determine whether 519 patients on maintenance hemodialysis had HGBV-C RNA.9,12 To shed light on the transmission, persistence, and evolution of this non-A–E hepatitis virus, we studied eight patients with HGBV-C infection for 7 to 16 years after the start of hemodialysis, and the nucleotide sequences of HGBV-C isolated from them were determined.
Methods
Patients
We studied 519 patients with chronic renal failure who were undergoing maintenance hemodialysis at four dialysis centers (267 men and 252 women; mean [±SD] age of both groups, 56±12 years). The patients had been on hemodialysis for a mean of 6.0±4.7 years (range, 0 to 22). Serum from the patients was tested for markers of hepatitis virus infection, and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase were measured. The study was approved by the ethics committees of the institutions, and all patients gave informed consent.
Determination of HGBV-C RNA by RT-PCR Assay
Nucleic acids were extracted from 100 μl of serum as described previously13 and were converted to complementary DNA (cDNA) with an antisense primer (G9, 5'TCYTTGATGATDGAACTGTC3', in which Y = T or C and D = A, G, or T).12 Reverse-transcribed cDNA was subjected to the first round of PCR with primers G9 and G8 (5'TATGGGCATGGHATHCCYCT3', in which H = A, C, or T). PCR was performed with TaKaRa Ex Taq (TaKaRa Biochemicals, Kyoto, Japan) for 35 cycles (consisting of denaturation for 30 seconds at 94°C, annealing for 30 seconds at 55°C, and extension for 60 seconds at 72°C) followed by an extension cycle at 72°C for 8 minutes. The second round of PCR was carried out for 30 cycles (consisting of denaturation for 30 seconds at 94°C, annealing for 30 seconds at 55°C, and extension for 45 seconds at 72°C) with nested primers G10 (sense, 5'CATTCVAAGGCGGAGTGYGA3', in which V = A, C, or G) and G11 (antisense, 5'TCYTTACCCCTRTAATAGGC3', in which R = A or G). All primers were deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a nonstructural region of HGBV-C described by Simons et al.9 The expected sizes of the products of the first and second rounds of PCR were 158 and 83 bp, respectively; the finding of products of these sizes would confirm the presence of HGBV-C RNA in test serum. To avoid cross-contamination, PCR was performed under stringent conditions recommended by Kwok and Higuchi,14 with 1 positive control and 2 negative controls for every 20 samples.
For the semiquantitation of HGBV-C RNA, serial dilutions of extracted nucleic acids were tested by RT-PCR assay. The relative concentration of HGBV-C was expressed as the reciprocal of the highest dilutions of extracted nucleic acids in which HGBV-C RNA was detectable; values were expressed as the titer per milliliter of serum.
Nucleotide Sequences of HGBV-C Isolates
The products of PCR with primers G8 and G9 were amplified by a heminested PCR with primers G8 and G11 and cloned into M13 phage vectors. A sequence of 100 bp was determined on three HGBV-C clones from each serum sample as described elsewhere,12 and the consensus sequence was adopted.
Markers of Hepatitis B and C Infections
Serum samples were analyzed for anti-HCV with a second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (ELISAII, Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Tokyo, Japan). Serum samples were tested for HCV RNA with an RT-PCR assay,13,15 and the relative concentration of RNA was expressed as the reciprocal of the highest dilution of extracted nucleic acids in which HCV RNA was detectable; values were expressed as the titer per milliliter of serum. Serum samples were tested for HBsAg and its corresponding antibody (anti-HBs) by passive hemagglutination (MyCell, Institute of Immunology Co., Tokyo, Japan) and for antibody against hepatitis B virus (HBV) core antigen (anti-HBc) by inhibition of hemagglutination.16
Statistical Analysis
Differences in the frequency with which HGBV-C RNA was found in the study groups were analyzed with the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Group means were compared with Student's t-test.
Results
Prevalence of HGBV-C, HCV, and HBV Infections in Patients on Hemodialysis
Among the 519 patients on maintenance hemodialysis, HGBV-C RNA was detected in 16 (3.1 percent), HCV RNA in 107 (20.6 percent), and HBsAg in 15 (2.9 percent). Of the 16 patients with HGBV-C RNA, 7 were also infected with HCV and 1 was infected with HBV. Thus, 50 percent of the patients with HGBV-C infection were also infected with other hepatitis viruses. Anti-HCV was detected in 127 (24.5 percent) patients, including 103 with HCV RNA in serum; 4 patients with HCV RNA were negative for anti-HCV. Anti-HBs, anti-HBc, or both were detected in the absence of HBsAg in 293 (56.5 percent) patients, representing a resolved HBV infection.
HGBV-C RNA was detected in 4 of 448 apparently healthy blood donors (0.9 percent) in Japan who were older than 30 years (303 men and 145 women; mean [±SD] age, 43±9 years). The frequency of HGBV-C was significantly lower in control subjects than in the patients on maintenance hemodialysis (0.9 percent vs. 3.1 percent, P<0.03).
Figure 1Figure 1
Age-Specific Prevalence of HGBV-C, HCV, and HBV among 519 Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis. shows the age-specific prevalence of the three hepatitis viruses among the patients. The pattern of infection with HGBV-C was similar to that of HCV infection: it tended to increase with age and peaked in patients in their 60s. It differed from HBV infection, which was most frequent in the 40s.Characteristics of 16 Patients Infected with HGBV-C
Table 1Table 1
Characteristics of 16 Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis Who Were Infected with HGBV-C, According to HCV Status. shows clinical and virologic features of the seven patients coinfected with HGBV-C and HCV and the nine patients infected with HGBV-C alone. None of the patients had elevated levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, and there was no significant difference between the mean alanine aminotransferase levels in the two groups (18±5 vs. 11±5 U per liter). None of the patients had clinical evidence of liver disease.The 519 patients were divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of HGBV-C and HCV infection (Table 2Table 2
Characteristics of 519 Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis, According to Their HGBV-C and HCV Status.). The 9 patients infected with HGBV-C alone had alanine aminotransferase levels (11±5 U per liter) that were similar to those of the 403 patients without HGBV-C or HCV infection (12±13 U per liter) and significantly lower than those of the 100 patients infected with HCV only (19±12 U per liter, P<0.01). Aside from this, there were no significant differences among the four groups of patients. Overall, a history of transfusion was reported by 75 percent of the patients with HGBV-C (12 of 16 patients), a frequency similar to that in the patients with HCV (81 percent; 87 of 107 patients). The combined frequency of transfusion in these two groups was significantly greater than that in the group without HGBV-C or HCV infection (62 percent; 251 of 403 patients; P<0.001).Follow-up of the Eight Patients with HGBV-C Infection Monitored from the Start of Hemodialysis
The clinical courses of the eight patients who had been followed in the same dialysis unit since they began hemodialysis are shown in Figure 2Figure 2
Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Levels and Titers of HGBV-C RNA in Eight Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis.. Six were negative for HGBV-C RNA at the induction of hemodialysis (Patients 4, 7, 8, 11, 14, and 16), of whom five received transfusions after they began hemodialysis. The interval between the last transfusion and the detection of HGBV-C RNA was four weeks for Patient 16 and seven weeks for Patient 4, who was negative at three weeks, and three weeks for Patient 14. The interval between transfusion and the appearance of HGBV-C RNA in the circulation was much longer in the other two patients. Patient 8 was negative for HGBV-C RNA 13 weeks after transfusion and positive at 17 weeks. Patient 7 received only a single transfusion and was negative for HGBV-C RNA 17 weeks later but positive at 20 weeks. The titer of HGBV-C RNA was initially low in all these patients and increased gradually. In Patient 7, serum levels of HGBV-C RNA peaked and then decreased soon after they became detectable, but started to increase again eight years later.Patient 4 was already HCV-positive when she began hemodialysis and became positive for HGBV-C RNA after multiple transfusions; her alanine aminotransferase level was elevated (83 U per liter) about a year after she became positive for serum HGBV-C RNA. Patient 14 had a single elevation of the alanine aminotransferase level four weeks after she became positive for serum HCV RNA. Patient 8 had an increased alanine aminotransferase level (125 U per liter) nine months after HGBV-C appeared in serum. She became positive for HBsAg concurrently, however, suggesting that HBV infection was responsible for the elevated alanine aminotransferase levels. In Patient 7, the serum alanine aminotransferase level rose four weeks after HCV RNA was first detected in serum, and the increase coincided with that of HGBV-C RNA. Thus, the HCV infection was responsible for the elevation. HBV persisted in Patient 8 throughout the observation period, as HCV did in Patients 4, 7, and 14.
Patients 9 and 10 were already positive for HGBV-C RNA when they began hemodialysis. They had initial HGBV-C RNA titers of >104 and 103, respectively — titers that were higher than those in the early stages of HGBV-C infection in the other six patients. In Patient 9, serum levels of HGBV-C RNA became undetectable 10 years after the start of hemodialysis and was accompanied by an increase in serum alanine aminotransferase. She had had two previous episodes of elevated alanine aminotransferase levels. HGBV-C RNA remained detectable in Patient 10, but the titers fluctuated during the 16 years in which she was on hemodialysis. She had received transfusions five to six months before she was referred to the dialysis unit.
Nucleotide Sequences of HGBV-C from the Eight Patients with HGBV-C Infection Monitored from the Start of Hemodialysis
Figure 3Figure 3
Nucleotide Sequence of a 100-bp Portion of HGBV-C Complementary DNA Obtained from Eight Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis Who Were Followed for 2 to 16 Years. shows the nucleotide sequences of HGBV-C cDNA spanning 100 bp in a nonstructural region of the genome, cloned from serum from the eight patients at various times, as well as the sequences reported by Simons et al.9 In three patients (Patients 4, 11, and 14) the sequence remained the same over a period of two to nine years. Only 1 to 3 percent of the 100 bp changed in the other five patients over a period of 6 to 16 years. The sequences identified in the eight patients differed from one another by 0 to 21 percent and from those reported by Simons et al.9 by 11 to 23 percent.The nucleotide sequences of the HGBV-C cDNA from Patients 7, 8, and 11 were very similar, with at least one clone showing the identical sequence, suggesting that these patients were infected with closely related strains of HGBV-C. Patient 11 had no history of transfusion, whereas Patients 7 and 8 had received transfusions.
Discussion
Little is known about the transmission, epidemiology, and disease-inducing capacity of HGBV-C, except that it sometimes produces a fulminant non-A–E hepatitis.12 Since HGBV-C may be transmitted parenterally,5 patients on maintenance hemodialysis should be at increased risk for such infection, as they are for HCV and HBV infections.17-20 In support of this view, we detected HGBV-C RNA in 3.1 percent of 519 patients on hemodialysis as compared with 0.9 percent of 448 apparently healthy blood donors (P<0.03). Infection with HCV was more common and was detected in 107 patients (20.6 percent), including 7 who were also infected with HGBV-C. Thus, patients on maintenance hemodialysis are at increased risk for both HGBV-C and HCV, and there may be a common route of transmission of the two viruses in these patients.
In view of the wide divergence noted in a sequence of the nonstructural region serving as the target of the RT-PCR assay (Figure 3), the primers we used to synthesize cDNA and for PCR might not be compatible with all HGBV-C isolates. Hence, we may have underestimated the rate of HGBV-C infection among patients on hemodialysis.
Some characteristics of HGBV-C infection have been identified by the present study. First, once acquired, infection with HGBV-C tends to persist. In only one of the eight patients followed for 7 to 16 years did HGBV-C RNA disappear from the circulation, and this patient had been positive for HGBV-C RNA for at least 10 years (Figure 2). Some point mutations emerged in a 100-bp sequence in the nonstructural region of HGBV-C in five of the eight patients (Figure 3). On the basis of these mutations, we estimated that the virus has a mutation rate of 0.8×10-3 to 1.9×10-3 nucleotide substitutions per site per year, which is close to the rate of 1.4×10-3 to 1.9×10-3 reported for HCV.21,22
Second, HGBV-C is transmitted by transfusions. A history of transfusion was reported by 12 of the 16 patients with HGBV-C RNA (75 percent) — a rate similar to that for our patients with HCV RNA (81 percent) and higher than that for those with neither virus (62 percent). Five of the eight patients received transfusions while they were on hemodialysis, and they became positive for serum HGBV-C RNA 3 to 20 weeks after the last transfusion. Another patient had already received transfusions before she began hemodialysis.
The virus may also be transmitted by intravenous drug use, since it has been detected more frequently in patients with chronic HCV infection who were drug abusers than in those who were not (12 of 49, or 24 percent, vs. 9 of 128, or 7 percent; P<0.01).23
Transmission mechanisms other than transfusion were suspected for some of the patients. One patient with no history of transfusion had HGBV-C RNA whose nucleotide sequence was nearly identical to that of two patients who had received transfusions, thereby indicating that the three were infected with closely related strains (Figure 3). The interval between transfusion and the appearance of HGBV-C in serum was quite long in these two patients: 13 to 17 weeks in one case and 17 to 20 weeks in the other. In contrast, in the other three HGBV-C–positive patients who received transfusions HGBV-C RNA appeared in serum from three to seven weeks after the last transfusion. In addition, Linnen et al. described two patients in whom hepatitis G virus RNA became detectable a few weeks after transfusion.11 Taken together, these results suggest patient-to-patient transmission, despite the fact that the patients also received transfusions.
Third, the infection with HGBV-C has not been found to cause inflammation of the liver, because the patients who were infected with HGBV-C did not have elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Furthermore, virtually all elevations of alanine aminotransferase in these patients were ascribable to coinfection with HCV or HBV. Patients on maintenance hemodialysis are known to have compromised immune responses.24 It is therefore not certain what effect persistent HGBV-C may have in persons with normal immune responses.
Infection with non-A–E hepatitis viruses has two distinct clinical profiles. In general, non-A–E hepatitis occurring after transfusion or community-acquired infection has a benign course.5 At the other end of the spectrum, fulminant hepatitis due to non-A–E hepatitis virus is so severe that it is hard to believe it is caused by the same virus. There might be a fulminant HGBV-C strain with some crucial mutations in a particular region of the genome. Such a possibility is supported by the finding of HBV variants with mutations in the precore region or core promoter, which interfere with the synthesis and secretion of hepatitis B e antigen and are found in the circulation of essentially all patients with fulminant hepatitis B.25-27
Supported in part by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan and the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan.
Source Information
From Masuko Hospital and Masuko Institute for Medical Research, Aichi-Ken (K.M., T. Mitsui, K.I., C.Y.); Okuda Clinic (K.O.), Meguro Clinic (T. Meguro), and Murayama Hospital (N.M.), Tochigi-Ken; the First Department of Internal Medicine, Yamanashi Medical University, Yamanashi-Ken (T.I.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo (F.T.); the Immunology Division, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-Ken (H.O., M.M.), and Miyakawa Memorial Research Foundation, Tokyo (Y.M.) — all in Japan.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Mayumi at the Immunology Division, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-Machi, Tochigi-Ken 329-04, Japan.
- References
References
1
Choo QL ,Kuo G ,Weiner AJ ,Overby LR ,Bradley DW ,Houghton M . Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989;244:359-362
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Kuo G ,Choo QL ,Alter HJ , et al. An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science 1989;244:362-364
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Houghton M ,Weiner A ,Han J ,Kuo G ,Choo QL . Molecular biology of the hepatitis C viruses: implications for diagnosis, development and control of viral diseases. Hepatology 1991;14:381-388
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Donahue JG ,Munoz A ,Ness PM , et al. The declining risk of post-transfusion hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992;327:369-373
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline5
Alter HJ ,Bradley DW . Non-A, non-B hepatitis unrelated to the hepatitis C virus (non-ABC). Semin Liver Dis 1995;15:110-120
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Deinhardt F ,Holmes AW ,Capps RB ,Popper H . Studies on the transmission of human viral hepatitis to marmoset monkeys. I. Transmission of disease, serial passages, and description of liver lesions. J Exp Med 1967;125:673-688
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
Schaluder GG ,Dawson GJ ,Simons JN , et al. Molecular and serologic analysis in the transmission of the GB hepatitis agents. J Med Virol 1995;46:81-90
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Simons JN ,Pilot-Matias TJ ,Leary TP , et al. Identification of two flavivirus-like genomes in the GB hepatitis agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92:3401-3405
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Simons JN ,Leary TP ,Dawson GJ , et al. Isolation of novel virus-like sequences associated with human hepatitis. Nat Med 1995;1:564-569
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Leary TP ,Muerhoff AF ,Simons JN , et al. Sequence and genomic organization of GBV-C: a novel member of the Flaviviridae associated with human non-A-E hepatitis. J Med Biol 1996;48:60-6711
Linnen J ,Wages J Jr ,Zhang-Keck ZY , et al. Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a transfusion-transmissible agent. Science 1996;271:505-508
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Yoshiba M ,Okamoto H ,Mishiro S . Detection of the GBV-C hepatitis virus genome in serum from patients with fulminant hepatitis of unknown aetiology. Lancet 1995;346:1131-1132
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Okamoto H ,Okada S ,Sugiyama Y , et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by a two-stage polymerase chain reaction with two pairs of primers deduced from the 5'-noncoding region. Jpn J Exp Med 1990;60:215-222
Medline14
Kwok S ,Higuchi R . Avoiding false positives with PCR. Nature 1989;339:237-238[Erratum, Nature 1989;339:490.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Okamoto H ,Mishiro S ,Tokita H ,Tsuda F ,Miyakawa Y ,Mayumi M . Superinfection of chimpanzees carrying hepatitis C virus of genotype II/1b with that of genotype III/2a or I/1a. Hepatology 1994;20:1131-1136
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Iizuka H ,Ohmura K ,Ishijima A , et al. Correlation between anti-HBc titers and HBV DNA in blood units without detectable HBsAg. Vox Sang 1992;63:107-111
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Chan TM ,Lok AS ,Cheng IK ,Chan RT . Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients: a longitudinal study comparing the results of RNA and antibody assays. Hepatology 1993;17:5-8
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Masuko K ,Okuda K ,Meguro T , et al. Hepatitis C virus antibodies, viral RNA and genotypes in sera from patients on maintenance haemodialysis. J Viral Hepat 1994;1:65-71
CrossRef | Medline19
London WT ,DiFiglia M ,Sutnick AI ,Blumberg BS . An epidemic of hepatitis in a chronic-hemodialysis unit: Australia antigen and differences in host response. N Engl J Med 1969;281:571-578
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline20
Szmuness W ,Prince AM ,Grady GF , et al. Hepatitis B infection: a point-prevalence study in 15 US hemodialysis centers. JAMA 1974;227:901-906
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Ogata N ,Alter HJ ,Miller RH ,Purcell RH . Nucleotide sequence and mutation rate of the H strain of hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991;88:3392-3396
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Okamoto H ,Kojima M ,Okada S , et al. Genetic drift of hepatitis C virus during an 8.2-year infection in a chimpanzee: variability and stability. Virology 1992;190:894-899
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Aikawa T ,Sugai Y ,Okamoto H . Hepatitis G infection in drug abusers with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 1996;334:195-196
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline24
Goldblum SE ,Reed WP . Host defenses and immunologic alterations associated with chronic hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 1980;93:597-613
Web of Science | Medline25
Kosaka Y ,Takase K ,Kojima M , et al. Fulminant hepatitis B: induction by hepatitis B virus mutants defective in the precore region and incapable of encoding e antigen. Gastroenterology 1991;100:1087-1094
Web of Science | Medline26
Liang TJ ,Hasegawa K ,Rimon N ,Wands JR ,Ben-Porath E . A hepatitis B virus mutant associated with an epidemic of fulminant hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1705-1709
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline27
Sato S ,Suzuki K ,Akahane Y , et al. Hepatitis B virus strains with mutations in the core promoter in patients with fulminant hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:241-248
Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (178)
Citing Articles
1
H.-B. Tsai, P.-C. Chen, C.-H. Liu, P.-H. Hung, M.-T. Chen, C.-K. Chiang, J.-H. Kao, K.-Y. Hung. (2011) Association of hepatitis C virus infection and malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
CrossRef2
Colin Geddes, Elizabeth Lindley, Neill Duncan. (2011) Renal Association Clinical Practice Guideline on Prevention of Blood Borne Virus Infection in the Renal Unit. Nephron Clinical Practice 118:s1, c165-c188
CrossRef3
Flavien Bernardin, Eva Operskalski, Mike Busch, Eric Delwart. (2010) Transfusion transmission of highly prevalent commensal human viruses. Transfusion 50:11, 2474-2483
CrossRef4
Giovana Lotici Baggio-Zappia, Celso Francisco Hernandes Granato. (2009) HIV-GB virus C co-infection: an overview. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 47:1, 12-19
CrossRef5
S.M. Hosseini-Moghaddam, H. Keyvani, M. Samadi, S.M. Alavian, M. Mahdavimazdeh, S. Daneshvar, Z. Razzaghi. (2008) GB virus type C infection in hemodialysis patients considering co-infection with hepatitis C virus. Journal of Medical Virology 80:7, 1260-1263
CrossRef6
Mohammad Asim, Sai Kiran Potukuchi, Ashu Arora, Bhimo Singh, P. Kar. (2008) Hepatitis-G Virus Infection in Multi-transfused Patients and Intravenous Drug Abusers: New Delhi Experience. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 53:5, 1383-1389
CrossRef7
Ravinder K. Wali, Jay R. Kaluvapalle, Alfred K. Cheung. 2008. Complications Associated with Hemodialysis. , 894-912.
CrossRef8
Mark D. Berzsenyi, D. Scott Bowden, Heath A. Kelly, Kerrie M. Watson, Anne M. Mijch, Rachel A. Hammond, Suzanne M. Crowe, Stuart K. Roberts. (2007) Reduction in Hepatitis C–Related Liver Disease Associated With GB Virus C in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection. Gastroenterology 133:6, 1821-1830
CrossRef9
Ali Eslamifar, Rasool Hamkar, Amitis Ramezani, Farrokhlagha Ahmadi, Latif Gachkar, Somayeh Jalilvand, Ladan Adibi, Shahnaz Atabak, Ali Khameneh, Ramin Ghadimi, Arezoo Aghakhani. (2007) Hepatitis G virus exposure in dialysis patients. International Urology and Nephrology 39:4, 1257-1263
CrossRef10
Ali Eslamifar, Rasool Hamkar, Amitis Ramezani, Farrokhlagha Ahmadi, Latif Gachkar, Somayeh Jalilvand, Ladan Adibi, Ali Khameneh, Shahnaz Atabak, Ramin Ghadimi, Arezoo Aghakhani. (2007) Hepatitis G Virus Exposure in Dialysis Staff. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis 11:5, 370-374
CrossRef11
Manfred Vogt, Barbara Klostermann, Siegmund Braun, Raymonde Busch, John Hess, Gert Frösner, Thomas Lang. (2006) Prevalence and clinical role of GBV-C infection after cardiac surgery in childhood: A study on 414 patients. Journal of Infection 53:1, 43-48
CrossRef12
Raed O. Abu Odeh, Moslih I. Al-Moslih, Mohammed Wafi Al-Jokhdar, Sinda A. Ezzeddine. (2005) Detection and genotyping of GBV-C virus in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Medical Virology 76:4, 534-540
CrossRef13
Mark D. Berzsenyi, D. Scott Bowden, Michael J. Bailey, Cheryl White, Patrick Coghlan, Francis J. Dudley, Stuart K. Roberts. (2005) Male to male sex is associated with a high prevalence of exposure to GB virus C. Journal of Clinical Virology 33:3, 243-246
CrossRef14
Silvia Pirovano, Gina Gregorini, Fabio Malacarne, Mirella Marini, Alberto Albertini, Luisa Imberti. (2005) High Prevalence of SEN Virus Infection in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis: Frequent Mixed Infections with Different Variants and Evidence for Nosocomial Transmission of the Virus. Intervirology 48:4, 216-222
CrossRef15
Aykut Ozdarendeli, Zulal A. Toroman, Ahmet Kalkan, Süleyman S. Kilic, Mehmet Ozden, Mehmet Z. Doymaz. (2005) Prevalence and Genotypes of Hepatitis G Virus among Hemodialysis Patients in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Medical Principles and Practice 14:2, 102-106
CrossRef16
Deepak Kumar, Bhudev C. Das, Ashu Arora, Narendera Pal Singh, Rajiv Kohli, Premashish Kar. (2005) Hepatitis G Virus Infection in Hemodialysis Patients from Urban Delhi. Renal Failure 27:1, 87-93
CrossRef17
Carola Seifried, Marijke Weber, Heike Bialleck, Erhard Seifried, Hubert Schrezenmeier, W. Kurt Roth. (2004) High prevalence of GBV-C/HGV among relatives of GBV-C/HGV-positive blood donors in blood recipients and in patients with aplastic anemia. Transfusion 44:2, 268-274
CrossRef18
Anil K. Saxena, Bodh R. Panhotra. (2004) The Vulnerability of Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients to Hepatitis C Virus Infection in a High-Prevalence Hospital-Based Hemodialysis Setting. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 52:2, 242-246
CrossRef19
Priya Abraham, George T. John, Sukanya Raghuraman, Sujatha Radhakrishnan, Paulose P. Thomas, Chacko K. Jacob, Gopalan Sridharan. (2003) GB virus C/hepatitis G virus and TT virus infections among high risk renal transplant recipients in India. Journal of Clinical Virology 28:1, 59-69
CrossRef20
Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe, Cristiane Maria Milanezi, Wilson Araújo Silva, Ivan de Lucena Ângulo, Gil Santis, Simone Kashima, José Abrão Cardeal da Costa, Miguel Abrão Neto, Dimas Tadeu Covas. (2003) Molecular Investigation of GB Virus C RNA in Hemodialysis and Thalassemics Patients from Brazil. Renal Failure 25:1, 67-75
CrossRef21
E. Alonso-Rubiano, M. Gerber, P. Friedman, S. Hodges, C. Leissinger. (2003) Hepatitis G virus in clotting factor concentrates. Haemophilia 9:1, 110-115
CrossRef22
Mária Takács, Katalin N Szomor, Andrea Szendroöi, Ãgnes Dencs, Judit Brojnás, Erzsébet Rusvai, György Berencsi. (2002) Prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Hungary. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 34:4, 283-287
CrossRef23
K. V. Narayanan Menon. (2002) Non-A to E hepatitis. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 15:5, 529-534
CrossRef24
Shih-Yen Lo, Chia-Wen Ku, Hsin-Chieh Ma, Yi-Hwei Li, Jui-Hung Yu, Hsien-Hong Lin, Ahai C. Lua, Ming-Liang Lee. (2002) Detection of serologic responses to GB virus C/ hepatitis G virus infection. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 6:3, 223-227
CrossRef25
Priya Abraham, Rachel Hallett, Sujatha Radhakrishnan, Sukanya Raghuraman, Gopalan Sridharan, Chong Gee Teo. (2002) Hepatitis G virus genotypes in a tertiary care centre in southern India. Journal of Clinical Virology 25:2, 187-192
CrossRef26
Sharon E. Frey, Sharon M. Homan, Marcia Sokol‐Anderson, Margarita Torralba Cayco, Prospero Cortorreal, Cora E. Musial, Adrian Di Bisceglie. (2002) Evidence for Probable Sexual Transmission of the Hepatitis G Virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases 34:8, 1033-1038
CrossRef27
YONG POOVORAWAN, PANTIPA CHATCHATEE, VORANUSH CHONGSRISAWAT. (2002) Epidemiology and prophylaxis of viral hepatitis:A global perspective. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 17, S155-S166
CrossRef28
Shuhei Nishiguchi, Masaru Enomoto, Susumu Shiomi, Noriko Obata, Motoharu Tanaka, Katsuhiko Fukuda, Akihiro Tamori, Daiki Habu, Tadashi Takeda, Takashi Tanaka, Yoshihisa Yano, Shuzo Otani. (2002) GB virus C and TT virus infections in Japanese patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Journal of Medical Virology 66:2, 258-262
CrossRef29
Rodolfo Valtuille, Fernando Frankel, Federico Gómez, Héctor Moretto, Fabián Fay, Pablo Rendo, Leonardo Lef, José Fernández. (2002) The Role of Transfusion-Transmitted Virus in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 34:1, 86-88
CrossRef30
M. Zuckerman. (2002) Surveillance and control of blood-borne virus infections in haemodialysis units. Journal of Hospital Infection 50:1, 1-5
CrossRef31
Nada Kuljic-Kapulica. (2002) Virus hepatitisa G - novi hepatotropni virus. Vojnosanitetski pregled 59:3, 305-308
CrossRef32
Marcello Grassi, Antonio Mammarella, Giovanni Sagliaschi, Lucia Granati, Antonio Musca, Fiore Traditi, Mario Pezzella. (2001) Persistent Hepatitis G Virus (HGV) Infection in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients and Non-B, Non-C Chronic Hepatitis. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 39:10, 956-960
CrossRef33
Yoshinobu Kanda, Hisamaru Hirai. (2001) TT Virus in Hematological Disorders and Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients. Leukemia & Lymphoma 40:5-6, 483-489
CrossRef34
Robert Halasz, Ola Weiland, Matti S. (2001) GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 33:8, 572-580
CrossRef35
M. A. Sathar, P. N. Soni, D. York. (2000) GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus (GBV-C/HGV): still looking for a disease. International Journal of Experimental Pathology 81:5, 305-322
CrossRef36
Ahmet Uygun, Abdurrahman Kadayifci, Ayhan Kubar, Ahmet Tuzun, Ahmet Erdil, Mustafa Gulsen, Sait Bagci, Necmettin Karaeren, Kemal Dagalp. (2000) Insignificant Role of Hepatitis G Virus Infection in Patients with Liver Enzyme Elevations of Unknown Etiology. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 31:1, 73-76
CrossRef37
Tomoki Fujisawa, Norio Horiike, Kojiro Michitaka, Morikazu Onji. (2000) Influence of RNA titre and amino acid changes in the NS5A region of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus on the effectiveness of interferon therapy. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 15:6, 632-639
CrossRef38
Michiari Okuda, Keisuke Hino, Masaaki Korenaga, Yuhki Yamaguchi, Yoshiharu Katoh, Motokazu Mukaide, Yoshitaka Kaneda, Takashi Minaminozono, Kiwamu Okita. (2000) GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Viremia and Antibody Response to the E2 Protein of Hepatitis G Virus in Hemodialysis Patients. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 30:4, 425-428
CrossRef39
H. Ohto, N. Ujiie, A. Sato, H. Okamoto, M. Mayumi, . (2000) Mother-to-infant transmission of GB virus type C/HGV. Transfusion 40:6, 725-730
CrossRef40
Luisa Roman??, Paolo Fabris, Elisabetta Tanzi, Giulia Tositti, Francesco Mazzotta, Alessandro R. Zanetti. (2000) GBV-C/hepatitis G virus in acute nonA-E hepatitis and in acute hepatitis of defined aetiology in Italy. Journal of Medical Virology 61:1, 59-64
CrossRef41
Hatim Hassan, Bahar Bastani. (2000) Hepatitis G Virus Infection Among Hemodialysis Patients: True Infection or Innocent Bystander?. Seminars in Dialysis 13:2, 108-111
CrossRef42
S. Ohshima, M. Komatsu, K. Nakane, X.Wei Meng, T. Goto, T. Fujii, K. Yoneyama, Y. Wada, F. Tobori, M. Mukaide, O. Masamune, S. Watanabe. (2000) Iatrogenic GB virus C/hepatitis G virus infection in an area endemic for hepatitis C virus. Journal of Hospital Infection 44:3, 179-185
CrossRef43
Hsin-Fu Liu, Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, Karin Dahan, Jan Desmyter, Patrick Goubau. (2000) High prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Of Congo: A phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Medical Virology 60:2, 159-165
CrossRef44
(2000) GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus infections in medical staff. Journal of Hospital Infection 44:2, 153-154
CrossRef45
E. Quir
s, G. Pi
CrossRef46
K. V. Narayanan Menon, Nizar N. Zein. (2000) What do we need to know about nonA—to-E viral hepatitis?. Current Gastroenterology Reports 2:1, 33-39
CrossRef47
Hidenori Toyoda, Isao Takahashi, Yoshihide Fukuda, Tetsuo Hayakawa, Junki Takamatsu. (2000) Comparison of characteristics between patients with GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) RNA and those with GBV-C/HGV E2-antibody in patients with hemophilia. Journal of Medical Virology 60:1, 34-38
CrossRef48
Shibahara, Moriyama, Abe, Tanaka, Arakawa. (2000) Biochemical and virological response to interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C, co-infected with hepatitis G virus. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 7:1, 43-50
CrossRef49
Slimane, Albrecht, Fang, Goodman, Mizokami, Qian, Lau, . (2000) Clinical, virological and histological implications of GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a multicentre study based on 671 patients. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 7:1, 51-55
CrossRef50
Fumihiko Mizutani, Kohachiro Sugiyama, Kenji Goto, Toshihiro Ando, Koji Terabe, Yoshiro Wada. (2000) The Prevalence of Serum GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus RNA and Anti-E2 in Japanese Children without a History of Blood Transfusion. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 190:3, 185-192
CrossRef51
E Palomba, A Bairo, P-A Tovo. (1999) High rate of maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis G virus in HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus-infected women. Acta Paediatrica 88:12, 1392-1395
CrossRef52
Setsuo Utsunomiya, Kentaro Yoshioka, Takaji Wakita, Hachiro Seno, Kenji Takagi, Masatoshi Ishigami, Motoyoshi Yano, Kazuo Watanabe, Makoto Kobayashi, Kazumasa Watanabe, Hiroaki Kishimoto, Shinichi Kakumu. (1999) TT virus infection in hemodialysis patients. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 94:12, 3567-3570
CrossRef53
E. Brojer, P. Grabarczyk, W. Kryczka, W. Kucharski, J. Kubicka, B. Z.upanska. (1999) Analysis of hepatitis G virus infection markers in blood donors and patients with hepatitis. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 6:6, 471-475
CrossRef54
Barbara Tribl, Maximilian Schoniger-Hekele, Dagmar Petermann, Silvia Bakos, Edward Penner, Christian Muller. (1999) Prevalence of GBV-C/HGV-RNA, virus genotypes, and anti-E2 antibodies in autoimmune hepatitis. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 94:11, 3336-3340
CrossRef55
Mahomed A Sathar, Paresh N Soni, Rosemary Pegoraro, Peter Simmonds, Donald B Smith, Amar P Dhillon, Geoffery M Dusheiko. (1999) A new variant of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) from South Africa. Virus Research 64:2, 151-160
CrossRef56
H. Hagiwara, N. Hayashi, E. Mita, M. Oshita, I. Kobayashi, S. Iio, N. Hiramatsu, Y. Sasaki, A. Kasahara, K. Kakinuma, T. Yamauchi, H. Fusamoto. (1999) Influence of transfusion-transmitted virus infection on the clinical features and response to interferon therapy in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 6:6, 463-469
CrossRef57
Haruki Komatsu, Tomoo Fujisawa, Ayano Inui, Tsuyoshi Sogo, Youichi Morinishi, Yoshihiro Miyagawa, Michio Inui. (1999) GBV-C/HGV infection in children with chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Medical Virology 59:2, 154-159
CrossRef58
Jian-Min Yuan, Sugantha Govindarajan, Ronald K. Ross, Mimi C. Yu. (1999) Chronic infection with hepatitis G virus in relation to hepatocellular carcinoma among non-Asians in Los Angeles County, California. Cancer 86:6, 936-943
CrossRef59
Maria Cabrerizo, Javier Bartolome, Patricia De Sequera, Carlos Caramelo, M. Luisa Manzano, Vicente Carreno. (1999) GBV-C/HGV-RNA in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in hemodialysis patients. Kidney International 56:3, 1120-1128
CrossRef60
J.-J. Lefr
CrossRef61
Mahomed A. Sathar, Paresh N. Soni, Sarala Naicker, Jan Conradie, Fathima Lockhat, Eleanor Gouws. (1999) GB virus C/hepatitis G virus infection in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Journal of Medical Virology 59:1, 38-44
CrossRef62
Thomas Bourlet, Claire Guglielminotti, Marie Evrard, Philippe Berthelot, Florence Grattard, Anne Fr
CrossRef63
Hidenori Toyoda, Yoshihide Fukuda, Tetsuo Hayakawa, Takashi Kumada, Satoshi Nakano, Junki Takamatsu, Hidehiko Saito. (1999) Presence of multiple genotype-specific antibodies in patients with persistent infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) of a single genotype: evidence for transient or occult superinfection with HCV of different genotypes. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 94:8, 2230-2236
CrossRef64
C. Muller. (1999) Pathogenicity of GBV-C/HGV infection. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 6:s1, 49-52
CrossRef65
S. Sherlock. (1999) The hepatic flaviviridae: summary. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 6:s1, 1-5
CrossRef66
Shigenobu Takayama, Takuma Miura, Tomonari Tominaga, Masashi Taki, Sumitaka Matsuo, Shunji Sugii, Kunitada Shimotohno. (1999) Partial nucleotide sequencing of the NS3/helicase region of hepatitis G virus to prove vertical transmission. FEMS Microbiology Letters 175:2, 273-279
CrossRef67
Fuyuhiko Akiyoshi, Michio Sata, Seiji Noguchi, Hiroshi Suzuki, Tatsuya Ide, Yasuyo Uchimura, Masaru Sasaki, Kumi Tanaka, Ichiro Miyajima, Masashi Mizokami, Kyuichi Tanikawa. (1999) Intraspousal transmission of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in an hepatitis C virus hyperendemic area in Japan. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 94:6, 1627-1631
CrossRef68
M. Basaras, E. Arrese, F. Cabrera, C.Ezpeleta and R. Cisterna. (1999) Detection of HGV in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of maintenance haemodialysis patients.. Journal of Hospital Infection 42:2, 155-159
CrossRef69
Magdalena Robaczewska, Lucyna Cova, Anna J. Podhajska, Bogdan Falkiewicz. (1999) Hepatitis G virus: Molecular organization, methods of detection, prevalence, and disease association. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 3:4, 220-233
CrossRef70
Abdel Rahman El-Zayadi, Kenji Abe, Osaima Selim, Hideo Naito, Georg Hess, Adham Ahdy. (1999) Prevalence of GBV-C/hepatitis G virus viraemia among blood donors, health care personnel, chronic non-B non-C hepatitis, chronic hepatitis C and hemodialysis patients in Egypt. Journal of Virological Methods 80:1, 53-58
CrossRef71
Patrick Goubau, Francisco Braga Andrade, Hsin-Fu Liu, Francisco Placido Basilio, Luc Croonen, Vania A. F. Barreto-Gomes. (1999) Prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus among blood donors in north-eastern Brazil. Tropical Medicine and International Health 4:5, 365-367
CrossRef72
Fanghua Liu, Glenn B. Knight, György Ábel, Vincent Agnello. (1999) A competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for quantitation of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus RNA that circumvents heteroduplex artifact. Journal of Virological Methods 79:2, 149-159
CrossRef73
Marek Radkowski, Lian-Fu Wang, Janusz Cianciara, Jorge Rakela, Tomasz Laskus. (1999) Analysis of Hepatitis G Virus/GB Virus C Quasispecies and Replication Sites in Human Subjects. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 258:2, 296-299
CrossRef74
Masahiro Kobayashi, Kazuaki Chayama, Yasuji Arase, Mizuho Kobayashi, Akihito Tsubota, Yoshiyuki Suzuki, Isao Koida, Satoshi Saitoh, Naoya Murashima, Kenji Ikeda, Hiromi Koike, Michie Hashimoto, Mariko Kobayashi. (1999) Prevalence of TT virus before and after blood transfusion in patients with chronic liver disease treated surgically for hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 14:4, 358-363
CrossRef75
D.J. Brandhagen, J.B. Gross, J.J. Poterucha, M.R. Charlton, J. Detmer, J. Kolberg, A.A. Gossard, K.P. Batts, W.R. Kim, J.J. Germer, R.H. Wiesner, D.H. Persing. (1999) The clinical significance of simultaneous infection with hepatitis G virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 94:4, 1000-1005
CrossRef76
Thomas R. Frieden, Lisa Ozick, Colin McCord, Omana V. Nainan, Sara Workman, Gail Comer, Tai Ping Lee, Kwan-Soo Byun, Dhiren Patel, Kelly J. Henning. (1999) Chronic liver disease in central harlem: The role of alcohol and viral hepatitis. Hepatology 29:3, 883-888
CrossRef77
A. H. Isaacson, B. Bhardwaj, K. Qian, G. L. Davis, T. Kato, M. Mizokami, J. Y. N. Lau. (1999) Hepatitis G virus infection in renal transplant recipients. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 6:2, 151-160
CrossRef78
Matthias Schr
CrossRef79
Birgit Kallinowski, Manuela Janicki, Renate Seelig, Stefanie Seipp, Jens Hagel, Thomas Dengler, Peter Schnitzler, Lorenz Theilmann, Wolfgang Stremmel. (1999) Clinical relevance of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection in heart transplant patients. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 18:3, 190-193
CrossRef80
Maurizio Aricò, Morena Bissolati, Grazia Bossi, Margherita Asti, Antonella Cerino, Désirée Caselli, Antonio Ricci, Catherine Klersy, Enrico Silini, Mario U. Mondelli. (1999) GB virus type C infection in patients treated for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Transfusion 39:2, 212-217
CrossRef81
Lionel Rostaing, Jacques Izopet, Catherine Arnaud, Jean-Marc Cisterne, Laurent Alric, Jean-Louis Rumeau, Michel Duffaut, Dominique Durand. (1999) LONG-TERM IMPACT OF SUPERINFECTION BY HEPATITIS G VIRUS IN HEPATITIS C VIRUS-POSITIVE RENAL TRANSPLANT PATIENTS. Transplantation 67:4, 556-560
CrossRef82
Alessandro Tagger, Maria Lisa Ribero, Alberto Larghi, Francesco Donato, Massimo Zuin, Roberta Chiesa, Giampiero Benetti, Giuliano Ramella, Mauro Borzio, Mauro Podda. (1999) Prevalence of GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus infection in patients with cryptogenic chronic liver disease and in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis or Wilson's disease. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 94:2, 484-488
CrossRef83
D. Rey, S. Fraize, J. Vidinic, P. Meyer, S. Fritsch, N. Labouret, C. Schmitt, J.M. Lang, F. Stoll-Keller. (1999) High prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus RNA in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Journal of Medical Virology 57:1, 75-79
CrossRef84
Jean-François Cantaloube, Pierre Gallian, Philippe Biagini, Houssam Attoui, Jacqueline Escher, Jean-Pierre Zappitelli, Yves Delord, Philippe De Micco, Xavier De Lamballerie. (1999) Prevalence of GB virus type C/hepatitis G virus RNA and anti-E2 among blood donors in Southeastern France. Transfusion 39:1, 95-102
CrossRef85
Jean-Jacques Lefrère, Françoise Roudot-Thoraval, Laurence Morand-Joubert, Yvon Brossard, Françoise Parnet-Mathieu, Martine Mariotti, Franz Agis, François Rouet, Joelle Lerable, Guillaume Lefèvre, Robert Girot, Pascale Loiseau. (1999) Prevalence of GB virus type C/hepatitis G virus RNA and of anti-E2 in individuals at high or low risk for blood-borne or sexually transmitted viruses: evidence of sexual and parenteral transmission. Transfusion 39:1, 83-94
CrossRef86
Thomas Berg, Andrea R. M
CrossRef87
Sergei Viazov, R Stefan Ross, Carola Varenholz, Reinhard Lange, Marianne Holtmann, Christian Niel, Michael Roggendorf. (1998) Lack of evidence for an association between TTV infection and severe liver disease. Journal of Clinical Virology 11:3, 183-187
CrossRef88
JIA-HORNG KAO, MING-YANG LAI, WENDY CHEN, PEI-JER CHEN, Ding-Shinn Chen. (1998) BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Efficacy of ribavirin plus interferon alpha on viraemia of GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus: Comparison with interferon alpha alone. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 13:12, 1249-1253
CrossRef89
KUN CAO, Masashi Mizokami, ETSURO ORITO, XIN DING, RYUZO UEDA, GANG CHEN, SHUN-ZHANG YU, SHINKAN TOKUDOME. (1998) GB virus C/hepatitis G virus infection among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the inshore area of the Yangtze river, China. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 13:12, 1241-1248
CrossRef90
Hiroto Tanaka, Motoshige Miyano, Hiroki Ueda, Ryohei Doi, Keiji Mimura, Iwao Nishide, Susumu Yukawa. (1998) Comparative study of 5‘ UTR and NS3R primers for the detection of GB virus C/ hepatitis G virus RNA in Japanese. Liver 18:6, 378-382
CrossRef91
JIA-HORNG KAO, MING-YANG LAI, WENDY CHEN, PEI-JER CHEN, DING-SHINN CHEN. (1998) BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Efficacy of ribavirin plus interferon α on viraemia of GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus: Comparison with interferon α alone. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 13:12, 1249-1253
CrossRef92
C. M. Nubling, A. Groner, J. Lower. (1998) GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus and Intravenous Immunoglobulins. Vox Sanguinis 75:3, 189-192
CrossRef93
Howayda M. Hassoba, Mario G. Pessoa, Norah A. Terrault, Nancy J. Lewis, Mark Hayden, Jeffrey C. Hunt, Xiaoxing Qiu, Sheng C. Lou, Teresa L. Wright. (1998) Antienvelope antibodies are protective against GBV-C reinfection: Evidence from the liver transplant model. Journal of Medical Virology 56:3, 253-258
CrossRef94
David V. Sangar, A. R. Carroll. (1998) A tale of two strands: Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction detection of hepatitis C virus replication. Hepatology 28:5, 1173-1176
CrossRef95
Tsuyoshi Saito, Shinji Matsumoto, Osamu Nojiri, Tsutomu Kageyama, Shuetsu Fukushi, Narihiro Ishiyama, Chie Kurihara, Kazuhiko Katayama. (1998) Multicyclic reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay system for quantitation of GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus RNA in serum. Journal of Virological Methods 74:2, 185-191
CrossRef96
Maurizio Bonacini, Dajun Qian, Sugantha Govindarajan, Boontar Valinluck. (1998) Prevalence of Hepatitis G Virus RNA in the Sera of Patients With HIV Infection. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 19:1, 40-43
CrossRef97
L. Sheng, A. Soumillion, N. Beckers, C.-G. Wu, C. Verslype, F. Nevens, J. Pirenne, R. Aerts, H. Kosala, J. Fevery, S. H. Yap. (1998) Hepatitis G virus infection in acute fulminant hepatitis: prevalence of HGV infection and sequence analysis of a specific viral strain. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 5:5, 301-306
CrossRef98
P. Fabris, M. R. Biasin, D. Infantolino, L. Romanó, P. Benedetti, G. Tositti, G. P. Pellizzer, A. R. Zanetti, C. Stecca, G. Marchelle, F. Lalla. (1998) HGV/GBV-C in liver tissue and in sera from patients with chronic hepatitis C. Infection 26:5, 283-287
CrossRef99
E. Schulte-Frohlinde, S. Schmolke, W. Reindl, G. Schatzle, J. Scherf, K. F. Kopp, M. Classen, V. Schluter. (1998) Significance of antibodies to the recombinant E2 protein of hepatitis G virus in haemodialysis patients. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 5:5, 341-344
CrossRef100
Isa K. Mushahwar, Jane N. Zuckerman. (1998) Clinical implications of GB virus C. Journal of Medical Virology 56:1, 1-3
CrossRef101
N. Kennedy, C.Y.W. Tong, N.J. Beeching, K. Lamden, H. Williams, K.J. Mutton, C.A. Hart. (1998) Hepatitis G virus infection in drug users in liverpool. Journal of Infection 37:2, 140-147
CrossRef102
Angela Ibáñez, Mireia Giménez-Barcons, Angel Tajahuerce, Cristina Tural, Guillem Sirera, Bonaventura Clotet, José-María Sánchez-Tapias, Juan Rodés, Miguel-Angel Martínez, Juan-Carlos Saiz. (1998) Prevalence and genotypes of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) and hepatitis C virus among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Evidence of GBV-C/HGV sexual transmission. Journal of Medical Virology 55:4, 293-299
CrossRef103
Hans Ludger Tillmann, Stefan Heringlake, Christian Trautwein, Doerte Meissner, Bjoern Nashan, Hans-Juergen Schlitt, Jon Kratochvil, Jeffrey Hunt, Xiaoxing Qiu, Sheng Chang Lou, Rudolf Pichlmayr, Michael Peter Manns. (1998) Antibodies against the GB virus C envelope 2 protein before liver transplantation protect against GB virus Cde novo infection. Hepatology 28:2, 379-384
CrossRef104
José L. Rodríguez Agulló, Avelina Suárez, José M. Ladero, Gustavo López-Alonso, Juan J. Picazo, Manuel Díaz-Rubio. (1998) Hepatitis G virus infection in Spanish patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver 18:4, 255-258
CrossRef105
P Karayiannis. (1998) Natural history and molecular biology of hepatitis G virus/GB virus C. Clinical and Diagnostic Virology 10:2-3, 103-111
CrossRef106
C. Mancini, D. Griso, D. Rivanera, A. Macrì, C. Casino, D. Lilli. (1998) Porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatitis G and C virus infection. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 17:7, 534-535
CrossRef107
Hsin-Fu Liu, Chantal Cornu, Michel Jadoul, Karin Dahan, Guy Loute, Patrick Goubau. (1998) Molecular analysis of GB virus C isolates in Belgian hemodialysis patients. Journal of Medical Virology 55:2, 118-122
CrossRef108
M. Jeffrey Mphahlele, George K. K. Lau, William F. Carman. (1998) HGV: the identification, biology and prevalence of an orphan virus. Liver 18:3, 143-155
CrossRef109
Takanobu Kato, Masashi Mizokami, Tatsunori Nakano, Etsuro Orito, Ken-ichi Ohba, Yutaka Kondo, Yasuhito Tanaka, Ryuzo Ueda, Motokazu Mukaide, Kaoru Fujita, Kiyomi Yasuda, Shiro Iino. (1998) Heterogeneity in E2 region of GBV-C/hepatitis G virus and hepatitis C virus. Journal of Medical Virology 55:2, 109-117
CrossRef110
Jun Takamatsu, Fumio Tsuda, Masahiko Okudaira. (1998) Infection with GB virus C, hepatitis C and B viruses in 1,044 cases autopsied at the medical examiner's office in Tokyo. Journal of Medical Virology 55:2, 123-128
CrossRef111
Masahide Oshita, Norio Hayashi, Eiji Mita, Sadaharu Iio, Naoki Hiramatsu, Taizo Hijioka, Michio Kato, Manabu Masuzawa, Yutaka Sasaki, Akinori Kasahara, Masatsugu Hori. (1998) GBV-C/HGV infection in chronic hepatitis C patients: Its effect on clinical features and interferon therapy. Journal of Medical Virology 55:2, 98-102
CrossRef112
Alison Casteling, Ernie Song, John Sim, Duane Blaauw, Anthon Heyns, Rose Schweizer, Larry Margolius, Eben Kuun, Steve Field, Barry Schoub, Eftyhia Vardas. (1998) GB virus C prevalence in blood donors and high risk groups for parenterally transmitted agents from Gauteng, South Africa†. Journal of Medical Virology 55:2, 103-108
CrossRef113
Murthy, A. Scott Muerhoff, Suresh M. Desai, Svetlozar N. Natov, Beth A. Bouthot, Robin Ruthazer, Christopher H. Schmid, Andrew S. Levey, Isa K. Mushahwar, Brian J.G. Pereira. (1998) Predictors of GBV-C infection among patients referred for renal transplantation. Kidney International 53:6, 1769-1774
CrossRef114
Masaru Enomoto, Shuhei Nishiguchi, Katsuhiko Fukuda, Tetsuo Kuroki, Motoharu Tanaka, Shuzo Otani, Masayuki Ogami, Takeyuki Monna. (1998) Characteristics of patients with hepatitis C virus with and without GB virus C/Hepatitis G virus Co-infection and efficacy of interferon alfa. Hepatology 27:5, 1388-1393
CrossRef115
E. Tanaka, K. Kiyosawa, K. Shimoda, K. Hino, M. Tacke, S. Schmolke, A. M. Engel, G. Hess. (1998) Evolution of hepatitis G virus infection and antibody response to envelope protein in patients with transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 5:3, 153-159
CrossRef116
Albert J. Czaja, Ahmad S. Abdulkarim, Herschel A. Carpenter, Rogelio G. Perez, David H. Persing, Nizar N. Zein. (1998) GB Virus-C Infection in Type 1 Autoimmune Hepatitis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 73:5, 412-418
CrossRef117
Joachim Woelfle, Thomas Berg, Klaus M. Keller, Eckhard Schreier, Michael J. Lentze. (1998) Persistent Hepatitis G Virus Infection After Neonatal Transfusion. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition 26:4, 402-407
CrossRef118
XH. Zhang, H. Shinzawa, L. Shao, M. Ishibashi, QH. Jiang, K. Saito, H. Misawa, H. Togashi, T. Takahashi. (1998) Epidemiological study and genetic analysis of GB virus C infection in general population from an area endemic for hepatitis C. Journal of Medical Virology 54:4, 237-242
CrossRef119
Shinichi Kakumu, Katsuhiko Sato, Takayuki Morishita, Trinh Kim Anh, Nguyen Huu Binh, Banh Vu Dien, Do Huu Chinh, Nguyen Huu Phuc, Nguyen Van Thinh, Le Tuyet Trinh, Naohiko Yamamoto, Haruhisa Nakao, Shin Isomura. (1998) Prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and GB virus C/hepatitis G virus infections in liver disease patients and inhabitants in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. Journal of Medical Virology 54:4, 243-248
CrossRef120
H. G. Heuft, T. Berg, E. Schreier, U. Kunkel, M. Tacke, N. Schwella, U. Hopf, A. Salama, D. Huhn. (1998) Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Hepatitis G Virus Infection in Blood Donors and Immunocompromised Recipients of HGV-Contaminated Blood. Vox Sanguinis 74:3, 161-167
CrossRef121
Kenneth G. Hadlock, Steven K.H. Foung. (1998) GBV-C/HGV: A new virus within the Flaviviridae and its clinical implications. Transfusion Medicine Reviews 12:2, 94-108
CrossRef122
YONG POOVORAWAN, APIRADEE THEAMBOONLERS, VORANAUSH CHONGSRISAWAT, PANYA SEKSARN, LISA JARVIS† AND PETER SIMMONDS. (1998) High prevalence of hepatitis G virus infection in multiply transfused children with thalassaemia. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 13:3, 253-256
CrossRef123
Wolfgang Fischbach, Volker Groß, Jürgen Schölmerich, Christian Ell, Peter Layer, Wolfgang E. Fleig. (1998) Update Gastroenterologie 1997—Teil II. Medizinische Klinik 93:3, 146-164
CrossRef124
B. Cacopardo, A. Berger, S. Cosentino, S. Lombardo, M.L. Morrone, V. Boscia, G. Vinci, R. Restivo, G. Brancati, H.W. Doerr, A. Nunnari. (1998) Serum hepatitis G virus (HGV) RNA in multitransfused thalassemics from Eastern Sicily. Journal of Infection 36:2, 179-183
CrossRef125
J
CrossRef126
M. Radkowski, W. Stańczak, B. Walewska-Zielecka, T. Łoch, J. Cianciara, L. -F. Wang, T. Laskus. (1998) Hepatitis G virus coinfection in chronic hepatitis B and C patients in Poland. Infection 26:2, 113-115
CrossRef127
R. S. Ross, S. Viazov, U. Schmitt, S. Schmolke, M. Tacke, B. Ofenloch-Haehnle, M. Holtmann, N. Müller, G. Da Villa, C. F. Yoshida, J. M. Oliveira, A. Szabo, N. Paladi, J. P. Kruppenbacher, Th. Philipp, M. Roggendorf. (1998) Distinct prevalence of antibodies to the E2 protein of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in different parts of the world. Journal of Medical Virology 54:2, 103-106
CrossRef128
Alessandro R. Zanetti, Elisabetta Tanzi, Luisa Romanó, Nicola Principi, Giovanna Zuin, Eliseo Minola, Barbara Zapparoli, Marina Palmieri, Antonio Marini, Daniela Ghisotti, Paula Friedman, Jeffrey Hunt, Thomas Laffler, . (1998) Multicenter trial on mother-to-infant transmission of GBV-C virus. Journal of Medical Virology 54:2, 107-112
CrossRef129
Jean-Michel Pawlotsky, Françoise Roudot-Thoraval, A. Scott Muerhoff, Muriel Pellerin, Georgios Germanidis, Suresh M. Desai, Anne Bastie, Françoise Darthuy, Jocelyne Rémiré, Elie-Serge Zafrani, Claude-James Soussy, Isa K. Mushahwar, Daniel Dhumeaux. (1998) GB virus C (GBV-C) infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Influence on liver disease and on hepatitis virus behaviour: Effect of interferon alfa therapy. Journal of Medical Virology 54:1, 26-37
CrossRef130
Birgit Kallinowski, Christine Buhrmann, Stefanie Seipp, Tobias Goeser, Wolfgang Stremmel, Gerd Otto, Lorenz Theilmann. (1998) Incidence, prevalence, and clinical outcome of hepatitis GB-C virus infection in liver transplant patients. Liver Transplantation and Surgery 4:1, 28-33
CrossRef131
Leda Bassit, Bernhard Kleter, Gabriela Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Geert Maertens, Ester Sabino, Dalton Chamone, Wim Quint, Amadeo Sáez-Alquézar. (1998) Hepatitis G Virus: Prevalence and Sequence Analysis in Blood Donors of São Paulo, Brazil. Vox Sanguinis 74:2, 83-87
CrossRef132
Stephen D. H. Malnick, Yoav Lurie, Nadia Sokolowski, Ayella Orr, Avinoam Kaftoury, Svetlana Gorevitz, Yaakov Bar-Khaim, Erica Sigler, Marc Beergabel, David Bass. (1998) Hepatitis G Virus Infection in Israel. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 26:1, 88-89
CrossRef133
M. R. Charlton, D. Brandhagen, R. H. Wiesner, J. B. Gross, J. Detmer, M. Collins, J. Kolberg, R. A.F. Krom, D. H. Persing. (1998) HEPATITIS G VIRUS INFECTION IN PATIENTS TRANSPLANTED FOR CRYPTOGENIC CIRRHOSIS. Transplantation 65:1, 73-76
CrossRef134
(1998) Short Communication. LaboratoriumsMedizin 22:6, 363-365
CrossRef135
P. Karayiannis, A. M. Brind, J. Pickering, J. Mathew, A. D. Burt, G. Hess, M. F. Bassendine, H. C. Thomas. (1998) Hepatitis G virus does not cause significant liver disease after liver transplantation. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 5:1, 35-42
CrossRef136
C. A. Seemayer, S. Viazov, T. Philipp, M. Roggendorf. (1998) Detection of GBV-C/HGV RNA in saliva and serum, but not in urine of infected patients. Infection 26:1, 39-41
CrossRef137
Robin A Gutierrez, George J Dawson, Isa K Mushahwar. (1997) ELISA for detection of antibody to the E2 protein of GB virus C. Journal of Virological Methods 69:1-2, 1-6
CrossRef138
Jia-Horng Kao, Chun-Jen Liu, Pei-Jer Chen, Wendy Chen, Sheng-Chun Hsiang, Ming-Yang Lai, Ding-Shinn Chen. (1997) Interspousal transmission of GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus: A comparison with hepatitis C virus. Journal of Medical Virology 53:4, 348-353
CrossRef139
Tsutomu Nishizawa, Hiroaki Okamoto, Keiko Konishi, Hiroshi Yoshizawa, Yuzo Miyakawa, Makoto Mayumi. (1997) A Novel DNA Virus (TTV) Associated with Elevated Transaminase Levels in Posttransfusion Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 241:1, 92-97
CrossRef140
HUEY-LING CHEN, MEI-HWEI CHANG, YEN-HSUAN NI, HONG-YUAN HSU, JIA-HORNG KAO, PEI-JER CHEN. (1997) Hepatitis G Virus Infection in Normal and Prospectively Followed Posttransfusion Children. Pediatric Research 42:6, 784-787
CrossRef141
James Versalovic. (1997) Hepatitis G virus. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 19:21, 161-164
CrossRef142
KUNIO OKUDA, TATSUO KANDA, OSAMU YOKOSUKA, HARUYUKI HAYASHI, KAZUO YOKOZEKI, YOSHIO OHTAKE, YASUBUMI IRIE. (1997) GB virus-C infection among chronic haemodialysis patients: Clinical implications. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 12:11, 766-770
CrossRef143
TADASHI IDEURA, EIJI TANAKA, YOSHIYUKI NAKATSUJI, MAMORU KOBAYASHI, YUTAKA KANNO, HISAO OGUCHI, KAZUHIKO HORA. (1997) Clinical significance of hepatitis G virus infection in patients on long-term haemodialysis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 12:11, 762-765
CrossRef144
C. Micha Nübling, Heike Bialleck, Andreas J. Fürsch, Inge Scharrer, Wolfgang Schramm, Erhard Seifried, Urban Schmidt, Schlomo Staszewski, Johannes Löwer. (1997) Frequencies of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus genomes and of specific antibodies in German risk and non-risk populations. Journal of Medical Virology 53:3, 218-224
CrossRef145
Boonyos Raengsakulrach, Leena Ong-aj-yooth, Thanarak Thaiprasert, Sanga Nilwarangkur, Sompong Ong-aj-yooth, Sumitda Narupiti, Vipa Thirawuth, Chonticha Klungthong, Rapin Snitbhan, David W. Vaughn. (1997) High prevalence of hepatitis G viremia among kidney transplant patients in Thailand. Journal of Medical Virology 53:2, 162-166
CrossRef146
Santosh Man Shrestha, Shobhana Shrestha, Fumio Tsuda, Naoto Sawada, Takeshi Tanaka, Hiroaki Okamoto, Yuzo Miyakawa, Makoto Mayumi. (1997) Infection with GB virus C and hepatitis C virus in drug addicts, patients on maintenance hemodialysis, or with chronic liver disease in Nepal. Journal of Medical Virology 53:2, 157-161
CrossRef147
CHIU-CHING HUANG. (1997) Hepatitis in patients with end-stage renal disease. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 12:9-10, S236-S241
CrossRef148
Sheng Lou, Xiaoxing Qiu, Gary Tegtmeier, Sandra Leitza, John Brackett, Kristen Cousineau, Amit Varma, Heidi Seballos, Samar Kundu, Steve Kuemmerlea, J.C. Hunt. (1997) Immunoassays to study prevalence of antibody against GB virus C in blood donors. Journal of Virological Methods 68:1, 45-55
CrossRef149
R. Shimoyama, H. Ihara, S. Sato, T. Kato, S. Sekiguchi. (1997) Epidemiology of GBV-C in Japan. Vox Sanguinis 73:3, 190-190
CrossRef150
Robin A. Gutierrez, George J. Dawson, Mark F. Knigge, Susan L. Melvin, Cynthia A. Heynen, Charles R. Kyrk, Charles E. Young, Robert J. Carrick, George G. Schlauder, Teresa K. Surowy, Bruce J. Dille, Paul F. Coleman, Dwain L. Thiele, Joseph R. Lentino, Constance Pachucki, Isa K. Mushahwar. (1997) Seroprevalence of GB virus C and persistence of RNA and antibody. Journal of Medical Virology 53:2, 167-173
CrossRef151
R. S. Ross, S. Viazov, J. P. Kruppenbacher, S. Elsner, S. Sarr, R. Lange, F.-W. Eigler, M. Roggendorf. (1997) GB virus C infection in patients who underwent liver transplantation. Liver 17:5, 238-243
CrossRef152
H. C. Thomas, J. Pickering, P. Karayiannis. (1997) Identification, prevalence and aspects of molecular biology of hepatitis G virus. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 4:s1, 51-54
CrossRef153
Hugo E. Vargas, Tomasz Laskus, Marek Radkowski, Anthony Poutous, Lian-Fu Wang, Randall Lee, Forest Dodson, Timothy Gayowski, Nina Singh, Ignazio R. Marino, John J. Fung, Zhen-Yong Zhang-Keck, Jungsuh P. Kim, Jorge Rakela. (1997) HEPATITIS G VIRUS COINFECTION IN HEPATITIS C VIRUS-INFECTED LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS1. Transplantation 64:5, 786-788
CrossRef154
M. Günaydin, A. Bedir, T. Akpolat, I. Kuku, A. Pekbay, S. Esen, E. Özyilkan, N. Arik, K. Cengiz. (1997) Prevalence of serum HGV-RNA among hemodialysis patients in Turkey. Infection 25:5, 307-309
CrossRef155
Takao Shibayama, Satoshi Tanka, Atsushi Ajisawa, Gohta Masuda, Hiroaki Okamoto. (1997) Coinfection of GB Virus C With HIV-1 in Japan. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 15:4, 319-320
CrossRef156
P. Karayiannis, H.C. Thomas. (1997) Current Status of Hepatitis G Virus (GBV-C) in Transfusion: Is It Relevant?. Vox Sanguinis 73:2, 63-69
CrossRef157
XH. Zhang, H. Shinzawa, L. Shao, M. Ishibashi, K. Saito, S. Ohno, N. Yamada, H. Misawa, H. Togashi, T. Takahashi. (1997) Detection of hepatitis G virus RNA in patients with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and non-A-E hepatitis by RT-PCR using multiple primer sets. Journal of Medical Virology 52:4, 385-390
CrossRef158
Klaus Stark, Christian G. Meyer, Michael Tacke, Anke Schwarz, Claudia Braun, Daniela Huzly, Alfred M. Engel, J??rgen May, Ulrich Bienzle. (1997) HEPATITIS G VIRUS RNA AND HEPATITIS G VIRUS ANTIBODIES IN RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS. Transplantation 64:4, 608-612
CrossRef159
Bertrand Dussol, R??mi Charrel, Xavier De Lamballerie, Patrice Berthezene, Philippe Brunet, Philippe De Micco, Didier Raoult, Yvon Berland. (1997) PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS G VIRUS INFECTION IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS. Transplantation 64:3, 537-539
CrossRef160
Mario A. González-Pérez, Heléne Norder, Åsa Bergström, Ernesto Lopéz, Kirsten A. Visoná, Lars O. Magnius. (1997) High prevalence of GB virus C strains genetically related to strains with Asian origin in Nicaraguan hemophiliacs. Journal of Medical Virology 52:2, 149-155
CrossRef161
Ryozo Nagayama, Kazuhiko Miyake, Hiroaki Okamoto. (1997) Effect of interferon on GB virus C and hepatitis C virus in hepatitis patients with the co-infection. Journal of Medical Virology 52:2, 156-160
CrossRef162
Masanori Ikeda, Kazuo Sugiyama, Tetsuya Mizutani, Torahiko Tanaka, Katsuaki Tanaka, Kunitada Shimotohno, Nobuyuki Kato. (1997) Hepatitis G Virus Replication in Human Cultured Cells Displaying Susceptibility to Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 235:3, 505-508
CrossRef163
Elisabeth Lampe, Felipe L. Saback, Clara F. T. Yoshida, Christian Niel. (1997) Infection with GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Brazilian hemodialysis and hepatitis patients and asymptomatic individuals. Journal of Medical Virology 52:1, 61-67
CrossRef164
Yu Wang, Hong-Song Chen, Min-Hua Fan, Hui-Lan Liu, Ping An, Naoto Sawada, Takeshi Tanaka, Fumio Tsuda, Hiroaki Okamoto. (1997) Infection with GB virus C and hepatitis C virus in hemodialysis patients and blood donors in Beijing. Journal of Medical Virology 52:1, 26-30
CrossRef165
Takanobu Kato, Masashi Mizokami, Tatsunori Nakano, Yutaka Kondo, Ken-ichi Ohba, Etsuro Orito, Ryuzo Ueda, Motokazu Mukaide, Vladimir Gurtsevitch, Alexander Syrtsev, Ruslan Ruzibakiev, Mamur Abdurakhnamov, Masahiro Yamashita, Masanori Hayami. (1997) High prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus infection among the Jewish population in Uzbekistan. Virus Research 48:1, 81-87
CrossRef166
Alter, Harvey J., Nakatsuji, Yoshiyuki, Melpolder, Jacqueline, Wages, John, Wesley, Robert, Shih, J. Wai-Kuo, Kim, Jungsuh P., . (1997) The Incidence of Transfusion-Associated Hepatitis G Virus Infection and Its Relation to Liver Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 336:11, 747-754
Full Text167
Miyakawa, Yuzo, , Mayumi, Makoto, . (1997) Hepatitis G Virus — A True Hepatitis Virus or an Accidental Tourist?. New England Journal of Medicine 336:11, 795-796
Full Text168
Alter, Miriam J., Gallagher, Margaret, Morris, Timothy T., Moyer, Linda A., Meeks, Emory L., Krawczynski, Krzysztof, Kim, Jungsuh P., Margolis, Harold S., . (1997) Acute Non-A–E Hepatitis in the United States and the Role of Hepatitis G Virus Infection. New England Journal of Medicine 336:11, 741-746
Full Text169
Yoshiki Sugai, Haruo Nakayama, Masako Fukuda, Naoto Sawada, Takeshi Tanaka, Fumio Tsuda, Hiroaki Okamoto, Yuzo Miyakawa, Makoto Mayumi. (1997) Infection with GB virus C in patients with chronic liver disease. Journal of Medical Virology 51:3, 175-181
CrossRef170
Stephen D. H. Malnick, Yoav Lurie, David Bass. (1997) G(ee). Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 24:2, 62-64
CrossRef171
Masaru Shimizu, Koji Osada, Hiroaki Okamoto. (1997) Transmission of GB Virus C by Blood Transfusions during Heart Surgery. Vox Sanguinis 72:2, 76-78
CrossRef172
B. V. R. Murthy, A. Scott Muerhoff, Suresh M. Desai, Jennifer Lund, Christopher H. Schmid, Andrew S. Levey, Isa K. Mushahwar, Brian J. G. Pereira. (1997) GB HEPATITIS AGENT IN CADAVER ORGAN DONORS AND THEIR RECIPIENTS1,2. Transplantation 63:3, 346-351
CrossRef173
Min Ding, Hao Yuwen, Freddie Mitchell, Robin Biswas, Oliver K. Ndimbie, Mahmood Farshid. (1997) Sequence Characterization of the 5′ Noncoding Region of GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 231:3, 606-609
CrossRef174
Maurizio Sampietro, Salvatore Badalamenti, Giorgio Graziani, Giovanna Como, Gherardo Buccianti, Noemi Corbetta, Anna Ticozzi, Anna Archenti, Giovanna Lunghi, Donata Penso, Antonio Pizzuti, Gemino Fiorelli, Claudio Ponticelli. (1997) Hepatitis G virus infection in hemodialysis patients. Kidney International 51:1, 348-352
CrossRef175
Tomoo Kobayashi, Motoyasu Ishii, Hirofumi Niitsuma, Kumiko Kikuchi, Chiaki Suzuki, Hiroko Gama, Koji Kobayashi, Yoshiyuki Ueno, Takayoshi Toyota. (1997) Genoepidemiology and Pathogenicity of Hepatitis G Virus in Japan. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 183:2, 101-112
CrossRef176
Stefan Heringlake, Sabine Osterkamp, Christian Trautwein, Hans L Tillmann, Klaus Böker, Scott Muerhoff, Isah K Mushahwar, Gerhard Hunsmann, Michael P Manns. (1996) Association between fulminant hepatic failure and a strain of GBV virus C. The Lancet 348:9042, 1626-1629
CrossRef177
(1996) Hepatitis GB Virus C. New England Journal of Medicine 335:18, 1392-1394
Full Text178
Alter, Harvey J., . (1996) The Cloning and Clinical Implications of HGV and HGBV-C. New England Journal of Medicine 334:23, 1536-1537
Full Text
- Letters
