Original Article
Famotidine for the Prevention of Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers Caused by Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1435-1439May 30, 1996
- Abstract
Background
Acid suppression with famotidine, a histamine H2–receptor antagonist, provides protection against gastric injury in normal subjects receiving short courses of aspirin or naproxen. The efficacy of famotidine in preventing peptic ulcers in patients receiving long-term therapy with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is not known.
Methods
We studied the efficacy of two doses of famotidine (20 mg and 40 mg, each given orally twice daily), as compared with placebo, in preventing peptic ulcers in 285 patients without peptic ulcers who were receiving long-term NSAID therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (82 percent) or osteoarthritis (18 percent). The patients were evaluated clinically and by endoscopy at base line and after 4, 12, and 24 weeks of treatment. The evaluators were unaware of the treatment assignment. The primary end point was the cumulative incidence of gastric or duodenal ulceration at 24 weeks.
Results
The cumulative incidence of gastric ulcers was 20 percent in the placebo group, 13 percent in the group of patients receiving 20 mg of famotidine twice daily (P = 0.24 for the comparison with placebo), and 8 percent in the group receiving 40 mg of famotidine twice daily (P = 0.03 for the comparison with placebo). The proportion of patients in whom duodenal ulcers developed was significantly lower with both doses of famotidine than with placebo (13 percent in the placebo group, 4 percent in the low-dose famotidine group [P = 0.04], and 2 percent in the high-dose famotidine group [P = 0.01]). Both doses of famotidine were well tolerated.
Conclusions
Treatment with high-dose famotidine significantly reduces the cumulative incidence of both gastric and duodenal ulcers in patients with arthritis receiving long-term NSAID therapy.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Cumulative Incidence of Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers at 4, 12, and 24 Weeks in Patients with Arthritis Receiving Long-Term NSAID Therapy, According to the Group Assignment.Table 1
Base-Line Characteristics of 285 Patients with Arthritis Receiving Long-Term NSAID Therapy and Randomly Assigned to Receive Famotidine or Placebo (Intention-to-Treat Analysis).Article Activity
- Article
Gastroduodenal damage can be seen on endoscopy in 20 to 40 percent of people who take nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In epidemiologic studies, the risks of peptic ulcer and death are three to six times higher among people who take these drugs than among those who do not.1,2 An effective strategy to prevent these complications is needed.
Endoscopic studies have shown that misoprostol prevents NSAID-associated gastric and duodenal ulcers,3-5 and in one study the incidence of complications from ulcers was reduced.6 However, misoprostol may cause diarrhea and abdominal pain, it has little effect on symptoms of dyspepsia, and it is unsuitable for women of childbearing potential because of its abortifacient action.7 Ranitidine can prevent duodenal ulceration in patients taking NSAIDs for arthritis but is relatively ineffective in preventing NSAID-associated gastric ulceration.8,9
Famotidine, a histamine H2–receptor antagonist, inhibits acid secretion and provides protection against mucosal injury in normal subjects receiving short courses of aspirin or naproxen, with high doses of famotidine more effective than low doses.10,11 The efficacy and safety of the drug have not been established in patients with arthritis receiving long-term NSAID therapy.
We compared two doses of famotidine (20 mg twice daily and 40 mg twice daily) with placebo to test the hypothesis that famotidine provides protection against NSAID-associated gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Methods
The study was a 24-week, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized comparison of placebo with low-dose famotidine (20 mg twice daily) or high-dose famotidine (40 mg twice daily) as prophylaxis against endoscopically detected gastric or duodenal ulceration. The patients were 18 years old or older and had rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. They had been receiving standard doses of an NSAID for at least one month and were likely to continue taking this medication for at least six months.
The patients were recruited from the rheumatology and orthopedic clinics at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland, and University Hospital, Nottingham, England. Patients were not considered eligible for the study if they had taken antiulcer drugs other than antacids within seven days before enrollment or if they were taking 7.5 mg or more of prednisolone daily (or an equivalent dose of another corticosteroid), methotrexate, or antineoplastic drugs. The other main exclusion criteria were lactation, childbearing potential in the absence of contraception, renal failure, diabetes mellitus, and clinically important abnormal values on laboratory tests.
The recruitment was conducted by two gastroenterologists, who invited all potentially eligible patients with arthritis, regardless of whether they had dyspeptic symptoms, to participate in the study. Patients who accepted the invitation underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
The study protocol was approved by the ethics committees of the two participating hospitals, and informed consent was obtained from all the patients.
Endoscopic Evaluation
Before the commencement of the study, the two endoscopists attended each other's endoscopic sessions and reviewed still and video images in order to establish standardized reporting criteria for ulcers and other lesions.
At endoscopy, ulcers, erosions, and intramucosal hemorrhages were recorded separately for the esophagus, gastric body, gastric antrum, duodenal bulb, and second part of the duodenum. An ulcer was defined as an excavated mucosal break 3 mm or more in diameter,3-5 as measured with biopsy forceps or a custom-made device. Erosions were defined as superficial mucosal breaks, and intramucosal hemorrhages were defined as hemorrhagic lesions without overlying mucosal breaks. The endoscopic findings were used to derive a modified Lanza score of 0 to 4 (0, no lesions, 1 nonulcerated duodenal lesion, or 1 or 2 nonulcerated gastric lesions; 1, 2 to 5 nonulcerated duodenal lesions or 3 to 5 nonulcerated gastric lesions; 2, 6 to 10 nonulcerated lesions; 3, more than 10 nonulcerated lesions; and 4, 1 or more ulcers).9 Patients with ulcers were enrolled in a separate study of ulcer healing.
Randomization
Patients without ulcers were stratified according to the type of arthritis and, with the use of a computer-generated schedule, were randomly assigned to receive one 20-mg or 40-mg tablet of famotidine (Pepcid, Merck) twice daily or one placebo tablet twice daily. Co-magaldrox 195/220 (Maalox, Rhone–Poulenc–Rorer) tablets were provided for the relief of dyspepsia. Famotidine is not licensed anywhere for the prevention of ulcers, and the higher dose (40 mg twice daily) exceeds the dose approved for ulcer healing (40 mg once daily).
Assessments
The patients were assessed at base line and after 4, 12, and 24 weeks of treatment. In addition to the endoscopic data, we obtained information on NSAID and other drug therapy, abdominal pain, and arthritis-related physical disability as measured by the Health Assessment Questionnaire (Table 1Table 1
Base-Line Characteristics of 285 Patients with Arthritis Receiving Long-Term NSAID Therapy and Randomly Assigned to Receive Famotidine or Placebo (Intention-to-Treat Analysis).).12 The patients underwent a complete physical examination at base line and at the end of the study, and urinalysis and routine hematologic and biochemical tests were performed at each visit. The patients were asked to record abdominal symptoms (pain, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting) and antacid use daily on diary cards. Abdominal pain and joint pain were quantitated on a scale of 1 to 3 (1, mild; 2, moderate; and 3, severe). We assessed compliance with the study regimen by recording tablet counts. At each visit, patients were questioned about adverse events. At the time of the initial endoscopic study, the presence of Helicobacter pylori was determined in gastric antral biopsy specimens on the basis of both histologic examination and urease activity. Identification of the organism by either means was considered a positive result.End Points
The primary end point was the cumulative incidence of gastric or duodenal ulceration at 24 weeks. The secondary end points were Lanza scores for lesser degrees of gastroduodenal injury, the presence or absence of abdominal pain, pain scores, and antacid consumption. The analysis of safety was based on an assessment of adverse events, the score on the Health Assessment Questionnaire, physical examinations, and laboratory tests.
Statistical Analysis
The statistical analyses were performed with the SAS statistical package (version 6.08, Cary, N.C.). The results of an intention-to-treat analysis are presented. A per-protocol analysis was also carried out on patients who could be evaluated, defined as those who took more than 80 percent of both the prescribed NSAID and the study drug, did not take additional full-dose salicylates, and underwent a final endoscopic examination no more than five days after the end of treatment with the study drug.
The primary end point (i.e., the time to the detection of a gastric or duodenal ulcer) was analyzed with the use of Kaplan–Meier curves for survival, and comparisons among the three groups were made with the log-rank test. The confidence intervals for the Kaplan–Meier curves were estimated with the binomial distribution when possible (without censoring of data) or with Greenwood's formula for the standard error, with the normal approximation.13 Changes from base line in Lanza scores, abdominal-pain scores, and joint-pain scores were compared with the Mantel–Haenszel test (with adjustment for the study center). Changes from base line in scores on the Health Assessment Questionnaire were analyzed with the Kruskal–Wallis test.
The proportional-hazards model was used to assess the effects of potential prognostic factors on the risk of ulceration. These factors included the study center, age, sex, smoking habits, use of alcohol, type of NSAID, duration of prior NSAID therapy, rheumatologic diagnosis, duration of arthritis, presence of erosions or hemorrhagic lesions at the initial endoscopic examination, abdominal pain at base line, history of peptic ulcer, score on the Health Assessment Questionnaire, second-line treatment with antirheumatoid drugs, prednisolone therapy, peripheral-blood cell counts, and H. pylori infection. The results are presented as hazard ratios, which express the increase in the risk that an ulcer will develop.
An overall comparison of the three groups of patients was performed, in addition to three pairwise tests. No formal adjustment was made for multiple tests. All tests were two-tailed.
Results
A total of 570 patients were invited to undergo endoscopic screening for enrollment in the trial: 181 patients were unwilling to undergo multiple endoscopic examinations, and 389 accepted the invitation. Of these 389 patients, 104 had gastric or duodenal ulcers at the initial endoscopy and were therefore excluded from the study. The characteristics of the remaining 285 patients are shown in Table 1. A total of 165 patients (58 percent) were from Glasgow, 119 (42 percent) were from Nottingham, and 1 (0.4 percent) was from Leeds. The three treatment groups were well-matched for age, sex, smoking status, use of alcohol, underlying arthritis, and frequency of H. pylori infection, as well as for previous ulcer, frequency of joint pain, score on the Health Assessment Questionnaire, and use of individual NSAIDs or disease-modifying drugs.
The per-protocol analysis included 81 patients in the placebo group, 84 in the group receiving 20 mg of famotidine twice daily, and 83 in the group receiving 40 mg twice daily. For this analysis, 12 patients assigned to the placebo group, 11 assigned to the low-dose group, and 14 assigned to the high-dose group were excluded because of a subsequent change to low-dose NSAID therapy or poor compliance with the study drugs.
Cumulative Incidence of Ulcer
Estimates of the cumulative incidence of gastric or duodenal ulceration during the 24-week study period are shown in Table 2Table 2
Cumulative Number and Incidence of Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers at the Completion of the Study (Intention-to-Treat Analysis). and Figure 1Figure 1Cumulative Incidence of Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers at 4, 12, and 24 Weeks in Patients with Arthritis Receiving Long-Term NSAID Therapy, According to the Group Assignment.. The cumulative incidence of ulceration, regardless of the site, was lower in both famotidine groups than in the placebo group. However, whereas the higher dose of famotidine was associated with a lower incidence of both gastric and duodenal ulcers, the lower dose was associated with a reduction only in the incidence of duodenal ulcers. The results of the per-protocol analysis were similar (data not shown).Prognostic Factors
The risk of ulceration was increased by an increase in the peripheral white-cell count (hazard ratio, 1.2 per 1000 cells per cubic millimeter; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 1.4) and by duodenal erosions and submucosal hemorrhages (hazard ratio, 2.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 6.9). In the placebo group, ulcers developed in 5 of the 8 patients (62 percent) with duodenal lesions at base line, as compared with 19 of the 85 (22 percent) without duodenal lesions. In the low- and high-dose famotidine groups combined, ulcers developed in 23 percent of the patients with duodenal lesions at base line and in 11 percent of those without such lesions. There were also trends toward an increased risk of ulceration among patients with H. pylori infection (hazard ratio, 1.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 3.5) and a reduced risk among those receiving diclofenac, as compared with all other NSAIDs (hazard ratio, 0.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.2 to 1.3).
Analyses of Secondary End Points
At four weeks, 25 patients in the placebo group had gastric Lanza scores of 1 to 4 for gastric lesions, as compared with 18 in the low-dose famotidine group (P = 0.03) and 12 in the high-dose group (P = 0.01). The scores for duodenal lesions in the three groups were similar. The results at the 12- and 24-week visits could not be analyzed directly, because they were confounded by the withdrawal of patients with ulcers (Figure 1).
About 30 percent of the patients had abdominal pain at base line (Table 1). At the end of the study, 29 percent of the patients in the placebo group had abdominal pain, as compared with 19 percent of the patients in the low-dose famotidine group and 17 percent of those in the high-dose group. Among the patients with pain, the abdominal-pain scores and mean daily use of antacids during the study were similar in the three groups.
Safety Profile and Dropout
Both doses of famotidine were well tolerated. Patients dropped out of the study because of the development of ulcers (withdrawal per protocol, Figure 1), the occurrence of adverse events, or other reasons, as shown in Table 3Table 3
Adverse Events and Other Reasons for Withdrawal from the Study (Intention-to-Treat Analysis).. In the high-dose famotidine group, there was a small but statistically significant reduction in the mean platelet count at the completion of the study, from 321,000 to 309,000 per cubic millimeter (P = 0.02). There were no other important changes in the results of laboratory tests in any group.Discussion
The results of this study show that treatment with a high dose of famotidine significantly reduces the cumulative incidence of both gastric and duodenal ulcers in patients with arthritis receiving long-term NSAID therapy. As in previous studies of patients with NSAID-induced ulcers,14 many of our patients did not have abdominal pain or dyspepsia. Among those who did, however, there was a trend toward a reduction in dyspepsia among the patients taking famotidine. A strength of the study was that since only two physicians performed the endoscopic examinations, the likelihood of differences in the endoscopic evaluations was minimized. The design of previous studies of the efficacy of ranitidine in preventing NSAID-induced lesions may have militated against the detection of a protective effect against gastric ulcers, because the studies were relatively small and of short duration, with low event rates.15 Some of these factors may also explain the lack of a protective effect of famotidine in another study.16
One might speculate that NSAID-related duodenal ulcers are more likely to be dependent on acid than gastric ulcers — hence, the greater ability of histamine-receptor antagonists to prevent duodenal ulcers. Although much of the gastroduodenal damage associated with NSAIDs is due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, acid plays an important part,17 and in studies in humans, high doses of acid-inhibiting drugs were needed to achieve substantial protection against acute gastric damage.10,18
At a standard dose of 20 to 40 mg daily, which is approved for the healing of ulcers, famotidine is well tolerated,19,20 although there are fewer data on the higher dose we used (40 mg twice daily). We found the higher dose to be well tolerated. Of the adverse events listed in Table 3, only three might have been related to famotidine: abdominal pain, rash, and diarrhea.
One of the prognostic factors that influenced the development of ulcers was the leukocyte count. We included the leukocyte count as a prognostic factor because studies in animals have suggested that neutrophils have a role in NSAID-associated gastric damage.21 Our results are consistent with this hypothesis. In addition, base-line lesions in the duodenum were predictive of both duodenal and gastric ulceration. One possible explanation for this association is that duodenal lesions were a marker for H. pylori infection, although this infection appeared to be a separate risk factor in the multivariate analysis. Although the influence of H. pylori infection was not statistically significant, it may have been weakened by the exclusion of patients with ulcers at the base-line assessment, the majority of whom had H. pylori infection.22
In a recent six-month study of misoprostol,6 there was a reduction in ulcer complications in patients being treated with NSAIDs, which is consistent with the reduced incidence of endoscopic lesions found in previous studies of misoprostol.3-5 Since in our study the cumulative incidence of ulcers in the placebo group at 4, 12, and 24 weeks was similar to that reported in the placebo groups in endoscopic studies of misoprostol3-5 and the reductions in gastric and duodenal ulcers in both famotidine groups were also similar to the reductions associated with misoprostol3-5 it is likely that famotidine would have a similar effect on ulcer complications.
In conclusion, high doses of famotidine were well tolerated and effective in preventing both gastric and duodenal ulcers in patients with arthritis receiving long-term NSAID therapy.
Supported by a grant from Merck Research Laboratories.
We are indebted to Dr. A. Axon for recruiting the study patient in Leeds; to Professor F.D. Lee and Dr. David Jenkins for their help in the histologic assessment of H. pylori; to Dr. I. Nakshabendi, Mrs. Christine Morran, and Mrs. Sandra Everett for help in conducting the study; to Mrs. Rosemary Dainty, Mrs. Ruth Simpson, and Mrs. Jane Dickson for secretarial assistance; and to Mr. David Thompson of Applied Statistics for performing the statistical analyses.
Source Information
From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland (A.S.T., R.D.S., R.I.R.); University Hospital, Nottingham, England (N.H., C.J.H., A.J.S.); Merck Sharp & Dohme, Hoddesdon, England (P.N.T., J.C., S.G.M.); and Merck Research Laboratories, Blue Bell, Pa. (T.J.S.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Taha at the Department of Gastroenterology, Eastbourne General Hospital, King's Drive, Eastbourne, BN21 2UD, England.
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