Original Article
Changes in Plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ Lymphocyte Counts and the Risk of Progression to AIDS
N Engl J Med 1996; 334:426-431February 15, 1996
- Abstract
Background
Clinical trials of antiretroviral drugs can take years to complete because the outcomes measured are progression to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or death. Trials could be accelerated by the use of end points such as changes in CD4+ lymphocyte counts and plasma levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA and β2-microglobulin, but there is uncertainty about whether these surrogate measures are valid predictors of disease progression.
Methods
We analyzed data from the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on AIDS, which compared immediate with deferred zidovudine therapy. Patients' plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA and β2-microglobulin were measured in stored plasma.
Results
Among the 129 patients in the immediate-treatment group, 34 had disease that progressed to AIDS, as compared with 57 of the 141 patients in the deferred-treatment group (P = 0.03). Progression to AIDS correlated strongly with base-line CD4+ lymphocyte counts (P = 0.001) and plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA (P<0.001), but not with base-line levels of β2-microglobulin (P = 0.14). A decrease of at least 75 percent in the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA over the first six months of zidovudine therapy accounted for 59 percent of the benefit of treatment, defined as the absence of progression to AIDS (95 percent confidence interval, 13 to 112 percent). Plasma β2-microglobulin levels and CD4+ lymphocyte counts explained less of the effect of treatment. A 75 percent decrease in the plasma HIV-1 RNA level plus a 10 percent increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte count could explain 79 percent of the treatment effect (95 percent confidence interval, 27 to 145 percent).
Conclusions
Treatment-induced changes in the plasma HIV-1 RNA level and the CD4+ lymphocyte count, taken together, are valid predictors of the clinical progression of HIV-related disease and can be used to assess the efficacy of zidovudine and possibly other antiretroviral drugs as well.
Media in This Article
Figure 2
Kaplan–Meier Analysis of the Time to the Progression to AIDS in Patients Found to Have Both a Six-Month Mean Decrease of at Least 75 Percent in Plasma HIV-1 RNA and a Six-Month Mean Increase of at Least 10 Percent in the CD4+ Lymphocyte Count, One of These Changes, or Neither Change.Figure 1
Changes from Base Line in the CD4+ Lymphocyte Count (Panel A) and the Log10 Number of Copies of HIV-1 RNA in Plasma (Panel B) in the Two Treatment Groups.Article Activity
- Article
Assessments of the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy based on clinical end points in patients with early or intermediate stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection typically take many years.1-5 As new antiretroviral agents become available, retaining patients in randomized, prospective trials for long periods will be increasingly difficult. Thus, to accelerate the evaluation of new drugs, determining whether other markers of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection can be used to predict an effect of treatment is a matter of great interest.6
There are several candidate markers for HIV-1 infection.7-9 The CD4+ lymphocyte count is the best characterized and is currently used as a guide for antiretroviral therapy. Although this count often increases after the initiation of effective antiretroviral therapy, counts can differ between treated and placebo (or control) patients even in the absence of a significant treatment effect.2,5 Neopterin and β2-microglobulin levels are nonspecific markers of immune activation and tend to increase progressively during the course of HIV-1 disease,10-13 although their response to treatment and relation to the clinical progression of disease have not been extensively studied.
A more direct measure of antiviral response may be the decrease in levels of circulating virus.14 The measurement of plasma HIV-1 RNA is more sensitive than the quantitation of either HIV-1 p24 core antigen in plasma or infectious virus in blood.15-17 Plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA decrease profoundly after the start of antiretroviral therapy.18-20
The usefulness of quantitative methods to assess the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy against HIV-1 must be validated in a longitudinal, controlled trial that includes a treatment benefit for the markers to explain.21 We performed a retrospective study to determine whether changes in plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA, plasma levels of β2-microglobulin, and CD4+ lymphocyte counts could predict the likelihood of progression to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in patients in the Veterans Affairs trial of zidovudine therapy.
Methods
Study Population
Patients with symptomatic HIV-1 infection and 200 to 500 CD4+ lymphocytes per cubic millimeter were enrolled in Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program trial 298, a blinded, randomized comparison of immediate with deferred zidovudine therapy. The results of part 1 of that study (conducted from January 1987 through January 1991) have been published.1 All the patients in the immediate-therapy group received open-label zidovudine for the entire study period, whereas those in the deferred-therapy group received placebo until their CD4+ lymphocyte counts fell below 200 cells per cubic millimeter or an AIDS-defining illness developed,22 when they were switched to open-label zidovudine. In addition, after part 1 of the study, there was a three-year follow-up period (from January 1991 to January 1994) during which all the patients were offered open-label zidovudine.23 In the current study, we evaluated a subgroup of the original study population that included all patients for whom we had base-line plasma samples and at least one follow-up sample obtained during the six months after randomization. To record additional instances of clinical progression of disease and permit effects of treatment to be shown in our subgroup, we extended the observation period to include the first year of the three-year follow-up period.
Plasma Samples
At intervals of one to four months during the trial, plasma specimens were collected, cryopreserved, and stored at repositories in Baltimore and Durham, North Carolina. Because the collection and storage procedures at the two repositories differed, we used samples from only one repository for each patient (73 percent were from Baltimore, where they were stored at -20°C, and 27 percent were from Durham, where they were stored at -70°C). All the samples for a given patient were retrieved at the same time from various freezer boxes and analyzed in a batch at the Roche Biomedical Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. For the quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma, RNA was extracted from the plasma sample by the method of Boom et al.24 and the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with the GeneAmp kit (Roche Diagnostics, Nutley, N.J.).25 Plasma β2-microglobulin was measured by radioimmunoassay (β2-micro RIA, Kabi Pharmacia Diagnostics, Uppsala, Sweden). The methods used to count CD4+ lymphocytes have been described elsewhere.1
Statistical Analysis
The Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the chi-square test were used to compare groups with regard to continuous and discrete variables, respectively.26 In the time-to-event analyses, life-table methods that included Cox models were used, with stratification according to the place where the specimens were stored.27 The mean change from base line over the six-month period after randomization was our primary analytic measure of each marker. This change was calculated for each patient as the mean of the measurements obtained during the six months after randomization, minus the base-line measurement. Plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA were expressed as the log10 of the number of copies of RNA per milliliter of plasma in order to account for the wide range of values, which encompassed more than five orders of magnitude. The value for each marker was expressed as the percentage of change from base line on the arithmetic scale.
The method proposed by Freedman et al.28 was adapted to validate the use of the markers as surrogate end points. A sequence of four Cox proportional-hazards models that related each marker and the effect of treatment to the risk of progression to AIDS27 was used, with adjustment in each model for base-line values. Model 1 measured the effect of treatment; model 2, the change in the marker; and model 3, both the effect of treatment and the change in the marker. In model 4, a term for the interaction between the effect of treatment and the change in the marker was added to model 3. The coefficients for the treatment effect in the model that also included the change in the marker (model 3) were compared with those in the model for treatment only (model 1) in order to calculate the ability of the change in the marker to “explain” the effect of treatment; these values were expressed as percentages. Bootstrap methods were used to calculate 95 percent confidence intervals for these percentages, conditional on an effect of treatment.
Conditional relative risks and 95 percent confidence intervals for the magnitude of the effects of the markers were calculated from the Cox models, which included base-line values and treatment effects. Patients were classified in one of four categories according to their responses to treatment during the study period, as determined by measurement of the markers. The classifications were correlated with the progression to AIDS by means of life-table methods and validated with use of three indicator variables as the marker in the first three steps of the modeling procedure. All analyses in this study were performed according to the intention-to-treat approach, and all reported P values are two-tailed.
Results
There were sufficient cryopreserved plasma samples for 270 of the 338 patients in the original study population to be assessed (80 percent); of the 270, 129 were assigned to immediate therapy and 141 to deferred therapy. The number of copies of HIV-1 RNA and the β2-microglobulin level were measured in 2202 plasma samples (median number of samples per patient, 9; range, 2 to 17). The characteristics of the 270 patients before treatment did not differ from those of the whole group of 338 patients, nor did the characteristics differ between treatment groups. Among the patients studied, HIV-1 disease progressed to AIDS in 34 members of the immediate-therapy group and 57 members of the deferred-therapy group (relative risk associated with immediate vs. deferred therapy, 0.63; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.43 to 0.92; P = 0.03). The relative risk of death when the immediate-treatment group was compared with the deferred-treatment group was not significant at any time in this study.
Effect of Base-Line Values on Outcome
When the base-line values for all three markers were analyzed independently, each was related to the occurrence of progression to AIDS, regardless of treatment group. In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, however, the base-line plasma level of β2-microglobulin was not significant (P = 0.14), although there remained strong relations between both the base-line plasma level of HIV-1 RNA (relative risk for each increase of 0.5 log in the level, 1.27; P<0.001) and the base-line CD4+ lymphocyte count (relative risk for each increase of 35 CD4+ lymphocytes per cubic millimeter, 0.85; P = 0.001) and the progression to AIDS. In a bivariate Cox regression analysis, the base-line plasma level of HIV-1 RNA (relative risk, 1.25; P<0.001) and base-line CD4+ lymphocyte count (relative risk, 0.82; P<0.001) were also strongly related to the incidence of death. Since the base-line values for both markers were important for outcome, all analyses of treatment or treatment-induced changes in either marker have been adjusted for the base-line values of that marker.
Changes in Markers over Time
The changes from base line in the CD4+ lymphocyte count and the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA are shown in Figure 1A and Figure 1BFigure 1
Changes from Base Line in the CD4+ Lymphocyte Count (Panel A) and the Log10 Number of Copies of HIV-1 RNA in Plasma (Panel B) in the Two Treatment Groups.. The treatment-induced increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte count was smaller and more short-lived than the corresponding decrease in the plasma HIV-1 RNA level, which did not return to the base-line value for 12 months. Levels of β2-microglobulin had a substantial treatment-induced decline, similar to the decline in plasma HIV-1 RNA (data not shown). The values in the deferred-therapy group were affected by the crossover of patients from placebo to open-label treatment with zidovudine, which occurred a mean of 16 months (range, 1 to 24) after the start of the study in 114 of the 141 patients.Relation between Treatment-Induced Changes in Markers and Progression to AIDS
We used Cox models to summarize the relation between the mean changes in markers during the six months after randomization and the progression to AIDS. In the univariate model, the relative risk for each increase of 0.5 log in the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA was 1.5 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.23 to 1.83; P<0.001). For each increment of 35 CD4+ lymphocytes per cubic millimeter, the relative risk was 0.83 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.76 to 0.91; P<0.001), and for each increment of 0.33 μg per milliliter in the plasma level of β2-microglobulin, the relative risk was 1.11 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.24; P = 0.08). We also performed these analyses using changes of various magnitudes, including decreases in plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA by factors of three to seven, 5 to 25 percent increases in the CD4+ lymphocyte count, and 5 to 25 percent decreases in the plasma level of β2-microglobulin. Table 1Table 1
Cox Models Relating Changes in Markers and Antiretroviral Treatment to the Risk of Progression to AIDS. shows the results of the univariate and multivariate analyses in which the values closest to the mean change for each marker were used as thresholds: a decrease of 75 percent (0.6 log) in the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA, a 10 percent increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte count, and a 15 percent decrease in the plasma level of β2-microglobulin. These data show the importance of the relations between the progression to AIDS and these changes in the plasma HIV-1 RNA level and the CD4+ lymphocyte count. For the other specified degrees of change in each marker, the results were similar.Validation with Mean Values during the Six Months after Randomization
Detailed results of the validation analyses of the effect of a 75 percent decrease in the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA and a 10 percent increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte count from the base-line values are provided for both markers in Table 2Table 2
Sequential Cox Proportional-Hazards Models Relating Progression to AIDS to Antiretroviral Treatment and Either a 75 Percent Decrease from Base Line in the Plasma HIV-1 RNA Level or a 10 Percent Increase from Base Line in the CD41 Lymphocyte Count.. A significant benefit of treatment in terms of the progression to AIDS was found in model 1 for each marker (P = 0.03). A 75 percent decrease in the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA during the six months after randomization markedly reduced the risk of progression to AIDS, as shown in model 2 (P<0.001), regardless of treatment group. When treatment assignment and the change in the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA were considered together in model 3, the treatment assignment was no longer significant (P = 0.33), but a decrease in the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA remained significant (P = 0.004), indicating the importance of such a decrease as a predictor of the progression to AIDS. The interaction between treatment and either marker, shown in model 4, was not significant.The proportion of the effect of treatment or trend toward reduction in the rate of progression to AIDS that was explained by the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA was estimated by dividing the difference between the coefficients for model 3 and model 1 by the coefficient for model 1; this estimate was 59 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 13 to 112 percent). The percentage of the treatment effect that was explained by decreases from base line in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels by factors of three, five, and seven was also approximately 60 percent, whereas a decrease by a factor of 10 explained 42 percent of the treatment effect. In these analyses of changes of varying magnitudes in the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA, the differences between the treatment groups were significant in each case (P<0.005 for all).
The proportion of the treatment effect accounted for by a 10 percent increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte count was 31 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 4 to 58 percent). The effect of a given increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte count ranged from 22 percent of the treatment effect (for a 5 percent increase) to 37 percent (for an increase of either 15 or 25 percent) (P<0.01 for all these changes). The proportion of the effect of treatment explained by a 15 percent decrease in the plasma level of β2-microglobulin was 28 percent, but the effect of this or any other degree of change that was tested for this variable was not significant (P>0.05 for all). When continuous changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were analyzed, the percentage of the treatment effect that was explained was higher than when thresholds of change were analyzed. Thus, we found that a decrease in the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA was a better predictor of outcome than was either an increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte count or a decrease in the plasma level of β2-microglobulin.
Classification of Patients and Combinations of Markers
We analyzed pairwise combinations of markers, using six-month mean changes of at least a 75 percent decrease in the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA, a 10 percent increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte count, and a 15 percent decrease in the plasma level of β2-microglobulin. The effect of treatment was best explained by a decrease of at least 75 percent in the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA and an increase of at least 10 percent in the CD4+ lymphocyte count. We then classified the patients into four groups, as follows: group 1 included patients with a decrease in plasma HIV-1 RNA of 75 percent or more and an increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte count of 10 percent or more; group 2, patients with a decrease in plasma HIV-1 RNA of 75 percent or more and an increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte count of less than 10 percent; group 3, patients with a decrease in plasma HIV-1 RNA of less than 75 percent and an increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte count of 10 percent or more; and group 4, patients with a decrease in plasma HIV-1 RNA of less than 75 percent and an increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte count of less than 10 percent. When we validated this classification system as a marker of the risk of progression to AIDS, 79 percent of the effect of treatment was explained by its use (95 percent confidence interval, 27 to 145 percent). Although this is more than the 59 percent obtained with the use of HIV-1 RNA levels alone, there is no statistical method available with which to test the difference between the percentages. Combinations of markers that did not include the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA had consistently lower predictive value than those that included that variable.
We performed a life-table analysis using this classification system, without taking treatment assignment into account. The patients in group 1 had the best outcome, whereas the patients in group 4 had the worst. In the other two groups the results were intermediate. Figure 2Figure 2
Kaplan–Meier Analysis of the Time to the Progression to AIDS in Patients Found to Have Both a Six-Month Mean Decrease of at Least 75 Percent in Plasma HIV-1 RNA and a Six-Month Mean Increase of at Least 10 Percent in the CD4+ Lymphocyte Count, One of These Changes, or Neither Change. shows Kaplan–Meier curves for this analysis, which demonstrate that the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA and the CD4+ lymphocyte count, used in combination, are a good predictor of the progression to AIDS.Discussion
We evaluated plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA and β2-microglobulin and CD4+ lymphocyte counts as markers of HIV-1 disease because they are affected by viral or immune events associated with clinical progression. The results of the study showed that among these markers, changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA explain the effect of treatment on clinical outcome the most reliably and that changes in the CD4+ lymphocyte count provide additional information. Although there are extravascular sites of viral replication, it is probable that circulating levels of HIV-1 RNA best reflect the overall replication of the virus in vivo.29,30 This report shows that treatment-induced changes in HIV-1 RNA can account for the clinical outcome of HIV-1 infection in symptomatic patients at an intermediate stage of disease (with CD4+ lymphocyte counts of 200 to 500 cells per cubic millimeter).
Recent reports have demonstrated a dynamic interaction between the replication of HIV-1 and the destruction of CD4+ lymphocytes.19,20 When effective antiretroviral therapy is begun, levels of HIV-1 replication decline steeply over a period of one to two weeks and the CD4+ lymphocyte count increases correspondingly.18-20,31 The availability of assays with which to quantify HIV-specific RNA permits the assessment of treatment-induced changes in viral replication, which cannot be done by measuring levels of HIV-1 DNA in blood or using any other method of detecting HIV-1.18-20,31-34
In our study, the base-line CD4+ lymphocyte count and plasma level of HIV-1 RNA were highly predictive of both the progression to AIDS and death, which suggests that both variables are useful markers of the disease stage. Recently, Mellors et al.35 showed that plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA exceeding 10,000 genome equivalents per milliliter were strongly associated with the progression to AIDS over a mean period of follow-up lasting nearly five years. Those investigators found that plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA predicted clinical outcome independently of CD4+ lymphocyte counts. This finding reinforces our contention that base-line plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts may be used together in determining clinical stages of disease and in therapeutic decision making. Although relative values can be compared, the relations between absolute plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA and outcome are difficult to determine from our study, because of the storage conditions and age of the samples; these associations should be examined with fresh samples.
Although the CD4+ lymphocyte count is a useful marker in determining the stage of HIV disease, it has not been particularly useful as a marker of the clinical response to antiretroviral therapy. A retrospective analysis of data presented by Volberding et al.3 showed that the base-line CD4+ lymphocyte count was highly correlated with the progression to AIDS (P<0.001). Even so, only a small proportion of the effect of zidovudine on this progression (less than 37 percent) was statistically explained by the effect of the drug on the CD4+ lymphocyte count36 — a finding similar to ours and to those of others.9,37 In another study, the duration of the increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte count in response to antiretroviral therapy appeared to be more important in predicting disease progression than the magnitude of the initial response.38
The appropriate measure must be found with which to evaluate antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with various stages of disease, particularly those with different base-line levels of HIV-1 RNA in plasma. On the basis of our data, this should be a reduction by a factor of at least three (i.e., by 0.5 log) in the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA. The rapid appearance of resistance to some antiretroviral agents, such as the non-nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase,39 and the short-lived response of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels to therapy suggest that the duration of the effect on plasma HIV-1 RNA should also be considered.31,40 It is likely that a longer-lasting reduction in the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA may be associated with greater clinical efficacy. The goal of antiretroviral therapy should be to reduce levels of circulating virus as much as possible, for as long as possible. The ability to use reverse-transcriptase PCR to measure the treatment-induced decline in plasma levels of HIV-1 could speed the evaluation of new therapies in prospective trials, while clinical data continue to be collected for subsequent correlation with measurements of changes in markers, including both the CD4+ lymphocyte count and virologic markers.
Presented in part at the 10th International Conference on AIDS, Yokohama, Japan, August 7–12, 1994, and the 2nd National Conference on Human Retroviruses and Related Infections, Washington, D.C., January 29–February 2, 1995.
Supported in part by Medical Research Funds from the Department of Veterans Affairs; by the Veterans Affairs Research Centers on AIDS, Durham, N.C., and New York; and by a grant from Glaxo–Wellcome, Inc.
Source Information
From the Department of Medicine, West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at Los Angeles Medical School, Los Angeles (W.A.O.); the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, West Haven, Conn. (P.M.H.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (D.M.); Glaxo, Inc., Research Triangle Park, N.C. (J.E., A.H., S.B., M.R.); the New York Veterans Affairs Medical Center and New York University School of Medicine, New York (M.S.S.); and the Durham, N.C., Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C. (J.D.H.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. O'Brien at the West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073.
The institutions and investigators participating in the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on AIDS are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
In addition to the authors, the following members of the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on AIDS participated in this study: Houston Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) — C. Lahart and N. Wray; West Los Angeles VAMC — S.M. Finegold and W.L. George; Miami VAMC — G.M. Dickinson and N. Klimas; New York VAMC — G. Diamond and S.B. Zolla-Pazner; San Francisco VAMC — P.C. Jensen; Walter Reed Army Hospital, Washington, D.C. — C. Hawkes and C. Oster; Washington, D.C., VAMC — F. Gordin and A.M. Labriola; Durham, N.C., VAMC — P. Spivey; Duke University Virology Center — T. Matthews and K. Weinhold; and University of Maryland Pharmacology Laboratory — G. Drusano and M.J. Egorin.
- References
References
1
Hamilton JD ,Hartigan PM ,Simberoff MS , et al. A controlled trial of early versus late treatment with zidovudine in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection: results of a Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1992;326:437-443
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline2
Concorde Coordinating Committee
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Volberding PA ,Lagakos SW ,Koch MA , et al. Zidovudine in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection: a controlled trial in persons with fewer than 500 CD4-positive cells per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med 1990;322:941-949
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline4
Fischl MA ,Richman DD ,Hansen N , et al. The safety and efficacy of zidovudine (AZT) in the treatment of subjects with mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:727-737
Web of Science | Medline5
Volberding PA ,Lagakos SW ,Grimes JM , et al. The duration of zidovudine benefit in persons with asymptomatic HIV infection: prolonged evaluation of protocol 019 of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. JAMA 1994;272:437-442
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Machado SG ,Gail MH ,Ellenberg SS . On the use of laboratory markers as surrogates for clinical endpoints in the evaluation of treatment for HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990;3:1065-1073
Web of Science | Medline7
Fahey JL ,Taylor JMG ,Detels R , et al. The prognostic value of cellular and serologic markers in infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med 1990;322:166-172
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline8
Valentine FT ,Jacobson MA . Immunological and virological surrogate markers in the evaluation of therapies for HIV infection. AIDS 1990;4:Suppl 1:S201-S206
CrossRef | Medline9
Lagakos SW . Surrogate markers in AIDS clinical trials: conceptual basis, validation, and uncertainties. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:Suppl 1:S22-S25
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Lacey JN ,Forbes MA ,Waugh MA ,Cooper EH ,Hambling MH . Serum beta 2-microglobulin and human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS 1987;1:123-127
Web of Science | Medline11
Fuchs D ,Hausen A ,Reibnegger G ,Werner ER ,Dierich MP ,Wachter H . Neopterin as a marker for activated cell-mediated immunity: application in HIV infection. Immunol Today 1988;9:150-155
CrossRef | Medline12
Kramer A ,Wiktor SZ ,Fuchs D , et al. Neopterin: a predictive marker of acquired immune deficiency syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989;2:291-296
Web of Science | Medline13
Melmed RN ,Taylor JM ,Detels R ,Bozorgmehri M ,Fahey JL . Serum neopterin changes in HIV-infected subjects: indicator of significant pathology, CD4 T cell changes, and the development of AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989;2:70-76
Web of Science | Medline14
Cunningham AL ,Dwyer DE ,Dowton DN . Viral markers in HIV infection and AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993;6:Suppl 1:S32-S35
Web of Science | Medline15
Spector SA ,Kennedy C ,McCutchan JA , et al. The antiviral effect of zidovudine and ribavirin in clinical trials and the use of p24 antigen levels as a virologic marker. J Infect Dis 1989;159:822-828
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Nishanian P ,Huskins KR ,Stehn S ,Detels R ,Fahey JL . A simple method for improved assay demonstrates that HIV p24 antigen is present as immune complexes in most sera from HIV-infected individuals. J Infect Dis 1990;162:21-28
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Fiscus SA ,DeGruttola V ,Gupta P , et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 quantitative cell microculture as a measure of antiviral efficacy in a multicenter clinical trial. J Infect Dis 1995;171:305-311
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Piatak M Jr ,Saag MS ,Yang LC , et al. High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR. Science 1993;259:1749-1754
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Wei X ,Ghosh SK ,Taylor ME , et al. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature 1995;373:117-122
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Ho DD ,Neumann AU ,Perelson AS ,Chen W ,Leonard JM ,Markowitz M . Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 1995;373:123-126
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Prentice RL . Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: definition and operational criteria. Stat Med 1989;8:431-440
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndromeMMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987;36:Suppl:1S-15S
23
Simberkoff M ,Hartigan P ,Hamilton J , et al. Long-term follow-up of symptomatic HIV-infected patients originally randomized to early versus later zidovudine treatment: report of VA Cooperative Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996;11:142-150
CrossRef | Medline24
Boom R ,Sol CJA ,Salimans MMM ,Jansen CL ,Wertheim-van Dillen PME ,van der Noordaa J . Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:495-503
Web of Science | Medline25
Mulder J ,McKinney N ,Christopherson C ,Sninsky J ,Greenfield L ,Kwok S . Rapid and simple PCR assay for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma: application to acute retroviral infection. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:292-300
Web of Science | Medline26
Cox DR, Hinkley DV. Theoretical statistics. New York: Halsted Press, 1979.
27
Kalbfleisch JD, Prentice RL. The statistical analysis of failure time data. New York: John Wiley, 1980.
28
Freedman LS ,Graubard BI ,Schatzkin A . Statistical validation of intermediate endpoints for chronic diseases. Stat Med 1992;11:167-178
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Embretson J ,Zupancic M ,Ribas JL , et al. Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS. Nature 1993;362:359-362
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline30
Pantaleo G ,Graziosi C ,Demarest JF , et al. HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature 1993;362:355-358
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline31
Saag MS ,Emini EA ,Laskin OL , et al. A short-term clinical evaluation of L-697,661, a non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1065-1072
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline32
Holodniy M ,Katzenstein D ,Winters M , et al. Measurement of HIV virus load and genotypic resistance by gene amplification in asymptomatic subjects treated with combination therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993;6:366-369
Web of Science | Medline33
O'Brien WA ,Grovit-Ferbas K ,Namazi A , et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 replication can be increased in peripheral blood of seropositive patients after influenza vaccination. Blood 1995;86:1082-1089
Web of Science | Medline34
Holodniy M ,Mole L ,Winters M ,Merigan TC . Diurnal and short-term stability of HIV virus load as measured by gene amplification. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994;7:363-368
Web of Science | Medline35
Mellors JW ,Kingsley LA ,Rinaldo CR Jr , et al. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:573-579
Web of Science | Medline36
Choi S ,Lagakos SW ,Schooley RT ,Volberding PA . CD4+ lymphocytes are an incomplete surrogate marker for clinical progression in persons with asymptomatic HIV infection taking zidovudine. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:674-680
Web of Science | Medline37
Lin DY ,Fischl MA ,Schoenfeld DA . Evaluating the role of CD4-lymphocyte counts as surrogate endpoints in human immunodeficiency virus clinical trials. Stat Med 1993;12:835-842
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline38
Graham NMH, Piantadosi S, Park LP, Phair JP, Rinaldo CR, Fahey JL. CD4+ lymphocyte response to zidovudine as a predictor of AIDS-free time and survival time. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993;6:1258-66.
39
Nunberg JH ,Schleif WA ,Boots EJ , et al. Viral resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific pyridinone reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Virol 1991;65:4887-4892
Web of Science | Medline40
Richman DD ,Havlir D ,Corbeil J , et al. Nevirapine resistance mutations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 selected during therapy. J Virol 1994;68:1660-1666
Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (265)
Citing Articles
1
Victor Adekanmbi, Olalekan A Uthman, Bolaji E Egbewale, Victor Adekanmbi. 2012. Routine viral load monitoring versus standard care for reducing morbidity and mortality in adolescent and adult patients living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART). .
CrossRef2
Kevin A. Buhr. (2012) Surrogate End Points in Secondary Analyses of Cardiovascular Trials. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 54:4, 343-350
CrossRef3
H. E. Rawizza, B. Chaplin, S. T. Meloni, G. Eisen, T. Rao, J.-L. Sankale, A. Dieng-Sarr, O. Agbaji, D. I. Onwujekwe, W. Gashau, R. Nkado, E. Ekong, P. Okonkwo, R. L. Murphy, P. J. Kanki, . (2011) Immunologic Criteria Are Poor Predictors of Virologic Outcome: Implications for HIV Treatment Monitoring in Resource-Limited Settings. Clinical Infectious Diseases 53:12, 1283-1290
CrossRef4
Katherine Huppler Hullsiek, Birgit Grund. (2011) Considerations for Endpoint Selection When Designing HIV Clinical Trials. Current Infectious Disease Reports
CrossRef5
M. J. Mugavero, S. Napravnik, S. R. Cole, J. J. Eron, B. Lau, H. M. Crane, M. M. Kitahata, J. H. Willig, R. D. Moore, S. G. Deeks, M. S. Saag, . (2011) Viremia Copy-Years Predicts Mortality Among Treatment-Naive HIV-Infected Patients Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 53:9, 927-935
CrossRef6
Christa R. Nevin, Jiatao Ye, Inmaculada Aban, Michael J. Mugavero, David Jackson, Hui-Yi Lin, Jeroan Allison, James L. Raper, Michael S. Saag, James H. Willig. (2011) The Role of Toxicity-Related Regimen Changes in the Development of Antiretroviral Resistance. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 27:9, 957-963
CrossRef7
Steven A. Yukl, Peilin Li, Katsuya Fujimoto, Harry Lampiris, Chuanyi M. Lu, C. Bradley Hare, Steven G. Deeks, Teri Liegler, Mark Pandori, Diane V. Havlir, Joseph K. Wong. (2011) Modification of the Abbott RealTime assay for detection of HIV-1 plasma RNA viral loads less than one copy per milliliter. Journal of Virological Methods 175:2, 261-265
CrossRef8
Erina Pretorius, Hartwig Klinker, Bernd Rosenkranz. (2011) The Role of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Management of Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 33:3, 265-274
CrossRef9
Christina Ludema, Stephen R Cole, Charles Poole, Haitao Chu, Joseph J Eron. (2011) Meta-analysis of randomized trials on the association of prophylactic acyclovir and HIV-1 viral load in individuals coinfected with herpes simplex virus-2. AIDS 25:10, 1265-1269
CrossRef10
Cecilia Pizzocolo, Antonella Castagna, Adriano Lazzarin. (2011) HIV protease inhibitors: present and future. Future Virology 6:5, 571-580
CrossRef11
François Rouet, Florian Liégeois, Augustin Mouinga-Ondémé, Dramane Kania, Johannes Viljoen, Sammy Wambua, Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong, Hervé Ménan, Martine Peeters, Eric Nerrienet. (2011) Current challenges to viral load testing in the context of emerging genetic diversity of HIV-1. Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics 5:3, 183-202
CrossRef12
Jung-Hao Wang, Chih-Hung Wang, Chun-Che Lin, Huan-Yao Lei, Gwo-Bin Lee. (2011) An integrated microfluidic system for counting of CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 10:3, 531-541
CrossRef13
Thiago Lisboa, Grant Waterer, Jordi Rello. (2010) We should be measuring genomic bacterial load and virulence factors. Critical Care Medicine 38, S656-S662
CrossRef14
Carmen Rodríguez-Sáinz, Ricardo Ramos, Lara Valor, Francisco López, Beatriz Santamaría, Diana C. Hernández, Joana S.P. Cruz, Joaquín Navarro, Jara Modrego, Diana Alecsandru, Eduardo Fernández-Cruz. (2010) Prognostic value of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-associated HIV-1 DNA for virological outcome in asymptomatic HIV-1 chronic infection. Journal of Clinical Virology 48:3, 168-172
CrossRef15
Pride Chigwedere, M. Essex. (2010) AIDS Denialism and Public Health Practice. AIDS and Behavior 14:2, 237-247
CrossRef16
Reetakshi Arora, Lara Bull, Edward B Siwak, Rajesh Thippeshappa, Roberto C Arduino, Jason T Kimata. (2010) Dendritic Cell–Mediated HIV-1 Infection of T Cells Demonstrates a Direct Relationship to Plasma Viral RNA Levels. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes1
CrossRef17
Charles S Morrison, Korey Demers, Cynthia Kwok, Stanley Bulime, Anne Rinaldi, Marshall Munjoma, Megan Dunbar, Tsungai Chipato, Josaphat Byamugisha, Barbara Van Der Pol, Eric Arts, Robert A Salata. (2010) Plasma and cervical viral loads among Ugandan and Zimbabwean women during acute and early HIV-1 infection. AIDS 24:4, 573-582
CrossRef18
S. R. Cole, S. Napravnik, M. J. Mugavero, B. Lau, J. J. Eron, M. S. Saag. (2010) Copy-Years Viremia as a Measure of Cumulative Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Burden. American Journal of Epidemiology 171:2, 198-205
CrossRef19
Shiro Tanaka, Koji Oba, Kenichi Yoshimura, Satoshi Teramukai. (2010) Statistical Criteria for Surrogate Endpoint and Applications: A Review. Japanese Journal of Biometrics 31:1, 23-48
CrossRef20
Chuanyi Nie, Kei Sato, Naoko Misawa, Hiroko Kitayama, Hisanori Fujino, Hidefumi Hiramatsu, Toshio Heike, Tatsutoshi Nakahata, Yuetsu Tanaka, Mamoru Ito, Yoshio Koyanagi. (2009) Selective infection of CD4+ effector memory T lymphocytes leads to preferential depletion of memory T lymphocytes in R5 HIV-1-infected humanized NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγnull mice. Virology 394:1, 64-72
CrossRef21
Anthony M Mills, Mark Nelson, Dushyantha Jayaweera, Kiat Ruxrungtham, Isabel Cassetti, Pierre-Marie Girard, Cassy Workman, Inge Dierynck, Vanitha Sekar, Carline Vanden Abeele, Ludo Lavreys. (2009) Once-daily darunavir/ritonavir vs. lopinavir/ritonavir in treatment-naive, HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week analysis. AIDS 23:13, 1679-1688
CrossRef22
Madisa Mine, Keabetswe Bedi, Talkmore Maruta, Dignity Madziva, Modiri Tau, Tatenda Zana, Tendani Gaolathe, Sikhulile Moyo, Khumo Seipone, Ndwapi Ndwapi, Max Essex, Richard Marlink. (2009) Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load in plasma using reverse transcriptase activity assay at a district hospital laboratory in Botswana: A decentralization pilot study. Journal of Virological Methods 159:1, 93-97
CrossRef23
William C Olson, Jeffrey M Jacobson. (2009) CCR5 monoclonal antibodies for HIV-1 therapy. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 4:2, 104-111
CrossRef24
Jacob D. Estes. (2009) Role of collagen deposition in lymphatic tissues and immune reconstruction during HIV-1 and SIV infections. Current HIV/AIDS Reports 6:1, 29-35
CrossRef25
Xuanhong Cheng, Amit Gupta, Chihchen Chen, Ronald G. Tompkins, William Rodriguez, Mehmet Toner. (2009) Enhancing the performance of a point-of-care CD4+ T-cell counting microchip through monocyte depletion for HIV/AIDS diagnostics. Lab on a Chip 9:10, 1357
CrossRef26
Remonie Seng, Cécile Goujard, Loïc Desquilbet, Martine Sinet, Christine Rouzioux, Christiane Deveau, Faroudy Boufassa, Jean-François Delfraissy, Laurence Meyer, Alain Venet. (2008) Rapid CD4+ Cell Decrease After Transient cART Initiated During Primary HIV Infection (ANRS PRIMO and SEROCO Cohorts). JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 49:3, 251-258
CrossRef27
Thomas R. Fleming, Victor De Gruttola, David L. Demets. 2008. Surrogate Endpoints. .
CrossRef28
Jacob Estes, Jason V. Baker, Jason M. Brenchley, Alex Khoruts, Jacob L. Barthold, Anne Bantle, Cavan S. Reilly, Gregory J. Beilman, Mark E. George, Daniel C. Douek, Ashley T. Haase, Timothy W. Schacker. (2008) Collagen Deposition Limits Immune Reconstitution in the Gut. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 198:4, 456-464
CrossRef29
Lydia R. Temoshok, Shari R. Waldstein, Rebecca L. Wald, Alfredo Garzino-Demo, Stephen J. Synowski, Lingling Sun, James A. Wiley. (2008) Type C coping, alexithymia, and heart rate reactivity are associated independently and differentially with specific immune mechanisms linked to HIV progression. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 22:5, 781-792
CrossRef30
Michele A Kutzler, Jeffrey M Jacobson. (2008) Treatment interruption as a tool to measure changes in immunologic response to HIV-1. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 3:2, 131-135
CrossRef31
E. Gaddi, S. Laucella, J. Balbaryski, C. Cantisano, G. Barboni, M. Candi, V. Giraudi. (2008) Prognostic Value of Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (s-ICAM-1) in HIV-Infected Children. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 52:6, 628
CrossRef32
Romanee Chaiwarith, Charussri Wachirakaphan, Wilai Kotarathititum, Jutharat Praparatanaphan, Thira Sirisanthana, Khuanchai Supparatpinyo. (2007) Sensitivity and specificity of using CD4+ measurement and clinical evaluation to determine antiretroviral treatment failure in Thailand. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 11:5, 413-416
CrossRef33
Xiao Li, Aurel Ymeti, Björn Lunter, Christian Breukers, Arjan G.J. Tibbe, Leon W.M.M. Terstappen, Jan Greve. (2007) CD4+ T lymphocytes enumeration by an easy-to-use single platform image cytometer for HIV monitoring in resource-constrained settings. Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry 72B:5, 397-407
CrossRef34
A Hill, J Montaner, C Smith. (2007) Prediction of clinical benefits of ritonavir-boosted TMC114 from treatment effects on CD4 counts and HIV RNA. HIV Medicine 8:4, 234-240
CrossRef35
Xuanhong Cheng, Daniel Irimia, Meredith Dixon, Kazuhiko Sekine, Utkan Demirci, Lee Zamir, Ronald G. Tompkins, William Rodriguez, Mehmet Toner. (2007) A microfluidic device for practical label-free CD4+ T cell counting of HIV-infected subjects. Lab on a Chip 7:2, 170
CrossRef36
Hongqi Xue, K. F. Lam, Benjamin J. Cowling, Frank de Wolf. (2006) Semi-parametric accelerated failure time regression analysis with application to interval-censored HIV/AIDS data. Statistics in Medicine 25:22, 3850-3863
CrossRef37
Staci C. Martin, Pamela L. Wolters, Mary Anne Toledo-Tamula, Steven L. Zeichner, Rohan Hazra, Lucy Civitello. (2006) Cognitive Functioning in School-Aged Children With Vertically Acquired HIV Infection Being Treated With Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). Developmental Neuropsychology 30:2, 633-657
CrossRef38
Geert Molenberghs. 2006. Surrogate Markers. .
CrossRef39
J. Bryan Page, Paul Shapshak, E. Margarita Duran, Gaelle Even, Irina Moleon-Borodowski, Renee Llanusa-Cestero. (2006) Detection of HIV-1 in Injection Paraphernalia: Risk in an Era of Heightened Awareness. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 20:8, 576-585
CrossRef40
Takayuki Fuse, Ken Watanabe, Kaio Kitazato, Nobuyuki Kobayashi. (2006) Establishment of a new cell line inducibly expressing HIV-1 protease for performing safe and highly sensitive screening of HIV protease inhibitors. Microbes and Infection 8:7, 1783-1789
CrossRef41
Manuel Battegay, Reto Nüesch, Bernard Hirschel, Gilbert R Kaufmann. (2006) Immunological recovery and antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 6:5, 280-287
CrossRef42
Elizabeth Seyoum, Dawit Wolday, Mulu Girma, Anders Malmsten, Tsehaynesh Meselle, J. Simon Gronowitz, Sven Britton. (2006) Reverse transcriptase activity for quantitation of HIV-1 subtype C in plasma: Relation to RNA copy number and CD4 T-cell count. Journal of Medical Virology 78:2, 161-168
CrossRef43
Christopher J. Weir, Rosalind J. Walley. (2006) Statistical evaluation of biomarkers as surrogate endpoints: a literature review. Statistics in Medicine 25:2, 183-203
CrossRef44
Andrew N Phillips, Jens D Lundgren. (2006) The CD4 lymphocyte count and risk of clinical progression. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 1:1, 43-49
CrossRef45
IE Souza, W Zhang, RS Diaz, K Chaloner, D Klinzman, JT Stapleton. (2006) Effect of GB virus C on response to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected Brazilians*. HIV Medicine 7:1, 25-31
CrossRef46
Rana Domiati-Saad, Richard H. Scheuermann. (2006) Nucleic acid testing for viral burden and viral genotyping. Clinica Chimica Acta 363:1-2, 197-205
CrossRef47
JOHN R. BRECHTL, PATRICIA A. PATRICK, PAUL VISINTAINER, DONALD A. BRAND. (2005) Predictors of death within six months in patients with advanced AIDS. Palliative & Supportive Care 3:04,
CrossRef48
Jennifer R. King, Sharon Nachman, Ram Yogev, Janice Hodge, Grace Aldrovandi, Michael D. Hughes, Jie Chen, Andrew Wiznia, Bharat Damle, Edward P. Acosta. (2005) Efficacy, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Two Nelfinavir-Based Regimens in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children and Adolescents. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 24:10, 880-885
CrossRef49
Jean-Pierre Boissel, Francois Gueyffier, Florent Boutitie, Stuart Pocock, Robert Fagard. (2005) Apparent effect on blood pressure is only partly responsible for the risk reduction due to antihypertensive treatments. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 19:5, 579-584
CrossRef50
Thomas B. Campbell, Nancy S. Shulman, Steven C. Johnson, Andrew R. Zolopa, Russell K. Young, Lane Bushman, Courtney V. Fletcher, E. Randall Lanier, Thomas C. Merigan, Daniel R. Kuritzkes. (2005) Antiviral Activity of Lamivudine in Salvage Therapy for Multidrug‐Resistant HIV‐1 Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 41:2, 236-242
CrossRef51
Thomas R. Fleming, Victor De Gruttola, David L. Demets. 2005. Surrogate Endpoints. .
CrossRef52
A. L. Knorr, R. Srivastava. (2005) Evaluation of HIV-1 kinetic models using quantitative discrimination analysis. Bioinformatics 21:8, 1668-1677
CrossRef53
P. Ondoa, S. Koblavi-Deme, M.-Y. Borget, M. L. Nolan, J. N. Nkengasong, L. Kestens. (2005) Assessment of CD8+ T cell immune activation markers to monitor response to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-1 infected patients in Cote d'Ivoire. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 140:1, 138-148
CrossRef54
D. Mildvan, J. Spritzler, S. E. Grossberg, J. L. Fahey, D. M. Johnston, B. R. Schock, J. Kagan. (2005) Serum Neopterin, an Immune Activation Marker, Independently Predicts Disease Progression in Advanced HIV-1 Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 40:6, 853-858
CrossRef55
Sanders, Gillian D., Bayoumi, Ahmed M., Sundaram, Vandana, Bilir, S. Pinar, Neukermans, Christopher P., Rydzak, Chara E., Douglass, Lena R., Lazzeroni, Laura C., Holodniy, Mark, Owens, Douglas K., . (2005) Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for HIV in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 352:6, 570-585
Full Text56
Klaus E. M
nkem
CrossRef57
William R. Rodriguez, Nicolaos Christodoulides, Pierre N. Floriano, Susan Graham, Sanghamitra Mohanty, Meredith Dixon, Mina Hsiang, Trevor Peter, Shabnam Zavahir, Ibou Thior, Dwight Romanovicz, Bruce Bernard, Adrian P. Goodey, Bruce D. Walker, John T. McDevitt. (2005) A Microchip CD4 Counting Method for HIV Monitoring in Resource-Poor Settings. PLoS Medicine 2:7, e182
CrossRef58
D. M. Mwamburi, I. B. Wilson, D. L. Jacobson, D. Spiegelman, S. L. Gorbach, T. A. Knox, C. A. Wanke. (2005) Understanding the Role of HIV Load in Determining Weight Change in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 40:1, 167-173
CrossRef59
Jean-Daniel Lelièvre, Frédéric Petit, Luc Perrin, Fabrizio Mammano, Damien Arnoult, Jean-Claude Ameisen, Jacques Corbeil, Alain Gervaix, Jérome Estaquier. (2004) The Density of Coreceptors at the Surface of CD4 + T Cells Contributes to the Extent of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viral Replication-Mediated T Cell Death. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 20:11, 1230-1243
CrossRef60
P. Hu, D. B. Reuben, E. M. Crimmins, T. B. Harris, M.-H. Huang, T. E. Seeman. (2004) The Effects of Serum Beta-Carotene Concentration and Burden of Inflammation on All-Cause Mortality Risk in High-Functioning Older Persons: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 59:8, M849-M854
CrossRef61
Wayne TA Enanoria, Cherie Ng, Sona R Saha, John M Colford Jr. (2004) Treatment outcomes after highly active antiretroviral therapy: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 4:7, 414-425
CrossRef62
James B. Peter, J. Sanders Sevall. (2004) Molecular-Based Methods for Quantifying HIV Viral Load. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 18:2, 75-79
CrossRef63
B. Castelnuovo, E. Chiesa, S. Rusconi, F. Adorni, M. Bongiovanni, S. Melzi, P. Cicconi, F. Tordato, L. Meroni, T. Bini, A. d’Arminio Monforte. (2003) Declining Incidence of AIDS and Increasing Prevalence of AIDS Presenters Among AIDS Patients in Italy. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 22:11, 663-669
CrossRef64
B Hejdeman, A-C Leandersson, E-L Fredriksson, E Sandstrom, B Wahren, G Bratt. (2003) Better preserved immune responses after immunization with rgp 160 in HIV-1 infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy than in untreated patients with similar CD4 levels during at 2 years' follow-up. HIV Medicine 4:2, 101-110
CrossRef65
Nancy L. McCain, Barbara A. Munjas, Cindy L. Munro, R. K. Elswick, Jo L. Wheeler Robins, Andrea Ferreira-Gonzalez, Beverly Baliko, Lisa G. Kaplowitz, Evelyn J. Fisher, Carleton T. Garrett, Kevin E. Brigle, Linda C. Kendall, Valentina Lucas, Katherine L. Cochran. (2003) Effects of stress management on PNI-based outcomes in persons with HIV disease. Research in Nursing & Health 26:2, 102-117
CrossRef66
Ching‐Lung Lai, Jules Dienstag, Eugene Schiff, Nancy W. Y. Leung, Mark Atkins, Christine Hunt, Nathaniel Brown, Mary Woessner, Richard Boehme, Lynn Condreay. (2003) Prevalence and Clinical Correlates of YMDD Variants during Lamivudine Therapy for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B. Clinical Infectious Diseases 36:6, 687-696
CrossRef67
P. BRAZILLE, N. DEREUDDRE-BOSQUET, C. LEPORT, P. CLAYETTE, O. BOYER, J.-L. VILDE, D. DORMONT, O. BENVENISTE. (2003) Decreases in plasma TNF-alpha level and IFN-gamma mRNA level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and an increase in IL-2 mRNA level in PBMC are associated with effective highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 131:2, 304-311
CrossRef68
Risto S Cvetkovic, Karen L Goa. (2003) Lopinavir/Ritonavir. Drugs 63:8, 769-802
CrossRef69
AC Ghani, CA Donnelly, RM Anderson. (2003) Patterns of antiretroviral use in the United States of America: analysis of three observational databases. HIV Medicine 4:1, 24-32
CrossRef70
Neil Berry, Shabbar Jaffar, Maarten Schim van der Loeff, Koya Ariyoshi, Elizabeth Harding, Pa Tamba N'Gom, Francisco Dias, Andrew Wilkins, Dominic Ricard, Peter Aaby, Richard Tedder, Hilton Whittle. (2002) Low Level Viremia and High CD4% Predict Normal Survival in a Cohort of HIV Type-2-Infected Villagers. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 18:16, 1167-1173
CrossRef71
Melissa Deanne Neuwelt, Melissa Deanne Neuwelt. 2002. Efavirenz versus nevirapine as a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor in initial combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. .
CrossRef72
Monica Gandhi, Peter Bacchetti, Paolo Miotti, Thomas C. Quinn, Fulvia Veronese, Ruth M. Greenblatt. (2002) Does Patient Sex Affect Human Immunodeficiency Virus Levels?. Clinical Infectious Diseases 35:3, 313-322
CrossRef73
Rolf P. G. van Heeswijk. (2002) Critical Issues in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Drugs. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 24:3, 323-331
CrossRef74
Susan Swindells, Scott Evans, Robert Zackin, Mitchell Goldman, Richard Haubrich, Scott G. Filler, Henry H. Balfour. (2002) Predictive Value of HIV-1 Viral Load on Risk for Opportunistic Infection. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 30:2, 154-158
CrossRef75
Tarek Elbeik, Richard A Loftus, Scott Beringer. (2002) Health care industries’ perspective of viral load assays: the VERSANT HIV-1 RNA 3.0 assay. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 2:3, 275-285
CrossRef76
Robert S. Hogg, Katherine Heath, David Bangsberg, Benita Yip, Natasha Press, Michael V. O'Shaughnessy, Julio S. G. Montaner. (2002) Intermittent use of triple-combination therapy is predictive of mortality at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up. AIDS 16:7, 1051-1058
CrossRef77
(2002) Efficacy of three short-course regimens of zidovudine and lamivudine in preventing early and late transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child in Tanzania, South Africa, and Uganda (Petra study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet 359:9313, 1178-1186
CrossRef78
Mary Kathryn Cowles. (2002) Bayesian estimation of the proportion of treatment effect captured by a surrogate marker. Statistics in Medicine 21:6, 811-834
CrossRef79
Umberto Tirelli, Daniele Bernardi, Michele Spina, Emanuela Vaccher. (2002) AIDS-related tumors: integrating antiviral and anticancer therapy. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 41:3, 299-315
CrossRef80
Hulin Wu, A. Adam Ding. (2002) Design of Viral Dynamic Studies for Efficiently Assessing Potency of Anti-HIV Therapies in AIDS Clinical Trials. Biometrical Journal 44:2, 175-196
CrossRef81
Gail V. Matthews, Caroline. A. Sabin, Sundhiya Mandalia, Fiona Lampe, Andrew N. Phillips, Mark R. Nelson, Mark Bower, Margaret A. Johnson, Brian G. Gazzard. (2002) Virological suppression at 6 months is related to choice of initial regimen in antiretroviral-naive patients: a cohort study. AIDS 16:1, 53-61
CrossRef82
Milton L. Wainberg, Marshall Forstein, Alan Berkman, Francine Cournos. (2001) Essential medical facts for mental health practitioners. New Directions for Mental Health Services 2000:87, 3-15
CrossRef83
Azra C. Ghani, Frank de Wolf, Neil M. Ferguson, Christl A. Donnelly, Roel Coutinho, Frank Miedema, Jaap Goudsmit, Roy M. Anderson. (2001) Surrogate Markers for Disease Progression in Treated HIV Infection. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 28:3, 226-231
CrossRef84
Timothy R. Sterling, Richard E. Chaisson, Richard D. Moore. (2001) HIV-1 RNA, CD4 T-lymphocytes, and clinical response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 15:17, 2251-2257
CrossRef85
MA Polis, IA Sidorov, C Yoder, S Jankelevich, J Metcalf, BU Mueller, MA Dimitrov, P Pizzo, R Yarchoan, DS Dimitrov. (2001) Correlation between reduction in plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration 1 week after start of antiretroviral treatment and longer-term efficacy. The Lancet 358:9295, 1760-1765
CrossRef86
Richard H. Haubrich, Judith S. Currier, Donald N. Forthal, Gildon Beall, Carol A. Kemper, Debra Johnson, Michael P. Dubé, Jimmy Hwang, John M. Leedom, Jeremiah Tilles, J. Allen McCutchan, . (2001) A Randomized Study of the Utility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA Measurement for the Management of Antiretroviral Therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 33:7, 1060-1068
CrossRef87
Eva Lonn. (2001) The use of surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: focus on clinical trials in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 10:6, 497-508
CrossRef88
Sarah L Pett, Sean Emery. (2001) Immunomodulators as adjunctive therapy for HIV-1 infection. Journal of Clinical Virology 22:3, 289-295
CrossRef89
Gregory M. Lucas, Richard E. Chaisson, Richard D. Moore. (2001) Comparison of initial combination antiretroviral therapy with a single protease inhibitor, ritonavir and saquinavir, or efavirenz. AIDS 15:13, 1679-1686
CrossRef90
Charlotte Casper, Éva Mária Fenyő. (2001) Mother-to-child transmission of transmission of HIV-1: The role of HIV-1 variability and the placental barrier. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica 48:3, 545-573
CrossRef91
J. G. Kahn, B. Haile, J. Kates, S. Chang. (2001) Health and Federal Budgetary Effects of Increasing Access to Antiretroviral Medications for HIV by Expanding Medicaid. American Journal of Public Health 91:9, 1464-1473
CrossRef92
Elizabeth R. Brown, Samantha MaWhinney, Richard H. Jones, Karen Kafadar, Benjamin Young. (2001) Improving the fit of bivariate smoothing splines when estimating longitudinal immunological and virological markers in HIV patients with individual antiretroviral treatment strategies. Statistics in Medicine 20:16, 2489-2504
CrossRef93
Christina M. Kitchen, Scott G. Kitchen, Jeffrey A. Dubin, Michael S. Gottlieb. (2001) Initial Virological and Immunologic Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Predicts Long‐Term Clinical Outcome. Clinical Infectious Diseases 33:4, 466-472
CrossRef94
Jean Marie Arduino, Margaret A. Fischl, Kenneth Stanley, Ann C. Collier, Donna Spiegelman. (2001) Do HIV Type 1 RNA Levels Provide Additional Prognostic Value to CD4 + T Lymphocyte Counts in Patients with Advanced HIV Type 1 Infection?. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 17:12, 1099-1105
CrossRef95
C Scully, P Diz Dios. (2001) Orofacial effects of antiretroviral therapies. Oral Diseases 7:4, 205-210
CrossRef96
Gregory M. Lucas, Laura W. Cheever, Richard E. Chaisson, Richard D. Moore. (2001) Detrimental Effects of Continued Illicit Drug Use on the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:3, 251-259
CrossRef97
Gregory M. Lucas, Laura W. Cheever, Richard E. Chaisson, Richard D. Moore. (2001) Detrimental Effects of Continued Illicit Drug Use on the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:3, 251-259
CrossRef98
John A. Bartlett, Ralph DeMasi, Joseph Quinn, Cary Moxham, Franck Rousseau. (2001) Overview of the effectiveness of triple combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 infected adults. AIDS 15:11, 1369-1377
CrossRef99
U Tirelli. (2001) Impact of HAART on the clinical management of AIDS-related cancers. European Journal of Cancer 37:10, 1320-1324
CrossRef100
Søren Jensen-Fangel, Henrik F. Thomsen, Lone Larsen, Finn T. Black, Niels Obel. (2001) The Effect of Nevirapine in Combination With Nelfinavir in Heavily Pretreated HIV-1–Infected Patients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:2, 124-129
CrossRef101
Catherine Marimoutou, Geneviève Chêne, Patrick Mercié, Didier Neau, Sophie Farbos, Philippe Morlat, Joel Ceccaldi, François Dabis. (2001) Prognostic Factors of Combined Viral Load and CD4+ Cell Count Responses Under Triple Antiretroviral Therapy, Aquitaine Cohort, 1996–1998. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:2, 161-167
CrossRef102
Søren Jensen-Fangel, Henrik F. Thomsen, Lone Larsen, Finn T. Black, Niels Obel. (2001) The Effect of Nevirapine in Combination With Nelfinavir in Heavily Pretreated HIV-1–Infected Patients. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:2, 124-129
CrossRef103
Azra C. Ghani, William E. Henley, Christl A. Donnelly, Steven Mayer, Roy M. Anderson. (2001) Comparison of the effectiveness of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-containing and protease inhibitor-containing regimens using observational databases. AIDS 15:9, 1133-1142
CrossRef104
Catherine Marimoutou, Geneviève Chêne, Patrick Mercié, Didier Neau, Sophie Farbos, Philippe Morlat, Joel Ceccaldi, François Dabis. (2001) Prognostic Factors of Combined Viral Load and CD4+ Cell Count Responses Under Triple Antiretroviral Therapy, Aquitaine Cohort, 1996–1998. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 27:2, 161-167
CrossRef105
Julie Johanson, Klara Abravaya, William Caminiti, Dwight Erickson, Richard Flanders, Gregor Leckie, Eve Marshall, Carolyn Mullen, Yoshihiro Ohhashi, Robert Perry, Julie Ricci, John Salituro, Andrea Smith, Ning Tang, Marilyn Vi, John Robinson. (2001) A new ultrasensitive assay for quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma. Journal of Virological Methods 95:1-2, 81-92
CrossRef106
Takashi Owada, Tadahiro Motomura, Yuko Miyashita-Ogawa, Miho Kawada-Homma, Makoto Onishi, Patrick Matondo, Hiroshi Terunuma, Yoshio Numazaki, Shuzo Yamashita, Naoki Yamamoto. (2001) Antibody masking renders HIV-1 resistant to cationic membrane filtration through alteration of its electrostatic characteristics. Journal of Virological Methods 94:1-2, 15-24
CrossRef107
Marina Núñez, Rafael Rodríguez-Rosado, Vincent Soriano. (2001) Intensification of Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 17:6, 499-506
CrossRef108
Isabelle Ernest, Isabelle Alexandre, Nathalie Zammatteo, Michael Herman, Andrée Houbion, Frédéric De Leener, Katrien Fransen, Guido van der Groen, José Remacle. (2001) Quantitative assay for group M (subtype A–H) and group O HIV-1 RNA detection in plasma. Journal of Virological Methods 93:1-2, 1-14
CrossRef109
B. Hejdeman, R. Lenkei, A.-C. Leandersson, A.L. Hultström, B. Wahren, E. Sandström, G. Bratt. (2001) Clinical and Immunological Benefits from Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Spite of Limited Viral Load Reduction in HIV Type 1 Infection. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 17:4, 277-286
CrossRef110
Cleo G Anastassopoulou, Giota Touloumi, Antigoni Katsoulidou, Helen Hatzitheodorou, Maroudia Pappa, Dimitrios Paraskevis, Marios Lazanas, Panagiotis Gargalianos, Angelos Hatzakis. (2001) Comparative evaluation of the QUANTIPLEX HIV-1 RNA 2.0 and 3.0 (bDNA) assays and the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR v1.5 test for the quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma. Journal of Virological Methods 91:1, 67-74
CrossRef111
Paul J. Bock, David M. Markovitz. (2001) Infection with HIV-2. AIDS 15, S35-S45
CrossRef112
John R Brechtl, William Breitbart, Michelle Galietta, Suzanne Krivo, Barry Rosenfeld. (2001) The Use of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in Patients With Advanced HIV Infection. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 21:1, 41-51
CrossRef113
T. Fujii, Y. Kato, N. Takata, A. Kimura. (2001) Change in Plasma Viral Load, and Viral DNA and mRNA Burdens, in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Patients Infected with HIV-1. Journal of Infection 42:1, 20-26
CrossRef114
E. Gaddi, S. Laucella, J. Balbaryski, C. Cantisano, G. Barboni, M. Candi, V. Giraudi. (2000) Prognostic Value of Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (s-ICAM-1) in HIV-Infected Children. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 52:6, 628-633
CrossRef115
Emanuel N. Vergis, John W. Mellors. (2000) NATURAL HISTORY OF HIV-1 INFECTION. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 14:4, 809-825
CrossRef116
Albert Tuldr??, Carmina R Fumaz, Ma Jos?? Ferrer, Ramon Bay??s, Albert Arn??, Montserrat Balagu??, Anna Bonjoch, Antoni Jou, Eug??nia Negredo, Roger Paredes, Lidia Ruiz, Joan Romeu, Guillem Sirera, Cristina Tural, David Burger, Bonaventura Clotet. (2000) Prospective Randomized Two-Arm Controlled Study To Determine the Efficacy of a Specific Intervention To Improve Long-Term Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes221-228
CrossRef117
Albert Tuldrà, Carmina R Fumaz, Ma José Ferrer, Ramon Bayés, Albert Arnó, Montserrat Balagué, Anna Bonjoch, Antoni Jou, Eugènia Negredo, Roger Paredes, Lidia Ruiz, Joan Romeu, Guillem Sirera, Cristina Tural, David Burger, Bonaventura Clotet. (2000) Prospective Randomized Two-Arm Controlled Study To Determine the Efficacy of a Specific Intervention To Improve Long-Term Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 25:3, 221-228
CrossRef118
Ilona Hauber, Thomas Harrer, Peter L??w, Matthias Schmitt, Eva Schwingel, Joachim Hauber. (2000) Determination of HIV-1 circular DNA as a surrogate marker for residual virus replication in patients with undetectable virus loads. AIDS 14:16, 2619-2621
CrossRef119
Da' N. Haddad, Christopher Birch, Tracy Middleton, Dominic E. Dwyer, Anthony L. Cunningham, Nitin K. Saksena. (2000) Evidence for late stage compartmentalization of HIV-1 resistance mutations between lymph node and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. AIDS 14:15, 2273-2281
CrossRef120
Richard F. Little, Robert Yarchoan, Wyndham H. Wilson. (2000) Systemic chemotherapy for HIV-associated lymphoma in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Current Opinion in Oncology 12:5, 438-444
CrossRef121
Marina Núñez, Vincent Soriano. (2000) Salvage Therapy for HIV Infection: When and How. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 14:9, 465-476
CrossRef122
Franco Maggiolo, Marco Migliorino, Adamo Pirali, Grazia Pravettoni, Severino Caprioli, Fredy Suter. (2000) Duration of Viral Suppression in Patients on Stable Therapy for HIV-1 Infection Is Predicted by Plasma HIV RNA Level After 1 Month of Treatment. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes36-43
CrossRef123
Marchina E. van der Ende, Christophe Guillon, Patrick H. M. Boers, Thoai Duong Ly, Rob A. Gruters, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, Martin Schutten. (2000) Antiviral Resistance of Biologic HIV-2 Clones Obtained From Individuals on Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Therapy. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 25:1, 11-18
CrossRef124
Marchina E. van der Ende, Christophe Guillon, Patrick H. M. Boers, Thoai Duong Ly, Rob A. Gruters, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, Martin Schutten. (2000) Antiviral Resistance of Biologic HIV-2 Clones Obtained From Individuals on Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Therapy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes11-18
CrossRef125
Franco Maggiolo, Marco Migliorino, Adamo Pirali, Grazia Pravettoni, Severino Caprioli, Fredy Suter. (2000) Duration of Viral Suppression in Patients on Stable Therapy for HIV-1 Infection Is Predicted by Plasma HIV RNA Level After 1 Month of Treatment. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 25:1, 36-43
CrossRef126
(2000) Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Level and CD4 Count as Prognostic Markers and Surrogate End Points: A Meta-Analysis. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 16:12, 1123-1133
CrossRef127
Nancy A. Hessol, Kathryn Anastos, Alexandra M. Levine, Niloufar Ameli, Mardge Cohen, Mary Young, Michael Augenbraun, Paolo Miotti, Stephen J. Gange. (2000) Factors Associated with Incident Self-Reported AIDS among Women Enrolled in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 16:12, 1105-1111
CrossRef128
D.A. Katzenstein, H. Hughes, M. Albrecht, S. Hammer, M. Para, R. Murphy, H. Valdez, R. Haubrich, S. Liou. (2000) Virologic and CD4 + Cell Responses to New Nucleoside Regimens: Switching to Stavudine or Adding Lamivudine after Prolonged Zidovudine Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 16:11, 1031-1037
CrossRef129
Kathleen E. Squires, Roy Gulick, Pablo Tebas, Jorge Santana, Victor Mulanovich, Rebecca Clark, Bienvenido Yangco, Steven I. Marlowe, David Wright, Calvin Cohen, Timothy Cooley, Joseph Mauney, Katharina Uffelman, Nancy Schoellkopf, Robert Grosso, Michael Stevens. (2000) A comparison of stavudine plus lamivudine versus zidovudine plus lamivudine in combination with indinavir in antiretroviral naive individuals with HIV infection: selection of thymidine analog regimen therapy (START I). AIDS 14:11, 1591-1600
CrossRef130
Christie A. Holland, Jonas H. Ellenberg, Craig M. Wilson, Stephen D. Douglas, Donna C. Futterman, Lawrence A. Kingsley, Anna Barbara Moscicki. (2000) Short Communication: Relationship of CD4 + T Cell Counts and HIV Type 1 Viral Loads in Untreated, Infected Adolescents. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 16:10, 959-963
CrossRef131
Barbara Greenberg, Ruth Mccorkle, David Vlahov, Peter A. Selwyn. (2000) Palliative care for HIV disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Urban Health 77:2, 150-165
CrossRef132
Mari M. Kitahata, Stephen E. Van Rompaey, Anne W. Shields. (2000) Physician Experience in the Care of HIV-Infected Persons Is Associated With Earlier Adoption of New Antiretroviral Therapy. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 24:2, 106-114
CrossRef133
Mari M. Kitahata, Stephen E. Van Rompaey, Anne W. Shields. (2000) Physician Experience in the Care of HIV-Infected Persons Is Associated With Earlier Adoption of New Antiretroviral Therapy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 24:2, 106-114
CrossRef134
Soyeon Kim, Michael D. Hughes, Scott M. Hammer, J. Brooks Jackson, Victor DeGruttola, David A. Katzenstein. (2000) Both Serum HIV Type 1 RNA Levels and CD4 + Lymphocyte Counts Predict Clinical Outcome in HIV Type 1-Infected Subjects with 200 to 500 CD4 + Cells per Cubic Millimeter. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 16:7, 645-653
CrossRef135
Rodolphe Thi??baut, Philippe Morlat, H??l??ne Jacqmin-Gadda, Didier Neau, Patrick Merci??, Fran??ois Dabis, Genevi??ve Ch??ne. (2000) Clinical progression of HIV-1 infection according to the viral response during the first year of antiretroviral treatment. AIDS 14:8, 971-978
CrossRef136
Joanna Masel, Ramy A. Arnaout, Thomas R. O'Brien, James J. Goedert, Alun L. Lloyd. (2000) Fluctuations in HIV-1 Viral Load Are Correlated to CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Count During the Natural Course of Infection. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 23:5, 375-379
CrossRef137
Judith S. Currier. (2000) Discontinuing Prophylaxis for Opportunistic Infection: Guiding Principles. Clinical Infectious Diseases 30:s1, S66-S71
CrossRef138
Joanna Masel, Ramy A. Arnaout, Thomas R. O'Brien, James J. Goedert, Alun L. Lloyd. (2000) Fluctuations in HIV-1 Viral Load Are Correlated to CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Count During the Natural Course of Infection. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 23:5, 375-379
CrossRef139
G. Paolo Rizzardi, Rob J. De Boer, Shelley Hoover, Giuseppe Tambussi, Aude Chapuis, Nermin Halkic, Pierre-Alexandre Bart, Veronica Miller, Schlomo Staszewski, Daan W. Notermans, Luc Perrin, Cecil H. Fox, Joep M.A. Lange, Adriano Lazzarin, Giuseppe Pantaleo. (2000) Predicting the duration of antiviral treatment needed to suppress plasma HIV-1 RNA. Journal of Clinical Investigation 105:6, 777-782
CrossRef140
Oren J. Cohen, Anthony S. Fauci. (2000) Benchmarks for antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Clinical Investigation 105:6, 709-710
CrossRef141
Koya Ariyoshi, Shabbar Jaffar, Abraham S Alabi, Neil Berry, Maarten Schim van der Loeff, Sehu Sabally, Pa Tamba N'Gom, Tumani Corrah, Richard Tedder, Hilton Whittle. (2000) Plasma RNA viral load predicts the rate of CD4 T cell decline and death in HIV-2-infected patients in West Africa. AIDS 14:4, 339-344
CrossRef142
Klaus E. Monkemuller, Stephanie A. Call, Audrey J. Lazenby, C. Mel Wilcox. (2000) Declining prevalence of opportunistic gastrointestinal disease in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 95:2, 457-462
CrossRef143
C Agostoni, E Riva, S Esposito, G Ferraris, N Principi, GV Zuccotti. (2000) Fatty acid composition of plasma lipids in HIV-infected children. Comparison with seroreverters. Acta Paediatrica 89:2, 172-176
CrossRef144
Heather M. Precious, Huldrych F. Günthard, Joseph K. Wong, Richard T. D'Aquila, Victoria A. Johnson, Daniel R. Kuritzkes, Douglas D. Richman, Andrew J. Leigh Brown. (2000) Multiple sites in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase associated with virological response to combination therapy. AIDS 14:1, 31-36
CrossRef145
Jean-Baptiste Hubert, Marianne Burgard, Elisabeth Dussaix, Catherine Tamalet, Christiane Deveau, Jérôme Le Chenadec, Marie-Laure Chaix, Eric Marchadier, Jean-Louis Vildé, Jean-François Delfraissy, Laurence Meyer, Christine Rouzioux. (2000) Natural history of serum HIV-1 RNA levels in 330 patients with a known date of infection. AIDS 14:2, 123-131
CrossRef146
Maurizia Debiaggi, Francesca Zara, Angela Pistorio, Raffaele Bruno, Paolo Sacchi, Savino F.A. Patruno, Giorgio Achilli, Egidio Romero, Gaetano Filice. (2000) Quantification of HIV-1 proviral DNA in patients with undetectable plasma viremia over long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 4:4, 187-193
CrossRef147
Staszewski, Schlomo, Morales-Ramirez, Javier, Tashima, Karen T., Rachlis, Anita, Skiest, Daniel, Stanford, James, Stryker, Richard, Johnson, Philip, Labriola, Dominic F., Farina, Dianne, Manion, Douglas J., Ruiz, Nancy M., . (1999) Efavirenz plus Zidovudine and Lamivudine, Efavirenz plus Indinavir, and Indinavir plus Zidovudine and Lamivudine in the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection in Adults. New England Journal of Medicine 341:25, 1865-1873
Full Text148
Felipe García, Joan Romeu, Inmaculada Grau, María Antonia Sambeat, David Dalmau, Hernado Knobel, Juan Luis Gomez-Sirvent, Julio Arrizabalaga, Anna Cruceta, Bonaventura Clotet, Daniel Podzamczer, Tomás Pumarola, Teresa Gallart, William A. O‚Brien, José M Miró, José M Gatell. (1999) A randomized study comparing triple versus double antiretroviral therapy or no treatment in HIV-1-infected patients in very early stage disease: the Spanish Earth-1 study. AIDS 13:17, 2377-2388
CrossRef149
David I. Dorsky, Robert D. Harrington. (1999) An Indicator Cell Assay for T-Cell Tropic, Macrophage-Tropic, and Primary Isolates of HIV-1 Based on Green Fluorescent Protein. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 22:3, 213
CrossRef150
Shaker Itani, John A. Bartlett. (1999) STRATEGIES OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN ADULTS. Urologic Clinics of North America 26:4, 809-820
CrossRef151
Lars Hagberg, Magnus Gisslen, Gunnar Norkrans, Bo Svennerholm. (1999) Kinetics of HIV-1 in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum After Zidovudine Treatment. Journal of Neuro-AIDS 2:2, 29-35
CrossRef152
Fabrice Bouscarat, Maryse Levacher, Marie-Christine Dazza, Francoise Chau, Benedicte Desforges, Martine Muffat-Joly, Sophie Matheron, Pierre-Marie Girard, Martine Sinet. (1999) Prospective Study of CD8 + Lymphocyte Activation in Relation to Viral Load in HIV-Infected Patients with >=400 CD4 + Lymphocytes per Microliter. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 15:16, 1419-1425
CrossRef153
David I. Dorsky, Robert D. Harrington. (1999) An Indicator Cell Assay for T-Cell Tropic, Macrophage-Tropic, and Primary Isolates of HIV-1 Based on Green Fluorescent Protein. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 22:3, 213
CrossRef154
Cynthia A. Derdeyn, Caroline Costello, J. Michael Kilby, Greg Sfakianos, Michael S. Saag, Richard Kaslow, R. Pat Bucy. (1999) Correlation between Circulating Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1 Levels and CD4+ Cell Count in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 15:12, 1063-1071
CrossRef155
Franco Maggiolo, Patrizia Bottura, Riccardo Capra, Adamo Pirali, Paolo Zaffaroni, Fredy Suter. (1999) Changes in plasma HIV-RNA and CD4 lymphocyte counts in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 13:12, 1594
CrossRef156
Abby H. Shevitz, Tamsin A. Knox, Donna Spiegelman, Ronenn Roubenoff, Sherwood L. Gorbach, Paul R. Skolnik. (1999) Elevated resting energy expenditure among HIV-seropositive persons receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 13:11, 1351-1357
CrossRef157
Zelalem Temesgen. (1999) Overview of HIV infection. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 83:1, 1-7
CrossRef158
Christopher D. Pilcher, William C. Miller, Zoe A. Beatty, Joseph J. Eron. (1999) Detectable HIV-1 RNA at levels below quantifiable limits by Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor is associated with virologic relapse on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 13:11, 1337-1342
CrossRef159
Annette Alaeus, Elisabet Lilja, Steven Herman, Joanne Spadoro, June Wang, Jan Albert. (1999) Assay of Plasma Samples Representing Different HIV-1 Genetic Subtypes: An Evaluation of New Versions of the Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor Assay. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 15:10, 889-894
CrossRef160
Edward N. Janoff, Sybil A. Tasker, Mario Stevenson, Jeffrey B. Rubins, James O'Brien, Greg Utz, Peter Weiss, Frank W. Hall, Mark R. Wallace. (1999) Immune Activation and Virologic Response to Immunization in Recent HIV Type 1 Seroconverters. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 15:9, 837-845
CrossRef161
Michael E. Jones. (1999) HIV and the Returning Expatriate. Journal of Travel Medicine 6:2, 99-106
CrossRef162
Paige L. Williams, Judith S. Currier, Susan Swindells. (1999) Joint effects of HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4 lymphocyte cells on the risk of specific opportunistic infections. AIDS 13:9, 1035-1044
CrossRef163
MURLI PURSWANI, ROSEMARY JOHANN-LIANG, JOSEPH CERVIA, GARY J. NOEL. (1999) Effect of changing antiretroviral therapy on human immunodeficiency virus viral load: experience with fifty-four perinatally infected children. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 18:6, 512-516
CrossRef164
Laurence Briant, Jacques Reynes, Nolwenn Coudronnière, Jean-Pierre Benezech, Christian Devaux. (1999) HIV-1 Reactivation in Resting Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Infected Adults Upon in Vitro CD4 Cross-Linking by Ligands of the CDR2-Loop in Extracellular Domain 1. JAIDS: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 21:1, 9-19
CrossRef165
Duncan Churchill, Jonathan Weber. (1999) Measurement of plasma HIV viral load — Clinical applications. Journal of Infection 38:3, 147-150
CrossRef166
John Cook, Erik Dasbach, Paul Coplan, Leona Markson, Dongping Yin, Anne Meibohm, Bach-Yen Nguyen, Jeffrey Chodakewitz, John Mellors. (1999) Modeling the Long-Term Outcomes and Costs of HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Using HIV RNA Levels: Application to a Clinical Trial. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 15:6, 499-508
CrossRef167
(1999) An evaluation of HIV RNA and CD4 cell count as surrogates for clinical outcome. AIDS 13:5, 565-573
CrossRef168
Michel Leno, Lucretia Carter, David J. Venzon, Joseph Romano, Phillip D. Markham, Keith Limbach, James Tartaglia, Enzo Paoletti, John Benson, Genoveffa Franchini, Marjorie Robert-Guroff. (1999) CD8+ Lymphocyte Antiviral Activity in Monkeys Immunized with SIV Recombinant Poxvirus Vaccines: Potential Role in Vaccine Efficacy. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 15:5, 461-470
CrossRef169
Tajammal Mustafa, Francisco S. Sy, Carol A. Macera, Shirley J. Thompson, Kirby L. Jackson, Anbesaw Selassie, Laura L. Dean. (1999) Association between Exercise and HIV Disease Progression in a Cohort of Homosexual Men. Annals of Epidemiology 9:2, 127-131
CrossRef170
Hulin Wu. (1999) How Frequently Should Viral Load Be Monitored to Evaluate Antiretroviral Therapies in AIDS Clinical Trials?. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 20:1, 97-99
CrossRef171
VICKI B. PETERS, LLOYD MAYER, KIRK E. SPERBER. (1999) Correlation of Clinical Parameters and Immunological Function with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Plasma Viremia in Children. Viral Immunology 12:2, 139-148
CrossRef172
Robert S. Klein, Timothy Flanigan, Paula Schuman, Dawn Smith, David Vlahov. (1999) Criteria for assessing cutaneous anergy in women with or at risk for HIV infection. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 103:1, 93-98
CrossRef173
Eleni Papadopulos-eleopulos, Valendar F. Turner, John M. Papadimitriou, David Causer, Helman Alphonso, Todd Miller. (1999) A Critical Analysis of the Pharmacology of AZT and its Use in AIDS. Current Medical Research and Opinion 15:s1, S1-S45
CrossRef174
P Bycott. (1998) An Evaluation of a Measure of the Proportion of the Treatment Effect Explained by a Surrogate Marker. Controlled Clinical Trials 19:6, 555-568
CrossRef175
I.T Prud'homme, J.E Kim, R.G Pilon, T Minkus, N Hawley-Foss, W Cameron, E.W Rud. (1998) Amplicor HIV Monitor, NASBA HIV-1 RNA QT and Quantiplex HIV RNA version 2.0 viral load assays: a Canadian evaluation. Journal of Clinical Virology 11:3, 189-202
CrossRef176
Donna B. Jeffe, Karen L. Meredith, Linda M. Mundy, Victoria J. Fraser. (1998) Factors Associated With HIV-Infected Patients' Recognition and Use of HIV Medications. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 19:4, 350-360
CrossRef177
Geneviève Chêne, Christine Binquet, Jean-François Moreau, Didier Neau, Isabelle Pellegrin, Denis Malvy, Joël Ceccaldi, Denis Lacoste, François Dabis. (1998) Changes in CD4+ cell count and the risk of opportunistic infection or death after highly active antiretroviral treatment. AIDS 12:17, 2313-2320
CrossRef178
Thomas G Evans, William Bonnez, Harold R Soucier, Theresa Fitzgerald, David C Gibbons, Richard C Reichman. (1998) Highly active antiretroviral therapy results in a decrease in CD8+ T cell activation and preferential reconstitution of the peripheral CD4+ T cell population with memory rather than naive cells. Antiviral Research 39:3, 163-173
CrossRef179
Brigitta U. Mueller, Steven L. Zeichner, Vladimir A. Kuznetsov, Margo Heath-Chiozzi, Philip A. Pizzo, Dimiter S. Dimitrov. (1998) Individual prognoses of long-term responses to antiretroviral treatment based on virological, immunological and pharmacological parameters measured during the first week under therapy. AIDS 12:15, F191-F196
CrossRef180
Schlomo Staszewski, Ralph DeMasi, Andrew M. Hill, Debra Dawson. (1998) HIV-1 RNA, CD4 cell count and the risk of progression to AIDS and death during treatment with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. AIDS 12:15, 1991-1997
CrossRef181
Michael D. Hughes, Michael J. Daniels, Margaret A. Fischl, Soyeon Kim, Robert T. Schooley. (1998) CD4 cell count as a surrogate endpoint in HIV clinical trials. AIDS 12:14, 1823-1832
CrossRef182
Carmen Vidal, Felipe García, José María Gatell, Manuel Leal, Bonaventura Clotet, Tomás Pumarola, José María Miró, José Mallolas, Lídia Ruiz, Anna Cruceta, Cecilia Tortajada. (1998) Predictive Factors Influencing Peak Viral Load Drop in Response to Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Antiretroviral-Naive HIV-1-Infected Patients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 19:1, 55-60
CrossRef183
Hoots, Canty. (1998) Clotting factor concentrates and immune function in haemophilic patients. Haemophilia 4:5, 704-713
CrossRef184
Joris R. Delanghe, Michel R. Langlois, Johan R. Boelaert, Jos Van Acker, Filip Van Wanzeele, Guido van der Groen, Robert Hemmer, Chris Verhofstede, Marc De Buyzere, Dirk De Bacquer, Vic Arendt, Jean Plum. (1998) Haptoglobin polymorphism, iron metabolism and mortality in HIV infection. AIDS 12:9, 1027-1032
CrossRef185
Giota Touloumi, Angelos Hatzakis, Philip S. Rosenberg, Thomas R. OʼBrien, James J. Goedert. (1998) Effects of age at seroconversion and baseline HIV RNA level on the loss of CD4+ cells among persons with hemophilia. AIDS 12:13, 1691-1697
CrossRef186
SR Porter, C Scully. (1998) HIV topic update: protease inhibitor therapy and oral health care. Oral Diseases 4:3, 159-163
CrossRef187
Alessandro Cozzi Lepri, Terese L. Katzenstein, Henrik Ullum, Andrew N. Phillips, Peter Skinhøj, Jan Gerstoft, Bente K. Pedersen. (1998) The relative prognostic value of plasma HIV RNA levels and CD4 lymphocyte counts in advanced HIV infection. AIDS 12:13, 1639-1643
CrossRef188
SYLVIA M. BRUISTEN, PETER REISS, A. EDDE LOELIGER, PETER VAN SWIETEN, ROB SCHUURMAN, CHARLES A.B. BOUCHER, GERRIT-JAN WEVERLING, JOHANNES G. HUISMAN. (1998) Short Communication : Cellular Proviral HIV Type 1 DNA Load Persists after Long-Term RT-Inhibitor Therapy in HIV Type 1 Infected Persons. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 14:12, 1053-1058
CrossRef189
Paola Marchisio, Susanna Esposito, Nadia Zanchetta, Raffaella Tornaghi, Maria Rita Gismondo, Nicola Principi. (1998) EFFECT OF SUPERIMPOSED INFECTIONS ON VIRAL REPLICATION IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1-INFECTED CHILDREN. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 17:8, 755-757
CrossRef190
Caroline A. Sabin, Helen Devereux, Andrew N. Phillips, George Janossy, Clive Loveday, Christine A. Lee. (1998) Immune markers and viral load after HIV-1 seroconversion as predictors of disease progression in a cohort of haemophilic men. AIDS 12:11, 1347-1352
CrossRef191
Fabrice Bouscarat, Maryse Levacher, Roland Landman, Martine Muffat-Joly, Pierre-Marie Girard, Adrien G. Saimot, Françoise Brun-Vézinet, Martine Sinet. (1998) Changes in blood CD8+ lymphocyte activation status and plasma HIV RNA levels during antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 12:11, 1267-1273
CrossRef192
Matthew K. Wynia, John P.A. Ioannidis, Joseph Lau. (1998) Analysis of life-long strategies to prevent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with variable HIV progression rates. AIDS 12:11, 1317-1325
CrossRef193
Ravi Walli, Brigitte Reinhart, Bruno Luckow, Erich Lederer, Oliver Loch, Antje Malo, Rudolf Wank, Detlef Schlöndorff, Frank D. Goebel. (1998) HIV-1-Infected Long-Term Slow Progressors Heterozygous for Δ32-CCR5 Show Significantly Lower Plasma Viral Load Than Wild-Type Slow Progressors. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 18:3, 229-233
CrossRef194
ALESSANDRA VIGANò, DORELLA BRICALLI, DARIA TRABATTONI, ANTONINO SALVAGGIO, STEFANIA RUZZANTE, MARIA BARBI, GIUSEPPE DI SANZO, NICOLA PRINCIPI, MARIO CLERICI. (1998) Immunization with Both T Cell-Dependent and T Cell-Independent Vaccines Augments HIV Viral Load Secondarily to Stimulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor α. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 14:9, 727-734
CrossRef195
Erik De Clercq. (1998) The role of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in the therapy of HIV-1 infection1Presented at the Eleventh International Conference on Antiviral Research, San Diego, CA, 5–10 April 1998.1. Antiviral Research 38:3, 153-179
CrossRef196
UWE WINTERGERST, FLORIAN HOFFMANN, BRIGITTE SÖLDER, GUNDULA NOTHEIS, THEONI PETROPOULOU, JOSEF EBERLE, LUTZ GÜRTLER, BERND H. BELOHRADSKY. (1998) Comparison of two antiretroviral triple combinations including the protease inhibitor indinavir in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 17:6, 495-499
CrossRef197
Brian Conway, Rafick-Pierre Sékaly. (1998) Combination therapy for HIV: towards long term control of disease progression. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 7:6, 941-961
CrossRef198
Joris Delanghe, Michel Langlois, Johan Boelaert, Jos Van Acker, Filip Van Wanzeele, Guido van der Groen, Robert Hemmer, Chris Verhofstede, Marc De Buyzere, Dirk De Bacquer, Vic Arendt, Jean Plum. (1998) Aids 12:9, 1027-1032
CrossRef199
Patricia S Reichelderfer, Robert W Coombs. (1998) Cartesian coordinate analysis of viral burden and CD4+ T-cell count in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection1Presented in part at the Keystone Symposia on HIV Pathogenesis, Keystone, CO, USA, April, 1995; Fourth International HIV-1 Drug Resistance Workshop, Sardinia, Italy, July 1995; and the Consensus Conference on Antiviral Therapy, Lisbon, Portugal, July 1995.1. Antiviral Research 38:3, 181-194
CrossRef200
Michael Landor. (1998) Principles of Current Adult HIV Pharmacotherapy. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 80:5, 363-368
CrossRef201
Olivier T. Rutschmann, Milos Opravil, Anne Iten, Raffaele Malinverni, Pietro L. Vernazza, Heiner C. Bucher, Enos Bernasconi, Philippe Sudre, Dominique Leduc, Sabine Yerly, Luc H. Perrin, Bernard Hirschel. (1998) A placebo-controlled trial of didanosine plus stavudine, with and without hydroxyurea, for HIV infection. AIDS 12:8, F71-77
CrossRef202
S. TETALI, S. BAKSHI, S. THAN, S. PAHWA, E. ABRAMS, J. ROMANO, S.G. PAHWA. (1998) Plasma Virus Load Evaluation in Relation to Disease Progression in HIV-Infected Children. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 14:7, 571-577
CrossRef203
Thomas V. Perneger, Sabine Yerly, Luc Perrin. (1998) Transforming Laboratory Test Results to Improve Clinical Outcome Predictions in HIV Patients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 17:5, 442-449
CrossRef204
Palella, Frank J. Jr., Delaney, Kathleen M., Moorman, Anne C., Loveless, Mark O., Fuhrer, Jack, Satten, Glen A., Aschman, Diane J., Holmberg, Scott D., the HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. (1998) Declining Morbidity and Mortality among Patients with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. New England Journal of Medicine 338:13, 853-860
Full Text205
Julio S.G. Montaner, Ralph DeMasi, Andrew M. Hill. (1998) The effects of lamivudine treatment on HIV-1 disease progression are highly correlated with plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4 cell count. AIDS 12:5, F23-F28
CrossRef206
J. Durant, Ph. Chantre, G. Gonzalez, J. Vandermander, Ph. Halfon, B. Rousse, D. Guédon, V. Rahelinirina, S. Chamaret, L. Montagnier, P. Dellamonica. (1998) Efficacy and safety of Buxus sempervirens L. preparations (SPV30) in HIV-infected asymptomatic patients: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phytomedicine 5:1, 1-10
CrossRef207
Ming-Ching Shen, FU-Chang HU, Jen-Shiou Lin, Suan-Wan Hsie, Chien-Ching Hung, Che-Yuan Chung. (1998) Human immunodeficiency virus infection in Haemophiliacs in Taiwan: the importance of CD4 lymphocyte count in the progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Haemophilia 4:2, 115-121
CrossRef208
Dale J. Kempf, Richard A. Rode, Yi Xu, Eugene Sun, Margo E. Heath-Chiozzi, Joaquin Valdes, Anthony J. Japour, Sven Danner, Charles Boucher, Akhteruzzaman Molla, John M. Leonard. (1998) The duration of viral suppression during protease inhibitor therapy for HIV-1 infection is predicted by plasma HIV-1 RNA at the nadir. AIDS 12:5, F9-F14
CrossRef209
Siobhan O'Shea, Marie-Louise Newell, David T. Dunn, Marie-Cruz Garcia-Rodriguez, Isabel Bates, Jane Mullen, Timothy Rostron, Karen Corbett, Swati Aiyer, Karina Butler, Robert Smith, Jangu E. Banatvala. (1998) Maternal viral load, CD4 cell count and vertical transmission of HIV-1. Journal of Medical Virology 54:2, 113-117
CrossRef210
Anton Pozniak. (1998) Surrogacy in HIV-1 clinical trials. The Lancet 351:9102, 536-537
CrossRef211
D William Cameron, Margo Heath-Chiozzi, Sven Danner, Calvin Cohen, Stephen Kravcik, Clement Maurath, Eugene Sun, David Henry, Richard Rode, Amy Potthoff, John Leonard. (1998) Randomised placebo-controlled trial of ritonavir in advanced HIV-1 disease. The Lancet 351:9102, 543-549
CrossRef212
DONALD L. SODORA, FRED LEE, PETER J. DAILEY, PRESTON A. MARX. (1998) A Genetic and Viral Load Analysis of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus during the Acute Phase in Macaques Inoculated by the Vaginal Route. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 14:2, 171-181
CrossRef213
Richard E. Chaisson, Joel E. Gallant, Jeanne C. Keruly, Richard D. Moore. (1998) Impact of opportunistic disease on survival in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 12:1, 29-33
CrossRef214
Jose Luis Bedini, Felipe García, José M. Miró, Esther Aznar, Jaume Serrano, Luisa Lozano, Josep Mallolas, Xavier Filella, Josep Vidal, Xavier Latorre, José M. Gatell, Antonio M. Ballesta, Eladio Soriano. (1998) Serum levels of β 2 -microglobulin, neopterin, TNF-α and soluble receptors of TNF-α and interleukin-2 in intravenous drug abusers according to HIV-1 status and stage of the HIV-1 infection. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 4:1, 4-10
CrossRef215
(1998) Übersicht. LaboratoriumsMedizin 22:1, 6-13
CrossRef216
M.D de Jong, C.A.B Boucher, S.A Danner, B Gazzard, P.D Griffiths, C Katlama, J.M.A Lange, D.D Richman, S Vella. (1998) Summary of the international consensus symposium on management of HIV, CMV and hepatitis virus infections. Antiviral Research 37:1, 1-16
CrossRef217
Stephen Ferrando, Kathy Goggin, Margaret Sewell, Susan Evans, Baruch Fishman, Judith Rabkin. (1998) Substance Use Disorders in Gay/Bisexual Men With HIV and AIDS. The American Journal on Addictions 7:1, 51-60
CrossRef218
Catherine Delamare, Marianne Burgard, Christiane Deveau, Marie-Laure Chaix, Serge Ivanoff, David Ramirez, Anne Tachet, Marc Bary, Christine Rouzioux, . (1998) Longitudinal study of plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations during the asymptomatic stage of HIV infection measured using AMPLICOR HIV monitor and NASBA HIV-1 RNA QT tests. Journal of Medical Virology 54:1, 60-68
CrossRef219
Silvestri, Munoz-Calleja, Bagnarelli, Piedimonte, Clementi, Montroni. (1998) Early increase of CD4+ CD45RA+ and CD4+ CD95- cells with conserved repertoire induced by anti-retroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 111:1, 3-11
CrossRef220
Gail Skowron, Bernard F. Cole, DeLian Zheng, Grace Accetta, Belinda Yen-Lieberman. (1997) gp1207-directed antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity as a major determinant of the rate of decline in CD4 percentage in HIV-1 disease. AIDS 11:15, 1807-1814
CrossRef221
H BURGER, B WEISER. (1997) BIOLOGY OF HIV-1 IN WOMEN AND MEN. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 24:4, 731-742
CrossRef222
Justin C. McArthur, Daniel R. McClernon, Michael F. Cronin, Tish E. Nance-Sproson, Alfred J. Saah, Marty St Clair, E. Randall Lanier. (1997) Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus?associated dementia and viral load in cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Annals of Neurology 42:5, 689-698
CrossRef223
M.K Hellerstein, J.M McCune. (1997) T Cell Turnover in HIV-1 Disease. Immunity 7:5, 583-589
CrossRef224
Ronald J. Ellis, Karen Hsia, Stephen A. Spector, Julie A. Nelson, Robert K. Heaton, Mark R. Wallace, Ian Abramson, J. Hampton Atkinson, Igor Grant, J. Allen McCutchan, . (1997) Cerebrospinal fluid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels are elevated in neurocognitively impaired individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Annals of Neurology 42:5, 679-688
CrossRef225
Court Pedersen, Therese Katzenstein, Claus Nielsen, Jens D. Lundgren, Jan Gerstoft. (1997) Prognostic Value of Serum HIV-RNA Levels at Virologic Steady State After Seroconversion: Relation to CD4 Cell Count and Clinical Course of Primary Infection. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 16:2, 93-99
CrossRef226
Gulick, Roy M., Mellors, John W., Havlir, Diane, Eron, Joseph J., Gonzalez, Charles, McMahon, Deborah, Richman, Douglas D., Valentine, Fred T., Jonas, Leslie, Meibohm, Anne, Emini, Emilio A., Chodakewitz, Jeffrey A., Deutsch, Paul, Holder, Daniel, Schleif, William A., Condra, Jon H., . (1997) Treatment with Indinavir, Zidovudine, and Lamivudine in Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Prior Antiretroviral Therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 337:11, 734-739
Full Text227
Pietro L. Vernazza, Bruce L. Gilliam, Markus Flepp, John R. Dyer, Andreas C. Frank, Susan A. Fiscus, Myron S. Cohen, Joseph J. Eron. (1997) Effect of antiviral treatment on the shedding of HIV-1 in semen. AIDS 11:10, 1249-1254
CrossRef228
David H. Shepp, Carlos Ramirez-Ronda, Lawrence Dall, Richard B. Pollard, Robert L. Murphy, Harold Kessler, Renslow Sherer#, Gregory Mertz, George Perez, David J. Gocke, Stephen B. Greenberg, Eskild Petersen, Ian Frank, Mark D. Moore##, Ray McKinnis##, James F. Rooney##. (1997) A Comparative Trial of Zidovudine Administered Every Four Versus Every Twelve Hours for the Treatment of Advanced HIV Disease. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 15:4, 283-288
CrossRef229
Stephen Morris-Jones, Graeme Moyle, Philippa J Easterbrook. (1997) Antiretroviral therapies in HIV-1 infection. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 6:8, 1049-1061
CrossRef230
Cathie Spino, James O. Kahn, Raphael Dolin, John P. Phair. (1997) Predictors of Survival in HIV-Infected Persons With 50 or Fewer CD4 Cells/mm3. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 15:5, 346-355
CrossRef231
Shin-ichiro Fujii, Kenshi Obaru, Shuzo Matsushita, Tatsuma Morikita, Hirofumi Higuchi, Koji Fujimoto, Kiyoshi Takatsuki. (1997) Characterization of Proviral DNA From an Individual With Long-Term, Nonprogressive Infection With HIV-1 and Nonrecoverable Virus. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 15:4, 247-256
CrossRef232
GJ Moyle. (1997) Viral resistance patterns selected by antiretroviral drugs and their potential to guide treatment choice. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 6:8, 943-964
CrossRef233
Smriti K. Kundu, David Katzenstein, Fred T. Valentine, Cathie Spino, Bradley Efron, Thomas C. Merigan. (1997) Effect of Therapeutic Immunization With Recombinant gp160 HIV-1 Vaccine on HIV-1 Proviral DNA and Plasma RNA. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 15:4, 269-274
CrossRef234
Menno D. de Jong, Charles A.B. Boucher, David A. Cooper, George J. Galasso, Brian Gazzard, Joep M.A. Lange, Julio S. Montaner, Douglas D. Richman, Howard C. Thomas. (1997) Summary of the II international consensus symposium on combined antiviral therapy and implications for future therapies. Antiviral Research 35:2, 65-82
CrossRef235
V. Soriano, Ma Gömez-Cano, J. Castilla, F. Laguna, J. González-Lahoz. (1997) Addition of lamivudine to the drug regimen in patients with advanced HIV disease on nucleoside therapy. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 16:6, 477-479
CrossRef236
Erik De Clercq. (1997) Development of resistance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to anti-HIV agents: how to prevent the problem?. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 9:1, 21-36
CrossRef237
Petra Schwille, Jan Bieschke, Frank Oehlenschläger. (1997) Kinetic investigations by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: The analytical and diagnostic potential of diffusion studies. Biophysical Chemistry 66:2-3, 211-228
CrossRef238
Annette Alaeus, Knut Lidman, Anders Sönnerborg, Jan Albert. (1997) Subtype-specific problems with quantification of plasma HIV-1 RNA. AIDS 11:7, 859-865
CrossRef239
Catherine Tamalet, Alain Lafeuillade, Jacques Fantini, Cécile Poggi, Nouara Yahi. (1997) Quantification of HIV-1 viral load in lymphoid and blood cells. AIDS 11:7, 895-901
CrossRef240
Judith G Rabkin, Stephen J Ferrando, Lawrence B Jacobsberg, Baruch Fishman. (1997) Prevalence of axis I disorders in an AIDS cohort: A cross-sectional, controlled study. Comprehensive Psychiatry 38:3, 146-154
CrossRef241
BG Gazzard, GJ Moyle, J Weber, M Johnson, JS Bingham, R Brettle, D Churchill, M Fisher, G Griffin, D Jefferies, E King, R Gormer, C Lee, A Pozniak, JR Smith, G Tudor-Williams, I Williams. (1997) British HIV Association guidelines for antiretroviral treatment of HIV seropositive individuals. The Lancet 349:9058, 1086-1092
CrossRef242
Schlomo Staszewski, Andrew M. Hill, John Bartlett, Joseph J. Eron, Christine Katlama, Judy Johnson, William Sawyer, Hugh McDade. (1997) Reductions in HIV-1 disease progression for zidovudine/lamivudine relative to control treatments. AIDS 11:4, 477-483
CrossRef243
(1997) Increased Plasma HIV Type 1 RNA Levels Are Associated with Low Levels of Non-MHC Class I-Restricted Cytotoxicity. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 13:3, 217-218
CrossRef244
Andrew N. Phillips, Joseph Eron, John Bartlett, Daniel R. Kuritzkes, Victoria A. Johnson, Carol Gilbert, Judy Johnson, Amy Keller, Andrew M. Hill. (1997) Correspondence between the effect of zidovudine plus lamivudine on plasma HIV level/CD4 lymphocyte count and the incidence of clinical disease in infected individuals. AIDS 11:2, 169-175
CrossRef245
CLAUDIA BALOTTA, M. CHIARA COLOMBO, GIUSEPPE COLUCCI, ALESSANDRA VIGANÒ, CHIARA RIVA, LAURA PAPAGNO, MICHELA VIOLIN, LINA CRUPI, DORELLA BRICALLI, ANTONINO SALVAGGIO, MAURO MORONI, NICOLA PRINCIPI, MASSIMO GALLI. (1997) Plasma viremia and virus phenotype are correlates of disease progression in vertically human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 16:2, 205-211
CrossRef246
L. Briant, C. Devaux. (1997) Baseline HIV type 1 load predicts the long-term clinical outcome of infected patients The ‘positive feedback theory’. Immunology Letters 55:2, 123-125
CrossRef247
Felipe García, Carmen Vidal, José M. Gatell, José M. Miró, Alex Soriano, Tomás Pumarola. (1997) Viral load in asymptomatic patients with CD4+ lymphocyte counts above 500 × 106/l. AIDS 11:1, 53-57
CrossRef248
Diane V. Havlir, Douglas D. Richman. (1997) The role of viral dynamics in the pathogenesis of HIV disease and implications for antiviral therapy. Springer Seminars in Immunopathology 18:3, 267-283
CrossRef249
Oren J. Cohen, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Gordon K. Lam, Anthony S. Fauci. (1997) Studies on lymphoid tissue from HIV-infected individuals: implications for the design of therapeutic strategies. Springer Seminars in Immunopathology 18:3, 305-322
CrossRef250
Christian Jassoy, Bruce D. Walker. (1997) HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the control of HIV-1 replication. Springer Seminars in Immunopathology 18:3, 341-354
CrossRef251
KENNETH MCINTOSH, ABBY SHEVITZ, DANIELA ZAKNUN, JANET KORNEGAY, PAMELA CHATIS, NANCY KARTHAS, SANDRA K. BURCHETT. (1996) Age- and Time-related Changes in Extracellular Viral Load in Children Vertically Infected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 15:12, 1087-1091
CrossRef252
Joliette Coste, Brigitte Montes, Jacques Reynes, Martine Peeters, Christiane Segarra, Jean-Pierre Vendrell, Eric Delaporte, Michel Segondy. (1996) Comparative evaluation of three assays for the quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma. Journal of Medical Virology 50:4, 293-302
CrossRef253
Xiaoqi Chen, Lin Li, Dale J. Kempf, Hing Sham, Norman E. Wideburg, Ayda Saldivar, Sudthida Vasavanonda, Kennan C. Marsh, Edith McDonald, Daniel W. Norbeck. (1996) Evaluation of furofuran as a P2 ligand for symmetry-based HIV protease inhibitors. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 6:23, 2847-2852
CrossRef254
A. Lafeuillade, P. Pellegrino, Cécile Poggi, Nérina Profizi. (1996) Quantitative molecular monitoring of HIV-1 RNA during antiretroviral therapy. Infection 24:6, 412-418
CrossRef255
NATASHA MARTIN, RICHARD KOUP, RICHARD KASLOW, JOHN COFFIN, ARTHUR AMMANN. (1996) Workshop Summary : Workshop on Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Long-Term Surviving Children: A Collaborative Study of Factors Contributing to Slow Disease Progression. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 12:16, 1565-1570
CrossRef256
Corey, Lawrence, , Holmes, King K., . (1996) Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection — What Have We Learned?. New England Journal of Medicine 335:15, 1142-1144
Full Text257
Katzenstein, David A., Hammer, Scott M., Hughes, Michael D., Gundacker, Holly, Jackson, J. Brooks, Fiscus, Susan, Rasheed, Suraiya, Elbeik, Tarek, Reichman, Richard, Japour, Anthony, Merigan, Thomas C., Hirsch, Martin S., . (1996) The Relation of Virologic and Immunologic Markers to Clinical Outcomes after Nucleoside Therapy in HIV-Infected Adults with 200 to 500 CD4 Cells per Cubic Millimeter. New England Journal of Medicine 335:15, 1091-1098
Full Text258
James J Lipsky. (1996) Antiretroviral drugs for AIDS. The Lancet 348:9030, 800-803
CrossRef259
Charlene E. Bush, Richard M. Donovan, Norman P. Markowitz, Paul Kvale, Louis D. Saravolatz. (1996) Rapid Communication: A Study of HIV RNA Viral Load in AIDS Patients with Bacterial Pneumonia. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 13:1, 23-26
CrossRef260
David H. Shepp, Amar Ashraf, Ian T.-L. Tang, Mark E. Match, Colleen Millan, Robert Pergolizzi. (1996) Reverse transcriptase genotype and antiretroviral susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus isolates from patients with advanced disease treated with didanosine: Correlation with virologic response and survival. Journal of Medical Virology 49:4, 303-310
CrossRef261
R Gopalakrishnan. (1996) Antiretroviral Therapy in the 1990's: Recent Advances. Antimicrobics and Infectious Diseases Newsletter 15:7, 43-46
CrossRef262
Mark B Feinberg. (1996) Changing the natural history of HIV disease. The Lancet 348:9022, 239-246
CrossRef263
(1996) Viral Load and Response to Treatment of HIV. New England Journal of Medicine 334:25, 1671-1673
Full Text264
M.S. Saag, M. Holodniy, D.R. Kuritzkes, W.A. O'Brien, R. Coombs, M.E. Poscher, D.M. Jacobsen, G.M. Shaw, D.D. Richman, P.A. Volberding. (1996) HIV viral load markers in clinical practice. Nature Medicine 2:6, 625-629
CrossRef265
Collier, Ann C., Coombs, Robert W., Schoenfeld, David A., Bassett, Roland L., Timpone, Joseph, Baruch, Alice, Jones, Michelle, Facey, Karen, Whitacre, Caroline, McAuliffe, Vincent J., Friedman, Harvey M., Merigan, Thomas C., Reichman, Richard C., Hooper, Carol, Corey, Lawrence, . (1996) Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection with Saquinavir, Zidovudine, and Zalcitabine. New England Journal of Medicine 334:16, 1011-1018
Full Text
- Letters
