Original Article
Sudden Cardiac Death Triggered by an Earthquake
N Engl J Med 1996; 334:413-419February 15, 1996
- Abstract
Background
The earthquake that struck the Los Angeles area at 4:31 a.m. on January 17, 1994, was one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in a major city in North America. Once the life-threatening situation was over, the Northridge earthquake, so called because its epicenter was near Northridge, California, just north of Los Angeles, provided investigators an unusual opportunity to examine the relation between emotional stress and sudden cardiac death.
Methods
We reviewed the records of the Department of Coroner of Los Angeles County for the week before the earthquake, the day of the earthquake, the six days after the earthquake, and corresponding control periods in 1991, 1992, and 1993.
Results
On the day of the earthquake, there was a sharp increase in the number of sudden deaths from cardiac causes that were related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, from a daily average (±SD) of 4.6±2.1 in the preceding week to 24 on the day of the earthquake (z = 4.41, P<0.001). Sixteen victims of sudden death either died or had premonitory symptoms, usually chest pain, within the first hour after the initial tremor. Only three sudden deaths occurred during or immediately after unusual physical exertion. During the six days after the earthquake, the number of sudden deaths declined to below the base-line value, to an average of 2.7±1.2 per day.
Conclusions
The Northridge earthquake was a significant trigger of sudden death due to cardiac causes, independently of physical exertion. This finding, along with the unusually low incidence of such deaths in the week after the earthquake, suggests that emotional stress may precipitate cardiac events in people who are predisposed to such events.
Media in This Article
Figure 3
Daily numbers of Sudden Deaths Related to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease from January 10 through23, 1994.Figure 2
Daily numbers of Deaths Found to Be Related to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease from January 10 through 23, 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994.Article Activity
- Article
On January 17, 1994, at 4:31 a.m., Los Angeles County was jolted by an earthquake centered near Northridge, California — one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in a major city in North America.1,2 In this unusual situation, millions of people were awakened simultaneously at 4:31 a.m. by a life-threatening situation; the earthquake created a “natural experiment,” providing a rare opportunity to investigate features of the relation between emotional stress and sudden death due to cardiac causes.
Sudden death from cardiac causes is the leading cause of death due to cardiovascular disease in this country, resulting in more than 300,000 deaths per year.3 Because many such deaths are unwitnessed, however, many features of the mechanism and onset of sudden death remain unclear. Muller, Tofler, Willich, and their associates4-6 have suggested that certain “triggers” are responsible for the onset of sudden death. These investigators found a significantly higher incidence of myocardial infarction, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and sudden death due to cardiac causes in the morning hours than at other times of day,6-10 and they have suggested that these events may be triggered by increases in adrenergic activity, heart rate, systemic arterial pressure, and blood coagulability that occur in the morning.6-8,11
A few observational studies12-18 have investigated mortality from cardiac causes after stressful events, with conflicting results. None of these studies, however, specifically investigated the relation between environmental stress and sudden death. The purpose of our study was to investigate the relation between widespread emotional stress experienced simultaneously in a defined population and the occurrence of sudden death from cardiac causes. To address this issue, we reviewed the records of the Department of Coroner of Los Angeles County, which compiles data on the circumstances, onset, and causes of death.
Methods
Acquisition of Data
The Department of Coroner of Los Angeles County investigates cases of sudden, unexpected death, the deaths of persons who did not visit a physician in the 20-day period before they died, deaths not from natural causes, and cases in which the family doctor refuses to sign a death certificate. Most of the deaths take place outside the hospital.
We reviewed the daily mortality figures and determined the underlying causes of death, the age, and the sex of all persons whose deaths were investigated by the Los Angeles County coroner's office for the seven-day period before the earthquake (January 10 through 16, 1994), the day of the Northridge earthquake (January 17, 1994), and the six days thereafter (January 18 through 23, 1994); we obtained similar data for the corresponding period (January 10 through 23) in 1991, 1992, and 1993.
To study the details of the deaths listed as due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or sudden death due to cardiac causes, we reviewed the case records of all such deaths from January 10 through 23, 1994. The coroner's records included case reports as well as brief medical histories and information derived from witnesses regarding the circumstances, time, and mode of death. In addition, they included copies of death-investigation reports from the Los Angeles Police Department, emergency-medical-system records, emergency room records (when applicable), results of autopsies (if performed), and death certificates.
Definitions
We considered the specification of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease as the underlying cause of death to be confirmed by one or more of the following: acute myocardial infarction or sudden death from cardiac causes (excluding known cardiomyopathy and valvular or congenital heart disease) as the cause of death; a history of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, or coronary artery disease confirmed by coronary angiography or a noninvasive stress test; the results of an autopsy indicating the presence of coronary artery disease; and the exclusion of other lethal diseases in subjects who had at least one risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The final criterion (exclusion of other lethal diseases) was required for the determination of death from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease were diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and an age greater than 50 years.
Sudden death from cardiac causes was defined according to the classification of the Framingham Heart Study.8 All four of the following conditions had to be met: the subject had been apparently well and stable; the subject had died within one hour after the onset of acute symptoms; the death had been witnessed; and the death could not be attributed to some potentially lethal disease other than atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or cardiomyopathy.
Statistical Analysis
All statistical analyses were carried out at Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Chi-square tests or two-tailed Fisher's exact tests were used to compare categorical data. Continuous variables, such as age, were compared by means of t-tests.
To calculate the relative risk of death from a specific cause, we constructed two-by-two tables; 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated for relative risks.19
To assess the differences between the number of sudden deaths from cardiac causes on the day of the earthquake and the daily averages before and after the earthquake, we assumed that the numbers of sudden deaths due to cardiac causes in these three periods divided by the total number of sudden cardiac deaths in the two-week period were trinomial proportions. Two questions of interest were whether the proportion of deaths occurring on the day of the earthquake was the same as the average daily proportion for the previous week, and whether it was the same as the average for the subsequent six days. Hence, we computed two z statistics for these two tests, taking into consideration that the proportions were correlated and that the two proportions in each comparison were computed for periods of different lengths. We assumed that the sample sizes were large enough to use the normal distribution in calculating the two-tailed P values for these tests.
A similar strategy was used for other causes of death and for the comparison of deaths before and after the earthquake. All tests were two-sided. Results are presented as means ±SD.
Results
A total of 1952 deaths were investigated by the Department of Coroner of Los Angeles County during the week before the earthquake (January 10 through 16, 1994), the week beginning with the earthquake (January 17 through 23, 1994), and the same periods in 1991, 1992, and 1993.
Deaths Investigated by the Coroner on the Day of the Earthquake
Figure 1Figure 1
Daily numbers of Deaths Listed by the Department of Coroner of Los Angeles County from January 10 through 23, 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994. shows the number of deaths investigated by the coroner that occurred each day from January 10 through 23, 1994, and during the control periods. There was a sharp increase in the number of deaths, from a daily average of 35.7±5.9 during the seven days before the 1994 Northridge earthquake to 101 deaths on the day of the earthquake (relative risk of death on the day of the earthquake, as compared with previous years, 2.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.9 to 3.0).Table 1Table 1
Causes of Deaths on the Day of the Northridge Earthquake (January 17, 1994) That Were Investigated by the Department of Coroner of Los Angeles County. shows the causes of deaths assigned by the coroner's office on the day of the earthquake. Fifty percent of the deaths (n = 51) were found to be related to underlying atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Not surprisingly, trauma was the second most frequent cause of death assigned by the coroner (n = 29).Deaths Related to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
There were 109 deaths due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease during the week before the earthquake and 109 during the week of the earthquake. However, analysis of the number of deaths each day that were determined to be related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (Figure 2Figure 2
Daily numbers of Deaths Found to Be Related to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease from January 10 through 23, 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994.) revealed a sharp increase, from an average of 15.6±3.9 deaths per day during the seven days before the earthquake to 51 on the day of the earthquake (relative risk as compared with the same period in previous years, 2.6; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.8 to 3.7). The average age of those who died from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease was 70.2±13.5 years, and 33 (65 percent) were men. These age and sex characteristics were similar to those of the people who died during the week before the earthquake and during the control periods (age, 69.8±13.6 years; 62 percent male). This similarity suggests that the increase in the number of deaths on the day of the earthquake occurred among people already at risk of death from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.The average daily number of deaths determined by the coroner's office to be due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease declined from the seven days before the earthquake to the six days after it (from 15.6±3.9 to 9.7±3.4, z = 3.15, P = 0.002). This pattern — a sharp increase in the number of deaths, followed by a decrease — suggests that the earthquake precipitated death among people who were at risk of dying during the week of the earthquake. Because of this trigger, they died a few days earlier.
Sudden Death Due to Cardiac Causes
Figure 3Figure 3
Daily numbers of Sudden Deaths Related to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease from January 10 through23, 1994. shows the number of sudden deaths related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease each day from January 10 through January 23, 1994. Of the 51 deaths from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease on the day of the earthquake, 24 (47 percent) were witnessed sudden deaths. This number was unusually high as compared with the coroner's office average of 4.6±2.1 sudden deaths per day in the week before the earthquake (z = 4.41, P<0.001). Another case of sudden death on the day of the earthquake was related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Table 2Table 2
Characteristics of 25 People with Witnessed Sudden Death Due to Cardiac Causes on the Day of the Earthquake. shows the characteristics of the 25 persons who died suddenly. Twenty-four of the 25 subjects had either risk factors for or a history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The average age of the victims of sudden death who had atherosclerotic heart disease was 68.0±13.1 years. There were 18 men (75 percent; age, 64.0±11.8 years) and 6 women (25 percent; age, 80.0±8.8 years; P = 0.006 for the comparison between the sexes).The age and sex distribution of these persons who died suddenly on the day of the earthquake were similar to that of those who died during the seven days before the earthquake (age, 62.9±13.6 years; 69 percent male).
Only one case of sudden death due to cardiac causes on January 17, 1994, occurred before 4:31 a.m., the time the earthquake began (Table 2, Case 19). In two thirds of the cases related to atherosclerosis (16 of 24), symptoms developed or the victim died immediately or within the first hour after the earthquake. In two other cases, symptoms started during the second hour. Chest pain was the most frequent premonitory symptom. Of the 13 people with atherosclerotic heart disease who had premonitory symptoms before dying suddenly, 10 (77 percent) were reported to have had chest pain (Table 2). Three sudden deaths occurred during unusual physical exertion, such as running out of a shaking house or cleaning up earthquake debris, but the remaining deaths were not associated with unusual physical effort and may have been related to emotional stress.
Figure 4Figure 4
Times of Sudden Deaths Related to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease on the Day of the Earthquake and the Seven Days before the Earthquake. shows the distribution of the times of day when sudden death occurred (as noted on the death certificates or in the victims' medical records) on the day of the earthquake and during the seven days before the earthquake. Over half the deaths related to atherosclerosis on the day of the earthquake (13 of 24) occurred between midnight and 6 a.m., whereas only 3 of 32 deaths (9 percent) during the seven days before the earthquake occurred during this period (P = 0.002).We also analyzed the locations of sudden deaths. Whereas on the day of the earthquake 13 of the 23 deaths with known locations (57 percent) occurred within 15 miles of the epicenter of the earthquake, only 1 of 31 deaths during the seven days before the earthquake (3 percent) occurred within this radius (P<0.001).
There were 17 additional cases of possible (unwitnessed) sudden death due to cardiac causes on the day of the earthquake. The circumstances in these cases suggested strongly that sudden death was associated with the earthquake; most of the victims were found dead within the first four hours after the earthquake.
Role of Daily Triggers in Causing Sudden Death Related to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
There was a “compensatory deficit” in the number of sudden deaths due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease that were recorded by the coroner's office in the six days after the earthquake (Figure 3). The number of such sudden deaths declined from 32 in the week before the earthquake (average, 4.6±2.1 per day) to 16 in the six days after the earthquake (average, 2.7±1.2 per day) (z = 1.73, P = 0.084). This decrease suggests, once again, that people who were at risk for sudden death due to cardiac causes during that week died several days earlier as a result of the earthquake.
On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that under ordinary circumstances a certain fraction of sudden deaths are initiated by a triggering mechanism. To quantify that fraction, we used the average number of sudden deaths per day in the seven days before the earthquake (4.6) to estimate the average number of deaths that would have occurred each day from January 18 through January 23, 1994, if the earthquake had not occurred. From this number we subtracted the average number of sudden deaths that did occur per day in the six days after the earthquake (2.7). Thus, we estimate that there were 1.9 fewer deaths per day during the six days after the earthquake than there would otherwise have been. In the absence of a major stressor, such as an earthquake, therefore, 41 percent (1.9 ÷ 4.6) of sudden deaths may be related to triggers. Similarly, we estimate that approximately five deaths would have occurred on January 17, 1994, if the earthquake had not occurred. Subtracting 5 from the number of sudden deaths that did occur (24), we estimate that 19 of the sudden deaths due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease that took place on January 17, 1994, could be attributed to the earthquake.
Deaths Due to Other Causes
Figure 5Figure 5
Daily Numbers of Deaths due to Trauma from January 10 through 23, 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994. shows the number of deaths due to trauma for each day from January 10 through January 23 in 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994. As expected, there was a significant increase in the number of deaths due to trauma (n = 29) on the day of the earthquake (relative risk, 6.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.7 to 13.5). In contrast, there was no significant difference in the number of deaths due to other causes, such as violence, alcohol or drugs, and cancer, between the day of the earthquake and the average for the days during the control periods (data not shown).Discussion
The Northridge earthquake provided an unusual opportunity to study features of the relation between emotional stress and the triggering of sudden death due to cardiac causes. The information we obtained from the Department of Coroner of Los Angeles County indicated that there was a sharp increase — to five times the previous average — in the number of sudden deaths due to cardiac causes on the day of the earthquake. The length of time between the trigger (the earthquake) and sudden death was, in most of the cases, less than an hour. Unusual physical exertion was an uncommon trigger. On the basis of the unusual pattern of mortality in the weeks surrounding the earthquake, we estimated that such triggering is likely to play a part in a substantial proportion (>40 percent) of cases of sudden death due to cardiac causes under ordinary circumstances. The pattern of mortality and the characteristics of the victims suggest that the earthquake precipitated death primarily in people already at risk for sudden death.
The direct association between the earthquake and the onset of sudden death due to cardiac causes was further supported by other findings. These included the obliteration of the “normal” circadian variation in the incidence of sudden death, with a significant increase in number of deaths that occurred during the first quarter of the day, and the relative increase in the number of sudden deaths occurring within a 15-mile radius of the epicenter near Northridge.
Stress as a Trigger for Sudden Death
Muller, Tofler, Willich, and their associates4-6 have suggested that both the act of waking and emotional or physical stress can trigger the onset of cardiac events, perhaps by stimulating the release of catecholamines and hypercoagulability factors that may contribute to the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent coronary-artery thrombosis.11,20 Such a triggering mechanism is likely to have played a part in the increased number of sudden deaths and deaths associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease on the day of the Northridge earthquake. The hypothesis that such triggering occurred is supported by our observation of a 35 percent increase in the number of hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction in 72 coronary care units in southern California in the week after the earthquake.21 In another study, we detected an increase in the number of episodes of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation among patients with implantable cardioverter–defibrillators during the two weeks after the earthquake.22 The precipitation of myocardial ischemia and serious arrhythmias by emotional stress is the most likely underlying mechanism for these observations.
Comparison with Previous Observations
Although anecdotal case reports have suggested that mental or emotional stress can trigger sudden death, the few observational studies of mortality from cardiac causes after extremely stressful events such as earthquakes or wars have yielded conflicting conclusions.12-18 Whereas some investigators14,16 17 have failed to find a significant association between the event and an increased risk of mortality due to cardiac causes, others12,13,15,18 have suggested that such an association does exist. These investigators, however, studied total mortality due to cardiac causes. Our study, on the other hand, focused on sudden death due to cardiac causes.
Limitations of the Study
The Department of Coroner of Los Angeles County did not investigate all deaths in Los Angeles County but, rather, cases in several defined categories. The increase in the number of deaths related to trauma during the earthquake that were investigated by the coroner's office suggests that its records reflect actual changes in daily mortality.
One might speculate that the Department of Coroner was more active because of the earthquake and that this factor accounts for the increase in deaths in its records. If such were the case, however, we would anticipate a similar increase in deaths due to other causes, such as violence, drugs or alcohol, and cancer. No such rise was observed.
Preliminary results of other studies we are conducting provide further support for our conclusions in the present study. These observations suggest that the occurrence of sudden death due to cardiac causes after the earthquake was related to an increase in incidence of ischemic episodes21 and serious arrhythmias.22
Another important limitation is the fact that most of the people who died suddenly on the day of the earthquake were not examined by autopsy. The finding that 10 of 24 (42 percent) of the patients who died suddenly from atherosclerotic cardiac causes had chest pain before death suggests that myocardial ischemia was involved. This finding is compatible with the association observed by others between myocardial ischemia and sudden death.23,24
Practical Considerations and Future Implications
Our findings suggest that a substantial fraction (41 percent) of sudden deaths in persons with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease that occur under ordinary circumstances are related to a triggering mechanism. Thus, a reasonable strategy for the prevention of sudden death would be to interrupt the linkage between a trigger and the event. The administration of drugs, such as beta-adrenergic–blocking agents and aspirin, to patients who are at high risk because of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease might be beneficial. These drugs have been shown to prevent the onset of myocardial ischemia25,26 and may protect high-risk patients from the adverse effects of stress. Another implication is that the emergency services in an area where a disaster has occurred should be prepared for an increase in the number of patients with acute myocardial infarction or aborted sudden death.
Further research is warranted to determine which patients with coronary artery disease are most susceptible to sudden death from cardiac causes after a stressful event and what other kinds of triggers may be involved. Identifying these high-risk patients and defining potential triggers will help in the development of strategies to prevent sudden death due to cardiac causes.
We are indebted to the following people who helped us in our study: Joseph Muto, Christopher Rogers, M.D., Michele Bringier, and Janie Ito from the Department of Coroner of Los Angeles County for allowing and helping us to collect and review the data from the coroner's records; Rebeca L. Perritt from Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, N.C., for statistical analysis of the data; and Kevin J. Alker and Sharon Hale from the Heart Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, for assistance in creating our data base.
Source Information
From the Heart Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (J.L., R.A.K.), and Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, N.C. (W.K.P.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Kloner at the Heart Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, 1225 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90017.
- References
References
1
Scientists of the U . S. Geological Survey, Southern California Earthquake Center. The magnitude 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994. Science 1994;266:389-397
CrossRef | Web of Science2
Hall JF, ed. Northridge earthquake January 17, 1994: preliminary reconnaissance report. Oakland, Calif.: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 1994.
3
Myerburg RJ, Castellanos A. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. In: Braunwald E, ed. Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1992:756-89.
4
Muller JE ,Tofler GH . Triggering and hourly variation of onset of arterial thrombosis. Ann Epidemiol 1992;2:393-405
CrossRef | Medline5
Muller JE ,Abela GS ,Nesto RW ,Tofler GH . Triggers, acute risk factors and vulnerable plaques: the lexicon of a new frontier. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:809-813
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Willich SN ,Maclure M ,Mittleman M ,Arntz HR ,Muller JE . Sudden cardiac death: support for a role of triggering in causation. Circulation 1993;87:1442-1450
Web of Science | Medline7
Muller JE ,Ludmer PL ,Willich SN , et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of sudden cardiac death. Circulation 1987;75:131-138
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Willich SN ,Levy D ,Rocco MB ,Tofler GH ,Stone PH ,Muller JE . Circadian variation in the incidence of sudden cardiac death in the Framingham Heart Study population. Am J Cardiol 1987;60:801-806
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Muller JE ,Stone PH ,Turi ZG , et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of onset of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1315-1322
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline10
Tofler GH ,Gebara OCE ,Mittleman MA , et al. Morning peak in ventricular tachyarrhythmias detected by time of implantable cardioverter/defibrillator therapy. Circulation 1995;92:1203-1208
Web of Science | Medline11
Tofler GH ,Brezinski DA ,Schafer AI , et al. Concurrent morning increase in platelet aggregability and the risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1514-1518
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline12
Trichopoulos D ,Katsouyanni K ,Zavitsanos X ,Tzonou A ,Dalla-Vorgia P . Psychological stress and fatal heart attack: the Athens (1981) earthquake natural experiment. Lancet 1983;1:441-444
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Katsouyanni K ,Kogevinas M ,Trichopoulos D . Earthquake-related stress and cardiac mortality. Int J Epidemiol 1986;15:326-330
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Dobson AJ ,Alexander HM ,Malcolm JA ,Steele PL ,Miles TA . Heart attacks and the Newcastle earthquake. Med J Aust 1991;155:757-761
Web of Science | Medline15
Meisel SR ,Kutz I ,Dayan KI , et al. Effect of Iraqi missile war on incidence of acute myocardial infarction and sudden death in Israeli civilians. Lancet 1991;338:660-661
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Danenberg HD ,Lerman Y ,Steinlauf S , et al. Mortality in Israel during the Gulf war -- initial observations. Isr J Med Sci 1991;27:627-630
Medline17
Rumboldt Z ,Giunio L ,Miric D ,Polic S ,Bozic I ,Tonkic A . War-stress-induced medical emergencies in south Croatia. Lancet 1993;341:965-966
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Kark JD ,Goldman S ,Epstein L . Iraqi missile attacks on Israel: the association of mortality with life-threatening stressor. JAMA 1995;273:1208-1210
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H. Epidemiologic research: principles and quantitative methods. Belmont, Calif.: Lifetime Learning, 1982:299.
20
Yeung AC ,Vekshtein VI ,Krantz DS , et al. The effect of atherosclerosis on the vasomotor response of coronary arteries to mental stress. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1551-1556
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline21
Leor J ,Kloner RA . The January 17, 1994 Los Angeles earthquake as a trigger for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:105A-105A abstract.
CrossRef22
Nishimoto Y ,Firth BR ,Kloner RA , et al. The 1994 Northridge earthquake triggered shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Circulation 1995;92:Suppl I:I-606 abstract.23
Davies MJ ,Thomas A . Thrombosis and acute coronary-artery lesions in sudden cardiac ischemic death. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1137-1140
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline24
Davies MJ ,Thomas A . Plaque fissuring -- the cause of acute myocardial infarction, sudden ischemic death, and crescendo angina. Br Heart J 1985;53:363-373
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Ridker PM ,Manson JE ,Buring JE ,Muller JE ,Hennekens CH . Circadian variation of acute myocardial infarction and the effect of low-dose aspirin in a randomized trial of physicians. Circulation 1990;82:897-902
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Willich SN ,Linderer T ,Wegscheider K ,Leizorovicz A ,Alamercery I ,Schroder R . Increased morning incidence of myocardial infarction in the ISAM Study: absence with prior beta-adrenergic blockade. Circulation 1989;80:853-858
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (138)
Citing Articles
1
Simona Sofia, Antonina Melone, Lamberto Manzoli, Pierpaolo De Ciantis, Elvira Varrato, Roberto Di Filippo, Pierpaolo Vittorini, Clara Balsano. (2012) Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events Pre- and Post-Earthquake of 6 April 2009: The Abruzzo's Experience. American Journal of Hypertension
CrossRef2
Ilan S. Wittstein. (2012) Stress Cardiomyopathy: A Syndrome of Catecholamine-Mediated Myocardial Stunning?. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
CrossRef3
Olli-Pekka Piira, Pirjo E. Mustonen, Johanna A. Miettinen, Heikki V. Huikuri, Mikko P. Tulppo. (2012) Leisure time emotional excitement increases endothelin-1 and interleukin-6 in cardiac patients. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 46:1, 7-15
CrossRef4
Peter Sörös, Vladimir Hachinski. (2012) Cardiovascular and neurological causes of sudden death after ischaemic stroke. The Lancet Neurology 11:2, 179-188
CrossRef5
F. Torche, K. Kleinhaus. (2011) Prenatal stress, gestational age and secondary sex ratio: the sex-specific effects of exposure to a natural disaster in early pregnancy. Human Reproduction
CrossRef6
H. Freise, H. K. Van Aken. (2011) Risks and benefits of thoracic epidural anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia
CrossRef7
Susan A Bartels, Michael J VanRooyen. (2011) Medical complications associated with earthquakes. The Lancet
CrossRef8
Masato Oda, Hiroshi Watanabe, Eiji Oda, Makoto Tomita, Hiroaki Obata, Takuya Ozawa, Yuji Oda, Taku Iizuka, Ken Toba, Yoshifusa Aizawa. (2011) Rise in international normalized ratio after a catastrophic earthquake in patients treated with warfarin. International Journal of Cardiology 152:1, 109-110
CrossRef9
Patrick J. Smith, James A. Blumenthal. (2011) Psychiatric and Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Treatment. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) 64:10, 924-933
CrossRef10
Patrick J. Smith, James A. Blumenthal. (2011) Aspectos psiquiátricos y conductuales de la enfermedad cardiovascular: epidemiología, mecanismos y tratamiento. Revista Española de Cardiología 64:10, 924-933
CrossRef11
W. Victor R. Vieweg, Mehrul Hasnain, Briana Mezuk, James R. Levy, Edward J. Lesnefsky, Ananda K. Pandurangi. (2011) Depression, Stress, and Heart Disease in Earthquakes and Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. The American Journal of Medicine 124:10, 900-907
CrossRef12
Andrew Doorey, Barry Denenberg, Vidya Sagar, Tracy Hanna, Jack Newman, Peter H. Stone. (2011) Comparison of Myocardial Ischemia During Intense Mental Stress Using Flight Simulation in Airline Pilots With Coronary Artery Disease to That Produced With Conventional Mental and Treadmill Exercise Stress Testing. The American Journal of Cardiology 108:5, 651-657
CrossRef13
Laura A. McLay, Edward L. Boone, J. Paul Brooks. (2011) Analyzing the volume and nature of emergency medical calls during severe weather events using regression methodologies. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences
CrossRef14
Florencia Torche. (2011) The Effect of Maternal Stress on Birth Outcomes: Exploiting a Natural Experiment. Demography
CrossRef15
M.A.P. Fontes, C.H. Xavier, R.C.A. de Menezes, J.A. DiMicco. (2011) The dorsomedial hypothalamus and the central pathways involved in the cardiovascular response to emotional stress. Neuroscience 184, 64-74
CrossRef16
Kyoung Im Cho, Ji Hyun Lee, Seong Man Kim, Hyeon Gook Lee, Tae Ik Kim. (2011) Assessment of endothelial function in patients with fibromyalgia—cardiac ultrasound study. Clinical Rheumatology 30:5, 647-654
CrossRef17
W. Ma, H. Chen, L. Jiang, G. Song, H. Kan. (2011) Stock volatility as a risk factor for coronary heart disease death. European Heart Journal 32:8, 1006-1011
CrossRef18
J. H. Flaherty, B. Dong, H. Wu, Y. Zhang, J. M. Guralnik, T. K. Malmstrom, J. E. Morley. (2011) Observational Study of 1-Year Mortality Rates Before and After a Major Earthquake Among Chinese Nonagenarians. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 66A:3, 355-361
CrossRef19
H.-C. Mochmann. (2011) Lebensbedrohliche Herzrhythmusstörungen. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 14:2, 95-97
CrossRef20
Helen C. Routledge, Jonathan N. Townend. 2011. Air Pollution and Arrhythmia. , 467-482.
CrossRef21
Olli-Pekka Piira, Heikki V. Huikuri, Mikko P. Tulppo. (2011) Effects of emotional excitement on heart rate and blood pressure dynamics in patients with coronary artery disease. Autonomic Neuroscience 160:1-2, 107-114
CrossRef22
Eugene Nalivaiko. (2011) Animal models of psychogenic cardiovascular disorders: what we can learn from them and what we cannot. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 38:2, 115-125
CrossRef23
Katsuya Iijima. (2011) A step to reduce disaster-related illnesses based on various stress: What should we learn from the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake? -Report from Japan Geriatric Society-. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 48:5, 494-497
CrossRef24
Claire Lathers, Paul Schraeder. 2010. Stress and SUD EP. .
CrossRef25
Varsha Babu, Navin Paul. (2010) Sudden deaths following the unexpected demise of a popular politician in India. International Journal of Cardiology 145:2, 266-267
CrossRef26
Roland von Känel, Chiara C. Abbas, Jean-Paul Schmid, Hugo Saner, André Haeberli, Monika Stutz, Stefan Begré. (2010) Momentary stress moderates procoagulant reactivity to a trauma-specific interview in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder caused by myocardial infarction. Journal of Psychiatric Research 44:14, 956-963
CrossRef27
Kazuomi Kario. (2010) Measuring the effects of stress on the cardiovascular system during a disaster: the effective use of self-measured blood pressure monitoring. Journal of Hypertension 28:4, 657-659
CrossRef28
Tomoko Azuma, Nao Seki, Naohito Tanabe, Reiko Saito, Akiko Honda, Yoshiko Ogawa, Hiroshi Suzuki. (2010) Prolonged effects of participation in disaster relief operations after the Mid-Niigata earthquake on increased cardiovascular risk among local governmental staff. Journal of Hypertension 28:4, 695-702
CrossRef29
F. Fang, N. L. Keating, L. A. Mucci, H.-O. Adami, M. J. Stampfer, U. Valdimarsdottir, K. Fall. (2010) Immediate Risk of Suicide and Cardiovascular Death After a Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: Cohort Study in the United States. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 102:5, 307-314
CrossRef30
B. J. Gersh, K. Sliwa, B. M. Mayosi, S. Yusuf. (2010) The epidemic of cardiovascular disease in the developing world: global implications. European Heart Journal
CrossRef31
Ute Wilbert-Lampen, Thomas Nickel, David Leistner, Denise Güthlin, Tomas Matis, Christoph Völker, Sebastian Sper, Helmut Küchenhoff, Stefan Kääb, Gerhard Steinbeck. (2010) Modified Serum Profiles of Inflammatory and Vasoconstrictive Factors in Patients With Emotional Stress-Induced Acute Coronary Syndrome During World Cup Soccer 2006. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55:7, 637-642
CrossRef32
Claire Lathers, Paul Schraeder, H Claycamp. 2010. .
CrossRef33
Rachel Lampert. (2010) Anger and ventricular arrhythmias. Current Opinion in Cardiology 25:1, 46-52
CrossRef34
Jean-Paul Bounhoure. 2010. Stress, arythmies et mort subite. , 47-81.
CrossRef35
M. Christ, H.J. Trappe. (2009) EKG-Veränderungen bei Besuchern von Kirmes-Attraktionen. Der Kardiologe 3:6, 507-511
CrossRef36
Naoyuki Hayashi, Nami Someya, Toru Maruyama, Yoshitaka Hirooka, Masako Yamaoka Endo, Yoshiyuki Fukuba. (2009) Vascular responses to fear-induced stress in humans. Physiology & Behavior 98:4, 441-446
CrossRef37
Tomoyuki Kabutoya, Kazuomi Kario. (2009) Earthquake and blood pressure. Hypertension Research 32:9, 732-734
CrossRef38
MUSTAFA HASSAN, APRIL MELA, QIN LI, BABETTE BRUMBACK, ROGER B. FILLINGIM, JAMIE B. CONTI, DAVID S. SHEPS. (2009) The Effect of Acute Psychological Stress on QT Dispersion in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 32:9, 1178-1183
CrossRef39
Yucheng Chen, Jing Li, Hong Xian, JiangBo Li, Si Liu, GuanJian Liu, JianNan Lin, Jun Han, Zhi Zeng. (2009) Acute cardiovascular effects of the Wenchuan earthquake: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring of hypertensive patients. Hypertension Research 32:9, 797-800
CrossRef40
May Blom, Anastasia Georgiades, Imre Janszky, Hassan Alinaghizadeh, Birgitta Lindvall, Staffan Ahnve. (2009) Daily Stress and Social Support among Women with CAD: Results from a 1-year Randomized Controlled Stress Management Intervention Study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 16:3, 227-235
CrossRef41
Vincent M. Figueredo. (2009) The Time Has Come for Physicians to Take Notice: The Impact of Psychosocial Stressors on the Heart. The American Journal of Medicine 122:8, 704-712
CrossRef42
X. Jouven, P. J. Schwartz, S. Escolano, C. Straczek, M. Tafflet, M. Desnos, J. P. Empana, P. Ducimetiere. (2009) Excessive heart rate increase during mild mental stress in preparation for exercise predicts sudden death in the general population. European Heart Journal 30:14, 1703-1710
CrossRef43
Alex D.H. Brown, David A. Barton, Gavin W. Lambert. (2009) Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. CNS Drugs 23:7, 583-602
CrossRef44
John P. Gassler, John D. Bisognano. (2009) Commentary: Revisiting the Early Morning Blood Pressure Surge and Myocardial Ischemia. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 11:7, 348-349
CrossRef45
Rachel Lampert. (2009) Emotion and sudden cardiac death. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 7:7, 723-725
CrossRef46
T. Danninger, V. Wenzel. (2009) Sportliche und wirtschaftliche Großereignisse vs. kardiovaskuläres Geschehen. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 12:4, 299-300
CrossRef47
K. Witzel, M. Elzer, Horst J. Koch. (2009) Stress during simulated emergency transportation in a rescue helicopter: Cross-correlation between stress hormones, vital functions and subjective well-being. Acta Physiologica Hungarica 96:2, 221-230
CrossRef48
Murray Esler. (2009) Heart and mind: psychogenic cardiovascular disease. Journal of Hypertension 27:4, 692-695
CrossRef49
Richard D. Lane, Harry T. Reis, Derick R. Peterson, Wojciech Zareba, Arthur J. Moss. (2009) Happiness and Stress Alter Susceptibility to Cardiac Events in Long QT Syndrome. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 14:2, 193-200
CrossRef50
Rachel Lampert, Vladimir Shusterman, Matthew Burg, Craig McPherson, William Batsford, Anna Goldberg, Robert Soufer. (2009) Anger-Induced T-Wave Alternans Predicts Future Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:9, 774-778
CrossRef51
Eric J. Rashba. (2009) Anger Management May Save Your Life. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53:9, 779-781
CrossRef52
Andrew Steptoe, Lena Brydon. (2009) Emotional triggering of cardiac events. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 33:2, 63-70
CrossRef53
Graziano Riccioni, Nicola Vitulano, Nicolantonio D’Orazio. (2009) Ivabradine: Beyond heart rate control. Advances in Therapy 26:1, 12-24
CrossRef54
Michelle A. Albert, Joseph Ravenell, Robert J. Glynn, Amit Khera, Nitsan Halevy, James A. de Lemos. (2008) Cardiovascular risk indicators and perceived race/ethnic discrimination in the Dallas Heart Study. American Heart Journal 156:6, 1103-1109
CrossRef55
Michael R Ujhelyi. (2008) Scared to Death. Pharmacotherapy 28:11, 1311-1314
CrossRef56
E. S. Mortensen, T. O. Rognum, B. Straume, L. Jørgensen. (2008) Frequency of acute asymptomatic myocardial infarction and an estimate of infarct age in cases of abrupt sudden death observed in a forensic autopsy material. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 12:5b, 2119-2129
CrossRef57
Jeffrey H. Shuhaiber, Kimberley Goldsmith, Samer A.M. Nashef. (2008) The influence of seasonal variation on cardiac surgery: A time-related clinical outcome predictor. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 136:4, 894-899
CrossRef58
Hiroshi Watanabe, Makoto Kodama, Naohito Tanabe, Yuichi Nakamura, Tsuneo Nagai, Masahito Sato, Masaaki Okabe, Yoshifusa Aizawa. (2008) Impact of earthquakes on risk for pulmonary embolism. International Journal of Cardiology 129:1, 152-154
CrossRef59
Murray Esler, Rosemary Schwarz, Marlies Alvarenga. (2008) Mental stress is a cause of cardiovascular diseases: from scepticism to certainty. Stress and Health 24:3, 175-180
CrossRef60
Murray Esler, Elisabeth Lambert, Marlies Alvarenga. (2008) Acute mental stress responses: neural mechanisms of adverse cardiac consequences. Stress and Health 24:3, 196-202
CrossRef61
N. R. Nielsen, T. S. Kristensen, P. Schnohr, M. Gronbaek. (2008) Perceived Stress and Cause-specific Mortality among Men and Women: Results from a Prospective Cohort Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 168:5, 481-491
CrossRef62
Thomas G. Pickering, Lynn Clemow. (2008) Paroxysmal Hypertension: The Role of Stress and Psychological Factors. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 10:7, 575-581
CrossRef63
Dabney M. Ewin. (2008) Death and Hypnosis: Two Remarkable Cases. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 51:1, 69-75
CrossRef64
Zian H. Tseng, Bradley E. Aouizerat, Ludmila Pawlikowska, Eric Vittinghoff, Feng Lin, Dean Whiteman, Annie Poon, David Herrington, Timothy D. Howard, Paul D. Varosy, Stephen B. Hulley, Mary Malloy, John Kane, Pui-Yan Kwok, Jeffrey E. Olgin. (2008) Common ß-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms are not associated with risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart Rhythm 5:6, 814-821
CrossRef65
H. Löllgen, S. Nitschmann. (2008) Kardiale Auswirkungen der Fußballweltmeisterschaft 2006. Der Internist 49:6, 756-758
CrossRef66
Ozcan Ozdemir, Vladimir Hachinski. (2008) Brain lateralization and sudden death: Its role in the neurogenic heart syndrome. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 268:1-2, 6-11
CrossRef67
K. Burghofer, C. Gehring, M. Geis, C.K. Lackner. (2008) Auswirkungen der Fußball-WM 2006 auf das Rettungsdienstgeschehen in Bayern. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 11:3, 190-198
CrossRef68
Joel E. Dimsdale. (2008) Psychological Stress and Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51:13, 1237-1246
CrossRef69
Lars Lüthje, Stefan Andreas. (2008) Obstructive sleep apnea and coronary artery disease. Sleep Medicine Reviews 12:1, 19-31
CrossRef70
Wilbert-Lampen, Ute, Leistner, David, Greven, Sonja, Pohl, Tilmann, Sper, SebastianVölker, ChristophGüthlin, DenisePlasse, AndreaKnez, Andreas, Küchenhoff, Helmut, Steinbeck, Gerhard, . (2008) Cardiovascular Events during World Cup Soccer. New England Journal of Medicine 358:5, 475-483
Full Text71
Elin S. Mortensen, Torleiv O. Rognum, Bjørn Straume, Leif Jørgensen. (2007) Evidence at autopsy of spasm in the distal right coronary artery in persons with coronary heart disease dying suddenly. Cardiovascular Pathology 16:6, 336-343
CrossRef72
Anna R Dover, Patrick W F Hadoke, Brian R Walker, David E Newby. (2007) Acute Effects of Glucocorticoids on Endothelial Fibrinolytic and Vasodilator Function in Humans. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 50:3, 321-326
CrossRef73
Daniel J Brotman, Sherita H Golden, Ilan S Wittstein. (2007) The cardiovascular toll of stress. The Lancet 370:9592, 1089-1100
CrossRef74
Aiden J.C. O’Loughlin, Karen Byth. (2007) The Stretch–Compression Type of Coronary Artery Movement Predicts the Location of Culprit Lesions Responsible for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarctions. Heart, Lung and Circulation 16:4, 265-268
CrossRef75
Jacqueline Müller-Nordhorn, Stefan N. Willich. (2007) External triggers of onset of myocardial infarction – an update. Biological Rhythm Research 38:3, 217-232
CrossRef76
Matthew Stopper, Tammy Joska, Matthew M. Burg, William P. Batsford, Craig A. McPherson, Diwakar Jain, Rachel Lampert. (2007) Electrophysiologic characteristics of anger-triggered arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm 4:3, 268-273
CrossRef77
Anne Belonje, Mary Nangrahary, Hans de Swart, Victor Umans. (2007) Major Adverse Cardiac Events During Endurance Sports. The American Journal of Cardiology 99:6, 849-851
CrossRef78
Mimi R. Bhattacharyya, Andrew Steptoe. (2007) Emotional Triggers of Acute Coronary Syndromes: Strength of Evidence, Biological Processes, and Clinical Implications. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 49:5, 353-365
CrossRef79
Martin J. Schalij, Lieselot van Erven. (2007) Anger and arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm 4:3, 274-276
CrossRef80
Mohammad Madjid, Russell V. Luepker, Kurt J. Greenlund, Kathryn A. Taubert, Michael J. Roy, Rose Marie Robertson. (2007) Task Force IV: Cardiovascular Effects of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biological Terrorism Threats. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 49:12, 1407-1412
CrossRef81
Bruce Y. Lee. (2007) The Role of Internists During Epidemics, Outbreaks, and Bioterrorist Attacks. Journal of General Internal Medicine 22:1, 131-136
CrossRef82
Vera M.A. Farah, Luis F. Joaquim, Mariana Morris. (2006) Stress cardiovascular/autonomic interactions in mice. Physiology & Behavior 89:4, 569-575
CrossRef83
Claire M. Lathers, Paul L. Schraeder. (2006) Stress and sudden death. Epilepsy & Behavior 9:2, 236-242
CrossRef84
Douglas P. Zipes, A. John Camm, Martin Borggrefe, Alfred E. Buxton, Bernard Chaitman, Martin Fromer, Gabriel Gregoratos, George Klein, Arthur J. Moss, Robert J. Myerburg, Silvia G. Priori, Miguel A. Quinones, Dan M. Roden, Michael J. Silka, Cynthia Tracy, Sidney C. Smith, Alice K. Jacobs, Cynthia D. Adams, Elliott M. Antman, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Sharon A. Hunt, Jonathan L. Halperin, Rick Nishimura, Joseph P. Ornato, Richard L. Page, Barbara Riegel, Silvia G. Priori, Jean-Jacques Blanc, Andrzej Budaj, A. John Camm, Veronica Dean, Jaap W. Deckers, Catherine Despres, Kenneth Dickstein, John Lekakis, Keith McGregor, Marco Metra, Joao Morais, Ady Osterspey, Juan Luis Tamargo, José Luis Zamorano. (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 48:5, e247-e346
CrossRef85
Ania Korszun, Michael P Frenneaux. (2006) Stress – the battle for hearts and minds: links between depression, stress and ischemic heart disease. Future Cardiology 2:5, 571-578
CrossRef86
Rijk O.B. Gans. (2006) The Metabolic Syndrome, Depression, and Cardiovascular Disease: Interrelated Conditions that Share Pathophysiologic Mechanisms. Medical Clinics of North America 90:4, 573-591
CrossRef87
Marie-Louise Gander, Roland von K??nel. (2006) Myocardial infarction and post-traumatic stress disorder: frequency, outcome, and atherosclerotic mechanisms. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 13:2, 165-172
CrossRef88
Masahito Sato, Satoru Fujita, Atushi Saito, Yoshio Ikeda, Hitoshi Kitazawa, Minoru Takahashi, Junji Ishiguro, Masaaki Okabe, Yuichi Nakamura, Tsuneo Nagai, Hiroshi Watanabe, Makoto Kodama, Yoshifusa Aizawa. (2006) Increased Incidence of Transient Left Ventricular Apical Ballooning (So-Called `Takotsubo' Cardiomyopathy) After the Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake. Circulation Journal 70:8, 947-953
CrossRef89
Jianwei Feng, Daniel J. Lenihanx, Marcella M. Johnson, Vandana Karri, C. V. R. Reddy. (2006) Cardiac sequelae in Brooklyn after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Clinical Cardiology 29:1, 13-17
CrossRef90
John G. Bruhn. (2005) Culture-brain interactions. Integrative Physiological & Behavioral Science 40:4, 243-254
CrossRef91
Kazuki fro, Hiroki Sugihara, Noriyuki Kinoshita, Akihiro Azuma, Hiroaki Matsubara. (2005) Assessment of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (transient left ventricular apical ballooning) using99mTc-tetrofosmin,123I-BMIPP,123I-MIBG and99mTc-PYP myocardial SPECT. Annals of Nuclear Medicine 19:6, 435-445
CrossRef92
A. Racine-Morel, G. Piszker, G. Rioufol, P. Buffet, L. Lorgis, V. Quillassi, I. L'Huillier, M. Zeller, Y. Cottin. (2005) Du syndrome de stress au Tako-Tsubo. À propos de deux observations de cardiopathie aiguës, survenues dans les suites d'un stress émotionnel intense. Annales de Cardiologie et d'Angéiologie 54:5, 284-288
CrossRef93
Murray Esler, Tye Dawood. (2005) Is “cardiovascular protection” by estrogens due to inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system?. Clinical Autonomic Research 15:3, 186-188
CrossRef94
Marie-Jo Brion, Peter D. Drummond. (2005) The effect of glucose and mental stress on cutaneous microvascular endothelial function. Psychophysiology 42:3, 282-289
CrossRef95
RACHEL LAMPERT, VLADIMIR SHUSTERMAN, MATTHEW M. BURG, FORRESTER A. LEE, CHRISTINE EARLEY, ANNA GOLDBERG, CRAIG A. MCPHERSON, WILLIAM P. BATSFORD, ROBERT SOUFER. (2005) Effects of Psychologic Stress on Repolarization and Relationship to Autonomic and Hemodynamic Factors. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 16:4, 372-377
CrossRef96
Gundu H. R. Rao. (2005) Platelet Hyperfunction as Risk Factor for Chronic and Acute Coronary Events. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 15:6, 425-431
CrossRef97
C.-H. Tsai. (2004) The 1999 Ji-Ji (Taiwan) Earthquake as a Trigger for Acute Myocardial Infarction. Psychosomatics 45:6, 477-482
CrossRef98
Jonathan S. Steinberg, Aysha Arshad, Marcin Kowalski, Atul Kukar, Valentin Suma, Margot Vloka, Frederick Ehlert, Bengt Herweg, Jacqueline Donnelly, Julie Philip, George Reed, Alan Rozanski. (2004) Increased incidence of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in implantable defibrillator patients after the World Trade Center attack. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 44:6, 1261-1264
CrossRef99
Srikanth Ramachandruni, Eileen Handberg, David S Sheps. (2004) Acute and chronic psychological stress in coronary disease. Current Opinion in Cardiology 19:5, 494-499
CrossRef100
Omer L. Shedd, Samuel F. Sears, Jane L. Harvill, Aysha Arshad, Jamie B. Conti, Jonathan S. Steinberg, Anne B. Curtis. (2004) The World Trade Center attack: Increased frequency of defibrillator shocks for ventricular arrhythmias in patients living remotely from New York City. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 44:6, 1265-1267
CrossRef101
Murray Esler, Alan Lux, Garry Jennings, Jacqui Hastings, Flora Socratous, Gavin Lambert. (2004) Rilmenidine sympatholytic activity preserves mental stress, orthostatic sympathetic responses and adrenaline secretion. Journal of Hypertension 22:8, 1529-1534
CrossRef102
D. Saliba, J. Buchanan, R. S. Kington. (2004) Function and Response of Nursing Facilities During Community Disaster. American Journal of Public Health 94:8, 1436-1441
CrossRef103
M. W. Ketterer. (2004) What's "Unstable" in Unstable Angina?. Psychosomatics 45:3, 185-196
CrossRef104
Joseph S. Alpert. (2004) Sudden death and acute myocardial infarction following major psychologic trauma. Current Cardiology Reports 6:3, 147-148
CrossRef105
Murray Esler, Gianfranco Parati. (2004) Is essential hypertension sometimes a psychosomatic disorder?. Journal of Hypertension 22:5, 873-876
CrossRef106
A. Schattner. (2003) The emotional dimension and the biological paradigm of illness: time for a change. QJM 96:9, 617-621
CrossRef107
Mark O'Callahan, Amy M. Andrews, David S. Krantz. 2003. Coronary Heart Disease and Hypertension. .
CrossRef108
Kazuki Ito, Hiroki Sugihara, Shuji Katoh, Akihiro Azuma, Masao Nakagawa. (2003) Assessment ofTakotsubo (ampulla) cardiomyopathy using99mTc-tetrofosmin myocardial SPECT —Comparison with acute coronary syndrome—. Annals of Nuclear Medicine 17:2, 115-122
CrossRef109
Kazuomi KARIO, S. McEWEN Bruce, G. PICKERING Thomas. (2003) Disasters and the Heart: a Review of the Effects of Earthquake-Induced Stress on Cardiovascular Disease. Hypertension Research 26:5, 355-367
CrossRef110
M ESLER. (2003) Hearts and minds. Heart, Lung and Circulation 12:1, 1-2
CrossRef111
RENU VIRMANI, ALLEN P. BURKE, FRANK D. KOLODGIE, ANDREW FARB. (2002) Vulnerable Plaque: The Pathology of Unstable Coronary Lesions. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 15:6, 439-446
CrossRef112
Roland Fries, Jochem König, Hans-Joachim Schäfers, Michael Böhm. (2002) Triggering effect of physical and mental stress on spontaneous ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Clinical Cardiology 25:10, 474-478
CrossRef113
Michael J. Reiter. (2002) β-Adrenergic blocking drugs as antifibrillatory agents. Current Cardiology Reports 4:5, 426-433
CrossRef114
Volker D??rges, Volker Wenzel, Susanne Dix, Alexander K??hl, Thomas Schumann, Michael H??ppe, Heiko Iven, Klaus Gerlach. (2002) The Effect of Midazolam on Stress Levels During Simulated Emergency Medical Service Transport: A Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Response Study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 95:2, 417-422
CrossRef115
Volker Dörges, Volker Wenzel, Susanne Dix, Alexander Kühl, Thomas Schumann, Michael Hüppe, Heiko Iven, Klaus Gerlach. (2002) The Effect of Midazolam on Stress Levels During Simulated Emergency Medical Service Transport: A Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Response Study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 95:2, 417-422
CrossRef116
Kazuki Ito, Hiroki Sugihara, Tatsuya Kawasaki, Tatsuya Yuba, Tomoki Doue, Takuji Tanabe, Yoshihiko Adachi, Shuji Katoh, Akihiro Azuma, Masao Nakagawa. (2001) Assessment of ampulla (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy with coronary angiography, two-dimensional echocardiography and99mTc-tetrofosmin myocardial single photon emission computed tomography. Annals of Nuclear Medicine 15:4, 351-355
CrossRef117
Volker Dörges, Volker Wenzel, Alexander Kühl, Susanne Dix, Michael Hüppe, Hartmut Gehring, Thomas Schumann, Klaus Gerlach. (2001) Emergency medical service transport-induced stress? An experimental approach with healthy volunteers. Resuscitation 49:2, 151-157
CrossRef118
Jeong Gwan Cho, Hyung Wook Park, Jay Young Rhew, Sang Rok Lee, Woo Kon Chung, Ok Young Park, Weon Kim, Kye Hun Kim, Kyung Tae Kang, Sang Hyun Lee, Nam Ho Kim, Jong Cheol Park, Young Keun Ahn, Myung Ho Jeong, Jong Chun Park, Jung Chaee Kang. (2001) Clinical Characteristics of Unexplained Sudden Cardiac Death in Korea. Japanese Circulation Journal 65:1, 18-22
CrossRef119
Melinda S. Forthofer, Nancy K. Janz, Julia A. Dodge, Noreen M. Clark. (2001) Gender Differences in the Associations of Self Esteem, Stress and Social Support with Functional Health Status Among Older Adults with Heart Disease. Journal of Women & Aging 13:1, 19-37
CrossRef120
F López-Jiménez. (2000) Update in Internal Medicine. Archives of Medical Research 31:4, 329-352
CrossRef121
CAROLYNN S. KOHN, RALPH J. PETRUCCI, CHRIS BAESSLER, DESIREE M. SOTO, COLIN MOVSOWITZ. (2000) The Effect of Psychological Intervention on Patients' Long-Term Adjustment to the ICD: A Prospective Study. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 23:4, 450-456
CrossRef122
Murray Esler, David Kaye. (2000) Sympathetic Nervous System Activation in Essential Hypertension, Cardiac Failure and Psychosomatic Heart Disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 35, S1-S7
CrossRef123
Christopher Tennant. (1999) Life stress, social support and coronary heart disease. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33:5, 636-641
CrossRef124
J. P. Fauvel, R. Najem, B. Ryon, M. Ducher, M. Laville. (1999) Effects of Rilmenidine on Stress-Induced Peak Blood Pressure and Renal Function. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 34:1, 41-45
CrossRef125
Peter H Stone, David S Krantz, Robert P McMahon, A.David Goldberg, Lewis C Becker, Bernard R Chaitman, Herman A Taylor, Jerome D Cohen, Kenneth E Freedland, Barry D Bertolet, Cecil Coughlan, Carl J Pepine, Peter G Kaufmann, David S Sheps. (1999) Relationship among mental stress–induced ischemia and ischemia during daily life and during exercise: the Psychophysiologic Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia (PIMI) Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 33:6, 1476-1484
CrossRef126
Carlos A. Reyes-Ortiz. (1999) The mind-heart connection in coronary artery disease. Comprehensive Therapy 25:3, 169-173
CrossRef127
Thomas C. Andrews, John D. Parker, Sue Jacobs, Richard Friedman, Nancy Cummings, Gail MacCallum, Finn Mannting, Geoffrey H. Tofler, William Carlson, James E. Muller, Peter H. Stone. (1998) Effects of therapy with nifedipine GITS or atenolol on mental stress-induced ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 32:6, 1680-1686
CrossRef128
Murray D. Esler. (1998) Mental stress, panic disorder and the heart. Stress Medicine 14:4, 237-243
CrossRef129
J. P. Fauvel, R. Najem, N. Maakel, N. Pozet, M. Laville. (1998) Effects of Moxonidine on Stress-Induced Peak Blood Pressure and Renal Function: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 32:3, 495-499
CrossRef130
DIRK RAMAEKERS, HUGO ECTOR, KOEN DEMYTTENAERE, AN RUBENS, FRANS WERF. (1998) Association between Cardiac Autonomic Function and Coping Style in Healthy Subjects. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 21:8, 1546-1552
CrossRef131
STANLEY S. HELLER, MARIAN A. ORMONT, LIDIA LIDAGOSTER, ROBERT R. SCIACCA, JONATHAN S. STEINBERG. (1998) Psychosocial Outcome after ICD Implantation: A Current Perspective. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 21:6, 1207-1215
CrossRef132
Diwakar Jain, Sheriff M Shaker, Matthew Burg, Frans J.Th Wackers, Robert Soufer, Barry L Zaret. (1998) Effects of Mental Stress on Left Ventricular and Peripheral Vascular Performance in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 31:6, 1314-1322
CrossRef133
Gabrio Bassotti, Serafina Fiorella. (1998) Oesophageal pressure during an earthquake. The Lancet 351:9105, 806
CrossRef134
Johan Denollet. (1997) Personality, emotional distress and coronary heart disease. European Journal of Personality 11:5, 343-357
CrossRef135
Robert A Kloner, Jonathan Leor, W.Kenneth Poole, Rebecca Perritt. (1997) Population-Based Analysis of the Effect of the Northridge Earthquake on Cardiac Death in Los Angeles County, California. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 30:5, 1174-1180
CrossRef136
Kazuomi Kario, Takefumi Matsuo, Hiroko Kobayashi, Katsuichirou Yamamoto, Kazuyuki Shimada. (1997) Earthquake-Induced Potentiation of Acute Risk Factors in Hypertensive Elderly Patients: Possible Triggering of Cardiovascular Events After a Major Earthquake. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 29:5, 926-933
CrossRef137
(1996) Sudden Cardiac Death Triggered by an Earthquake. New England Journal of Medicine 334:25, 1673-1673
Full Text138
Muller, James E., Verrier, Richard L., . (1996) Triggering of Sudden Death — Lessons from an Earthquake. New England Journal of Medicine 334:7, 460-461
Full Text
- Letters
