Original Article
Preinfarction Angina as a Predictor of More Rapid Coronary Thrombolysis in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
N Engl J Med 1996; 334:7-12January 4, 1996
- Abstract
Background
When a myocardial infarction is preceded by angina, the infarct tends to be smaller than when there is no preinfarction angina. Prompt recanalization of the occluded infarct-related artery is crucial in limiting the size of the infarct. We prospectively studied the relation among preinfarction unstable angina, the speed of coronary reperfusion, and the size of the infarct in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving thrombolytic therapy.
Methods
We compared 14 patients who had unstable angina during the week before myocardial infarction with 9 patients who had no preinfarction angina. Coronary arteriograms were obtained at base line and 15, 35, 55, and 90 minutes and 24 hours after the start of thrombolytic therapy. The size of the infarct was estimated on the basis of creatine kinase and creatine kinase MB levels, which were measured every 4 hours during the first 24 hours.
Results
Complete reperfusion (a flow of grade 3 according to the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction classification) was achieved at 35 minutes in 64 percent of the patients with preinfarction angina but in none of those without preinfarction angina (P = 0.006); at 55 minutes in 86 percent and 38 percent, respectively (P = 0.05); and at 90 minutes in 86 percent and 50 percent, respectively (P = 0.14). The mean (±SD) time to reperfusion was 27±16 minutes in the group with preinfarction angina and 48±17 minutes in the group without preinfarction angina (P = 0.04); the peak creatine kinase levels were 1118± 783 and 2395±1615 U per liter, respectively (P = 0.03); the peak creatine kinase MB levels were 102±67 and 251±186 U per liter, respectively (P = 0.009); and the 24-hour integrated creatine kinase MB levels were 1716±1171 and 4267±3252 U
liter-1
Conclusions
In patients with acute myocardial infarction preceded by unstable angina, as compared with those without preinfarction angina, thrombolytic therapy resulted in more rapid reperfusion and smaller infarcts. Earlier myocardial reperfusion may thus account for the smaller infarct size in patients with preinfarction angina.
Media in This Article
Figure 3
Mean (±SE) Plasma Creatine Kinase MB Values According to the Presence or Absence of Preinfarction Angina.Figure 1
Rates of Coronary Reperfusion among 14 Patients with Preinfarction Angina and 8 without Preinfarction Angina.Article Activity
- Article
Recent studies indicate that patients with myocardial infarction preceded by angina have smaller infarcts and a better in-hospital outcome after thrombolytic therapy than patients without preinfarction angina.1,2 The reason for this finding is unclear, although myocardial preconditioning by the ischemic episodes associated with angina has been proposed.3
Occlusive thrombosis in a coronary artery is the predominant cause of acute myocardial infarction.4,5 Prompt reperfusion of the occluded artery is crucial in limiting the size of the infarct and preserving left ventricular function.6,7 The susceptibility of coronary thrombi to lytic treatment is influenced by a number of related factors, including the age of the thrombus,8,9 its composition,10 the characteristics of the surrounding plasma,11-13 the time of day when treatment is started,14 and the temporal evolution of the occluding thrombosis.
In a prospective study, we investigated the association between the pattern of chest pain and the speed of coronary reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Base-line levels of hemostatic factors and the size of the infarct were also assessed.
Methods
Patients
Twenty-eight consecutive patients (19 men and 9 women; mean [±SD] age, 56±9 years; range, 36 to 71) admitted to the coronary care unit at Hammersmith Hospital between September 1987 and January 1989 with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction who were considered candidates for thrombolytic therapy were eligible for the study. The inclusion criteria were typical chest pain lasting more than 30 minutes, an ST-segment elevation of at least 0.2 mV in at least 2 contiguous leads of the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram that was resistant to a 2-to-4-mg intravenous bolus of isosorbide dinitrate, and thrombolytic treatment started within 6 hours after the onset of continuous chest pain. Exclusion criteria were a myocardial infarction within the previous three months, an inability to describe the pattern of pain, and lack of written informed consent to participate in the study. A total of five eligible patients were excluded: one because of a recent infarct, two because they were unable to describe their symptoms, and two because they did not provide informed consent. The other 23 patients (17 men and 6 women; mean age, 58±9 years; range, 36 to 71) were enrolled.
Protocol
A base-line blood sample was obtained before the intravenous administration of drugs. An intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin was then started at a rate of 1 to 10 mg per hour, titrated according to the systolic pressure, and maintained for 24 hours. The patients were taken to the cardiac catheterization laboratory, where coronary angiography was performed. An appropriate view of the infarct-related artery was selected and used for all the subsequent arteriograms.
As part of a study of two different regimens of intravenous t-PA (duteplase, Wellcome Foundation), the patients were then randomly assigned to receive either 4 boluses of 10 clot-lysis megaunits each, administered at 20-minute intervals (12 patients), or 40 clot-lysis megaunits administered as a continuous infusion for 90 minutes, followed by an infusion of 20 clot-lysis megaunits during a period of 5 hours (11 patients).15 Thus, at 90 minutes, each treatment group had received 40 megaunits of t-PA, corresponding to approximately 100 mg of protein.16 No significant differences in the rate of coronary reperfusion or the size of the infarct, estimated on the basis of enzyme studies, were found with these two regimens.15 All patients also received oral aspirin (150 mg per day) and an intravenous infusion of heparin during the first 24 hours, adjusted every 4 hours to achieve an activated partial-thromboplastin time between two and three times the control value.
To determine the speed of reperfusion and the perfusion status during treatment with t-PA, coronary arteriography was repeated 15, 35, 55, and 90 minutes after the start of treatment with t-PA and also if symptoms were relieved or the ST-segment elevation resolved. Additional angiography and left ventriculography were performed after a mean of 24 hours (range, 18 to 36).
The flow in the infarct-related artery was subsequently graded according to the system used in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial17; the grades were assigned by two independent cardiologists unaware of the clinical data. There was agreement on the TIMI grade in all cases. The infarct-related artery was considered patent if the TIMI grade was 3, since there is evidence that a grade of 2 during acute myocardial infarction is not associated with optimal coronary reperfusion.7,18,19 The time to reperfusion was defined as the time from the start of treatment with t-PA to the time when the flow in the infarct-related artery reached a grade of 3. If a grade 3 flow was not achieved within 24 hours, the reperfusion time was recorded as more than 24 hours. The minimal luminal diameter of the infarct-related artery was determined with a computer program (the Cardiovascular Angiography Analysis System).
The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee at Hammersmith Hospital. At the time the study was performed, it was not considered unethical to perform coronary angiography before the administration of thrombolytic therapy.15
Cardiac-Enzyme Levels and Hemostatic Factors
Blood samples were obtained every 4 hours during the first 24 hours after admission to determine the values for plasma total creatine kinase and its MB isoenzyme. The size of the infarct was estimated on the basis of peak creatine kinase and creatine kinase MB values and the area under the curve of the creatine kinase MB concentration plotted against time.20
For the measurement of plasma hemostatic factors, blood was obtained through puncture of an antecubital vein before the administration of intravenous drugs. The blood samples were put into chilled plastic tubes containing trisodium citrate (0.106 M) and centrifuged at 1600×g for 20 minutes at 4°C. Plasma aliquots were frozen and stored at -70°C within one hour after the samples had been obtained.
The following hemostatic factors were measured: fibrinogen by the clot-rate method21; plasminogen and α2-antiplasmin by chromogenic-substrate assays (Coatest Plasminogen kit, KabiVitrum, and Coatest Antiplasmin, Flow Laboratories); t-PA antigen and plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Imulyse t-PA kit and TintElize PAI-1 kit, Biopool); plasmin–antiplasmin complexes and thrombin–antithrombin III complexes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (EIA APP micro and Enzygnost-TAT, Behring); the fibrin fragment d-dimer by a latex-agglutination test (Mabco Dimertest, Porton Products), and von Willebrand factor antigen by a modified version of a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.22
Pattern of Chest Pain
Within 48 hours after admission, the patients were questioned by one interviewer about the timing of their recent chest pain and their symptoms during the seven days before admission. The patients were classified as having either intermittent pain related to infarction or unstable angina (or both) in the week preceding the infarction (preinfarction angina) or a single episode of chest pain without unstable symptoms in the preceding week (no preinfarction angina).
Intermittent pain was defined as one or more episodes of chest pain in the six hours preceding the final episode of pain. Unstable angina was defined as one or more attacks of new-onset angina, angina at rest, or worsening angina during the preceding week, lasting less than 30 minutes and occurring in the same location as the pain associated with infarction at the time of admission. We selected a period of seven days because most unstable symptoms culminating in myocardial infarction occur in the preceding week.23
Statistical Analysis
Hemostatic factors are expressed as median values and interquartile ranges; other continuous variables are expressed as means ±SD unless otherwise specified. Values for creatine kinase, creatine kinase MB, reperfusion time, and hemostatic factors in the group of patients with preinfarction angina and the group without preinfarction angina were compared by the Mann–Whitney U test; other continuous variables were compared by the unpaired two-tailed t-test. Proportions were compared with a two-tailed Fisher's exact probability test. Correlations were determined with Spearman's rank-correlation test.24
Results
Characteristics of the Patients
Of the 23 patients enrolled in the study, 14 reported preinfarction angina: 10 had recent unstable angina, 3 intermittent pain from infarction, and 1 both intermittent pain and recent unstable angina. The other nine patients reported a single episode of chest pain and no unstable angina in the week before admission. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of other base-line characteristics (Table 1Table 1
Clinical Characteristics of 23 Patients with Myocardial Infarction, According to the Presence or Absence of Preinfarction Angina.). Two patients (one from each group) had had a previous myocardial infarction in a different anatomical location from the present one. Two patients without preinfarction angina died in the first week after admission: one from cardiogenic shock and the other from ventricular arrhythmia.Coronary Arteriography
Arteriography before thrombolysis showed an occluded infarct-related artery (TIMI grade, ≤2) in 22 of the 23 patients. One patient without preinfarction angina had a TIMI grade of 3 at base line; since a filling defect highly suggestive of an intraluminal thrombus was seen, this patient also received t-PA according to the protocol but was excluded from the analysis of coronary reperfusion. At base line, a TIMI grade of 2 was observed in four patients with preinfarction angina and in none of those without preinfarction angina.
Reperfusion occurred within 35 minutes after the start of treatment with t-PA in 9 of the 14 patients with preinfarction angina (64 percent) but in none of the 8 patients without preinfarction angina (P = 0.006). Reperfusion rates at 55 and 90 minutes were also higher in the group with recent unstable angina (Figure 1Figure 1
Rates of Coronary Reperfusion among 14 Patients with Preinfarction Angina and 8 without Preinfarction Angina.). Among the 16 patients in whom coronary reperfusion occurred within 90 minutes, the time to reperfusion was 27±16 minutes in the group with preinfarction angina and 48±17 minutes in the group without preinfarction angina (P = 0.04). Inclusion of the patient with a base-line TIMI grade of 3 did not substantially change the results (rate of coronary perfusion at 35 minutes, 64 and 11 percent, respectively; P = 0.03). The strikingly higher early-reperfusion rate among the patients with preinfarction unstable angina persisted even after the exclusion of the four patients with a base-line TIMI grade of 2 (reperfusion rate at 35 minutes, 60 percent among the 10 patients with preinfarction angina and 0 among the 8 without preinfarction angina; P = 0.01).Coronary arteriography at 24 hours showed two further reperfusions and two late occlusions in the group with preinfarction angina and one reperfusion in the group without preinfarction angina; the patency rates at 24 hours were 86 and 62 percent, respectively (P = 0.31) (Figure 1). The time to reperfusion in the first 24 hours after thrombolytic treatment was significantly shorter in the patients with preinfarction angina (P = 0.007 by the Mann–Whitney U test) (Figure 2Figure 2
Time to Coronary Reperfusion According to the Presence or Absence of Preinfarction Angina.). Within the first 24 hours, all 14 patients with preinfarction angina had at least transient coronary reperfusion, whereas 3 of the 9 patients without preinfarction angina had persistent occlusion (P = 0.05). The time from the onset of continuous chest pain to the start of thrombolytic therapy was not correlated with the time to reperfusion (r = 0.23 and P = 0.33 by Spearman's rank correlation).Among the patients with coronary reperfusion, the minimal luminal diameter of the infarct-related artery did not differ significantly between the group with preinfarction angina and the group without preinfarction angina: 1.26±0.41 and 1.15±0.42 mm, respectively, at 90 minutes (P = 0.92) and 1.36±0.48 and 1.57±0.42 mm, respectively, at 24 hours (P = 0.29). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the percentage of stenosis in the infarct-related artery at 90 minutes (57±18 percent in the group with preinfarction angina and 59±20 percent in the group without preinfarction angina, P = 0.92), although the percentage of stenosis at 24 hours tended to be higher in the patients with preinfarction angina (58±13 percent vs. 46±15 percent, P = 0.06). The global left ventricular ejection fraction at 24 hours (with the two patients with previous infarcts excluded) was 69±12 percent in the group with preinfarction angina and 60±10 percent in the group without preinfarction angina (P = 0.42).
Hemostatic Factors
The base-line values for hemostatic factors in peripheral venous blood did not differ significantly between the two groups of patients (Table 2Table 2
Base-Line Hemostatic Factors According to the Presence or Absence of Preinfarction Angina.).Infarct Size
The three enzymatic indexes of infarct size were all significantly lower in the patients with preinfarction angina than in those without preinfarction angina: peak total creatine kinase level, 1118±783 as compared with 2395±1615 U per liter (P = 0.03); peak creatine kinase MB level, 102±67 as compared with 251±186 U per liter (P = 0.009); and area under the 24-hour creatine kinase MB curve, 1716±1171 as compared with 4267±3252 U
Mean (±SE) Plasma Creatine Kinase MB Values According to the Presence or Absence of Preinfarction Angina.. The time to the peak creatine kinase MB value tended to be shorter in the patients with preinfarction angina than in those without preinfarction angina (10.1±5.5 hours vs. 13.7±5.0 hours; P = 0.17). The time to reperfusion in the first 24 hours was positively correlated with all three indexes of infarct size (r = 0.56 and P = 0.01 for the peak total creatine kinase value, r = 0.54 and P = 0.02 for the peak creatine kinase MB value, and r = 0.53 and P = 0.02 for the integrated 24-hour value of creatine kinase MB).Discussion
This study shows that patients with acute myocardial infarction who have intermittent infarct-related pain or unstable angina in the seven days preceding the infarction have faster coronary-artery reperfusion and smaller infarcts after thrombolytic therapy than patients without preinfarction angina. The two different patterns of pain were not associated with significant differences in the hemostatic factors measured on admission.
Occlusive coronary thrombosis in the early phases of myocardial infarction is a dynamic process, with repeated episodes of spontaneous reperfusion and occlusion occurring during a period of hours and perhaps days. This has been demonstrated by serial coronary arteriography25 and may be inferred from intermittent ST-segment elevations during continuous electrocardiographic monitoring,25,26 multiple peaks in serum myoglobin values,27 and the multilayered structure of most coronary thrombi observed at autopsy in patients with unstable angina.28 continuous electrocardiographic monitoring or repeated coronary arteriography and biochemical assays, however, can be used to assess the intermittent occurrence of coronary occlusions only after admission, whereas the pattern of chest pain described by the patient may indicate the state of coronary blood flow in the hours and days preceding hospitalization. Thus, an infarction preceded by unstable symptoms may reflect the episodic growth and resolution of coronary thrombi. In contrast, an infarction not preceded by such symptoms may reflect a sudden and often irreversible coronary occlusion, such as that observed in animal models when a copper coil is introduced into a coronary artery.29 The present study suggests that these two distinct patterns of chest pain represent two different types of thrombus growth — recurrent, transient growth and isolated, persistent growth — and are associated with different responses to thrombolytic therapy.
In another series of patients, we recently found significantly higher levels of plasma C-reactive protein in the patients with myocardial infarction preceded by unstable angina than in those without preinfarction angina,30 suggesting possible differences in the pathogenesis of these two clinical presentations of chest pain. In the present study, however, none of the hemostatic factors measured in peripheral venous blood at base line differed significantly between the two groups of patients. Although these negative results may be due to the small number of patients and the associated low statistical power of the study, the data at least allow us to rule out striking differences in hemostatic factors between the two groups,31 with the possible exception of the concentration of t-PA antigen, which tended to be higher in the patients without preinfarction angina (P = 0.13). This finding is consistent with the increased cardiovascular risk associated with elevated concentrations of t-PA antigen.32
Our findings confirm and extend the recent work of Kloner et al.,1 who reported that angina occurring within 48 hours before infarction had a beneficial effect on the size of the infarct and the hospital outcome, with a trend toward higher rates of coronary perfusion after 90 minutes of thrombolytic therapy in the patients with preinfarction angina than in those without preinfarction angina (81 percent vs. 74 percent, P = 0.11). Kloner et al. defined coronary patency as a TIMI grade of 2 or higher and preinfarction angina as any anginal pain; their results may therefore reflect the inclusion of patients with suboptimal myocardial reperfusion or chronic stable angina. In a study of 25 patients, Ottani et al.2 also found a trend toward shorter reperfusion times, as assessed by ST-segment monitoring, after thrombolytic therapy in patients with unstable angina during the 24 hours before myocardial infarction than in those without preinfarction angina (46±24 minutes vs. 58±34 minutes, P = 0.32), despite the exclusion of patients with persistent coronary occlusion or preinfarction angina of more than 24 hours' duration.
In the present study, the reperfusion rate 35 minutes after the start of thrombolytic therapy was strikingly higher in the patients with preinfarction angina than in those without preinfarction angina (64 percent vs. 0 percent, P = 0.006), but the difference between the two groups was attenuated at 55 and 90 minutes, probably because of a “catch-up” phenomenon.6 We also found a clear association between prodromal unstable angina and a smaller infarct. It has been suggested that the benefit of preinfarction angina with respect to infarct size is determined by ischemic preconditioning.1-3 We propose that this benefit may depend on faster coronary thrombolysis, in addition to or instead of myocardial preconditioning.
The size of the thrombus may have influenced the speed of coronary reperfusion. However, the minimal luminal diameter and the percentage of stenosis in the infarct-related artery 90 minutes after the start of treatment with t-PA were similar in the two groups of patients, suggesting that the thrombus volume did not differ significantly between the two groups. The interval from the onset of continuous chest pain to the start of thrombolytic therapy, which may be used as a rough estimate of the age of the occlusive thrombus, also did not differ significantly between the two groups and was unrelated to the speed of coronary reperfusion; it is therefore unlikely that the age of the thrombus influenced the response to thrombolytic therapy in our patients.
Myocardial stunning may significantly influence left ventricular function in the early period after an acute ischemic episode.33 Therefore, within the first 24 hours after admission, the left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with acute myocardial infarction may not be related only to irreversible myocardial damage. This possibility may explain the similar ejection fractions in the two groups of patients in the present study, despite the large differences in the estimated size of the infarct.
Several previous investigators have assessed the relation between preinfarction angina and the extent of myocardial damage or the short-term outcome. The results have been contradictory, with some studies finding a clearly positive effect of previous angina on the clinical outcome1,2,34-37 and others finding no effect23 or even a detrimental effect.38-40 The discrepancies may be explained partly by the different definitions of preinfarction angina, since many of the studies did not distinguish between angina of recent onset and chronic angina.1,34-36 Moreover, the definition of angina of recent onset often included symptoms that preceded the infarction by as long as three months, a period that hardly seems related to the acute pathogenesis of the subsequent infarction.23,38,40 None of these studies used serial angiography to determine the relation between preinfarction angina and the speed of coronary thrombolysis.
In conclusion, the present study shows that among patients with acute myocardial infarction, those with prodromal unstable angina or intermittent infarct-related pain have remarkably faster responses to treatment with t-PA than those without such symptoms. Earlier myocardial reperfusion may thus explain, at least in part, the reduced infarct size in patients with previous angina receiving thrombolytic therapy.1,2 The absence of preinfarction angina in patients with myocardial infarction may also help identify a subgroup of patients with relatively slow responses to thrombolytic drugs who may benefit the most from primary coronary angioplasty for early and complete myocardial reperfusion.
Dr. Andreotti was the recipient of a grant (90/151) from the British Heart Foundation, and Dr. Haider was the recipient of a grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Pakistan.
We are indebted to Professor Adam F. Cohen, Dr. Mohamed I. Khan, Professor Cornelis Kluft, Ms. Tessa Reagan, and Dr. M. Carla Roncaglioni for their help with this study.
Source Information
From the Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Rome (F.A., V.P., A.M.), and the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London (D.R.H., G.J.D., A.W.H.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Andreotti at the Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- References
References
1
Kloner RA ,Shook T ,Przyklenk K , et al. Previous angina alters in-hospital outcome in TIMI 4: a clinical correlate to preconditioning? Circulation 1995;91:37-47
Web of Science | Medline2
Ottani F ,Galvani M ,Ferrini D , et al. Prodromal angina limits infarct size: a role for ischemic preconditioning. Circulation 1995;91:291-297
Web of Science | Medline3
Kloner RA ,Yellon D . Does ischemic preconditioning occur in patients? J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1133-1142
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
DeWood MA ,Spores J ,Notske R , et al. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1980;303:897-902
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline5
Davies MJ ,Thomas AC . Thrombosis and acute coronary lesions in sudden ischemic death. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1137-1140
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline6
Lincoff AM ,Topol EJ . Illusion of reperfusion: does anyone achieve optimal reperfusion during acute myocardial infarction? Circulation 1993;87:1792-1805
Web of Science7
The GUSTO Angiographic Investigators
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline8
Collen D . Coronary thrombolysis: streptokinase or recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator? Ann Intern Med 1990;112:529-538
Web of Science | Medline9
Kunitada S ,FitzGerald GA ,Fitzgerald DJ . Inhibition of clot lysis and decreased binding of tissue-type plasminogen activator as a consequence of clot retraction. Blood 1992;79:1420-1427
Web of Science | Medline10
Jang JK ,Gold HK ,Ziskind AA , et al. Differential sensitivity of erythrocyte-rich and platelet-rich arterial thrombi to lysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator: a possible explanation for resistance to coronary thrombolysis. Circulation 1989;79:920-928
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Fox KA ,Robison AK ,Knabb RM ,Rosamond TL ,Sobel BE ,Bergmann SR . Prevention of coronary thrombosis with subthrombolytic doses of tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation 1985;72:1346-1354
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Loscalzo J ,Weinfeld M ,Fless GM ,Scanu AM . Lipoprotein(a), fibrin binding, and plasminogen activation. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:240-245
CrossRef | Medline13
Potter van Loon BJ ,Rijken DC ,Brommer EJP ,van der Maas APC . The amount of plasminogen, tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in human thrombi and the relation to ex-vivo lysibility. Thromb Haemost 1992;67:101-105
Web of Science | Medline14
Braunwald E . Morning resistance to thrombolytic therapy. Circulation 1995;91:1604-1606
Web of Science | Medline15
Khan MI ,Hackett DR ,Andreotti F , et al. Effectiveness of multiple bolus administration of tissue-type plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:1051-1056
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Beebe DP ,Aronson DL . An automated fibrinolytic assay performed in microtiter plates. Thromb Res 1987;47:123-128
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
The TIMI Study Group
Web of Science | Medline18
Karagounis L ,Sorensen SG ,Menlove RL ,Moreno F ,Anderson JL . Does thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) perfusion grade 2 represent a mostly patent artery or a mostly occluded artery? Enzymatic and electrocardiographic evidence from the TEAM-2 study: second Multicenter Thrombolysis Trial of Eminase in Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:1-10
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Vogt A ,von Essen R ,Tebbe U ,Feuerer W ,Appel KF ,Neuhaus KL . Impact of early perfusion status of the infarct-related artery on short-term mortality after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: retrospective analysis of four German multicenter studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1391-1395
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Grande P ,Hansen BF ,Christiansen C ,Naestoft J . Estimation of acute myocardial infarct size in man by serum CK-MB measurements. Circulation 1982;65:756-764
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Clauss A . Gerinnungsphysiologische Schnellmethode zur Bestimmung des Fibrinogens. Acta Haematol 1957;17:237-246
CrossRef | Medline22
Ingerslev J . A sensitive ELISA for von Willebrand factor (vWf:Ag). Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1987;47:143-149
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Harper RW ,Kennedy G ,DeSanctis RW ,Hutter AM Jr . The incidence and pattern of angina prior to acute myocardial infarction: a study of 577 cases. Am Heart J 1979;97:178-183
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Cox DR, Hinkley DV. Theoretical statistics. London: Chapman & Hall, 1974.
25
Hackett D ,Davies G ,Chierchia S ,Maseri A . Intermittent coronary occlusion in acute myocardial infarction: value of combined thrombolytic and vasodilator therapy. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1055-1059
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline26
Davies GJ ,Chierchia S ,Maseri A . Prevention of myocardial infarction by very early treatment with intracoronary streptokinase: some clinical observations. N Engl J Med 1984;311:1488-1492
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline27
Kagen L ,Scheidt S ,Butt A . Serum myoglobin in myocardial infarction: the “staccato phenomenon“: is acute myocardial infarction in man an intermittent event? Am J Med 1977;62:86-92
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Falk E . Unstable angina with fatal outcome: dynamic coronary thrombosis leading to infarction and/or sudden death: autopsy evidence of recurrent mural thrombosis with peripheral embolization culminating in total vascular occlusion. Circulation 1985;71:699-708
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Salazar AE . Experimental myocardial infarction: induction of coronary thrombosis in the intact closed-chest dog. Circ Res 1961;9:1351-1356
Web of Science | Medline30
Liuzzo G ,Biasucci LM ,Gallimore JR , et al. The prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A protein in severe unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1994;331:417-424
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline31
Walker AM . Low power and striking results -- a surprise but not a paradox. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1091-1092
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline32
Ridker PM . Plasma concentration of endogenous tissue plasminogen activator and the occurrence of future cardiovascular events. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1994;1:35-40
CrossRef | Medline33
Braunwald E ,Kloner RA . The stunned myocardium: prolonged, postischemic ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1982;66:1146-1149
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline34
Matsuda Y ,Ogawa H ,Moritani K , et al. Effects of the presence or absence of preceding angina pectoris on left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1984;108:955-958
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline35
Fujita M ,Sasayama S ,Ohno A ,Nakajima H ,Asanoi H . Importance of angina for development of collateral circulation. Br Heart J 1987;57:139-143
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline36
Muller DWM ,Topol EJ ,Califf RM , et al. Relationship between antecedent angina pectoris and short-term prognosis after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1990;119:224-231
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline37
Pasceri V ,Cianflone D ,Finocchiaro ML ,Crea F ,Maseri A . Relation between myocardial infarction site and pain location in Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:224-227
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline38
Pierard LA ,Dubois C ,Smeets JP ,Boland J ,Carlier J ,Kulbertus HE . Prognostic significance of angina pectoris before first acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:984-987
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline39
Ruocco NA Jr ,Bergelson BA ,Jacobs AK ,Frederick MM ,Faxon DP ,Ryan TJ . Invasive versus conservative strategy after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction in patients with antecedent angina: a report from Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Phase II (TIMI II). J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:1445-1451
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline40
Barbash GI ,White HD ,Modan M ,Van de Werf F . Antecedent angina pectoris predicts worse outcome after myocardial infarction in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy: experience gleaned from the International Tissue Plasminogen Activator/Streptokinase Mortality Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:36-41
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (67)
Citing Articles
1
Giancarla Scalone, Cristina Aurigemma, Fabrizio Tomai, Pierfrancesco Corvo, Irma Battipaglia, Gaetano A. Lanza, Filippo Crea. (2011) Effect of pre-infarction angina on platelet reactivity in acute myocardial infarction. International Journal of Cardiology
CrossRef2
E. Apostolakis, N. G. Baikoussis, N. A. Papakonstantinou. (2011) The role of myocardial ischaemic preconditioning during beating heart surgery: biological aspect and clinical outcome. Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery
CrossRef3
G. Heusch, P. Kleinbongard, A. Skyschally, B. Levkau, R. Schulz, R. Erbel. (2011) The coronary circulation in cardioprotection: more than just one confounder. Cardiovascular Research
CrossRef4
Christodoulos E. Papadopoulos, Dimitrios G. Zioutas, Georgios A. Giannakoulas, Sotirios Matsiras, Theodoros D. Karamitsos, Haralambos I. Karvounis, Paraschos Geleris, Ioannis Stiliadis. (2011) Beneficial effect of ischemic preconditioning on post-infarction left ventricular remodeling and global left ventricular function. Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine 12:5, 286-291
CrossRef5
Daniel Murillo, Christelle Kamga, Li Mo, Sruti Shiva. (2011) Nitrite as a mediator of ischemic preconditioning and cytoprotection. Nitric Oxide 25:2, 70-80
CrossRef6
Giampaolo Niccoli, Nicola Cosentino, Cristina Spaziani, Silvia Minelli, Francesco Fracassi, Filippo Crea. (2011) New strategies for the management of no-reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 9:5, 615-630
CrossRef7
Pasquale Abete, Francesco Cacciatore, Gianluca Testa, David Della-Morte, Gianluigi Galizia, Domenico de Santis, Claudio Calabrese, Angelo Cioppa, Nicola Ferrara, Franco Rengo. (2010) Ischemic preconditioning in the aging heart: From bench to bedside. Ageing Research Reviews 9:2, 153-162
CrossRef8
Pasquale Abete, Francesco Cacciatore, Gianluca Testa, David Della-Morte, Gianluigi Galizia, Nicola Ferrara, Franco Rengo. (2010) Clinical Application of Ischemic Preconditioning in the Elderly. Dose-Response 8:1, 34-40
CrossRef9
Nora Sandu, Jan Cornelius, Andreas Filis, Belachew Arasho, Miguel Perez-Pinzon, Bernhard Schaller. (2009) Ischemic tolerance in stroke treatment. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 7:10, 1255-1261
CrossRef10
Saurabh Kumar, Calvin Hsieh, Gopal Sivagangabalan, Hera Chan, Alisdair D.S. Ryding, Arun Narayan, Andrew T.L. Ong, Norman Sadick, Pramesh Kovoor. (2009) Prognostic Impact of Q Waves on Presentation and ST Resolution in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. The American Journal of Cardiology 104:6, 780-785
CrossRef11
Efstathios K. Iliodromitis, Ioannis A. Paraskevaidis, Katerina Fountoulaki, Dimitrios Farmakis, Ioanna Andreadou, Aias Antoniadis, Ignatios Ikonomidis, Dionyssios Leftheriotis, Dimitrios T. Kremastinos. (2009) Staccato reperfusion prevents reperfusion injury in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty: A 1-year follow-up pilot study. Atherosclerosis 204:2, 497-502
CrossRef12
Giuseppe Patti, Carolina Fossati, Annunziata Nusca, Simona Mega, Vincenzo Pasceri, Andrea D’Ambrosio, Barbara Giannetti, Ombretta Annibali, Giuseppe Avvisati, Germano Di Sciascio. (2009) Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T genetic polymorphism and late infarct-related coronary artery patency after thrombolysis. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 27:4, 413-420
CrossRef13
Judit Zsuga, Rudolf Gesztelyi, Bela Juhasz, Adam Kemeny-Beke, Istvan Fekete, Laszlo Csiba, Daniel Bereczki. (2008) Prior transient ischemic attack is independently associated with lesser in-hospital case fatality in acute stroke. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 62:6, 705-712
CrossRef14
Efstathios K. Iliodromitis, Maria Koutelou, Ioannis A. Paraskevaidis, Athanasios Theodorakos, Dimitrios Farmakis, John Tsoutsanis, Dimitrios Th. Kremastinos. (2008) Treadmill exercise test with dual isotope scintigraphy documents the second window of preconditioning in humans. Atherosclerosis 198:1, 122-128
CrossRef15
Hajime Otani. (2008) Ischemic Preconditioning: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 10:2, 207-248
CrossRef16
Aly Mohamad Hegazy, Bader A. Abdulkader, Mousa A.J. Akbar, Laila Soud El-Enezi. (2007) Early Changes in Ventricular Repolarization after Thrombolytic Therapy in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction as Indicators for Prediction of Epicardial Coronary Artery Reperfusion. Medical Principles and Practice 16:2, 124-129
CrossRef17
M. D. LINDEN, P. WHITTAKER, A. L. FRELINGER, M. R. BARNARD, A. D. MICHELSON, K. PRZYKLENK. (2006) Preconditioning ischemia attenuates molecular indices of platelet activation-aggregation. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 4:12, 2670-2677
CrossRef18
Cheuk-Kit Wong, Wanzhen Gao, O Christopher Raffel, John K French, Ralph A Stewart, Harvey D White. (2006) Initial Q waves accompanying ST-segment elevation at presentation of acute myocardial infarction and 30-day mortality in patients given streptokinase therapy: an analysis from HERO-2. The Lancet 367:9528, 2061-2067
CrossRef19
Harun Evrengul, Deniz Seleci, Halil Tanrverdi, Asuman Kaftan. (2006) The antiarrhythmic effect and clinical consequences of ischemic preconditioning. Coronary Artery Disease 17:3, 283-288
CrossRef20
Carlos Cuellas, Felipe Fernández-Vázquez, Ginés Martínez, Ramiro Trillo, Nicolás Vázquez, Javier Zueco, Juan L. Delcán, Armando Pérez de Prado, Luis Martínez-Elbal. (2006) Implante directo del stent en el infarto agudo de miocardio. Estudio DISCO 3. Revista Española de Cardiología 59:3, 217-224
CrossRef21
Akira Tamura, Kazuhiro Shinozaki, Toru Watanabe, Toru Nakaishi, Kimiaki Nagase, Jun-ichi Kadota. (2006) Effect of Preinfarction Angina Pectoris on Myocardial Blush Grade After Reperfusion in First Anterior Wall Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation Journal 70:6, 698-702
CrossRef22
Filippo Ottani, Mario Galli, Santino Zerboni, Marcello Galvani. (2005) Prodromal Angina Limits Infarct Size in the Setting of Acute Anterior Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Percutaneous Intervention. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45:9, 1545-1547
CrossRef23
Ignacio Iglesias-Garriz, Carmen Garrote Coloma, Félix Corral Fernández, Cristina Olalla Gómez. (2005) Mortalidad intrahospitalaria y angina preinfarto temprana: metaanálisis de los estudios publicados. Revista Española de Cardiología 58:5, 484-490
CrossRef24
B SCHALLER. (2005) Ischemic preconditioning as induction of ischemic tolerance after transient ischemic attacks in human brain: its clinical relevance. Neuroscience Letters 377:3, 206-211
CrossRef25
Karin Przyklenk, Peter Whittaker. (2005) In Vitro Platelet Responsiveness to Adenosine-Mediated ‘Preconditioning’ is Age-Dependent. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 19:1, 5-10
CrossRef26
Masami Kosuge, Kazuo Kimura, Sunao Kojima, Tomohiro Sakamoto, Masaharu Ishihara, Yujiro Asada, Chuwa Tei, Shunichi Miyazaki, Masahiro Sonoda, Kazufumi Tsuchihashi, Masakazu Yamagishi, Yoshihiko Ikeda, Mutsunori Shirai, Hisatoyo Hiraoka, Takeshi Inoue, Fumio Saito, Hisao Ogawa, on behalf of the Japanese Acute Cor. (2005) Beneficial Effect of Preinfarction Angina on In-Hospital Outcome is Preserved in Elderly Patients Undergoing Coronary Intervention for Anterior Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation Journal 69:6, 630-635
CrossRef27
Shereif H Rezkalla, Robert A Kloner. (2004) Ischemic preconditioning and preinfarction angina in the clinical arena. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 1:2, 96-102
CrossRef28
Ben M. Tsai, Meijing Wang, Keith L. March, Mark W. Turrentine, John W. Brown, Daniel R. Meldrum. (2004) Preconditioning: Evolution of Basic Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Shock 21:3, 195-209
CrossRef29
David S. H. Bell. (2004) Secretagogues and Cardiac Risk. The Endocrinologist 14:1, 33-37
CrossRef30
Mehmet Tokac, Ayse Özdemir, Mehmet Yazici, Bülent B. Altunkeser, Akif Düzenli, Ismail Reisli, Kurtulus Özdemir. (2004) Is the Beneficial Effect of Preinfarction Angina Related to an Immune Response?. Japanese Heart Journal 45:2, 205-215
CrossRef31
Merih Baykan, Remzi Yilmaz, Şükrü Çelik, Cihan Örem, Sahin Kaplan, Cevdet Erdol. (2003) Assessment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function by doppler tissue imaging in patients with preinfarction angina. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 16:10, 1024-1030
CrossRef32
Christodoulos E. Papadopoulos, Haralampos I. Karvounis, Georgios E. Parharidis, Georgios E. Louridas. (2003) Preconditioning Reduces QTc Value in Patients with First Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI). Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 8:4, 275-283
CrossRef33
Tetsuji Miura. (2003) Myocardial response to ischemic preconditioning: is it a novel predictor of prognosis?. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42:6, 1004-1006
CrossRef34
YUKIO KURAMOCHI, RYUJI FUKAZAWA, MAKOTO MIGITA, JUN HAYAKAWA, MARI HAYASHIDA, YOHKO UCHIKOBA, DAICHI FUKUMI, TAKASHI SHIMADA, AND, SHUNICHI OGAWA. (2003) Cardiomyocyte Regeneration from Circulating Bone Marrow Cells in Mice. Pediatric Research 54:3, 319-325
CrossRef35
Toshihiko Saito, Kazuo Kimura, Masami Kosuge, Toshiyuki Ishikawa, Tsutomu Endo, Teruyasu Sugano, Kiyoshi Hibi, Takeshi Nakagawa, Tomoyori Nakatogawa, Jun Okuda, Osamu Tochikubo, Satoshi Umemura. (2003) Relation Between the Timing of the Last Preinfarction Angina and Microvascular Reperfusion in Patients With Recanalized Acute Myocardial Infarction. Japanese Heart Journal 44:6, 845-854
CrossRef36
Jun Okuda, Kazuo Kimura, Masami Kosuge, Tsutomu Endo, Teruyasu Sugano, Tomoyori Nakatogawa, Toshiyuki Ishikawa, Satoshi Umemura. (2003) Significance of Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Grade 2 Flow Early After Thrombolysis Followed by Immediate Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation Journal 67:3, 238-242
CrossRef37
Peter Rock, Zhenhai Yao. (2002) Ischemia reperfusion injury, preconditioning and critical illness. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 15:2, 139-146
CrossRef38
Claudio Napoli, Francesco Cacciatore, Domenico Bonaduce, Franco Rengo, Mario Condorelli, Antonio Liguori, Pasquale Abete. (2002) Efficacy of Thrombolysis in Younger and Older Adult Patients Suffering Their First Acute Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 50:2, 343-348
CrossRef39
Yusei Abe, Akira Tamura, Masaru Nasu. (2002) Effect of Preinfarction Angina on Heart Rate Variability in the Early Phase of the First Anterior Wall Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation Journal 66:5, 431-431
CrossRef40
Peter J Gheeraert, José P.S Henriques, Marc L De Buyzere, Michel De Pauw, Yves Taeymans, Felix Zijlstra. (2001) Preinfarction angina protects against out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in patients with acute occlusion of the left coronary artery. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 38:5, 1369-1374
CrossRef41
Serge Masson, Aldo Pietro Maggioni, Pietro Ghezzi, Riccardo Bertini, Roberto Latini, Laura Calvillo. (2001) Cardiac protection by pharmacological modulation of inflammation. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 10:11, 1913-1924
CrossRef42
Robert A. Kloner. (2001) Preinfarct angina and exercise: yet another reason to stay physically active. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 38:5, 1366-1368
CrossRef43
Ignacio Iglesias-Garriz, Félix Corral, Miguel A Rodrı́guez, Carmen Garrote, Manuela Montes, Eugenia Sevillano. (2001) Pre-infarction angina elicits greater myocardial viability on reperfusion after myocardial infarction: a dobutamine stress echocardiographic study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 37:7, 1846-1850
CrossRef44
Aleksandar N. NeŠKOVIÉ, KoČO Pavlovski, Dragana Bojić, Zoran Popović, Petar Ota ević, Alja Vlahovićca, Velibor Obradovićca, Biljana Putnikovićca, Zorana Vasiljevićca-Pokraj, Milovan Bojićca, Aleksandar D. Popovićca. (2001) Preinfarction angina prevents left ventricular remodeling in patients treated with thrombolysis for myocardial infarction. Clinical Cardiology 24:5, 364-370
CrossRef45
Akira Tamura, Kimiaki Nagase, Toru Watanabe, Masaru Nasu. (2001) Relationship Between Terminal QRS Distortion on the Admission Electrocardiogram and the Time Course of Left Ventricular Wall Motion in Anterior Wall Acute Myocardial Infarction. Japanese Circulation Journal 65:2, 63-66
CrossRef46
Kari Ylitalo, Keijo Peuhkurinen. (2001) Clinical Relevance of Ischemic Preconditioning. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 35:6, 359-365
CrossRef47
Claudio Napoli, Aldo Pinto, Giuseppe Cirino. (2000) Pharmacological modulation, preclinical studies, and new clinical features of myocardial ischemic preconditioning. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 88:3, 311-331
CrossRef48
Richard J. Edwards, Adrian T. Saurin, Roby D. Rakhit, Michael S. Marber. (2000) Therapeutic potential of ischaemic preconditioning. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 50:2, 87-97
CrossRef49
(2000) Part 7: The Era of Reperfusion. Resuscitation 46:1-3, 239-252
CrossRef50
Atsushi Nakano, Michael V Cohen, James M Downey. (2000) Ischemic preconditioning. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 86:3, 263-275
CrossRef51
Zhong-Kai Wu, Erkki Pehkonen, Jari. (2000) Protective Effect of Unstable Angina in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 34:5, 486-492
CrossRef52
Toshiyuki Noda, Shinya Minatoguchi, Kenshi Fujii, Masatsugu Hori, Takayuki Ito, Katsuo Kanmatsuse, Masunori Matsuzaki, Tetsuji Miura, Hiroshi Nonogi, Michihiko Tada, Masaru Tanaka, Hisayoshi Fujiwara. (1999) Evidence for the delayed effect in human ischemic preconditioning. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 34:7, 1966-1974
CrossRef53
Giovanna Liuzzo, Luigi M Biasucci, J.Ruth Gallimore, Giuseppina Caligiuri, Antonino Buffon, Antonio G Rebuzzi, Mark B Pepys, Attilio Maseri. (1999) Enhanced inflammatory response in patients with preinfarction unstable angina. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 34:6, 1696-1703
CrossRef54
Haruo Tomoda, Naoto Aoki. (1999) Comparison of protective effects of preinfarction angina pectoris in acute myocardial infarction treated by thrombolysis versus by primary coronary angioplasty with stenting. The American Journal of Cardiology 84:6, 621-625
CrossRef55
Toshiaki Yasumura, Nobuo Aoki, Atsuo Yanagisawa, Akira Maki, Chiaki Shirato, Kyozo Ishikawa. (1999) Effects of repeated brief episodes of ischemia and reperfusion in isolated perfused rat hearts. Heart and Vessels 14:3, 120-126
CrossRef56
Shiraki, Hiroto, Yoshikawa, Tsutomu, Anzai, Toshihisa, Negishi, Koji, Takahashi, Tetsuo, Asakura, Yasushi, Akaishi, Makoto, Mitamura, Hideo, Ogawa, Satoshi, . (1998) Association between Preinfarction Angina and a Lower Risk of Right Ventricular Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 338:14, 941-947
Full Text57
Michael J Malkowski, Christopher M Kramer, Seyed Taher Parvizi, Sinda Dianzumba, Jose Marquez, Nathaniel Reichek, James A Magovern. (1998) Transient Ischemia Does Not Limit Subsequent Ischemic Regional Dysfunction in Humans: A Transesophageal Echocardiographic Study During Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 31:5, 1035-1039
CrossRef58
Daniel R. Meldrum, Joseph C. Cleveland, Ernest E. Moore, David A. Partrick, Anirban Banerjee, Alden H. Harken. (1997) Adaptive and Maladaptive Mechanisms of Cellular Priming. Annals of Surgery 226:5, 587-598
CrossRef59
Daniel R. Meldrum. (1997) Mechanisms of Cardiac Preconditioning: Ten Years after the Discovery of Ischemic Preconditioning. Journal of Surgical Research 73:1, 1-13
CrossRef60
(1997) Primary Coronary Angioplasty versus Thrombolysis. New England Journal of Medicine 337:16, 1168-1170
Full Text61
Masaharu Ishihara, Hikaru Sato, Hironobu Tateishi, Takuji Kawagoe, Yuji Shimatani, Satoshi Kurisu, Kazuko Sakai, Kentarou Ueda. (1997) Implications of Prodromal Angina Pectoris in Anterior Wall Acute Myocardial Infarction: Acute Angiographic Findings and Long-Term Prognosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 30:4, 970-975
CrossRef62
Pasquale Abete, Nicola Ferrara, Francesco Cacciatore, Alfredo Madrid, Sabatino Bianco, Claudio Calabrese, Claudio Napoli, Paola Scognamiglio, Ornella Bollella, Angelo Cioppa, Giancarlo Longobardi, Franco Rengo. (1997) Angina-Induced Protection Against Myocardial Infarction in Adult and Elderly Patients: A Loss of Preconditioning Mechanism in the Aging Heart?. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 30:4, 947-954
CrossRef63
Jay D. Schlaifer, Richard A. Kerensky. (1997) Ischemic preconditioning: Clinical relevance and investigative studies. Clinical Cardiology 20:7, 602-606
CrossRef64
Jan Willem Jong, Robert Jonge, Andrea Marchesani, Maarten Janssen, Silvia Bradamante. (1997) Controversies in preconditioning. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 10:6, 767-773
CrossRef65
(1996) Preinfarction Angina. New England Journal of Medicine 335:1, 59-61
Full Text66
Agha W. Haider, Graham J. Davies. (1996) Preinfarction angina as a major predictor of left ventricular function and long-term prognosis after a first Q wave myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 27:4, 954-955
CrossRef67
Braunwald, Eugene, . (1996) Acute Myocardial Infarction — The Value of Being Prepared. New England Journal of Medicine 334:1, 51-52
Full Text
- Letters
