Original Article
Reduced Incidence of Preterm Delivery with Metronidazole and Erythromycin in Women with Bacterial Vaginosis
N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1732-1736December 28, 1995
- Abstract
Background
Pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis may be at increased risk for preterm delivery. We investigated whether treatment with metronidazole and erythromycin during the second trimester would lower the incidence of delivery before 37 weeks' gestation.
Methods
In 624 pregnant women at risk for delivering prematurely, vaginal and cervical cultures and other laboratory tests for bacterial vaginosis were performed at a mean of 22.9 weeks' gestation. We then performed a 2:1 double-blind randomization to treatment with metronidazole and erythromycin (433 women) or placebo (191 women). After treatment, the vaginal and cervical tests were repeated and a second course of treatment was given to women who had bacterial vaginosis at that time (a mean of 27.6 weeks' gestation).
Results
A total of 178 women (29 percent) delivered infants at less than 37 weeks' gestation. Eight women were lost to follow-up. In the remaining population, 110 of the 426 women assigned to metronidazole and erythromycin (26 percent) delivered prematurely, as compared with 68 of the 190 assigned to placebo (36 percent, P = 0.01). However, the association between the study treatment and lower rates of prematurity was observed only among the 258 women who had bacterial vaginosis (rate of preterm delivery, 31 percent with treatment vs. 49 percent with placebo; P = 0.006). Of the 358 women who did not have bacterial vaginosis when initially examined, 22 percent of those assigned to metronidazole and erythromycin and 25 percent of those assigned to placebo delivered prematurely (P = 0.55). The lower rate of preterm delivery among the women with bacterial vaginosis who were assigned to the study treatment was observed both in women at risk because of previous preterm delivery (preterm delivery in the treatment group, 39 percent; and in the placebo group, 57 percent; P = 0.02) and in women who weighed less than 50 kg before pregnancy (preterm delivery in the treatment group, 14 percent; and in the placebo group, 33 percent; P = 0.04).
Conclusions
Treatment with metronidazole and erythromycin reduced rates of premature delivery in women with bacterial vaginosis and an increased risk for preterm delivery.
Media in This Article
Table 1
Characteristics of the Women in the Study at the Time of Randomization to Treatment with Metronidazole and Erythromycin or to Placebo.Table 2
Markers of Altered Vaginal Flora in the Women Assigned to Treatment with Metronidazole and Erythromycin or to Placebo.Article Activity
- Article
Preterm delivery is the primary cause of perinatal mortality in the United States. To date, no effective means of preventing spontaneous preterm delivery has been identified. At least in some cases, however, microbial colonization of the fetal membranes or the amniotic fluid, or alterations in the vaginal flora such as are seen in patients with bacterial vaginosis, have been associated with spontaneous labor and preterm delivery.1-10
We undertook a prospective, double-blind trial to address three questions. First, does antimicrobial therapy reduce the incidence of preterm delivery in women at risk for preterm delivery? Second, does antimicrobial therapy reduce the incidence of preterm delivery in women with bacterial vaginosis? Finally, in women who are already at risk for preterm delivery, does bacterial vaginosis increase the risk even further?
Methods
Study Subjects
We identified for inclusion in the study otherwise healthy women between 22 and 24 weeks of gestation who had previously had a spontaneous preterm delivery or who weighed less than 50 kg before pregnancy. These two characteristics are associated with risks of preterm delivery of 26 percent and 16 percent, respectively (odds ratios, 2.9 and 2.7, as compared with the risk in women without these characteristics).11 Among women with either risk factor, bacterial vaginosis is present in more than 40 percent and the risk of preterm delivery is 35 percent. Women were excluded from the study if they had known allergies to metronidazole or erythromycin, an uncertain length of gestation, a multiple gestation, prior vaginal bleeding, or a medical complication of pregnancy, such as diabetes mellitus or chronic renal disease. Women were screened and treated for asymptomatic bacteriuria. Only women who had not received antimicrobial therapy for at least four weeks were enrolled.
Candidates for our study were women who had been pregnant for less than 24 weeks who were identified between May 1989 and December 1993 from among the 5000 women who receive antepartum care at public health clinics in Jefferson County, Alabama, each year. At the initial visit to the research clinic, each woman's week of gestation was determined from the timing of the last menses and was confirmed by ultrasonography. Written informed consent was obtained before randomization. The study was approved by the institutional review board.
Laboratory Tests
Each woman underwent the following tests: a cervical enzyme immunoassay (Chlamydiazyme, Abbott Laboratories, Chicago), cervical cultures for group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and a urine culture. Patients with N. gonorrhoeae and symptomatic vaginal yeast infections or Trichomonas vaginalis received appropriate antibiotic therapy. These conditions had to be eliminated before a woman was considered for participation in this clinical trial. A vaginal washing with 2 ml of sterile normal saline was performed to collect secretions for analysis by gas–liquid chromatography in order to detect volatile and nonvolatile short-chain organic acids and determine the succinate:lactate ratio (ratios of 0.4 or higher were considered abnormal).12-14
For the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, three of the following four criteria had to be met15: (1) the determination of a vaginal pH greater than 4.5 with pH strips or a pH meter, (2) the presence of an amine odor (trimethylamine) when 10 percent potassium hydroxide was applied to vaginal secretions,16 (3) the detection in vaginal fluid of vaginal epithelial cells heavily coated with bacilli (“clue cells”), and (4) the presence of a thin vaginal secretion of uniform consistency. In addition, the diagnosis was based on the detection of few white cells and a mixed flora (as compared with the normal predominance of lactobacilli) on Gram's staining of vaginal fluid.17,18 We found a 90 percent correlation between the clinical findings and the results of Gram's staining.
Randomization, Treatment, and Compliance
Our Investigational Drug Service generated a blocked randomization scheme in a ratio of 2:1 (i.e., two women were assigned to the study treatment for every one woman assigned to placebo), with blocks of randomly chosen sizes. At 22 to 24 weeks' gestation (mean, 22.9), each woman was assigned to take either metronidazole (250 mg three times a day for 7 days) and erythromycin base (333 mg three times a day for 14 days) or an identical-appearing placebo containing a lactose filler. Two to four weeks after treatment, the vaginal and cervical tests were repeated and a second course of the initially assigned treatment was given to women who had bacterial vaginosis at that time (at a mean of 27.6 weeks of gestation). All the women were seen every two weeks for antepartum care by the same nursing team, and the importance of adherence to treatment was emphasized. Pills were counted at each visit, and each woman kept a log of medications. If a woman's compliance was less than 80 percent, she was counseled again about the importance of taking the pills. All follow-up visits were scheduled for the same day of the week, but women who presented at unscheduled times still received care from the same nursing team. Patients who missed their regular clinic visits were called on the telephone and seen at the next convenient time.
Rationale for Antimicrobial Therapy
When the study protocol was being developed in 1988, published data indicated that a seven-day course of oral metronidazole was more efficacious in treating bacterial vaginosis than amoxicillin, doxycycline, ampicillin, or a vaginal cream containing three sulfa drugs.19-21 Moreover, metronidazole was the therapy recommended for this condition by the Centers for Disease Control.22 Hence, we elected to use metronidazole and obtained the approval of the institutional review board for the use of this category B drug in pregnant women.23,24 Recently, a meta-analysis confirmed the safety of metronidazole in pregnancy.25 Other reasons for choosing metronidazole were the following: metronidazole does not eradicate lactobacillus, as does amoxicillin26; allergy to penicillin would not exclude otherwise eligible patients from participation in the study; and metronidazole is resistant to inactivation by beta-lactamases (which are produced by 50 percent of vaginal organisms). We included erythromycin as adjunctive treatment because of data (evolving in 1988) on the association of Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum with preterm delivery or premature rupture of membranes.27-30
Statistical Analysis
All outcome data were collected after delivery and included in a relational data base before the double-blind code was broken. We report the results of an intention-to-treat analysis of the efficacy of treatment with metronidazole and erythromycin in reducing the rate of delivery before 37 weeks' gestation. Student's t-test, chi-square tests of proportion, and two-tailed Fisher's exact tests31 were used in the analysis where appropriate.
Results
A total of 624 women were enrolled; 433 were randomly assigned to active treatment and 191 were assigned to placebo. The women in the two groups were similar with respect to selected characteristics (Table 1Table 1
Characteristics of the Women in the Study at the Time of Randomization to Treatment with Metronidazole and Erythromycin or to Placebo.). They were also similar with respect to substance abuse: 29.7 percent of the treatment group used alcohol, tobacco, or illegal drugs, as compared with 30.3 percent of the placebo group. The percentage of pills taken was also similar in both groups during both the first and the second treatment. These 624 women had been screened and treated for asymptomatic bacteriuria at least four weeks before randomization. Therefore, at randomization only 11 of the 433 women assigned to the treatment group (2.5 percent) and 7 of the 191 women assigned to the placebo group (3.7 percent) had positive urine cultures. These 18 patients received oral nitrofurantoin therapy.The effect of treatment with metronidazole and erythromycin on selected markers of altered vaginal flora is compared with the effects of placebo in Table 2Table 2
Markers of Altered Vaginal Flora in the Women Assigned to Treatment with Metronidazole and Erythromycin or to Placebo.. Before treatment, the percentage of women with each marker was similar in the two groups. At the time of the follow-up examination, the percentage of women with each marker (except group B streptococci and Candida albicans) decreased significantly in the treatment group, but not in the placebo group. With the study treatment, bacterial vaginosis disappeared in 70 percent of the affected women (P<0.001), whereas it appeared in only 5 percent of those who initially did not have bacterial vaginosis. In the placebo group, 18 percent of women who initially had bacterial vaginosis were found no longer to have it, whereas the reverse was true of 13 percent of initially negative women. Between the first and second examinations (performed at a mean of 22.9 and 27.6 weeks' gestation, respectively), markers of altered vaginal flora remained remarkably constant in the women assigned to placebo.Among all 624 women studied, 178 (29 percent) delivered infants before 37 weeks of gestation. Bacterial vaginosis was present in 258 women (41 percent) at the base-line examination. Eight women were subsequently lost to follow-up. Of the remaining women, 110 of the 426 assigned to metronidazole and erythromycin (26 percent) delivered before 37 weeks, as compared with 68 of the 190 assigned to placebo (36 percent, P = 0.01) (Table 3Table 3
Rates and Risks of Delivery before 37 Weeks of Gestation among the Women Assigned to Treatment with Metronidazole and Erythromycin or to Placebo.). However, the association between the study treatment and a lower rate of delivery before 37 weeks' gestation was observed only among the 258 women who had bacterial vaginosis (rate of preterm delivery, 31 percent with treatment vs. 49 percent in the placebo group; P = 0.006). Among the 358 women who did not have bacterial vaginosis at the time of their initial examinations, 22 percent of those assigned to the study treatment and 25 percent of those assigned to placebo delivered before 37 weeks. Assignment to the study treatment resulted in a significantly lower rate of delivery before 37 weeks of gestation among women who had bacterial vaginosis and were at increased risk, either because they had previously had a preterm delivery or because they weighed less than 50 kg before pregnancy (Table 3).We analyzed our study population further to determine the incidence of preterm delivery due only to spontaneous preterm labor, preterm rupture of membranes, or both — that is, excluding women who had preterm deliveries because of medical or obstetrical complications involving the mother. In this analysis, we identified 228 women with bacterial vaginosis who did not have preterm deliveries due to such complications. Among these women, 151 had previously had a spontaneous preterm delivery, and 77 weighed less than 50 kg before pregnancy. Assignment to metronidazole and erythromycin resulted in a lower rate of spontaneous preterm delivery among the 228 women with bacterial vaginosis (24.5 percent, vs. 39.7 percent with placebo; P = 0.02) and also among those with a previous preterm delivery (31.1 percent vs. 46.7 percent, P = 0.07) or a prepregnancy weight of less than 50 kg (10.2 percent vs. 28.6 percent, P = 0.04).
Finally, we compared the rates of preterm delivery among women who had bacterial vaginosis and among those who did not, regardless of treatment assignment. The women with bacterial vaginosis had higher rates of delivery before 37 weeks of gestation (37 percent vs. 23 percent, P<0.001), at 34 weeks or earlier (19 percent vs. 11 percent, P = 0.006), and at 32 weeks or earlier (11 percent vs. 6 percent, P = 0.04).
It was disturbing to note that delivery at 34 weeks of gestation or earlier occurred in 34 of the 254 women (13.4 percent) who did not have bacterial vaginosis and were assigned to the study treatment, as compared with only 5 of the 104 women (4.8 percent) without bacterial vaginosis who were assigned to placebo (P = 0.02). However, among these same women without bacterial vaginosis, rates of delivery before 37 weeks in the women assigned to the study treatment (56 of 254, or 22.0 percent) as compared with placebo (26 of 104, or 25.0 percent; P = 0.55) and of delivery at 32 weeks or earlier in the women assigned to the study treatment (18 of 254, or 7.1 percent) as compared with placebo (4 of 104, or 3.8 percent; P = 0.25) were similar in both groups.
Discussion
In this study, women at increased risk for preterm delivery who were assigned to receive treatment with metronidazole and erythromycin at approximately 24 weeks' gestation had fewer preterm deliveries than women assigned to placebo. However, the benefit of treatment was observed only among the women who had bacterial vaginosis at the time of their initial examination. Thus, our overall results do not support the use of midtrimester treatment with metronidazole and erythromycin in women at risk for preterm delivery who do not have bacterial vaginosis. The lower rates of preterm delivery found among women with bacterial vaginosis who received the study treatment occurred both among women who had previously had a spontaneous preterm delivery and among those who weighed less than 50 kg before pregnancy. We also found that the study treatment eliminated bacterial vaginosis in 70 percent of women with this condition and significantly improved other markers of adverse alterations in vaginal flora. However, the spontaneous appearance or disappearance of bacterial vaginosis may confound the results of clinical trials in which the outcome of pregnancy is found to be related to the efficacy of treatment in a single sample.
Infection of the Upper Genital Tract and Preterm Delivery
We previously compared the frequency of cultures of amniotic fluid or chorionic or amniotic tissue that were positive for microorganisms between women who had spontaneous labor and those whose deliveries were indicated because of maternal medical or obstetrical complications.1 Forty percent and 13 percent, respectively, had cultures of chorionic or amniotic tissue that were positive for one or more microorganisms (P<0.001). Rates of positive cultures were inversely proportional to the duration of gestation in women who had spontaneous labor but not in women whose deliveries were medically or obstetrically indicated. Among women who delivered at or before 30 weeks' gestation, cultures of chorionic or amniotic tissue were positive in 73 percent of those who had spontaneous labor as compared with 21 percent of those whose deliveries were indicated (P<0.001). Neither the duration of labor (up to 24 hours) nor the use of oxytocin to induce labor influenced the percentage of microorganisms recovered from the chorion or amnion in either group.
Bacterial Vaginosis and Its Treatment
Women were selected for our study on the basis of two established risk factors for preterm delivery: a history of spontaneous preterm delivery or a maternal weight before pregnancy of less than 50 kg.11 Over 40 percent of women with one of these risk factors have bacterial vaginosis. Therefore, our selection of antimicrobial agents was primarily directed toward the eradication of bacterial vaginosis. The efficacy of metronidazole in treating bacterial vaginosis has been confirmed by McDonald et al.32 and in a meta-analysis by Lugo-Miro et al.33 We included treatment with erythromycin because of previous studies that suggested an association between the presence of C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum and preterm delivery. However, more recent data34,35 have not supported the reports of McCormack et al.29 and McGregor et al.30 concerning the benefit of erythromycin in preventing preterm delivery.
When this study protocol was established, published data suggested an association between infections of both the upper and the lower genital tracts with numerous organisms and preterm labor and delivery. However, we were and still are not certain that any particular microorganism or condition, such as bacterial vaginosis, is solely responsible for the premature onset of labor. The range of microorganisms isolated both from amniotic fluid and from the chorion and amnion in our previous observational study of 609 women1 and in studies by Hillier et al.6 and Watts et al.7 lends further support to our belief that a variety of microorganisms may be involved in this process. The combination of metronidazole and erythromycin would be expected to be effective against most organisms identified in the upper genital tracts of women in these observational trials.6,7,36
We should emphasize that although lower rates of preterm delivery were observed among women with bacterial vaginosis who were treated with metronidazole and erythromycin than among those given placebo, it does not necessarily follow that eradicating bacterial vaginosis will reduce the incidence of preterm delivery. It is very possible, for example, that at midpregnancy bacterial vaginosis is a marker for or is associated with colonization of the fetal membranes by organisms such as U. urealyticum. Treatment with metronidazole and erythromycin, though it eradicated bacterial vaginosis, may also have eradicated early colonization of the upper genital tract. Therefore, a clinical trial in which the selection of antimicrobial agents depends solely on the eradication of bacterial vaginosis, such as a trial of single-dose metronidazole or topical clindamycin, may not result in a reduction in preterm delivery. That this may be the case is suggested by studies that compare the incidence of bacterial vaginosis with that of infections of the upper genital tract in nonpregnant women.37
Recently, Morales et al.38 also found that metronidazole treatment in women with bacterial vaginosis and previous preterm delivery due to spontaneous labor significantly reduced the rate of recurrence of preterm delivery. In both our study and that of Morales et al.,38 the women who had a lower rate of preterm delivery after treatment had both bacterial vaginosis and a risk factor for a preterm delivery. We have no data to suggest that treating low-risk pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis will decrease rates of prematurity. Randomized trials of antibiotic therapy in such women are therefore indicated.
Preterm Delivery Attributable to Bacterial Vaginosis
Recently, it has become apparent from many studies that bacterial vaginosis approximately doubles the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery.8-10,28,39,40 Furthermore, this disease is more common in some populations than in others. For example, using data from the Vaginal Infections in Prematurity Study, we have shown that pregnant black women had nearly three times as much bacterial vaginosis as pregnant white women.41 Meis et al.42 have also confirmed that the rate of bacterial vaginosis in black women is at least double the rate in white women.
In summary, women with bacterial vaginosis and an increased risk of preterm delivery have significantly lower rates of delivery before 37 weeks of gestation when they are treated with metronidazole and erythromycin.
Supported in part by a grant (6-554) from the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation and by a research contract (DHHS 282-92-0055) from the Agency for Health Care Policy.
Source Information
From the Division of Maternal–Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 618 S. 20th St., Birmingham, AL 35233-7333, where reprint requests should be addressed to Dr. Hauth.
- References
References
1
Cassell GH ,Hauth JC ,Andrews WW ,Cutter G ,Goldenberg RL . Chorioamnion colonization: correlation with gestational age in women delivered following spontaneous labor versus indicated delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:425-425 abstract.2
Miller JM Jr ,Pupkin MJ ,Hill GB . Bacterial colonization of amniotic fluid from intact fetal membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;136:796-804
Web of Science | Medline3
Bobitt JR ,Hayslip CC ,Damato JD . Amniotic fluid infection as determined by transabdominal amniocentesis in patients with intact membranes in premature labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;140:947-952
Web of Science | Medline4
Wahbeh CJ ,Hill GB ,Eden RD ,Gall SA . Intra-amniotic bacterial colonization in premature labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;148:739-743
Web of Science | Medline5
Gravett MG ,Hummel D ,Eschenbach DA ,Holmes KK . Preterm labor associated with subclinical amniotic fluid infection and with bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1986;67:229-237
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Hillier SL ,Martius J ,Krohn M ,Kiviat N ,Holmes KK ,Eschenbach DA . A case-control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med 1988;319:972-978
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline7
Watts DH ,Krohn MA ,Hillier SL ,Eschenbach DA . The association of occult amniotic fluid infection with gestational age and neonatal outcome among women in preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol 1992;79:351-357
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Kurki T ,Sivonen A ,Renkonen OV ,Savia E ,Ylikorkala O . Bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:173-177
Web of Science | Medline9
Riduan JM ,Hillier SL ,Utoma B ,Wiknjosastro G ,Linnan M ,Kandun N . Bacterial vaginosis and prematurity in Indonesia: association in early and late pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:175-178
Web of Science | Medline10
Holst E ,Goffeng AR ,Andersch B . Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal microorganisms in idiopathic premature labor and association with pregnancy outcome. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:176-186
Web of Science | Medline11
Wen SW ,Goldenberg RL ,Cutter GR ,Hoffman HJ ,Cliver SP . Intrauterine growth retardation and preterm delivery: prenatal risk factors in an indigent population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:213-218
Web of Science | Medline12
Phillips KD ,Tearle PV ,Willis AT . Rapid diagnosis of anaerobic infections by gas-liquid chromatography of clinical material. J Clin Pathol 1976;29:428-432
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Gorbach SL ,Mayhew JW ,Bartlett JG ,Thadepalli H ,Onderdonk AB . Rapid diagnosis of anaerobic infections by direct gas-liquid chromatography of clinical specimens. J Clin Invest 1976;57:478-484
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Spiegel CA ,Amsel R ,Eschenbach D ,Schoenknecht F ,Holmes KK . Anaerobic bacteria in nonspecific vaginitis. N Engl J Med 1980;303:601-607
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline15
Amsel R ,Totten PA ,Spiegel CA ,Chan KCS ,Eschenbach D ,Holmes KK . Nonspecific vaginitis: diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 1983;74:14-22
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Brand JM ,Galask RP . Trimethylamine: the substance mainly responsible for the fishy odor often associated with bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1986;68:682-685
Web of Science | Medline17
Spiegel CA ,Amsel R ,Holmes KK . Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by direct Gram stain of vaginal fluid. J Clin Microbiol 1983;18:170-177
Web of Science | Medline18
Thomason JL ,Anderson RJ ,Gelbart SM , et al. Simplified Gram stain interpretive method for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:16-19
Web of Science | Medline19
Malouf M ,Fortier M ,Morin G ,Dube JL . Treatment of Hemophilus vaginalis vaginitis. Obstet Gynecol 1981;57:711-714
Web of Science | Medline20
Pheifer TA ,Forsyth PS ,Durfee MA ,Pollock HM ,Holmes KK . Nonspecific vaginitis: role of Haemophilus vaginalis and treatment with metronidazole. N Engl J Med 1978;298:1429-1434
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline21
Eschenbach DA ,Critchlow CW ,Watkins H , et al. A dose-duration study of metronidazole for the treatment of nonspecific vaginosis. Scand J Infect Dis 1983;40:73-8022
1985 STD treatment guidelinesMMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985;34:Suppl:75S-108S
Medline23
Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1990:430-3.
24
Piper JM ,Mitchel EF ,Ray WA . Prenatal use of metronidazole and birth defects: no association. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:348-352
Web of Science | Medline25
Burtin P ,Taddio A ,Ariburnu O ,Einarson TR ,Koren G . Safety of metronidazole in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:525-529
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Spiegel CA ,Davick P ,Totten PA , et al. Gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobic bacteria in the etiology of bacterial (nonspecific) vaginosis. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1983;40:41-46
Medline27
Martius J ,Krohn MA ,Hillier SL ,Stamm WE ,Holmes KK ,Eschenbach DA . Relationships of vaginal Lactobacillus species, cervical Chlamydia trachomatis, and bacterial vaginosis to preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol 1988;71:89-95
Web of Science | Medline28
Gravett MG ,Nelson HP ,DeRouen T ,Critchlow C ,Eschenbach DA ,Holmes KK . Independent associations of bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis infection with adverse pregnancy outcome. JAMA 1986;256:1899-1903
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
McCormack WM ,Rosner B ,Lee YH ,Munoz A ,Charles D ,Kass EH . Effect on birth weight of erythromycin treament of pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69:202-207
Web of Science | Medline30
McGregor JA ,French JI ,Reller LB ,Todd JK ,Makowski EL . Adjunctive erythromycin treatment for idiopathic preterm labor: results of a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;154:98-103
Web of Science | Medline31
Rosner B. Fundamentals of biostatistics. 3rd ed. Boston: PWS-Kent, 1990.
32
McDonald HM ,O'Loughlin JA ,Vigneswaran R ,Jolley PT ,McDonald PJ . Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy and efficacy of short-course oral metronidazole treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:343-348
Web of Science | Medline33
Lugo-Miro VI ,Green M ,Mazur L . Comparison of different metronidazole therapeutic regimens for bacterial vaginosis: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1992;268:92-95
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline34
Romero R ,Sibai B ,Caritis S , et al. Antibiotic treatment of preterm labor with intact membranes: a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:764-774
Web of Science | Medline35
Eschenbach DA ,Nugent RP ,Rao AV , et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin for the treatment of Ureaplasma urealyticum to prevent premature delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:734-742
Web of Science | Medline36
Cassell G ,Andrews W ,Hauth J , et al. Isolation of microorganisms from the chorioamnion is twice that from amniotic fluid at cesarean delivery in women with intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:424-424 abstract.37
Korn AP ,Bolan G ,Padian N ,Ohm-Smith M ,Schachter J ,Landers DV . Plasma cell endometritis in women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85:387-390
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline38
Morales WJ ,Schorr S ,Albritton J . Effect of metronidazole in patients with preterm birth in preceding pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:345-349
Web of Science | Medline39
Krohn MA ,Hillier SL ,Lee ML ,Rabe LK ,Eschenbach DA . Vaginal bacteroides species are associated with an increased rate of preterm delivery among women in preterm labor. J Infect Dis 1991;164:88-93
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline40
McDonald HM ,O'Loughlin JA ,Jolley P ,Vigneswaran R ,McDonald PJ . Prenatal microbiological risk factors associated with preterm birth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992;99:190-196
CrossRef | Medline41
Goldenberg R, Nugent R, Klebanoff M, Krohn M, Hillier S, VIP Study Group 42
Meis P ,Goldenberg R ,Iams J , et al. Vaginal infections and spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:410-410 abstract.
- Citing Articles (230)
Citing Articles
1
Peeranan Wisanskoonwong, Kathleen Fahy, Carolyn Hastie. (2011) The effectiveness of medical interventions aimed at preventing preterm birth: A literature review. Women and Birth 24:4, 141-147
CrossRef2
J.-P. Menard, F. Bretelle. (2011) Vaginose bactérienne et accouchement prématuré. Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité
CrossRef3
E. Petit, A. Abergel, B. Dedet, D. Subtil. (2011) Prématurité et infection : état des connaissances. Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction
CrossRef4
D. R. Velez Edwards, D. D. Baird, R. Hasan, D. A. Savitz, K. E. Hartmann. (2011) First-trimester bleeding characteristics associate with increased risk of preterm birth: data from a prospective pregnancy cohort. Human Reproduction
CrossRef5
Hector Mendez-Figueroa, Brenna Anderson. (2011) Vaginal innate immunity: alteration during pregnancy and its impact on pregnancy outcomes. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 6:6, 629-641
CrossRef6
Emilia H. Koumans, Sandra D. Lane, Richard Aubry, Kathleen DeMott, Noah Webster, Brooke A. Levandowski, Stuart Berman, Lauri E. Markowitz. (2011) Evaluation of Syracuse Healthy Start’s Program for Abnormal Flora Management to Reduce Preterm Birth Among Pregnant Women. Maternal and Child Health Journal 15:7, 1020-1028
CrossRef7
Camille H Raynes-Greenow, Christine L Roberts, Jane C Bell, Brian Peat, Gwendolyn L Gilbert, Sharon Parker, Camille H Raynes-Greenow. 2011. Antibiotics for ureaplasma in the vagina in pregnancy. .
CrossRef8
Ronald F. Lamont, Chia-Ling Nhan-Chang, Jack D. Sobel, Kimberly Workowski, Agustin Conde-Agudelo, Roberto Romero. (2011) Treatment of abnormal vaginal flora in early pregnancy with clindamycin for the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: a systematic review and metaanalysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 205:3, 177-190
CrossRef9
A Metin Gülmezoglu, Maimoona Azhar, A Metin Gülmezoglu. 2011. Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy. .
CrossRef10
Jianzhou Yang, Ri-hua Xie, Daniel Krewski, Yong-jin Wang, Mark Walker, Shi Wu Wen. (2011) Exposure to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole but not other FDA category C and D anti-infectives is associated with increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 15:5, e336-e341
CrossRef11
Brenna Anderson, Yuan Zhao, William W. Andrews, Donald J. Dudley, Baha Sibai, Jay D. Iams, Ronald J. Wapner, Michael W. Varner, Steve N. Caritis, Mary Jo OʼSullivan. (2011) Effect of Antibiotic Exposure on Nugent Score Among Pregnant Women With and Without Bacterial Vaginosis. Obstetrics & Gynecology 117:4, 844-849
CrossRef12
Suruchi Pandey, Sohinee Bhattacharya. (2011) Preterm birth: avenues for future study. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 6:2, 193-203
CrossRef13
Sabina Cauci, Jennifer Flatow Culhane. (2011) High sialidase levels increase preterm birth risk among women who are bacterial vaginosis–positive in early gestation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 204:2, 142.e1-142.e9
CrossRef14
Olaleye Sanu, Ronald F. Lamont. (2011) Periodontal disease and bacterial vaginosis as genetic and environmental markers for the risk of spontaneous preterm labor and preterm birth. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine1-10
CrossRef15
Leticia Krauss-silva, Maria elizabeth L Moreira, Mariane B Alves, Alcione Braga, Karla G Camacho, Maria rosa R Batista, Antonio Almada-horta, Maria R Rebello, Fernando Guerra. (2011) Randomised controlled trial of probiotics for the prevention of spontaneous preterm delivery associated with bacterial vaginosis: preliminary results. Trials 12:1, 239
CrossRef16
Arthur M. Baker, Sina Haeri, Richard L. Klein, Kim Boggess. (2010) Association of midgestation paraoxonase 1 activity and pregnancies complicated by preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 203:3, 246.e1-246.e4
CrossRef17
Jay D. Iams, Vincenzo Berghella. (2010) Care for women with prior preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 203:2, 89-100
CrossRef18
Brenna Anderson, Melissa Gaitanis, Daniel I. Sessler. 2010. Nonviral Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy. , 404-430.
CrossRef19
Alison G. Cahill, Anthony O. Odibo, Aaron B. Caughey, David M. Stamilio, Sonia S. Hassan, George A. Macones, Roberto Romero. (2010) Universal cervical length screening and treatment with vaginal progesterone to prevent preterm birth: a decision and economic analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 202:6, 548.e1-548.e8
CrossRef20
Luis M. Gómez, Mary D. Sammel, Dina H. Appleby, Michal A. Elovitz, Don A. Baldwin, Marjorie K. Jeffcoat, George A. Macones, Samuel Parry. (2010) Evidence of a gene-environment interaction that predisposes to spontaneous preterm birth: a role for asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and DNA variants in genes that control the inflammatory response. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 202:4, 386.e1-386.e6
CrossRef21
Laura E. Baecher-Lind, William C. Miller, Allen J. Wilcox. (2010) Infectious Disease and Reproductive Health. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 65:1, 53-65
CrossRef22
Jean Pierre Menard, Chafika Mazouni, Inesse Salem-Cherif, Florence Fenollar, Didier Raoult, Léon Boubli, Marc Gamerre, Florence Bretelle. (2010) High Vaginal Concentrations of Atopobium vaginae and Gardnerella vaginalis in Women Undergoing Preterm Labor. Obstetrics & Gynecology 115:1, 134-140
CrossRef23
Vatsla Dadhwal, Roopa Hariprasad, Suneeta Mittal, Arti Kapil. (2010) Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women and predictive value of clinical diagnosis. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 281:1, 101-104
CrossRef24
Anurag Kuhad, Indu Pal Kaur, Kanwaljit Chopra, Amita Garg. 2009. Probiotics. .
CrossRef25
GG Donders, K Van Calsteren, G Bellen, R Reybrouck, T Van den Bosch, I Riphagen, S Van Lierde. (2009) Predictive value for preterm birth of abnormal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 116:10, 1315-1324
CrossRef26
Sabreen Akhter, Kathleen Beckmann, Marc Gorelick. (2009) Update on Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2008. Pediatric Emergency Care 25:9, 608-618
CrossRef27
Christopher T. Lang, Jay D. Iams. (2009) Goals and Strategies for Prevention of Preterm Birth: An Obstetric Perspective. Pediatric Clinics of North America 56:3, 537-563
CrossRef28
Aimin Chen, Mark A. Klebanoff, Olga Basso. (2009) Pre-pregnancy body mass index change between pregnancies and preterm birth in the following pregnancy. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 23:3, 207-215
CrossRef29
Angela G. Rouse, Karen M. Gil, Kenneth Davis. (2009) Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in the pregnant patient in an acute care setting. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 279:4, 545-549
CrossRef30
Indu Pal Kaur, Anurag Kuhad, Amita Garg, Kanwaljit Chopra. (2009) Probiotics: Delineation of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Benefits. Journal of Medicinal Food 12:2, 219-235
CrossRef31
Ahmed Y. Shahin, Ibrahim M.A. Hassanin, Alaa M. Ismail, Jan S. Kruessel, Jens Hirchenhain. (2009) Effect of oral N-acetyl cysteine on recurrent preterm labor following treatment for bacterial vaginosis. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 104:1, 44-48
CrossRef32
Stephen F. Thung, Errol R. Norwitz. 2009. Endocrine Diseases of Pregnancy. , 615-658.
CrossRef33
Lisa M. Hollier, Kimberly Workowski. (2008) Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Women. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 22:4, 665-691
CrossRef34
Dean V. Coonrod, Brian W. Jack, Phillip G. Stubblefield, Lisa M. Hollier, Kim A. Boggess, Robert Cefalo, Shanna N. Cox, Anne L. Dunlop, Kam D. Hunter, Mona R. Prasad, Michael C. Lu, Jeanne A. Conry, Ronald S. Gibbs, Vijaya K. Hogan. (2008) The clinical content of preconception care: infectious diseases in preconception care. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 199:6, S296-S309
CrossRef35
Jeffrey M Denney, Jennifer F Culhane, Robert L Goldenberg. (2008) Prevention of preterm birth. Women's Health 4:6, 625-638
CrossRef36
Arthur M. Baker, Joe M. Braun, Carolyn M. Salafia, Amy H. Herring, Julie Daniels, Nicole Rankins, John M. Thorp. (2008) Risk factors for uteroplacental vascular compromise and inflammation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 199:3, 256.e1-256.e9
CrossRef37
Jia Xu, Claudia B. Holzman, Cindy G. Arvidson, Hwan Chung, Alice R. Goepfert. (2008) Midpregnancy Vaginal Fluid Defensins, Bacterial Vaginosis, and Risk of Preterm Delivery. Obstetrics & Gynecology 112:3, 524-531
CrossRef38
Gernot Wimmer, Bruce L. Pihlstrom. (2008) A critical assessment of adverse pregnancy outcome and periodontal disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35, 380-397
CrossRef39
P Kitsantas. (2008) Ethnic differences in infant mortality by cause of death. Journal of Perinatology 28:8, 573-579
CrossRef40
Brenna L. Anderson, Hyagriv N. Simhan, Kathryn Simons, Harold C. Wiesenfeld. (2008) Additional antibiotic use and preterm birth among bacteriuric and nonbacteriuric pregnant women. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 102:2, 141-145
CrossRef41
Anne Lang Dunlop, Cynthia Dubin, B. Denise Raynor, George W. Bugg, Brian Schmotzer, Alfred W. Brann. (2008) Interpregnancy Primary Care and Social Support for African-American Women at Risk for Recurrent Very-low-birthweight Delivery: A Pilot Evaluation. Maternal and Child Health Journal 12:4, 461-468
CrossRef42
Zoltán Kazy, Erzsébet Puhó, Endre Czeizel. (2008) Az antimikrobiális kezelés és a koraszülés közötti összefüggés. Orvosi Hetilap 149:10, 449-456
CrossRef43
Jay D Iams, Roberto Romero, Jennifer F Culhane, Robert L Goldenberg. (2008) Primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions to reduce the morbidity and mortality of preterm birth. The Lancet 371:9607, 164-175
CrossRef44
Israel Hendler, William W. Andrews, Christopher J. Carey, Mark A. Klebanoff, William D. Noble, Baha M. Sibai, Sharon L. Hillier, Donald Dudley, Joseph M. Ernest, Kenneth J. Leveno, Ronald Wapner, Jay D. Iams, Michael Varner, Atef Moawad, Menachem Miodovnik, Mary J. O’Sullivan, Peter J. Van Dorsten. (2007) The relationship between resolution of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and spontaneous preterm birth in fetal fibronectin–positive women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 197:5, 488.e1-488.e5
CrossRef45
Rachael SIMCOX, Wing-To A. SIN, Paul T. SEED, Annette BRILEY, Andrew H. SHENNAN. (2007) Prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of preterm birth in women at risk: A meta-analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 47:5, 368-377
CrossRef46
K GROOM. (2007) Pharmacological prevention of prematurity. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 21:5, 843-856
CrossRef47
Simhan, Hyagriv N., Caritis, Steve N., . (2007) Prevention of Preterm Delivery. New England Journal of Medicine 357:5, 477-487
Full Text48
Vincenzo Berghella. 2007. Prevention of preterm birth. , 116-137.
CrossRef49
Zoltán Kazy, Erzsébet Puhó, Endre Czeizel. (2007) A terhesség alatti ampicillinkezelés lehetséges koraszülést megelőző hatásáról. Orvosi Hetilap 148:30, 1421-1426
CrossRef50
David Alan Viniker. 2007. Infections and recurrent pregnancy loss. , 193-206.
CrossRef51
Bryan S. Michalowicz, Robert Durand. (2007) Maternal periodontal disease and spontaneous preterm birth. Periodontology 2000 44:1, 103-112
CrossRef52
G DONDERS. (2007) Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 21:3, 355-373
CrossRef53
A UGWUMADU. (2007) Role of antibiotic therapy for bacterial vaginosis and intermediate flora in pregnancy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 21:3, 391-402
CrossRef54
H LEITICH, H KISS. (2007) Asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and intermediate flora as risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcome. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 21:3, 375-390
CrossRef55
Eric J. Knudtson, Cynthia Shellhaas, Julie A. Stephens, Molly Senokozlieff, Huaide Ye, Jay D. Iams. (2007) The association of chronic endometritis with preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 196:4, 337.e1-337.e4
CrossRef56
Deepali G Phatak, Lisa M Hollier. (2007) Medical and surgical interventions for the prevention of preterm birth. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2:2, 193-201
CrossRef57
Elizabeth St. John, Debra Mares, Gregory T. Spear. (2007) Bacterial vaginosis and host immunity. Current HIV/AIDS Reports 4:1, 22-28
CrossRef58
Helen Margaret McDonald, Peter Brocklehurst, Adrienne Gordon, Adrienne Gordon. 2007. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. .
CrossRef59
S Guaschino, F De Seta, M Piccoli, G Maso, S Alberico. (2006) Aetiology of preterm labour: bacterial vaginosis. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 113, 46-51
CrossRef60
R Romero, J Espinoza, JP Kusanovic, F Gotsch, S Hassan, O Erez, T Chaiworapongsa, M Mazor. (2006) The preterm parturition syndrome. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 113, 17-42
CrossRef61
William J. Ledger, Steven S. Witkin. (2006) Are you a lumper or a splitter?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 195:5, 1205-1209
CrossRef62
Kingsley C. Anukam, Emmanuel O. Osazuwa, Ijeoma Ahonkhai, Gregor Reid. (2006) Assessment of Lactobacillus species colonizing the vagina of apparently healthy Nigerian women, using PCR-DGGE and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 22:10, 1055-1060
CrossRef63
Andrija Bošnjak, Tomislav Relja, Vanja Vučićević-Bora, Hrvoje Plasaj, Darije Plančak. (2006) Pre-term delivery and periodontal disease: a case?control study from Croatia. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 33:10, 710-716
CrossRef64
Robert L. Goldenberg, Victor Mudenda, Jennifer S. Read, Elizabeth R. Brown, Moses Sinkala, Steve Kamiza, Francis Martinson, Ephata Kaaya, Irving Hoffman, Wafaie Fawzi, Megan Valentine, Taha E. Taha. (2006) HPTN 024 study: Histologic chorioamnionitis, antibiotics and adverse infant outcomes in a predominantly HIV-1–infected African population. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 195:4, 1065-1074
CrossRef65
Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Lluis Cabero Roura. (2006) Guidelines for the management of spontaneous preterm labor. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 34:5, 359-366
CrossRef66
Eckert, Linda O., . (2006) Acute Vulvovaginitis. New England Journal of Medicine 355:12, 1244-1252
Full Text67
M. V. Pararas, C. L. Skevaki, D. A. Kafetzis. (2006) Preterm birth due to maternal infection: causative pathogens and modes of prevention. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 25:9, 562-569
CrossRef68
Brunella Guerra, Tullio Ghi, Simona Quarta, Antonio Maria Morselli-Labate, Tiziana Lazzarotto, Gianluigi Pilu, Nicola Rizzo. (2006) Pregnancy outcome after early detection of bacterial vaginosis. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 128:1-2, 40-45
CrossRef69
Jennifer F. Culhane, Paul Nyirjesy, Kelly McCollum, Robert L. Goldenberg, Shari E. Gelber, Sabina Cauci. (2006) Variation in vaginal immune parameters and microbial hydrolytic enzymes in bacterial vaginosis positive pregnant women with and without Mobiluncus species. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 195:2, 516-521
CrossRef70
Georgia S Pinna, Chrysanthi L Skevaki, Dimitris A Kafetzis. (2006) The significance of Ureaplasma urealyticum as a pathogenic agent in the paediatric population. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 19:3, 283-289
CrossRef71
Rochelle R. Torgerson, Mary L. Marnach, Alison J. Bruce, Roy S. Rogers. (2006) Oral and vulvar changes in pregnancy. Clinics in Dermatology 24:2, 122-132
CrossRef72
Deborah B Nelson. (2006) Treatment and management of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: current and future perspectives. Women's Health 2:2, 267-277
CrossRef73
Andrew B. Onderdonk. (2006) Probiotics for Women??s Health. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 40:3, 256-259
CrossRef74
Andrew Shennan, Sarah Crawshaw, Annette Briley, Jenny Hawken, Paul Seed, Griff Jones, Lucilla Poston. (2006) General obstetrics: A randomised controlled trial of metronidazole for the prevention of preterm birth in women positive for cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin: the PREMET Study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 113:1, 65-74
CrossRef75
Rajesh Varma, Janesh K. Gupta. (2006) Antibiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: Multiple meta-analyses and dilemmas in interpretation. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 124:1, 10-14
CrossRef76
Benjamin H. Chi, Victor Mudenda, Jens Levy, Moses Sinkala, Robert L. Goldenberg, Jeffrey S.A. Stringer. (2006) Acute and chronic chorioamnionitis and the risk of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus-1 transmission. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 194:1, 174-181
CrossRef77
Alice R. Goepfert, Michael Varner, Kenneth Ward, Cora Macpherson, Mark Klebanoff, Robert L. Goldenberg, Brian Mercer, Paul Meis, Jay Iams, Atef Moawad, J. Chris Carey, Kenneth Leveno, Ronald Wapner, Steve N. Caritis, Menachem Miodovnik, Yoram Sorokin, Mary J. O'Sullivan, J. Peter Van Dorsten, Oded Langer. (2005) Differences in inflammatory cytokine and Toll-like receptor genes and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 193:4, 1478-1485
CrossRef78
Kim A. Boggess, Thomas N. Trevett, Phoebus N. Madianos, Lorna Rabe, Sharon L. Hillier, James Beck, Steven Offenbacher. (2005) Use of DNA hybridization to detect vaginal pathogens associated with bacterial vaginosis among asymptomatic pregnant women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 193:3, 752-756
CrossRef79
Alessandro Ghidini, Carolyn M. Salafia. (2005) Histologic placental lesions in women with recurrent preterm delivery. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 84:6, 547-550
CrossRef80
Jack D. Sobel. (2005) What's New in Bacterial Vaginosis and Trichomoniasis?. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 19:2, 387-406
CrossRef81
P. G. LARSSON, U. FORSUM. (2005) Bacterial vaginosis - a disturbed bacterial flora and treatment enigma. Review article IV. APMIS 113:5, 305-316
CrossRef82
Nan Okun, Karen A. Gronau, Mary E. Hannah. (2005) Antibiotics for Bacterial Vaginosis or Trichomonas vaginalis in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Obstetrics & Gynecology 105:4, 857-868
CrossRef83
J. Christopher Carey, Mark A. Klebanoff. (2005) Is a change in the vaginal flora associated with an increased risk of preterm birth?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 192:4, 1341-1346
CrossRef84
(2005) Discussion. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 192:4, 1346-1347
CrossRef85
P. G. LARSSON, M. BERGSTROM, U. FORSUM, B. JACOBSSON, A. STRAND, P. WOLNER-HANSSEN. (2005) Bacterial vaginosis Transmission, role in genital tract infection and pregnancy outcome: an enigma. Review article III. APMIS 113:4, 233-245
CrossRef86
Ronnie F. Lamont. (2005) Can antibiotics prevent preterm birth-the pro and con debate. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 112, 67-73
CrossRef87
Lisa M. Hollier. (2005) Preventing Preterm Birth: What Works, What Doesn???t. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 60:2, 124-131
CrossRef88
H McDonald, P Brocklehurst, J Parsons, Helen Margaret McDonald. 2005. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. .
CrossRef89
Akihito Nakai, Yoshinari Taniuchi, Hidehiko Miyake, Masako Nakai, Akishige Yokota, Toshiyuki Takeshita. (2005) Increased Level of Granulocyte Elastase in Cervical Secretion Is an Independent Predictive Factor for Preterm Delivery. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 60:2, 87-91
CrossRef90
George A. Macones. 2005. Prematurity: Causes and Prevention. , 139-145.
CrossRef91
Gary Laborada, Mirjana Nesin. (2005) Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 Are Elevated in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Infants Exposed to Chorioamnionitis. Biology of the Neonate 88:2, 136-144
CrossRef92
J. Schoeman, P. S. Steyn, H. J. Odendaal, D. Grové. (2005) Bacterial vaginosis diagnosed at the first antenatal visit better predicts preterm labour than diagnosis later in pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 25:8, 751-753
CrossRef93
Margaret A Riggs, Mark A Klebanoff. (2004) Treatment of Vaginal Infections to Prevent Preterm Birth: A Meta-Analysis. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 47:4, 796-807
CrossRef94
Jennifer R. Mascagni, Lucy H. Miller. (2004) A Descriptive Correlational Study of Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy and Its Association With Preterm Birth: Implications for Advanced Practice Nurses. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 16:12, 555-560
CrossRef95
P.N. Tara, S. Thornton. (2004) Current medical therapy in the prevention and treatment of preterm labour. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 9:6, 481-489
CrossRef96
Sheila A Doggrell. (2004) Recent pharmacological advances in the treatment of preterm membrane rupture, labour and delivery. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 5:9, 1917-1928
CrossRef97
Roberto Romero, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Helena Kuivaniemi, Gerard Tromp. (2004) Bacterial vaginosis, the inflammatory response and the risk of preterm birth: a role for genetic epidemiology in the prevention of preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 190:6, 1509-1519
CrossRef98
Laura L Klein, Ronald S Gibbs. (2004) Use of microbial cultures and antibiotics in the prevention of infection-associated preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 190:6, 1493-1502
CrossRef99
Honest Honest, Lucas M. Bachmann, Ellen M. Knox, Janesh K. Gupta, Jos Kleijnen, Khalid S. Khan. (2004) The accuracy of various tests for bacterial vaginosis in predicting preterm birth: a systematic review. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 111:5, 409-422
CrossRef100
Masatoshi Sakai, Yasushi Sasaki, Satoshi Yoneda, Tadashi Kasahara, Takashi Arai, Masatoshi Okada, Hitoshi Hosokawa, Kiyoshi Kato, Yoshikatsu Soeda, Shigeru Saito. (2004) Elevated Interleukin-8 in Cervical Mucus as an Indicator for Treatment to Prevent Premature Birth and Preterm, Pre-labor Rupture of Membranes: a Prospective Study. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 51:3, 220-225
CrossRef101
Camille H Raynes-Greenow, Christine L Roberts, Jane C Bell, Brian Peat, Gwendolyn L Gilbert, Camille H Raynes-Greenow. 2004. Antibiotics for ureaplasma in the vagina in pregnancy. .
CrossRef102
Katie M. Groom, Phillip R. Bennett. (2004) Tocolysis for the treatment of preterm labour - a clinically based review. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 6:1, 4-11
CrossRef103
Minnamaija Kekki, Tapio Kurki, Teija Kotomaki, Harri Sintonen, Jorma Paavonen. (2004) Cost-effectiveness of screening and treatment for bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy among women at low risk for preterm birth. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 83:1, 27-36
CrossRef104
L HOLLIER, K WORKOWSKI. (2003) Treatment of sexually transmitted diseases in women. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 30:4, 751-775
CrossRef105
Elke H Roland, Alan Hill. (2003) Germinal matrix–intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature newborn: management and outcome. Neurologic Clinics 21:4, 833-851
CrossRef106
M. A. Klebanoff, J.-M. Guise, J. Christopher Carey. (2003) Treatment Recommendations for Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnant Women. Clinical Infectious Diseases 36:12, 1630-1631
CrossRef107
E. H. Koumans, L. E. Markowitz, S. Berman, K. A. Workowski. (2003) Reply. Clinical Infectious Diseases 36:12, 1631-1632
CrossRef108
Greene, Michael F., . (2003) Progesterone and Preterm Delivery — Déjà Vu All Over Again. New England Journal of Medicine 348:24, 2453-2455
Full Text109
J.Christopher Carey, Mark A. Klebanoff. (2003) What have we learned about vaginal infections and preterm birth?. Seminars in Perinatology 27:3, 212-216
CrossRef110
William W Andrews, Robert L Goldenberg. (2003) What we have learned from an antibiotic trial in fetal fibronectin positive women. Seminars in Perinatology 27:3, 231-238
CrossRef111
Austin Ugwumadu, Isaac Manyonda, Fiona Reid, Phillip Hay. (2003) Effect of early oral clindamycin on late miscarriage and preterm delivery in asymptomatic women with abnormal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 361:9362, 983-988
CrossRef112
Christine C. Tebes, Catherine Lynch, John Sinnott. (2003) The Effect of Treating Bacterial Vaginosis on Preterm Labor. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics & Gynecology 11:2, 123-129
CrossRef113
M. C. Lu, V. Tache, G. R. Alexander, M. Kotelchuck, N. Halfon. (2003) Preventing low birth weight: is prenatal care the answer?. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 13:6, 362-380
CrossRef114
M.Reza Zariffard, Mohammed Saifuddin, Beverly E Sha, Gregory T Spear. (2002) Detection of bacterial vaginosis-related organisms by real-time PCR for Lactobacilli, Gardnerella vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 34:4, 277-281
CrossRef115
U. FORSUM, T. JAKOBSSON, P. G. LARSSON, H. SCHMIDT, A. BEVERLY, A. BJØRNEREM, B. CARLSSON, P. CSANGO, G. DONDERS, P. HAY, C. ISON, F. KEANE, H. McDONALD, H. MOI, J.-J. PLATZ-CHRISTENSEN, J. SCHWEBKE. (2002) An international study of the interobserver variation between interpretations of vaginal smear criteria of bacterial vaginosis. APMIS 110:11, 811-818
CrossRef116
Jadsada Thinkhamrop, G Justus Hofmeyr, Olalekan Adetoro, Pisake Lumbiganon, Jadsada Thinkhamrop. 2002. Prophylactic antibiotic administration during second and third trimester in pregnancy for preventing infectious morbidity and mortality. .
CrossRef117
James F King, Vicki Flenady, Linda Murray, Vicki Flenady. 2002. Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes. .
CrossRef118
Kimberly A. Workowski, Stuart M. Berman. (2002) CDC Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Clinical Infectious Diseases 35:s2, S135-S137
CrossRef119
Néstor J. López, Patricio C. Smith, Jorge Gutierrez. (2002) Periodontal Therapy May Reduce the Risk of Preterm Low Birth Weight in Women With Peridotal Disease: A randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Periodontology 73:8, 911-924
CrossRef120
A Metin Gülmezoglu, A Metin Gülmezoglu. 2002. Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy. .
CrossRef121
Ying-Hua Li, Kjell Tullus. (2002) Microbial infection and inflammation in the development of chronic lung disease of prematurity. Microbes and Infection 4:7, 723-732
CrossRef122
F. Carol Bruce, Juliette S. Kendrick, Burney A. Kieke, Stanley Jagielski, Rahul Joshi, Dennis D. Tolsma. (2002) Is Vaginal Douching Associated with Preterm Delivery?. Epidemiology 13:3, 328-333
CrossRef123
Gitte Hvilsom, Poul Thorsen, Bernard Jeune, Leiv Bakketeig. (2002) C-reactive protein: a serological marker for preterm delivery?. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 81:5, 424-429
CrossRef124
Austin H.N. Ugwumadu. (2002) Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 14:2, 115-118
CrossRef125
Wadchara Pumpradit, Michael Augenbraun. (2002) Bacterial vaginosis complicating pregnancy and gynecologic surgery. Current Infectious Disease Reports 4:2, 141-143
CrossRef126
Lu
s F. Gon
CrossRef127
Ronald S. Gibbs. (2001) The Relationship Between Infections and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: An Overview. Annals of Periodontology 6:1, 153-163
CrossRef128
WILLIAM M. McCORMACK, JEAN M. COVINO, JESSICA L. THOMASON, DAVID A. ESCHENBACH, SUSAN MOU, PETER KAPERNICK, JAMES MCGREGOR, MICHAEL F. REIN, SHARON L. HILLIER. (2001) Comparison of Clindamycin Phosphate Vaginal Cream With Triple Sulfonamide Vaginal Cream in the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 28:10, 569-575
CrossRef129
Gregory Locksmith, Patrick Duff. (2001) Infection, antibiotics, and preterm delivery. Seminars in Perinatology 25:5, 295-309
CrossRef130
C. Holzman, J. M. Leventhal, H. Qiu, N. M. Jones, J. Wang. (2001) Factors Linked to Bacterial Vaginosis in Nonpregnant Women. American Journal of Public Health 91:10, 1664-1670
CrossRef131
Klebanoff, Mark A., Carey, J. Christopher, Hauth, John C., Hillier, Sharon L., Nugent, Robert P., Thom, Elizabeth A., Ernest, J.M., Heine, R. Phillip, Wapner, Ronald J., Trout, Wayne, Moawad, Atef, Miodovnik, Menachem, Sibai, Baha M., Dorsten, J. Peter Van, Dombrowski, Mitchell P., O'Sullivan, Mary J., Varner, Michael, Langer, Oded, McNellis, Donald, Roberts, James M., Leveno, Kenneth J., the National Institute of Child Health Human Development Network of Maternal–Fetal Medicine Units. (2001) Failure of Metronidazole to Prevent Preterm Delivery among Pregnant Women with Asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis Infection. New England Journal of Medicine 345:7, 487-493
Full Text132
Errol R. Norwitz, Julian N. Robinson. (2001) A systematic approach to the management of preterm labor. Seminars in Perinatology 25:4, 223-235
CrossRef133
Gustaaf M. Vermeulen, Anton A. Zwet, Hein W. Bruinse. (2001) Changes in the vaginal flora after two percent clindamycin vaginal cream in women at high risk of spontaneous preterm birth. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 108:7, 697-700
CrossRef134
Poul Thorsen, Diana E. Schendel, Anjali D. Deshpande, Ida Vogel, Donald J. Dudley, Jorn Olsen. (2001) Identification of biological/biochemical marker(s) for preterm delivery. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 15:s2, 90-103
CrossRef135
Xiaobin Wang, Barry Zuckerman, Gary Kaufman, Paul Wise, Maria Hill, Tianhua Niu, Louise Ryan, Di Wu, Xiping Xu. (2001) Molecular epidemiology of preterm delivery: methodology and challenges. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 15:s2, 63-77
CrossRef136
Roberto Romero, Ricardo Gomez, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Giancarlo Conoscenti, Ju Cheol Kim, Yeon Mee Kim. (2001) The role of infection in preterm labour and delivery. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 15:s2, 41-56
CrossRef137
C. Holzman, B. Bullen, R. Fisher, N. Paneth, L. Reuss, . (2001) Pregnancy outcomes and community health: the POUCH study of preterm birth. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 15:s2, 136-158
CrossRef138
Haresh Kirpalani, Elizabeth Asztalos. (2001) Neonatal brain injury. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 13:3, 227-233
CrossRef139
Marianne Morris, Angus Nicoll, Ian Simms, Janet Wilson, Mike Catchpole. (2001) Bacterial vaginosis: a public health review. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 108:5, 439-450
CrossRef140
John M Svigos. (2001) The fetal inflammatory response syndrome and cerebral palsy: yet another challenge and dilemma for the obstetrician. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 41:2, 170-176
CrossRef141
EMILIA H. KOUMANS, JULIETTE S. KENDRICK. (2001) Preventing Adverse Sequelae of Bacterial Vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis 28:5, 292-297
CrossRef142
J GUISE. (2001) Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy12. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 20:3, 62-72
CrossRef143
SL Kenyon, DJ Taylor, W Tarnow-Mordi. (2001) Broad-spectrum antibiotics for spontaneous preterm labour: the ORACLE II randomised trial. The Lancet 357:9261, 989-994
CrossRef144
E. REBECCA PSCHIRRER, MANJU MONGA. (2000) Risk Factors for Preterm Labor. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 43:4, 727-734
CrossRef145
BRADLEY P. STETZER, BRIAN M. MERCER. (2000) Antibiotics and Preterm Labor. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 43:4, 809-817
CrossRef146
Madeline Y. Sutton. (2000) Lower genital tract infections and HIV in women. Current Infectious Disease Reports 2:6, 539-545
CrossRef147
NICOLE P. YOST, SUSAN M. COX. (2000) Infection and Preterm Labor. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 43:4, 759-767
CrossRef148
G Vermeulen. (2000) Spontaneous preterm birth: prevention, management and outcome. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 93:1, 1-3
CrossRef149
JEFFREY S.A. STRINGER, ROBERT L. GOLDENBERG. (2000) Subclinical Chorioamnionitis As a Targetable Risk Factor for Vertical Transmission of HIV-1. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 918:1, 77-83
CrossRef150
Merja Kurkinen-Raty, Salme Vuopala, Markku Koskela, Minnamaija Kekki, Tapio Kurki, Jorma Paavonen, Pentti Jouppila. (2000) A randomised controlled trial of vaginal clindamycin for early pregnancy bacterial vaginosis. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 107:11, 1427-1432
CrossRef151
Elizabeth A. King, Robin Britt, Judith M. McFarlane, Chris Hawkins. (2000) Bacterial Vaginosis and Chlamydia Trachomatis Among Pregnant Abused and Nonabused Hispanic Women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Neonatal Nursing 29:6, 606-612
CrossRef152
Epstein, Franklin H., , Goldenberg, Robert L., Hauth, John C., Andrews, William W., . (2000) Intrauterine Infection and Preterm Delivery. New England Journal of Medicine 342:20, 1500-1507
Full Text153
James A. McGregor. (2000) Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 55, 1-19
CrossRef154
Nancy L. Sloan, Beverly Winikoff, Nicole Haberland, Christa Coggins, Christopher Elias. (2000) Screening and Syndromic Approaches to Identify Gonorrhea and Chlamydial Infection among Women. Studies in Family Planning 31:1, 55-68
CrossRef155
Carey, J. Christopher, Klebanoff, Mark A., Hauth, John C., Hillier, Sharon L., Thom, Elizabeth A., Ernest, J.M., Heine, R. Phillip, Nugent, Robert P., Fischer, Molly L., Leveno, Kenneth J., Wapner, Ronald, Varner, Michael, Trout, Wayne, Moawad, Atef, Sibai, Baha M., Miodovnik, Menachem, Dombrowski, Mitchell, O'Sullivan, Mary J., VanDorsten, J. Peter, Langer, Oded, Roberts, James, the National Institute of Child Health Human Development Network of Maternal–Fetal Medicine Units. (2000) Metronidazole to Prevent Preterm Delivery in Pregnant Women with Asymptomatic Bacterial Vaginosis. New England Journal of Medicine 342:8, 534-540
Full Text156
M. Ruth Mason, Paul E. Adrinkra, Ronnie F. Lamont. (2000) Prophylactic administration of clindamycin 2% vaginal cream to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women with an increased risk: a randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 107:2, 295-296
CrossRef157
Kimberly A. Workowski. (2000) The 1998 CDC sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Current Infectious Disease Reports 2:1, 44-50
CrossRef158
H Minakami, S Kosuge, H Fujiwara, Y Mori, I Sato. (2000) Risk of premature birth in multifetal pregnancy. Twin Research and Human Genetics 3:1, 2-6
CrossRef159
Jane R. Schwebke. (2000) Bacterial vaginosis. Current Infectious Disease Reports 2:1, 14-17
CrossRef160
Jack D. Sobel. (2000) Bacterial Vaginosis. Annual Review of Medicine 51:1, 349-356
CrossRef161
Isobel J. Rosenstein, D. John Morgan, Ronald F. Lamont, Marie Sheehan, Caroline J. Dor
CrossRef162
Judith A. Stein, Michael C. Lu, Lillian Gelberg. (2000) Severity of homelessness and adverse birth outcomes.. Health Psychology 19:6, 524-534
CrossRef163
NEWTON G. OSBORNE. (2000) Bacterial Vaginosis. Journal of Gynecologic Surgery 16:2, 93-94
CrossRef164
A. Finan, T. A. Clarke, T. G. Matthews, M. Ledwidge, J. Gillan, C. Barry-Kinsella, P. McKenna. (1999) Strategies for reduction of neonatal mortality. Irish Journal of Medical Science 168:4, 265-267
CrossRef165
Cnattingius, Sven, Granath, Fredrik, Petersson, Gunnar, Harlow, Bernard L., . (1999) The Influence of Gestational Age and Smoking Habits on the Risk of Subsequent Preterm Deliveries. New England Journal of Medicine 341:13, 943-948
Full Text166
Catherine Stevens-Simon, Miriam Orleans. (1999) Low-Birthweight Prevention Programs: The Enigma of Failure. Birth 26:3, 184-191
CrossRef167
Sasikala Rajamanoharan, Nicola Low, Simon B. Jones, Anton L. Pozniak. (1999) Bacterial Vaginosis, Ethnicity, and the Use of Genital Cleaning Agents: A Case Control Study. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 26:7, 404-409
CrossRef168
M J Kasten. (1999) Clindamycin, metronidazole, and chloramphenicol.. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 74:8, 825-833
CrossRef169
Ursula K. Bedrossian, Marilynn R. Fairfax, Melvern Ayers. (1999) Pap smear follow-up of possible role of mucopurulent exudate as a prognosticator of a negative pregnancy outcome. Diagnostic Cytopathology 21:1, 4-6
CrossRef170
Sharon B. Mass, John P. Brennan, Neil Silverman, K.H. van Hoeven. (1999) Association between a shift in vaginal flora on papanicolaou smear and acute chorioamnionitis and preterm delivery. Diagnostic Cytopathology 21:1, 7-9
CrossRef171
Gustaaf M. Vermeulen, Hein W. Bruinse. (1999) Prophylactic administration of clindamycin 2 % vaginal cream to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women with an increased recurrence risk: a randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 106:7, 652-657
CrossRef172
J. D. Sobel. (1999) Vulvovaginitis in healthy women. Comprehensive Therapy 25:6-7, 335-346
CrossRef173
Rachel A. Royce, John Thorp, Juan L. Granados, David A. Savitz. (1999) Bacterial Vaginosis Associated With HIV Infection in Pregnant Women From North Carolina. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 20:4, 382-386
CrossRef174
RICHARD STEEN, GINA DALLABETTA. (1999) The Use of Epidemiologic Mass Treatment and Syndrome Management for Sexually Transmitted Disease Control. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 26:Supplement, S12-S20
CrossRef175
T. Reimer, N. Ulfig, K. Friese. (1999) Antibiotics: Treatment of preterm labor. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 27:1, 35-40
CrossRef176
Gary M. Joffe, Debbie Jacques, Rose Bemis-Heys, Rebecca Burton, Beverley Skram, Paul Shelburne. (1999) Impact of the fetal fibronectin assay on admissions for preterm labor. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 180:3, 581-586
CrossRef177
Austin H. N. Ugwumadu, Phillip Hay. (1999) Bacterial vaginosis: sequelae and management. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 12:1, 53-59
CrossRef178
RACHEL A. ROYCE, TRACY P. JACKSON, JOHN M. THORP, SHARON L. HILLIER, LORNA K. RABE, LISA M. PASTORE, DAVID A. SAVITZ. (1999) Race/Ethnicity, Vaginal Flora Patterns, and pH During Pregnancy. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 26:2, 96-102
CrossRef179
Maria Teresa Tam. (1999) Author's Response. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 7:6, 275-275
CrossRef180
WILLIAM J. POLZIN, KIM BRADY. (1998) The Etiology of Premature Rupture of the Membranes. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 41:4, 810-816
CrossRef181
Robert L Goldenberg, Sten H Vermund, Alice R Goepfert, William W Andrews. (1998) Choriodecidual inflammation: a potentially preventable cause of perinatal HIV-1 transmission?. The Lancet 352:9144, 1927-1930
CrossRef182
Vivien Pybus, Andrew B Onderdonk. (1998) A commensal symbiosis between Prevotella bivia and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius involves amino acids: potential significance to the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 22:4, 317-327
CrossRef183
Ronnie F. Lamont. (1998) Infection and preterm labour. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 105:12, 1339-1340
CrossRef184
B Jonsson, M Rylander, G Faxelius. (1998) Ureaplasma urealyticum, erythromycin and respiratory morbidity in high-risk preterm neonates. Acta Paediatrica 87:10, 1079-1084
CrossRef185
Joachim A Martius, Thomas Steck, Martin K Oehler, Karl-H Wulf. (1998) Risk factors associated with preterm (<37+0 weeks) and early preterm birth (<32+0 weeks): univariate and multivariate analysis of 106 345 singleton births from the 1994 statewide perinatal survey of Bavaria. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 80:2, 183-189
CrossRef186
Jose Villar, A. Metin Gulmezoglu, Mercedes de Onis. (1998) Nutritional and Antimicrobial Interventions to Prevent Preterm Birth. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 53:9, 575-585
CrossRef187
Olaf Dammann, Alan Leviton. (1998) Infection remote from the brain, neonatal white matter damage, and cerebral palsy in the preterm infant. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 5:3, 190-201
CrossRef188
Taha E. Taha, Donald R. Hoover, Gina A. Dallabetta, Newton I. Kumwenda, Laban A. R. Mtimavalye, Li-Ping Yang, George N. Liomba, Robin L. Broadhead, John D. Chiphangwi, Paolo G. Miotti. (1998) Bacterial vaginosis and disturbances of vaginal flora. AIDS 12:13, 1699-1706
CrossRef189
Debora F. Kimberlin, William W. Andrews. (1998) Bacterial vaginosis: Association with adverse pregnancy outcome. Seminars in Perinatology 22:4, 242-250
CrossRef190
Takashi Watanabe, Hisanori Minakami, Shigeki Matsubara, Yoko Honma, Akira Uchida, Ikuo Sato. (1998) Effect of Daily Vaginal Disinfection on Duration of Gestation after Premature Rupture of the Membranes and on Infant Outcome. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 24:4, 285-290
CrossRef191
Goldenberg, Robert L., Rouse, Dwight J., . (1998) Prevention of Premature Birth. New England Journal of Medicine 339:5, 313-320
Full Text192
MARY LOU MOORE, MARGARET COMERFORD FREDA. (1998) Reducing Preterm and Low Birthweight Births: STILL A NURSING CHALLENGE. MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 23:4, 200-208
CrossRef193
Benjamin U. Samuel, Michele Barry. (1998) THE PREGNANT TRAVELER. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 12:2, 325-354
CrossRef194
Phyllis L. Carr, Donna Felsenstein, Robert H. Friedman. (1998) Evaluation and Management of Vaginitis. Journal of General Internal Medicine 13:5, 335-346
CrossRef195
Katharine D. Wenstrom, William W. Andrews, John C. Hauth, Robert L. Goldenberg, Mary B. DuBard, Suzanne P. Cliver. (1998) Elevated second-trimester amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels predict preterm delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 178:3, 546-550
CrossRef196
(1998) Use of antibiotics to prevent preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 178:3, 624-625
CrossRef197
Poul Thorsen, Inge Panum Jensen, Bernard Jeune, Niels Ebbesen, Magnus Arpi, Annie Bremmelgaard, Birger R. Møller. (1998) Few microorganisms associated with bacterial vaginosis may constitute the pathologic core: A population-based microbiologic study among 3596 pregnant women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 178:3, 580-587
CrossRef198
R. F. Lamont. (1998) New approaches in the management of preterm labour of infective aetiology. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 105:2, 134-137
CrossRef199
C Holzman, N Paneth. (1998) Preterm birth: from prediction to prevention.. American Journal of Public Health 88:2, 183-184
CrossRef200
Hisanori Minakami, Shigeki Matsubara, Akio Izumi, Takashi Watanabe, Yoko Honma, Hirohiko Shiraishi, Ikuo Sato. (1998) Difference in outcome of twins between early and delayed referrals. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 26:4, 302-307
CrossRef201
GIUSEPPE GIACOMINI, ALESSANDRA CALCINAI, DANIELA MORETTI, RENZA CRISTOFANI. (1998) Accuracy of Cervical/Vaginal Cytology in the Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 25:1, 24-27
CrossRef202
Sorina Granovsky-Grisaru, Dan Ilan, Dan Grisaru, Ofer Lavie, Ishaya Aboulafia, Yoram Z. Diamant, Menachem Hanani. (1998) Effects of erythromycin on contractility of isolated myometrium from pregnant rats. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 178:1, 171-174
CrossRef203
Sobel, Jack D., . (1997) Vaginitis. New England Journal of Medicine 337:26, 1896-1903
Full Text204
Olaf Dammann, Alan Leviton. (1997) Does prepregnancy bacterial vaginosis increase a mother's risk of having a preterm infant with cerebral palsy?. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 39:12, 836-840
CrossRef205
David Taylor, Sara Kenyon, William Tarnow-Mordi. (1997) Infection and preterm labour. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 104:12, 1338-1340
CrossRef206
H. M. McDonald, J. A. O'Loughlin, R. Vigneswaran, P. T. Jolley, J. A. Harvey, A. Bof, P. J. McDonald. (1997) Impact of metronidazole therapy on preterm birth in women with bacterial vaginosis flora (Gardnerella vaginalis): a randomised, placebo controlled trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 104:12, 1391-1397
CrossRef207
John J. Morrison, Janet M. Rennie. (1997) Clinical, scientific and ethical aspects of fetal and neonatal care at extremely preterm periods of gestation. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 104:12, 1341-1350
CrossRef208
Vincenzo Berghella, Jorge E. Tolosa, Kathleen Kuhlman, Stuart Weiner, Ronald J. Bolognese, Ronald J. Wapner. (1997) Cervical ultrasonography compared with manual examination as a predictor of preterm delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 177:4, 723-730
CrossRef209
M. Abele-Horn, J. Peters, O. Genzel-Boroviczény, C. Wolff, A. Zimmermann, W. Gottschling. (1997) VaginalUreaplasma urealyticum colonization: Influence on pregnancy outcome and neonatal morbidity. Infection 25:5, 286-291
CrossRef210
Donald J. Dudley, Samuel S. Edwin, Jennifer Van Wagoner, Nancy H. Augustine, Harry R. Hill, Murray D. Mitchell. (1997) Regulation of decidual cell chemokine production by group B streptococci and purified bacterial cell wall components. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 177:3, 666-672
CrossRef211
S JACKSON, D SOPER. (1997) SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES IN PREGNANCY. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 24:3, 631-644
CrossRef212
Nelson Sewankambo, Ronald H Gray, Maria J Wawer, Lynn Paxton, Denise McNairn, Fred Wabwire-Mangen, David Serwadda, Chuanjun Li, Noah Kiwanuka, Sharon L Hillier, Lorna Rabe, Charlotte A Gaydos, Thomas C Quinn, Joseph Konde-Lule. (1997) HIV-1 infection associated with abnormal vaginal flora morphology and bacterial vaginosis. The Lancet 350:9077, 546-550
CrossRef213
Mark Pearlman, Roger Faix. (1997) No rush to obliterate genital tract colonisation in pregnant women. The Lancet 350:9077, 531-532
CrossRef214
Philippe Mayaud. (1997) Tackling bacterial vaginosis and HIV in developing countries. The Lancet 350:9077, 530-531
CrossRef215
Ronald S. Gibbs, David A. Eschenbach. (1997) Use of antibiotics to prevent preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 177:2, 375-380
CrossRef216
GUILLERMO R. SAURINA, WILLIAM M. McCORMACK. (1997) Trichomoniasis in Pregnancy. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 24:6, 361-362
CrossRef217
Bo Hyun Yoon, Jong Kwan Jun, Roberto Romero, Kyo Hoon Park, Ricardo Gomez, Jung-Hwan Choi, In-One Kim. (1997) Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α), neonatal brain white matter lesions, and cerebral palsy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 177:1, 19-26
CrossRef218
OLAF DAMMANN, ALAN LEVITON. (1997) Maternal Intrauterine Infection, Cytokines, and Brain Damage in the Preterm Newborn. Pediatric Research 42:1, 1-8
CrossRef219
James A. McGregor, Amy M. Roberts. (1997) First antenatal visits and metronidazole. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 176:4, 887-888
CrossRef220
Edward R. Newton, Jeanna Piper, William Peairs. (1997) Bacterial vaginosis and intraamniotic infection. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 176:3, 672-677
CrossRef221
W. Chaim, M. Mazor, J. R. Leiberman. (1997) The relationship between bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth. A review. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 259:2, 51-58
CrossRef222
Karin B. Nelson, Judith K. Grether. (1997) Cerebral palsy in low-birthweight infants: Etiology and strategies for prevention. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 3:2, 112-117
CrossRef223
Elke H. Roland, Alan Hill. (1997) How important is perinatal asphyxia in the causation of brain injury?. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 3:1, 22-27
CrossRef224
R. S. Black, S. Flint, C. Lees, S. Campbell. (1996) Preterm labour and delivery. European Journal of Pediatrics 155:S2, S2-S7
CrossRef225
(1996) Reproductive Health LiteratureWatch. Journal of Women's Health 5:3, 243-262
CrossRef226
R L Goldenberg, W W Andrews. (1996) Intrauterine infection and why preterm prevention programs have failed.. American Journal of Public Health 86:6, 781-783
CrossRef227
(1996) Bacterial Vaginosis and Preterm Birth. New England Journal of Medicine 334:20, 1337-1339
Full Text228
Robert L. Goldenberg, Mark A. Klebanoff, Robert Nugent, Marijane A. Krohn, Sharon Hillier, William W. Andrews. (1996) Bacterial colonization of the vagina during pregnancy in four ethnic groups. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 174:5, 1618-1621
CrossRef229
James A. McGregor, Janice I. French. (1996) Reply to: Evaluation of preterm birth misleading. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 174:4, 1392-1393
CrossRef230
Hack, Maureen, , Merkatz, Irwin R., . (1995) Preterm Delivery and Low Birth Weight — A Dire Legacy. New England Journal of Medicine 333:26, 1772-1774
Full Text
