Original Article
The Use of Estrogens and Progestins and the Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women
N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1589-1593June 15, 1995
- Abstract
Background
The effect of adding progestins to estrogen therapy on the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women is controversial.
Methods
To quantify the relation between the use of hormones and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, we extended our follow-up of the participants in the Nurses' Health Study to 1992. The women were asked to complete questionnaires every two years to update information on their menopausal status, use of estrogen and progestin preparations, and any diagnosis of breast cancer. During 725,550 person-years of follow-up, we documented 1935 cases of newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer.
Results
The risk of breast cancer was significantly increased among women who were currently using estrogen alone (relative risk, 1.32; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.14 to 1.54) or estrogen plus progestin (relative risk, 1.41; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.74), as compared with postmenopausal women who had never used hormones. Women currently taking hormones who had used such therapy for 5 to 9 years had an adjusted relative risk of breast cancer of 1.46 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.22 to 1.74), as did those currently using hormones who had done so for a total of 10 or more years (relative risk, 1.46; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.20 to 1.76). The increased risk of breast cancer associated with five or more years of postmenopausal hormone therapy was greater among older women (relative risk for women 60 to 64 years old, 1.71; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.34 to 2.18). The relative risk of death due to breast cancer was 1.45 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.01 to 2.09) among women who had taken estrogen for five or more years.
Conclusions
The addition of progestins to estrogen therapy does not reduce the risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. The substantial increase in the risk of breast cancer among older women who take hormones suggests that the trade-offs between risks and benefits should be carefully assessed.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Incidence and Relative Risk of Breast Cancer According to Age and the Duration of Current Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy.Table 1
Type of Hormone Currently Used by Postmenopausal Women and Relative Risk of Breast Cancer in the Nurses' Health Study, 1978 to 1992.Article Activity
- Article
Endogenous gonadal hormones have an important role in causing breast cancer. Early age at menarche and late menopause increase the risk of breast cancer.1,2 The number and timing of deliveries also affect this risk.3 Furthermore, among postmenopausal women, obesity is positively associated with serum concentrations of endogenous estrogen4 and with moderate elevations in both the incidence of breast cancer and mortality from the disease.5,6
Hormone therapy also increases the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Meta-analyses and reviews7 have assessed the relation between the duration of postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of breast cancer, but questions remain. Unresolved issues include the risks associated with estrogen plus progestins,8 the risks with progestins alone, and the variation in risk according to age.9 To address these issues, we extended the analysis of the participants in the Nurses' Health Study through 1992, adding 50 percent more prospective data to those in our previous report.10
Methods
The Nurses' Health Study was established in 1976, when 121,700 female registered nurses 30 to 55 years of age completed a mailed questionnaire that included items about known or suspected risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Base-line information included details of risk factors for breast cancer,11,12 the use of oral contraceptives, and the postmenopausal use of hormones. Every two years, we mail follow-up questionnaires to the women and ask them to update the information on risk factors, including whether they currently take hormones, the duration of hormone use, and the type of hormone preparation used (starting in 1978). We used the information on each questionnaire to define the women's status with respect to hormone therapy for the subsequent two-year period.
Identification of Cases of Breast Cancer
On each questionnaire, we asked whether breast cancer had been diagnosed and, if so, the date of diagnosis. We routinely searched the National Death Index for deaths among women who did not respond to the questionnaires. We asked all women who reported breast cancer (or the next of kin, for those who had died) for permission to review the relevant hospital records and confirm the diagnosis. Pathology reports, obtained for 93 percent of the cases, confirmed breast cancer in all but 10 women who reported it. Although hospital records could not be obtained for 7 percent of the cases, we based our analysis on all cases of newly diagnosed breast cancer, because the degree of accuracy of the participants' reports was extremely high among those for whom records were obtained. We omitted the small number of cases of carcinoma in situ (n = 157) from the primary analysis.
Population for Analysis
We excluded from the analysis all women who had reported breast cancer or other cancer (except nonmelanoma skin cancer) on the 1976 questionnaire and all premenopausal women. We classified a woman as postmenopausal from the time she returned a questionnaire on which she reported natural menopause or hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy. We classified women who reported hysterectomy without bilateral oophorectomy as postmenopausal when they reached the age at which natural menopause had occurred in 90 percent of the cohort (54 years for current cigarette smokers and 56 years for nonsmokers).
As reported on the 1976 questionnaire, 23,965 women were postmenopausal; these women entered follow-up in the period from 1976 to 1978. The women's reported menopausal status was updated every two years, and the study population was expanded to include women in whom menopause occurred. By 1990, the beginning of the final two-year follow-up period for this analysis, 69,586 women were classified as postmenopausal. Follow-up of the cohort for the identification of nonfatal breast cancer by means of questionnaires and telephone interviews was 95 percent complete. For fatal breast cancer, follow-up was more than 98 percent complete.13
Statistical Analysis
For each participant, follow-up time was allocated according to the 1976 exposure variables, which were updated at the beginning of each two-year period on the basis of the information provided by the women on follow-up questionnaires. Follow-up terminated with the date of diagnosis of breast cancer, the date of death, or June 1, 1992. Women who reported a diagnosis of cancer other than nonmelanoma skin cancer on any questionnaire were excluded from subsequent follow-up. If no questionnaire was returned for a follow-up cycle and the woman had previously reported current postmenopausal hormone use, her hormone-use status was classified as missing in the updated analysis.
As a measure of association, we used the relative risk, defined as the incidence of breast cancer among women who had taken hormones after menopause divided by the incidence among women who had never used such therapy. We conducted stratified analyses to control for risk factors and to assess the possible influence of other risk factors for breast cancer on the effect of postmenopausal hormone use. We used proportional-hazards models to adjust for multiple risk factors simultaneously.14
To assess the relation between postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality due to breast cancer, we identified all deaths due to breast cancer from 1976 through June 1, 1992, among women who were postmenopausal at the time of the diagnosis (n = 359). For each woman who died of breast cancer, we matched 10 women selected at random from among the women who were free from breast cancer, according to the year of birth and the age at menopause. We defined hormone use for these case patients and their controls as that reported on the questionnaire completed immediately before the diagnosis of breast cancer. To estimate the relative risk of breast cancer according to current and past postmenopausal hormone therapy, we used the odds ratio from a logistic regression in which we controlled for the year of birth and the age at menopause. This approach accounted for changes in estrogen use over time and avoided bias due to the discontinuation of hormone use by women who had received a diagnosis of breast cancer.
Results
During 725,550 person-years of follow-up, we identified 1935 cases of invasive breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Even though progestin use increased in this cohort, it did not add to the risk of breast cancer associated with the use of estrogen alone. Before 1986, few women took progestin. In 1986, 18 percent of postmenopausal women taking hormones used progestin; this proportion rose to 30 percent in 1990. Most women (73 percent) used conjugated estrogens; 77 percent of those who used estrogen omitted taking the drug for one week each month in 1986, and 66 percent did so in 1988. Almost all women receiving progestin took it for 14 or fewer days per month; the most common dose of medroxyprogesterone was 10 mg per day (used by 58 percent of the women who took this drug).
From 1978 to 1992, we observed a significant elevation in the risk of breast cancer among women using conjugated estrogens alone (adjusted relative risk, 1.32; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.14 to 1.54), estrogen plus progestin (adjusted relative risk, 1.41; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.74), and progestins alone (adjusted relative risk, 2.24; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.26 to 3.98) (Table 1Table 1
Type of Hormone Currently Used by Postmenopausal Women and Relative Risk of Breast Cancer in the Nurses' Health Study, 1978 to 1992.). These relative risks did not differ significantly from each other. For each age at menopause, the relative risk of breast cancer was at least as high for women taking estrogen plus progestin as for those taking conjugated estrogens alone. The small number of cases among women taking estrogen plus progestin precluded detailed analysis of the risk according to duration of use and age. However, the similar relative risks for estrogen alone and for estrogen plus progestin suggest that these types of hormone use could be combined in analyses of the duration of therapy.Among women currently taking hormones, the relative risk of breast cancer was highest among the oldest women (relative risk, 1.69 for women 65 to 69 years old, 1.42 for women 60 to 64 years old, 1.41 for those 55 to 59 years old, 1.46 for those 50 to 54 years old, and close to 1.0 for women younger than 50). The risk of breast cancer increased significantly only among women currently using hormone therapy who had used such therapy for five or more years. The dose of estrogen among these women did not differ from that received by women who had taken estrogen for less than five years. In contrast, women who had formerly used hormone therapy had no significant increase in risk as compared with women who had never used hormone therapy; this was true even for women who had taken hormones for five or more years in the past (Table 2Table 2
Duration of Current and Past Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Relative Risk of Breast Cancer in the Nurses' Health Study, 1976 to 1992.).As compared with postmenopausal women who had never taken hormones, and after controlling for the age at menopause, the type of menopause, and family history, the relative risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women who used hormones was 1.54 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.19 to 2.00) for those 55 to 59 years of age who had taken hormones for five or more years. For women 60 to 64 years of age, the relative risk was 1.71 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.34 to 2.18). A shorter duration of use was not consistently related to the risk of breast cancer (Figure 1Figure 1
Incidence and Relative Risk of Breast Cancer According to Age and the Duration of Current Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy.).The multivariate adjusted relative risk for five or more years of past use was 0.92 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.63 to 1.35) among women 55 to 59 years old and 1.13 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.83 to 1.55) among those 60 to 64 years old when these women were compared with those who never took hormones. Women who stopped taking hormones after five or more years of use were at increased risk of breast cancer for a short period after stopping. For those who had stopped taking hormones less than two years earlier, the multivariate adjusted relative risk was 1.44 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.99 to 2.08); for those who had stopped two to four years earlier, the relative risk was 0.80 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.55 to 1.16); and for those with five or more years since their most recent use of hormones, the relative risk was 0.95 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.74 to 1.25).
On the basis of the 359 deaths due to breast cancer among women who were postmenopausal at the time of diagnosis, the overall relative risk of death, adjusted for family history and history of benign breast disease, was 1.14 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.85 to 1.51) for women currently taking hormones and 0.80 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.60 to 1.07) for those who used hormones in the past. The relative risk for women currently taking hormones with less than five years of use at the time of diagnosis was 0.99 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.66 to 1.48), and for women with five or more years of use, the relative risk of death from breast cancer was 1.45 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.01 to 2.09).
Discussion
In this prospective cohort study, we observed an elevated risk of invasive breast cancer among postmenopausal women who were currently taking estrogen alone or both estrogen and progestin. The increase in risk was most pronounced among women over the age of 55 and was largely limited to the women who had used hormone therapy for five or more years. These data on women in the United States thus confirm findings from Europe, where combination therapy with estrogen plus progestins has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.15-17 Because widespread use of progestins is a recent phenomenon, we were unable to examine associations with risk according to the dose or duration of progestin use. Furthermore, we have no data to explain why women in this cohort take hormones after menopause or why they stop.
The addition of progestin to estrogen therapy has been growing more common in the United States, but epidemiologic data on the effects of combination therapy are limited.18 The initial report by Gambrell et al.19 (based on 11 cases of breast cancer among women receiving estrogen plus progestin) suggested that combination therapy has a protective effect against breast cancer, but that study did not control for age or other confounding factors. Subsequent studies have found an elevated risk of breast cancer among Danish women who took sequential estrogen plus progestin (62 cases; relative risk, 1.4) and among Swedish women with a history of long-term use of combined hormone therapy (10 cases; relative risk, 4.4). In a British study, the risk of breast cancer was similar among women taking estrogen alone and among those taking estrogen plus progestin. Among three U.S. case–control studies20-22 (a total of 48 cases in women who took hormones), two found an increased risk in association with combined therapy (as compared with no use of hormones),20,22 and one found no association.21 The multivariate adjusted relative risk of breast cancer that we observed (1.41) is compatible with the confidence intervals in all previous studies (except that of Gambrell et al.) and is based on 111 cases in women taking estrogen plus progestin. These data clearly indicate that the addition of progestin does not reduce the risk of breast cancer that is associated with estrogen use in postmenopausal women. Ductal cells of the breast therefore respond differently from the endometrium, where the addition of a progestin counters the adverse effect of estrogen. Hence, these data do not support the use of progestin by women who have undergone hysterectomy.
Estrogens increase serum hormone concentrations to approximate those in premenopausal women,23-26 and 1.25 mg of conjugated estrogens has a greater effect than 0.625 mg.26 There is evidence that progestins, when added to estrogen, may enhance the proliferation of epithelial cells in the breast.27
One potential source of bias in our study is the differences in the rates of participation in mammographic screening. We addressed this problem in several ways. First, because mammography detects a larger proportion of in situ breast cancers than other methods, we excluded such cases from this analysis. As expected, current use of hormones was somewhat more strongly associated with in situ disease (age-adjusted relative risk, 1.95), a finding that is consistent with the slightly higher frequency of screening mammography among postmenopausal women taking hormones. However, the age-standardized rate of screening mammography was only about 14 percent higher among women currently using hormones and 8 percent higher among past users of hormones than among postmenopausal women who never used hormones. Furthermore, from 1988 to 1992, only 9 percent of women who never used hormones, 6 percent of past users, and 3 percent of those currently using hormones did not undergo at least one mammogram. This difference is proportionately much smaller than the increase in risk for current users of hormones, and the large majority of women had been screened previously. Thus, it is unlikely that differences in the frequency of mammographic studies can explain the elevation in the risk of breast cancer among current postmenopausal recipients of hormone therapy. Moreover, postmenopausal women who received hormone therapy in the past and those who had been taking such hormones for less than five years were not at increased risk for breast cancer despite a higher rate of screening mammography. Finally, the higher risk of death due to breast cancer among women who had taken hormone therapy for five or more years at the time of diagnosis adds further weight to the causal association, because analyses based on mortality overcome problems of lead time and selective detection of tumors.28
In this analysis, we confirmed our earlier finding of a greater increase in the risk of breast cancer among older women taking hormones after menopause. This finding is consistent with data from several case–control studies that suggested an increased risk among older women, independent of the duration of hormone use.21,29,30 This effect was stronger among women with five or more years of current use of hormones. The lack of association between current estrogen therapy and breast cancer among younger women may be due at least in part to the short time since menopause. Our data and those from several case–control studies suggest that the use of hormones at older ages after menopause may have a particularly deleterious effect on the risk of breast cancer.
These findings suggest that women over 55 years of age should carefully consider the risks and benefits of estrogen therapy, especially if they have used estrogen for five or more years. It is not clear that benefits outweigh risks for all women, particularly women with few risk factors for heart disease. Furthermore, short-term estrogen therapy — for up to seven years — in the decade after menopause cannot be expected to protect against osteoporotic fractures many years later.31,32 Our data indicate that the addition of progestins to postmenopausal estrogen therapy does not reduce the risk of breast cancer. Estrogen alone, estrogen plus progestin, and progestins alone all appear to raise the risk of breast cancer. The significant increase in the risks of breast cancer and of death due to breast cancer among postmenopausal women over 55 who are currently taking hormones and who have used this therapy for five or more years suggests that the risks and benefits of hormone therapy among older women should be carefully assessed.
Presented in part at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, San Francisco, February 22, 1994.
Supported by a grant (CA 40956) from the National Institutes of Health. The work of Dr. Colditz was supported in part by a grant (FRA-396) from the American Cancer Society.
Source Information
From the Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (G.A.C., S.E.H., D.J.H., W.C.W., J.E.M., M.J.S., C.H., B.R., F.E.S.), and the Departments of Epidemiology (G.A.C., S.E.H., D.J.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.), Biostatistics (B.R.), and Nutrition (W.C.W., M.J.S.), Harvard School of Public Health — all in Boston.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Colditz at Harvard Medical School, Channing Laboratory, 180 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115.
- References
References
1
Lilienfeld AM . The relationship of cancer of the female breast to artificial menopause and marital status. Cancer 1956;9:927-934
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Feinleib M . Breast cancer and artificial menopause: a cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1968;41:315-329
Web of Science | Medline3
Rosner B ,Colditz GA ,Willett WC . Reproductive risk factors in a prospective study of breast cancer: the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:819-835
Web of Science | Medline4
Cauley JA ,Gutai JP ,Kuller LH ,LeDonne D ,Powell JG . The epidemiology of serum sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:1120-1131
Web of Science | Medline5
Tretli S . Height and weight in relation to breast cancer morbidity and mortality: a prospective study of 570,000 women in Norway. Int J Cancer 1989;44:23-30
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Lew EA ,Garfinkel L . Variations in mortality by weight among 750,000 men and women. J Chronic Dis 1979;32:563-576
CrossRef | Medline7
Colditz GA ,Egan KM ,Stampfer MJ . Hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer: results from epidemiologic studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:1473-1480
Web of Science | Medline8
Pike MC ,Spicer DV ,Dahmoush L ,Press MF . Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell proliferation, and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15:17-35
Web of Science | Medline9
Committee on the relationship Between Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer, Institute of Medicine. Oral contraceptives & breast cancer. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991.
10
Colditz GA ,Stampfer MJ ,Willett WC , et al. Type of postmenopausal hormone use and risk of breast cancer: 12-year follow-up from the Nurses' Health Study. Cancer Causes Control 1992;3:433-439
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Romieu I ,Willett WC ,Colditz GA , et al. Prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:1313-1321
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
London SJ ,Colditz GA ,Stampfer MJ ,Willett WC ,Rosner B ,Speizer FE . A prospective study of relative weight, height, and risk of breast cancer. JAMA 1989;262:2853-2858
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Stampfer MJ ,Willett WC ,Speizer FE , et al. Test of the National Death Index. Am J Epidemiol 1984;119:837-839
Web of Science | Medline14
Cox DR . Regression models and life-tables. J R Stat Soc [B] 1972;34:187-22015
Ewertz M . Influence of non-contraceptive exogenous and endogenous sex hormones on breast cancer risk in Denmark. Int J Cancer 1988;42:832-838
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Bergkvist L ,Adami H-O ,Persson I ,Hoover R ,Schairer C . The risk of breast cancer after estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement. N Engl J Med 1989;321:293-297
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline17
Hunt K ,Vessey M ,McPherson K ,Coleman M . Long-term surveillance of mortality and cancer incidence in women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987;94:620-635
CrossRef | Medline18
Stanford JL ,Thomas DB . Exogenous progestins and breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15:98-107
Web of Science | Medline19
Gambrell RD Jr ,Maier RC ,Sanders BI . Decreased incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal estrogen-progestogen users. Obstet Gynecol 1983;62:435-443
Web of Science | Medline20
Kaufman DW ,Palmer JR ,de Mouzon J , et al. Estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer: results from the case-control surveillance study. Am J Epidemiol 1991;134:1375-1385
Web of Science | Medline21
Palmer JR ,Rosenberg L ,Clarke EA ,Miller DR ,Shapiro S . Breast cancer risk after estrogen replacement therapy: results from the Toronto Breast Cancer Study. Am J Epidemiol 1991;134:1386-1395
Web of Science | Medline22
Yang CP ,Daling JR ,Band PR ,Gallagher RP ,White E ,Weiss NS . Noncontraceptive hormone use and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1992;3:475-479
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Rose DP ,Fern M ,Liskowski L ,Milbrath JR . Effect of treatment with estrogen conjugates on endogenous plasma steroids. Obstet Gynecol 1977;49:80-82
Web of Science | Medline24
Jurgens RW Jr ,Downey LJ ,Abernethy WD ,Cutler NR ,Conrad J . A comparison of circulating hormone levels in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:459-460
Web of Science | Medline25
Whitehead MI . The effects of oestrogens and progestogens on the postmenopausal endometrium. Maturitas 1978;1:87-98
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Chetkowski RJ ,Meldrum DR ,Steingold KA , et al. Biologic effects of transdermal estradiol. N Engl J Med 1986;314:1615-1620
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline27
Key TJA ,Pike MC . The role of oestrogens and progestagens in the epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1988;24:29-43
CrossRef | Medline28
Morrison AS . Sequential pathogenic components of rates. Am J Epidemiol 1979;109:709-718
Web of Science | Medline29
Brinton LA ,Hoover R ,Fraumeni JF . Menopausal oestrogens and breast cancer risk: an expanded case-control study. Br J Cancer 1986;54:825-832
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline30
Wingo PA ,Layde PM ,Lee NC ,Rubin G ,Ory HW . The risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women who have used estrogen replacement therapy. JAMA 1987;257:209-215[Erratum, JAMA 1987;257:2438.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline31
Felson DT ,Zhang Y ,Hannan MT ,Kiel DP ,Wilson PWF ,Anderson JJ . The effect of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on bone density in elderly women. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1141-1146
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline32
Ettinger B ,Grady D . The waning effect of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1192-1193
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (454)
Citing Articles
1
Geer Mohammad Ishaq, Pz Tasaduq Hussain, Mir Javid Iqbal, Mohsin Bin Mushtaq. (2013) Risk-Benefit Analysis of Combination Versus Unopposed HRT in Post-Menopausal Women. International Journal of User-Driven Healthcare 1:4, 61-76
CrossRef2
Sang-Yong Park, Jung Min Lee, Don-gil Lee, Heon-Sub Shin, Jung Eun Yang, Eun Ji Yi, Jae Hee Park, Yu Jin Jeon, Da-eun Nam, Tae-Hoo Yi. (2012) Hijikia fusiforme Protects Against Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss in Rats. Journal of Medicinal Food120208091744003
CrossRef3
Lisa Calvocoressi, Meredith H. Stowe, Darryl Carter, Elizabeth B. Claus. (2012) Postmenopausal hormone therapy and ductal carcinoma in situ: A population-based case–control study. Cancer Epidemiology
CrossRef4
Zsuzsanna Suba, Miklós Kásler. (2012) Az inzulin és az ösztrogén kölcsönhatása a sejtproliferáció szabályozásában és a karcinogenezisben. Orvosi Hetilap 153:4, 125-136
CrossRef5
Wendy A. Spencer, Manicka V Vadhanam, Jeyaprakash Jeyabalan, Ramesh C. Gupta. (2011) Oxidative DNA damage following microsome/Cu(II)-mediated activation of the estrogens, 17β-estradiol, equilenin and equilin: Role of reactive oxygen species. Chemical Research in Toxicology111129162820000
CrossRef6
Erika Schwartz, Kent Holtorf. (2011) Hormone Replacement Therapy in the Geriatric Patient: Current State of the Evidence and Questions for the Future. Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone, and Thyroid Hormone Augmentation in Geriatric Clinical Practice: Part 1. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 27:4, 541-559
CrossRef7
Lilit Khachatryan, Robert Scharpf, Sarah Kagan. (2011) Influence of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Prolonged Estrogen Exposure on Risk of Breast Cancer Among Women in Armenia. Health Care for Women International 32:11, 953-971
CrossRef8
Frederico Navas Demetrio, Joel Rennó, Arlete Gianfaldoni, Marcelo Gonçalves, Hans Wolfgang Halbe, Antônio Hélio Guerra V. Filho, Clarice Gorenstein. (2011) Effect of estrogen replacement therapy on symptoms of depression and anxiety in non-depressive menopausal women. Archives of Women's Mental Health
CrossRef9
Zsuzsanna Suba. (2011) Interplay Between Insulin Resistance and Estrogen Deficiency as co- Activators in Carcinogenesis. Pathology & Oncology Research
CrossRef10
Astrid Bellem, Soumia Meiyappan, Sarah Romans, Gillian Einstein. (2011) Measuring Estrogens and Progestagens in Humans: An Overview of Methods. Gender Medicine 8:5, 283-299
CrossRef11
Joaquín Cortés-Prieto, Maria Lina Vicente-Hernanz, Ana Cortés-García, Hugh Ahern. (2011) Hormone replacement therapy: 1815.84 woman-years of follow-up main clinical events. Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation---
CrossRef12
Jittima Weerachayaphorn, Aporn Chuncharunee, Chitrawina Mahagita, Buarong Lewchalermwongse, Apichart Suksamrarn, Pawinee Piyachaturawat. (2011) A protective effect of Curcuma comosa Roxb. on bone loss in estrogen deficient mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137:2, 956-962
CrossRef13
Rebecca Elizabeth Moffat, Monika Eichholzer, Mary Elizabeth Myrick, Seraina Margaretha Schmid, Anna Raggi, Christian de Geyter, Andreas Schötzau, Uwe Güth. (2011) Menopausal State in Breast Cancer: How Reliable is the Data?. Clinical Breast Cancer
CrossRef14
Allison Bailey. (2011) Exercise as a treatment of gait dysfunction in postmenopausal women. Menopause 18:7, 730-731
CrossRef15
Bernard Rosner, Graham A. Colditz. (2011) Age at Menopause: Imputing Age at Menopause for Women With a Hysterectomy With Application to Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer. Annals of Epidemiology 21:6, 450-460
CrossRef16
Karen Roush. (2011) Menopausal Hormone Therapy: What We Know Now. AJN, American Journal of Nursing 111:6, 38-47
CrossRef17
Li-Kang Zhang, Birendra N. Pramanik. 2011. Mass Spectral Interpretation. , 321-351.
CrossRef18
Chih-Hua Tseng, Ru-Wei Lin, Yeh-Long Chen, Gwo-Jaw Wang, Mei-Ling Ho, Cherng-Chyi Tzeng. (2011) Discovery of Indeno[1,2- c ]quinoline Derivatives as Inhibitors of Osteoclastogenesis Induced by Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand (RANKL). Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54:8, 3103-3107
CrossRef19
Kerryn W. Reding, David R. Doody, Anne McTiernan, Li Hsu, Scott Davis, Janet R. Daling, Peggy L. Porter, Kathleen E. Malone. (2011) Age-related variation in the relationship between menopausal hormone therapy and the risk of dying from breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 126:3, 749-761
CrossRef20
Alicia A. Walf, Jason J. Paris, Madeline E. Rhodes, James W. Simpkins, Cheryl A. Frye. (2011) Divergent mechanisms for trophic actions of estrogens in the brain and peripheral tissues. Brain Research 1379, 119-136
CrossRef21
S. Mitchell Harman, Eric Vittinghoff, Eliot A. Brinton, Matthew J. Budoff, Marcelle I. Cedars, Rogerio A. Lobo, George R. Merriam, Virginia M. Miller, Frederick Naftolin, Lubna Pal, Nanette Santoro, Hugh S. Taylor, Dennis M. Black. (2011) Timing and Duration of Menopausal Hormone Treatment May Affect Cardiovascular Outcomes. The American Journal of Medicine 124:3, 199-205
CrossRef22
Jayeon Kim, Kutluk Oktay. (2011) Infertility as a risk factor of ovarian and breast cancer. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 6:2, 153-161
CrossRef23
Brian L. Sprague, Amy Trentham-Dietz, Patrick L. Remington. (2011) The contribution of postmenopausal hormone use cessation to the declining incidence of breast cancer. Cancer Causes & Control 22:1, 125-134
CrossRef24
Christopher D. Hein, Xin-Ming Liu, Fu Chen, Diane M. Cullen, Dong Wang. (2010) The Synthesis of a Multiblock Osteotropic Polyrotaxane by Copper(I)-Catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition. Macromolecular Bioscience 10:12, 1544-1556
CrossRef25
Fang-Ping Chen, Yun-Chung Cheung, Yung-Kui Soong. (2010) Factors That Influence Changes in Mammographic Density With Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 49:4, 413-418
CrossRef26
N. Palacios, M. Weisskopf, K. Simon, X. Gao, M. Schwarzschild, A. Ascherio. (2010) Polymorphisms of caffeine metabolism and estrogen receptor genes and risk of Parkinson's disease in men and women. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 16:6, 370-375
CrossRef27
Y. Okahashi, T. Iwamoto, N. Suzuki, S. Shibutani, S. Sugiura, S. Itoh, T. Nishiwaki, S. Ueno, T. Mori. (2010) Quantitative detection of 4-hydroxyequilenin-DNA adducts in mammalian cells using an immunoassay with a novel monoclonal antibody. Nucleic Acids Research 38:12, e133-e133
CrossRef28
Zsuzsanna Suba. (2010) Common soil of smoking-associated and hormone-related cancers: estrogen deficiency. Oncology Reviews 4:2, 73-87
CrossRef29
Alicia A. Walf, Cheryl Anne Frye. (2010) Raloxifene and/or estradiol decrease anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior, whereas only estradiol increases carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis and uterine proliferation among ovariectomized rats. Behavioural Pharmacology 21:3, 231-240
CrossRef30
Yoshinori Okamoto, Xiaoping Liu, Naomi Suzuki, Kanako Okamoto, Hyo Jeong Kim, Y.R. Santosh Laxmi, Kazutoshi Sayama, Shinya Shibutani. (2010) Equine estrogen-induced mammary tumors in rats. Toxicology Letters 193:3, 224-228
CrossRef31
Manuel Naves-Díaz, Natalia Carrillo-López, Aránzazu Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Socorro Braga, Teresa Fernández-Coto, Jose Miguel Lopez-Novoa, Francisco López-Hernández, Jorge B. Cannata-Andía. (2010) Differential effects of 17β-estradiol and raloxifene on bone and lipid metabolism in rats with chronic kidney disease and estrogen insufficiency. Menopause1
CrossRef32
Manfred Dietel. (2010) Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), breast cancer and tumor pathology. Maturitas 65:3, 183-189
CrossRef33
Franco Lumachi, Anna Chiara Frigo, Umberto Basso, Valeria Tombolan, Mario Ermani. (2010) Estrogen therapy and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Menopause1
CrossRef34
Elwood V. Jensen, Herbert I. Jacobson, Alicia A. Walf, Cheryl A. Frye. (2010) Estrogen action: A historic perspective on the implications of considering alternative approaches. Physiology & Behavior 99:2, 151-162
CrossRef35
Demir Ozbasar, Ummuhan Toros, Okan Ozkaya, Mekin Sezik, Hafize Uzun, Habibe Genc, Hakan Kaya. (2010) Raloxifene decreases serum malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels in postmenopausal women with end-stage renal disease under chronic hemodialysis therapy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 36:1, 133-137
CrossRef36
Tracy Onega, Todd MacKenzie, Julia Weiss, Martha Goodrich, Linda Titus-Ernstoff. (2010) Screening mammography intervals among postmenopausal hormone therapy users and nonusers. Cancer Causes & Control 21:1, 147-152
CrossRef37
Shi-hua Zhang, Guang-feng Zhao, Ya-hong Huang, Kai-hua Lu, Ya-yi Hou. (2009) Increased midkine and estrogen receptor-β expression in human non-small cell lung cancer. Chinese Journal of Cancer Research 21:4, 255-264
CrossRef38
N. R. Cook, B. A. Rosner, S. E. Hankinson, G. A. Colditz. (2009) Mammographic Screening and Risk Factors for Breast Cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology 170:11, 1422-1432
CrossRef39
S. Beslija, J. Bonneterre, H. J. Burstein, V. Cocquyt, M. Gnant, V. Heinemann, J. Jassem, W. J. Kostler, M. Krainer, S. Menard, T. Petit, L. Petruzelka, K. Possinger, P. Schmid, E. Stadtmauer, M. Stockler, S. Van Belle, C. Vogel, N. Wilcken, C. Wiltschke, C. C. Zielinski, H. Zwierzina, . (2009) Third consensus on medical treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Annals of Oncology 20:11, 1771-1785
CrossRef40
Joanne Kotsopoulos, Shelley S. Tworoger, Immaculata DeVivo, Susan E. Hankinson, David J. Hunter, Walter C. Willett, Wendy Y. Chen. (2009) +331G/A variant in the progesterone receptor gene, postmenopausal hormone use and risk of breast cancer. International Journal of Cancer 125:7, 1685-1691
CrossRef41
Helena M. Verkooijen, Christine Bouchardy, Vincent Vinh-Hung, Elisabetta Rapiti, Mikael Hartman. (2009) The incidence of breast cancer and changes in the use of hormone replacement therapy: A review of the evidence. Maturitas 64:2, 80-85
CrossRef42
Alicia A. Walf, Cheryl A. Frye. (2009) Estradiol enhances sociosexual behavior and can have proliferative effects in ovariectomized rats. AGE 31:3, 221-229
CrossRef43
V. M. Miller, D. M. Black, E. A. Brinton, M. J. Budoff, M. I. Cedars, H. N. Hodis, R. A. Lobo, J. E. Manson, G. R. Merriam, F. Naftolin, N. Santoro, H. S. Taylor, S. M. Harman. (2009) Using Basic Science to Design a Clinical Trial: Baseline Characteristics of Women Enrolled in the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS). Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research 2:3, 228-239
CrossRef44
Nanette Santoro, Janne Komi. (2009) Prevalence and Impact of Vaginal Symptoms among Postmenopausal Women. Journal of Sexual Medicine 6:8, 2133-2142
CrossRef45
Kelly Claire Simon, Honglei Chen, Xiang Gao, Michael A. Schwarzschild, Alberto Ascherio. (2009) Reproductive factors, exogenous estrogen use, and risk of Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 24:9, 1359-1365
CrossRef46
Marit Waaseth, Kjersti Bakken, Eiliv Lund. (2009) Patterns of hormone therapy use in the Norwegian Women and Cancer study (NOWAC) 1996–2005. Maturitas 63:3, 220-226
CrossRef47
Avrum Z. Bluming, Carol Tavris. (2009) Hormone Replacement Therapy: Real Concerns and False Alarms. The Cancer Journal 15:2, 93-104
CrossRef48
Qiang Zhang, Tingting Tu, D. André d’Avignon, Michael L. Gross. (2009) Balance of Beneficial and Deleterious Health Effects of Quinones: A Case Study of the Chemical Properties of Genistein and Estrone Quinones. Journal of the American Chemical Society 131:3, 1067-1076
CrossRef49
Monika Leśniewska, Wojciech Miltyk, Jolanta Świątecka, Małgorzata Tomaszewska, Mariusz Kuźmicki, Jerzy Pałka, Sławomir Wołczyński. (2009) Estrogen receptor β participate in the regulation of metabolizm of extracellular matrix in estrogen α negative breast cancer. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica 47:5, S107-S112
CrossRef50
Fernand Labrie, Leonello Cusan, José-Luis Gomez, Isabelle Côté, René Bérubé, Patrick Bélanger, Céline Martel, Claude Labrie. (2009) Effect of one-week treatment with vaginal estrogen preparations on serum estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. Menopause 16:1, 30-36
CrossRef51
Shihua Zhang, Guangfeng Zhao, Qingling Wang, Kaihua Lu, Yayi Hou. (2008) Correlation and significance of midkine and estrogen receptor beta protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology 5:6, 418-423
CrossRef52
Rosanna A. Zanetti-Dällenbach, Elke M. Krause, Olav Lapaire, Uwe Gueth, Wolfgang Holzgreve, Edward Wight. (2008) Impact of hormone replacement therapy on the histologic subtype of breast cancer. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 278:5, 443-449
CrossRef53
Jack Cuzick. (2008) Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer 44:16, 2344-2349
CrossRef54
Han-Qing Chen, Xi-Jin Wang, Zheng-Yu Jin, Xue-Ming Xu, Jian-Wei Zhao, Zheng-Jun Xie. (2008) Protective effect of isoflavones from Trifolium pratense on dopaminergic neurons. Neuroscience Research 62:2, 123-130
CrossRef55
Y. Pascual Arévalo, E. Martín Medrano, I. González Blanco, A. Rodríguez Bújez, A. Hernández Cesteros, E. Mancha Heredero. (2008) Fármacos utilizados en reproducción asistida y riesgo de cáncer de mama. Clínica e Investigación en Ginecología y Obstetricia 35:5, 172-179
CrossRef56
Takeshi Suzuki, Keitaro Matsuo, Nobuyuki Tsunoda, Kaoru Hirose, Akio Hiraki, Takakazu Kawase, Toshinari Yamashita, Hiroji Iwata, Hideo Tanaka, Kazuo Tajima. (2008) Effect of soybean on breast cancer according to receptor status: A case-control study in Japan. International Journal of Cancer 123:7, 1674-1680
CrossRef57
Barbara S. Hulka, Patricia G. Moorman. (2008) Reprint of Breast cancer: hormones and other risk factors. Maturitas 61:1-2, 203-213
CrossRef58
Charles E. Wood, Thomas B. Clarkson, Haiying Chen, Timothy D. Veenstra, Xia Xu, Latanya Scott, J. Mark Cline. (2008) Comparative effects of oral conjugated equine estrogens and micronized 17β-estradiol on breast proliferation. Menopause 15:5, 978-983
CrossRef59
Wolfgang Wuttke, Hubertus Jarry, Tamara Becker, Alexander Schultens, Volker Christoffel, Christoph Gorkow, Dana Seidlová-Wuttke. (2008) Reprint of Phytoestrogens: endocrine disrupters or replacement for hormone replacement therapy?. Maturitas 61:1-2, 159-170
CrossRef60
Dieter Flesch-Janys, Tracy Slanger, Elke Mutschelknauss, Silke Kropp, Nadia Obi, Eik Vettorazzi, Wilhelm Braendle, Gunter Bastert, Stefan Hentschel, Jürgen Berger, Jenny Chang-Claude. (2008) Risk of different histological types of postmenopausal breast cancer by type and regimen of menopausal hormone therapy. International Journal of Cancer 123:4, 933-941
CrossRef61
G. A. Colditz, D. M. Winn. (2008) Criteria for the Evaluation of Large Cohort Studies: An Application to the Nurses' Health Study. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 100:13, 918-925
CrossRef62
Arvid Sjölander, Keith Humphreys, Juni Palmgren. (2008) On informative detection bias in screening studies. Statistics in Medicine 27:14, 2635-2650
CrossRef63
Jisen Dai, Jinlong Jian, Maarten Bosland, Krystyna Frenkel, Güenther Bernhardt, Xi Huang. (2008) Roles of hormone replacement therapy and iron in proliferation of breast epithelial cells with different estrogen and progesterone receptor status. The Breast 17:2, 172-179
CrossRef64
E. Shelley Hwang. (2008) Type and Duration of Exogenous Hormone Use Affects Breast Cancer Histology. Breast Diseases: A Year Book Quarterly 19:1, 23-25
CrossRef65
Helena Nordenstedt, Zongli Zheng, Alan J. Cameron, Weimin Ye, Nancy L. Pedersen, Jesper Lagergren. (2008) Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy as a Risk Factor for Gastroesophageal Reflux Symptoms Among Female Twins. Gastroenterology 134:4, 921-928
CrossRef66
Chi-Ming Wong, Suk-Ying Tsang, Xiaoqiang Yao, Franky Leung Chan, Yu Huang. (2008) Differential effects of estrogen and progesterone on potassium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Steroids 73:3, 272-279
CrossRef67
Leon Speroff. (2008) Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of breast cancer. Menopause 15:2, 393-400
CrossRef68
Louise Berger, Mohamed El-Alfy, Fernand Labrie. (2008) Effects of intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone on vaginal histomorphology, sex steroid receptor expression and cell proliferation in the rat. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 109:1-2, 67-80
CrossRef69
Jay Schulkin. (2008) Hormone Therapy, Dilemmas, Medical Decisions. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36:1, 73-88
CrossRef70
Johannes Bitzer, Peter Kenemans, Alfred O. Mueck. (2008) Breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women using testosterone in combination with hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 59:3, 209-218
CrossRef71
Ingrid Lekander, Fredrik Borgström, Oskar Ström, Niklas Zethraeus, John A. Kanis. (2008) Cost effectiveness of hormone therapy in women at high risks of fracture in Sweden, the US and the UK—Results based on the Women's Health Initiative randomised controlled trial. Bone 42:2, 294-306
CrossRef72
L Opatrny, S Dell’Aniello, S Assouline, S Suissa. (2008) Hormone replacement therapy use and variations in the risk of breast cancer. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 115:2, 169-175
CrossRef73
Shehnaz K. Hussain, Andrea Altieri, Jan Sundquist, Kari Hemminki. (2008) Influence of education level on breast cancer risk and survival in Sweden between 1990 and 2004. International Journal of Cancer 122:1, 165-169
CrossRef74
Susan Thompson, Aditya Bardia, Angelina Tan, Debra L. Barton, Lisa Kottschade, Jeff A. Sloan, Brad Christensen, DeAnne Smith, Charles L. Loprinzi. (2008) Levetiracetam for the treatment of hot flashes: a phase II study. Supportive Care in Cancer 16:1, 75-82
CrossRef75
Cyril Castella, Karen Kinkel, Miguel P. Eckstein, Pierre-Edouard Sottas, Francis R. Verdun, François O. Bochud. (2007) Semiautomatic Mammographic Parenchymal Patterns Classification Using Multiple Statistical Features. Academic Radiology 14:12, 1486-1499
CrossRef76
Mary Lou Galantino, Courtney Canella, Lauren House, Lia Kondos, Adrienne Suydam, Jocilyn Doran, Alysia M Mastrangelo. (2007) Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Women Transitioning through Menopause. Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy 30:3, 18-26
CrossRef77
Ioannis M. Varkarakis, Germar Pinggera, Nikolaos Antoniou, Kostas Constantinides, Michail Chrisofos, Charalambos Deliveliotis. (2007) Pathological review of internal genitalia after anterior exenteration for bladder cancer in women. Evaluating risk factors for female organ involvement. International Urology and Nephrology 39:4, 1015-1021
CrossRef78
Jannette Wober, Frank Möller, Tobias Richter, Catharina Unger, Carmen Weigt, Anett Jandausch, Oliver Zierau, Reinhard Rettenberger, Marietta Kaszkin-Bettag, Günter Vollmer. (2007) Activation of estrogen receptor-β by a special extract of Rheum rhaponticum (ERr 731®), its aglycones and structurally related compounds. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 107:3-5, 191-201
CrossRef79
Filippos Ververidis, Emmanouil Trantas, Carl Douglas, Guenter Vollmer, Georg Kretzschmar, Nickolas Panopoulos. (2007) Biotechnology of flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid-derived natural products. Part I: Chemical diversity, impacts on plant biology and human health. Biotechnology Journal 2:10, 1214-1234
CrossRef80
K. Kerlikowske, D. L. Miglioretti, D. S. M. Buist, R. Walker, P. A. Carney. (2007) Declines in Invasive Breast Cancer and Use of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy in a Screening Mammography Population. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99:17, 1335-1339
CrossRef81
Sung-Wook Choi, Jung-Hyun Kim. (2007) Design of surface-modified poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to bone. Journal of Controlled Release 122:1, 24-30
CrossRef82
Susan WS Leung, Hwee Teoh, Wendy Keung, Ricky YK Man. (2007) NON-GENOMIC VASCULAR ACTIONS OF FEMALE SEX HORMONES: PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS AND SIGNALLING PATHWAYS. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 34:8, 822-826
CrossRef83
Tsutomu Douchi, Yukie Yonehara, Shoichiro Kosha, Ichiro Iwamoto, Yoshiaki Rai, Yoshiatsu Sagara, Yoshihisa Umekita. (2007) Bone mineral density in breast cancer patients with positive estrogen receptor tumor status. Maturitas 57:3, 221-225
CrossRef84
Wendy Y Chen, Graham A Colditz. (2007) Risk factors and hormone-receptor status: epidemiology, risk-prediction models and treatment implications for breast cancer. Nature Clinical Practice Oncology 4:7, 415-423
CrossRef85
C. J. Charlier, M.-T. C. Dejardin. (2007) Increased Risk of Relapse After Breast Cancer With Exposure to Organochlorine Pollutants. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 78:1, 1-4
CrossRef86
H Michael, P L Härkönen, L Kangas, H K Väänänen, T A Hentunen. (2007) Differential effects of selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) tamoxifen, ospemifene and raloxifene on human osteoclasts in vitro. British Journal of Pharmacology 151:3, 384-395
CrossRef87
Kyung-Ha Choi, Jae-Hak Shon, In-Soon Choi, Young-Ju Choi, Song-Ja Bae, Mi-Hyang Kim. (2007) The Effect of Mulberry Fruits Extracts on Blood Flow Improvement in Ovariectomized Rats. Journal of Life Science 17:4, 575-580
CrossRef88
Ichiro Shimizu, Susumu Ito. (2007) Protection of estrogens against the progression of chronic liver disease. Hepatology Research 37:4, 239-247
CrossRef89
Silvia Migliaccio, Marina Brama, Giovanni Spera. (2007) The differential effects of bisphosphonates, SERMS (selective estrogen receptor modulators), and parathyroid hormone on bone remodeling in osteoporosis. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2:1, 55-64
CrossRef90
Anjali S. Kumar, Elizabeth Cureton, Veronica Shim, Theadora Sakata, Dan H. Moore, Christopher C. Benz, Laura J. Esserman, E. Shelley Hwang. (2007) Type and Duration of Exogenous Hormone Use Affects Breast Cancer Histology. Annals of Surgical Oncology 14:2, 695-703
CrossRef91
F. Occhiuto, R. De Pasquale, G. Guglielmo, D.R. Palumbo, G. Zangla, S. Samperi, A. Renzo, C. Circosta. (2007) Effects of phytoestrogenic isoflavones from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) on experimental osteoporosis. Phytotherapy Research 21:2, 130-134
CrossRef92
K N Danforth, S S Tworoger, J L Hecht, B A Rosner, G A Colditz, S E Hankinson. (2007) A prospective study of postmenopausal hormone use and ovarian cancer risk. British Journal of Cancer 96:1, 151-156
CrossRef93
Damien Downing. (2007) Herceptin madness. Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine 16:1, 1-9
CrossRef94
Haleh Sangi-Haghpeykar, Alfred N. Poindexter. (2007) Physicians’ views and practices concerning menopausal hormone therapy. Maturitas 56:1, 30-37
CrossRef95
Linda Titus-Ernstoff, Anna N. A. Tosteson, Claudia Kasales, Julia Weiss, Martha Goodrich, Elizabeth E. Hatch, Patricia A. Carney. (2006) Breast cancer risk factors in relation to breast density (United States). Cancer Causes & Control 17:10, 1281-1290
CrossRef96
Nirav R Shah, Tanping Wong. (2006) Current breast cancer risks of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 7:18, 2455-2463
CrossRef97
Garnet L. Anderson, Rowan T. Chlebowski, Jacques E. Rossouw, Rebecca J. Rodabough, Anne McTiernan, Karen L. Margolis, Anita Aggerwal, J. David Curb, Susan L. Hendrix, F. Allan Hubbell, Jamardan Khandekar, Dorothy S. Lane, Norman Lasser, Ana Maria Lopez, JoNell Potter, Cheryl Ritenbaugh. (2006) Prior hormone therapy and breast cancer risk in the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin. Maturitas 55:2, 103-115
CrossRef98
Marianne Heger, Boris M. Ventskovskiy, Irina Borzenko, Kyra C. Kneis, Reinhard Rettenberger, Marietta Kaszkin-Bettag, Peter W. Heger. (2006) Efficacy and safety of a special extract of Rheum rhaponticum (ERr 731) in perimenopausal women with climacteric complaints. Menopause 13:5, 744-759
CrossRef99
Xiang Lan Piao, Hye Hyun Yoo, Hyun Young Kim, Tak Lim Kang, Gwi Seo Hwang, Jeong Hill Park. (2006) Estrogenic activity of furanocoumarins isolated fromAngelica dahurica. Archives of Pharmacal Research 29:9, 741-745
CrossRef100
Karel Rau??, Cosima Brucker, Christoph Gorkow, Wolfgang Wuttke. (2006) First-time proof of endometrial safety of the special black cohosh extract (Actaea or Cimicifuga racemosa extract) CR BNO 1055. Menopause 13:4, 678-691
CrossRef101
Sayaka Komagata, Miki Nakajima, Yuki Tsuchiya, Miki Katoh, Ryoichi Kizu, Satoru Kyo, Tsuyoshi Yokoi. (2006) Decreased responsiveness of naturally occurring mutants of human estrogen receptor α to estrogens and antiestrogens. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100:1-3, 79-86
CrossRef102
Muriel Cuendet, Judy L. Bolton. (2006) Response of human mammary epithelial cells to DNA damage induced by 4-hydroxyequilenin: Lack of p53-mediated G1 arrest. Chemico-Biological Interactions 161:3, 271-278
CrossRef103
Janne Komi, Kari S. Lankinen, Michael DeGregorio, Jorma Heikkinen, Seppo Saarikoski, Marjo Tuppurainen, Kaija Halonen, Risto Lammintausta, Kalervo Väänänen, Olavi Ylikorkala, Risto Erkkola. (2006) Effects of ospemifene and raloxifene on biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 24:4, 314-318
CrossRef104
Bircan Erbas, Elena Provenzano, Jane Armes, Dorota Gertig. (2006) The natural history of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a review. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 97:2, 135-144
CrossRef105
Caining Zhang, Xiaozhe Zhang, Yan Zhang, Qing Xu, Hongbin Xiao, Xinmiao Liang. (2006) Analysis of estrogenic compounds in Polygonum cuspidatum by bioassay and high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 105:1-2, 223-228
CrossRef106
Sulggi Lee, Laurence Kolonel, Lynne Wilkens, Peggy Wan, Brian Henderson, Malcolm Pike. (2006) Postmenopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: The multiethnic cohort. International Journal of Cancer 118:5, 1285-1291
CrossRef107
2006. Estrogens. , 1253-1274.
CrossRef108
Koichi Yokogawa, Katsuhiro Toshima, Kayo Yamoto, Tatsuo Nishioka, Naoki Sakura, Ken-ichi Miyamoto. (2006) Pharmacokinetic Advantage of an Intranasal Preparation of a Novel Anti-osteoporosis Drug, L-Asp-Hexapeptide-Conjugated Estradiol. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 29:6, 1229-1233
CrossRef109
William T Creasman. (2005) Hormone replacement therapy after cancers. Current Opinion in Internal Medicine 4:6, 655-661
CrossRef110
(2005) Effects of Mulberry Fruits on Collagen Content of Connective Tissues in Ovariectomized Rats. Journal of Life Science 15:6, 1022-1027
CrossRef111
Noah Zafran, Zvi Liss, Ronit Peled, Michael Sherf, Haim Reuveni. (2005) Incidence and causes for failure of treatment of women with proven osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 16:11, 1375-1383
CrossRef112
Nirav R Shah, Jeff Borenstein, Robert W Dubois. (2005) Postmenopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Menopause 12:6, 668-678
CrossRef113
Niklas Zethraeus, Fredrik Borgström, Bengt Jönsson, John Kanis. (2005) Reassessment of the cost-effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy in Sweden: Results based on the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 21:04,
CrossRef114
W Chen, D B Petitti, A M Geiger. (2005) Mortality following development of breast cancer while using oestrogen or oestrogen plus progestin: a computer record-linkage study. British Journal of Cancer 93:4, 392-398
CrossRef115
L. Berger, M. El-Alfy, C. Martel, F. Labrie. (2005) Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone, Premarin and Acolbifene on histomorphology and sex steroid receptors in the rat vagina. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 96:2, 201-215
CrossRef116
Martha Hickey, Susan R Davis, David W Sturdee. (2005) Treatment of menopausal symptoms: what shall we do now?. The Lancet 366:9483, 409-421
CrossRef117
Alex F Muller, Aart Jan van der Lely. (2005) Pegvisomant: current and possible future indications. Therapy 2:4, 525-532
CrossRef118
S. Zaroukian, R. Pineault, S. Gandini, A. Lacroix, P. Ghadirian. (2005) Correlation between nutritional biomarkers and breast cancer: a case-control study. The Breast 14:3, 209-223
CrossRef119
Ettore Cicinelli, Dominique de Ziegler, Raffaello Alfonso, Roberto Nicoletti, Marina Bellavia, Giuseppe Colafiglio. (2005) Endometrial effects, bleeding control, and compliance with a new postmenopausal hormone therapy regimen based on transdermal estradiol gel and every-other-day vaginal progesterone in capsules: a 3-year pilot study. Fertility and Sterility 83:6, 1859-1863
CrossRef120
Herbert Kuhl. (2005) Breast cancer risk in the WHI study: The problem of obesity. Maturitas 51:1, 83-97
CrossRef121
Agn
s Fournier, Franco Berrino, Elio Riboli, Val
CrossRef122
Hakan Kaya, Okan Ozkaya, Mekin Sezik, Evrim Arslanoglu, Arzu Yilmaztepe, Engin Ulukaya. (2005) Effects of raloxifene on serum malondialdehyde, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase levels in healthy postmenopausal women. Maturitas 50:3, 182-188
CrossRef123
Yongkai Sun, Chungang Gu, Xuemei Liu, Wenzhong Liang, Ping Yao, Judy L. Bolton, Richard B. Breemen. (2005) Ultrafiltration tandem mass spectrometry of estrogens for characterization of structure and affinity for human estrogen receptors. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 16:2, 271-279
CrossRef124
Ata Topçuoglu, Hafize Uzun, Seval Aydin, Nurhan Kahraman, Suphi Vehid, Gorkem Zeybek, Deniz Topçuoglu. (2005) The Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Levels and Paraoxonase Activity in Postmenopausal Women. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 205:1, 79-86
CrossRef125
Hye Hyun Yoo, Taehyeong Kim, Soyun Ahn, Yoon Jung Kim, Hyun Young Kim, Xiang Lan Piao, Jeong Hill Park. (2005) Evaluation of the Estrogenic Activity of Leguminosae Plants. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 28:3, 538-540
CrossRef126
Maria T. Laux .. (2005) Breast Cancer: An Overview. International Journal of Cancer Research 1:1, 71-80
CrossRef127
Alessandra Crisafulli, Domenica Altavilla, Herbert Marini, Alessandra Bitto, Domenico Cucinotta, Nicola Frisina, Francesco Corrado, Rosario D'Anna, Giovanni Squadrito, Elena B. Adamo, Rolando Marini, Adolfo Romeo, Francesco Cancellieri, Michele Buemi, Francesco Squadrito. (2005) Effects of the phytoestrogen genistein on cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. Menopause 12:2, 186-192
CrossRef128
S. A. Missmer, A. H. Eliassen, R. L. Barbieri, S. E. Hankinson. (2004) Endogenous Estrogen, Androgen, and Progesterone Concentrations and Breast Cancer Risk Among Postmenopausal Women. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 96:24, 1856-1865
CrossRef129
Carlo La Vecchia. (2004) Estrogen and combined estrogen–progestogen therapy in the menopause and breast cancer. The Breast 13:6, 515-518
CrossRef130
Andrea Micheli, Paola Muti, Giorgio Secreto, Vittorio Krogh, Elisabetta Meneghini, Elisabetta Venturelli, Sabina Sieri, Valeria Pala, Franco Berrino. (2004) Endogenous sex hormones and subsequent breast cancer in premenopausal women. International Journal of Cancer 112:2, 312-318
CrossRef131
Petra Stute, Charles E. Wood, Jay R. Kaplan, J. Mark Cline. (2004) Cyclic changes in the mammary gland of cynomolgus macaques. Fertility and Sterility 82, 1160-1170
CrossRef132
Wendy Y. Chen, Susan E. Hankinson, Stuart J. Schnitt, Bernard A. Rosner, Michelle D. Holmes, Graham A. Colditz. (2004) Association of hormone replacement therapy to estrogen and progesterone receptor status in invasive breast carcinoma. Cancer 101:7, 1490-1500
CrossRef133
Christopher I. Li. (2004) Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of breast cancer: the view of an epidemiologist. Maturitas 49:1, 44-50
CrossRef134
(2004) Estrogen and progestogen therapy in postmenopausal women. Fertility and Sterility 82, 70-80
CrossRef135
Michelle P Warren, Sari Halpert. (2004) Hormone replacement therapy: controversies, pros and cons. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 18:3, 317-332
CrossRef136
Richard A. Wiseman. (2004) Breast cancer: critical data analysis concludes that estrogens are not the cause, however lifestyle changes can alter risk rapidly. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 57:8, 766-772
CrossRef137
Alessandra Crisafulli, Herbert Marini, Alessandra Bitto, Domenica Altavilla, Giovanni Squadrito, Adolfo Romeo, Elena B. Adamo, Rolando Marini, Rosario DʼAnna, Francesco Corrado, Sebastiano Bartolone, Nicola Frisina, Francesco Squadrito. (2004) Effects of genistein on hot flushes in early postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind EPT- and placebo-controlled study.. Menopause 11:4, 400-404
CrossRef138
Zeev Shoham, Gideon Kopernik. (2004) Tools for making correct decisions regarding hormone therapy. part I: background and drugs. Fertility and Sterility 81:6, 1447-1457
CrossRef139
K.K. Terry, G.D. Cappon, M.E. Hurtt, M.S. Tassinari, U. Gupta. (2004) Reproductive toxicity assessment of lasofoxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), in female rats. Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology 71:3, 150-160
CrossRef140
Gideon Kopernik, Zeev Shoham. (2004) Tools for making correct decisions regarding hormone therapy. Part II. organ response and clinical applications. Fertility and Sterility 81:6, 1458-1477
CrossRef141
Lisa A. Boothby, Paul L. Doering, Simon Kipersztok. (2004) Bioidentical hormone therapy: a review. Menopause 11:3, 356-367
CrossRef142
Elisabeth Fontanges, Aurélie Fontana, Pierre Delmas. (2004) Osteoporosis and breast cancer. Joint Bone Spine 71:2, 102-110
CrossRef143
Edeltraut Garbe, Linda Levesque, Samy Suissa. (2004) Variability of breast cancer risk in observational studies of hormone replacement therapy: a meta-regression analysis. Maturitas 47:3, 175-183
CrossRef144
L. M. Rivera-Woll, S. R. Davis. (2004) Postmenopausal hormone therapy: the pros and cons. Internal Medicine Journal 34:3, 109-114
CrossRef145
Corinne Charlier, Jean-Michel Foidart, François Pitance, Philippe Herman, Ulysse Gaspard, Michel Meurisse, Guy Plomteux. (2004) Environmental dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane or hexachlorobenzene exposure and breast cancer: is there a risk?. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 42:2, 222-227
CrossRef146
Karen Pazol, Jay R. Kaplan, David Abbott, Susan E. Appt, Mark E. Wilson. (2004) Practical measurement of total and bioavailable estradiol in female macaques. Clinica Chimica Acta 340:1-2, 117-126
CrossRef147
Francine Grodstein, Karen Lifford, Neil M. Resnick, Gary C. Curhan. (2004) Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Developing Urinary Incontinence. Obstetrics & Gynecology 103:2, 254-260
CrossRef148
Itzhak Pappo, Ioana Meirshon, Tamar Karni, Nava Siegelmann-Danielli, Varda Stahl-Kent, Judith Sandbank, Ilan Wasserman, Ariel Halevy. (2004) The characteristics of malignant breast tumors in hormone replacement therapy users versus nonusers. Annals of Surgical Oncology 11:1, 52-58
CrossRef149
Atsushi Kamada, Atsushi Sasaki, Noritaka Kitazawa, Tadashi Okabe, Kazumasa Nara, Shinichi Hamaoka, Shin Araki, Hiroaki Hagiwara. (2004) A New Series of Estrogen Receptor Modulators: Effect of Alkyl Substituents on Receptor-Binding Affinity. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 52:1, 79-88
CrossRef150
Kelly Janis, Janice Hoeltke, Michael Nazareth, Peter Fanti, Kristin Poppenberg, Susan M. Aronica. (2004) Estrogen Decreases Expression of Chemokine Receptors, and Suppresses Chemokine Bioactivity in Murine Monocytes. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 51:1, 22-31
CrossRef151
Murray Joseph Casey, Chhanda Bewtra. (2004) Peritoneal carcinoma in women with genetic susceptibility: implications for Jewish populations. Familial Cancer 3:3-4, 265-281
CrossRef152
David J. Winchester. (2004) Hormone replacement therapy: A promoter and modulator of breast cancer. Annals of Surgical Oncology 11:1, 9-10
CrossRef153
René Druckmann. (2003) Progestins and their effects on the breast. Maturitas 46, 59-69
CrossRef154
Maria de Carvalho, Jean Jenkins, Michele Nehrebecky, Lynda Lahl. (2003) The Role of Estrogens in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers. Cancer Nursing 26:6, 421???430
CrossRef155
J Dixon. (2003) Hormone replacement therapy and the breast. Surgical Oncology 12:4, 251-263
CrossRef156
Thomas B Clarkson, Susan E Appt. (2003) MPA and postmenopausal coronary artery atherosclerosis revisited. Steroids 68:10-13, 941-951
CrossRef157
(2003) The Effects of Sedum sarmentosum Bunge on Collagen Content of Connective Tissues in Ovariectomized Rats. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 32:7, 1114-1119
CrossRef158
C La Vecchia. (2003) Menopause, hormone therapy and breast cancer risk. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 12:5, 437-438
CrossRef159
Sandra Lookinland, Renea L. Beckstrand. (2003) HRT: Decide Based on the Evidence. The Nurse Practitioner 28:9, 46-54
CrossRef160
Elaine H. Cramer, Paul Jones, Nora L. Keenan, Betsy L. Thompson. (2003) Is Naturopathy as Effective as Conventional Therapy for Treatment of Menopausal Symptoms?. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 9:4, 529-538
CrossRef161
Christian von Tirpitz, Max Reinshagen. (2003) Management of osteoporosis in patients with gastrointestinal diseases. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 15:8, 869-876
CrossRef162
Mathew J. Reeves, Janet Rose Osuch, Dorothy R. Pathak. (2003) Development of a clinical decision rule for triage of women with palpable breast masses. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 56:7, 636-645
CrossRef163
Joan M. Neuner, Ellen P. McCarthy, Roger B. Davis, Russell S. Phillips. (2003) Physician Counseling on Hormone Replacement Therapy and Bone Loss: Do Socioeconomic and Racial Characteristics of Women Influence Counseling?. Journal of Women's Health 12:5, 495-504
CrossRef164
J. Embrechts, F. Lemière, W. Dongen, E. L. Esmans, P. Buytaert, E. Marck, M. Kockx, A. Makar. (2003) Detection of estrogen DNA-adducts in human breast tumor tissue and healthy tissue by combined nano LC-nano ES tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 14:5, 482-491
CrossRef165
W Wuttke, D Seidlová-Wuttke, C Gorkow. (2003) The Cimicifuga preparation BNO 1055 vs. conjugated estrogens in a double-blind placebo-controlled study: effects on menopause symptoms and bone markers. Maturitas 44, S67-S77
CrossRef166
P Kenemans, A Bosman. (2003) Breast cancer and post-menopausal hormone therapy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 17:1, 123-137
CrossRef167
Wolfgang Wuttke, Hubertus Jarry, Tamara Becker, Alexander Schultens, Volker Christoffel, Christoph Gorkow, Dana Seidlová-Wuttke. (2003) Phytoestrogens: endocrine disrupters or replacement for hormone replacement therapy?. Maturitas 44, S9-S20
CrossRef168
Sonia Davison, Susan R. Davis. (2003) Hormone replacement therapy: current controversies. Clinical Endocrinology 58:3, 249-261
CrossRef169
Ichiro Shimizu. (2003) Impact of oestrogens on the progression of liver disease. Liver International 23:1, 63-69
CrossRef170
Angie Jefferson. (2003) Dietary phytoestrogens – a role in women’s health. Nutrition & Food Science 33:1, 16-22
CrossRef171
Hideki Hirabayashi, Jiro Fujisaki. (2003) Bone-Specific Drug Delivery Systems. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 42:15, 1319-1330
CrossRef172
S. Kreijkamp-Kaspers, Y. T. van der Schouw. 2003. Phyto-oestrogens and cognitive function. , 61-77.
CrossRef173
Karin B. Michels. (2003) Hormone Replacement Therapy in Epidemiologic Studies and Randomized Clinical Trials— Are We Checkmate?. Epidemiology 14:1, 3-5
CrossRef174
Janet R. Daling, Kathleen E. Malone, David R. Doody, Lynda F. Voigt, Leslie Bernstein, Ralph J. Coates, Polly A. Marchbanks, Sandra A. Norman, Linda K. Weiss, Giske Ursin, Jesse A. Berlin, Ronald T. Burkman, Dennis Deapen, Suzanne G. Folger, Jill A. McDonald, Michael S. Simon, Brian L. Strom, Phyllis A. Wingo, Robert Spirtas. (2002) Relation of regimens of combined hormone replacement therapy to lobular, ductal, and other histologic types of breast carcinoma. Cancer 95:12, 2455-2464
CrossRef175
W Wuttke, H Jarry, S Westphalen, V Christoffel, D Seidlová-Wuttke. (2002) Phytoestrogens for hormone replacement therapy?. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 83:1-5, 133-147
CrossRef176
Robert F Reynolds, Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer, Alexander M Walker, Daniel Guilbert. (2002) The role of treatment intentions and concerns about side effects in women's decision to discontinue postmenopausal hormone therapy. Maturitas 43:3, 183-194
CrossRef177
S.K Voipio, J Komi, L Kangas, K Halonen, M.W DeGregorio, R.U Erkkola. (2002) Effects of ospemifene (FC-1271a) on uterine endometrium, vaginal maturation index, and hormonal status in healthy postmenopausal women. Maturitas 43:3, 207-214
CrossRef178
Trevor J. Powles. (2002) Anti-oestrogenic prevention of breast cancer — the make or break point. Nature Reviews Cancer 2:10, 787-794
CrossRef179
Gishel New, Jeffrey W. Moses, Gary S. Roubin, Martin B. Leon, Antonio Colombo, Sriram S. Iyer, Fermin O. Tio, Roxana Mehran, Nicholas Kipshidze. (2002) Estrogen-eluting, phosphorylcholine-coated stent implantation is associated with reduced neointimal formation but no delay in vascular repair in a porcine coronary model. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 57:2, 266-271
CrossRef180
Rui Li, Frank D. Gilliland, Kathy Baumgartner, Jonathan Samet. (2002) Hormone replacement therapy and breast carcinoma risk in Hispanic and non-Hispanic women. Cancer 95:5, 960-968
CrossRef181
Boris Kaplan, Sarit Aschkenazi-Steinberg, Yariv Yogev, Ravit Nahum, Jaqueline Sulkes, Menahem Phisher. (2002) Gynecologists' trends and attitudes toward prescribing hormone replacement therapy during menopause. Menopause 9:5, 354-359
CrossRef182
Francesco Squadrito, Domenica Altavilla, Nunziata Morabito, Alessandra Crisafulli, Rosario D'Anna, Francesco Corrado, Pietro Ruggeri, Giuseppe M. Campo, Gioacchino Calapai, Achille P. Caputi, Giovanni Squadrito. (2002) The effect of the phytoestrogen genistein on plasma nitric oxide concentrations, endothelin-1 levels and endothelium dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 163:2, 339-347
CrossRef183
Pierre D Delmas. (2002) Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The Lancet 359:9322, 2018-2026
CrossRef184
Daphne J. Theodorou, Stavroula J. Theodorou, David J. Sartoris. (2002) Treatment of osteoporosis: Current status and recent advances. Comprehensive Therapy 28:2, 109-122
CrossRef185
Barbara Dunn, Marietta Anthony, Banu Arun. (2002) The search for the ideal SERM. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 3:6, 681-691
CrossRef186
C La Vecchia. (2002) Cancer risk in menopausal women. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 16:3, 293-307
CrossRef187
Constantine Dimitrakakis, Jian Zhou, Carolyn A Bondy. (2002) Androgens and mammary growth and neoplasia. Fertility and Sterility 77, 26-33
CrossRef188
Mark A Moyad. (2002) Complementary/alternative therapies for reducing hot flashes in prostate cancer patients: reevaluating the existing indirect data from studies of breast cancer and postmenopausal women. Urology 59:4, 20-33
CrossRef189
H. Z. Ke, T. A. Brown, D. D. Thompson. (2002) Lasofoxifene (CP-336,156), a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator, in preclinical studies. AGE 25:2, 87-99
CrossRef190
E. Liske, W. Hänggi, H.-H. Henneicke-von Zepelin, N. Boblitz, P. Wüstenberg, V.W. Rahlfs. (2002) Physiological Investigation of a Unique Extract of Black Cohosh ( Cimicifugae racemosae rhizoma ): A 6-Month Clinical Study Demonstrates No Systemic Estrogenic Effect. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 11:2, 163-174
CrossRef191
Jonathan J. Li, Dan Papa, Marilyn F. Davis, S. John Weroha, C. Marcelo Aldaz, Karam El-Bayoumy, Jodi Ballenger, Ossama Tawfik, Sara Antonia Li. (2002) Ploidy differences between hormone- and chemical carcinogen-induced rat mammary neoplasms: Comparison to invasive human ductal breast cancer. Molecular Carcinogenesis 33:1, 56-65
CrossRef192
Lise B Christiansen, Martin Wenckens, Paul S Bury, Birgitte Gissel, Birgit S Hansen, Susan M Thorpe, Poul Jacobsen, Anders Kanstrup, Anker S Jørgensen, Lars Nærum, Karsten Wassermann. (2002) Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel thio-substituted chromanes as high-affinity partial agonists for the estrogen receptor. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 12:1, 17-19
CrossRef193
Philip C. Bulman Page, Michael J. McKenzie, James A. Gallagher. (2002) SIMPLE SYNTHESIS OF OXIRANYLIDENE-2,2- BIS (PHOSPHONIC ACID): TETRABENZYL GEMINAL BISPHOSPHONATE ESTERS AS USEFUL INTERMEDIATES. Synthetic Communications 32:2, 211-218
CrossRef194
Carol J. Fabian, Bruce F. Kimler. (2002) Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer. Drugs & Aging 19:1, 43-78
CrossRef195
Alan Cook, Gena Pennington. (2002) Phytoestrogen and Multiple Vitamin/Mineral Effects on Bone Mineral Density in Early Postmenopausal Women: A Pilot Study. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 11:1, 53-60
CrossRef196
Paul S. Bury, Lise B. Christiansen, Poul Jacobsen, Anker S. Jørgensen, Anders Kanstrup, Lars Nærum, Steven Bain, Christian Fledelius, Birgitte Gissel, Birgit S. Hansen, Niels Korsgaard, Susan M. Thorpe, Karsten Wassermann. (2002) Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel cis-3,4-Diaryl-hydroxychromanes as high affinity partial agonists for the estrogen receptor. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 10:1, 125-145
CrossRef197
Roshanak Rahimian, Gregory P Dubé, Warda Toma, Nancy Dos Santos, Bruce M McManus, Cornelis van Breemen. (2002) Raloxifene enhances nitric oxide release in rat aorta via increasing endothelial nitric oxide mRNA expression. European Journal of Pharmacology 434:3, 141-149
CrossRef198
Mohammed H. Moghadasian. (2002) Statins and Menopause. Drugs 62:17, 2421-2431
CrossRef199
NORMAN WOLMARK, BARBARA K. DUNN. (2001) The Role of Tamoxifen in Breast Cancer Prevention. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 949:1, 99-108
CrossRef200
George N. Peters, Tomasina Fodera, Jennifer Sabol, Stephen Jones, David Euhus. (2001) Estrogen Replacement Therapy After Breast Cancer: A 12-Year Follow-Up. Annals of Surgical Oncology 8:10, 828-832
CrossRef201
MARIETTA ANTHONY, J. KOUDY WILLIAMS, BARBARA K. DUNN. (2001) What Would Be the Properties of an Ideal SERM?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 949:1, 261-278
CrossRef202
KRISTINE YAFFE. (2001) Estrogens, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, and Dementia: What Is the Evidence?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 949:1, 215-222
CrossRef203
ARNON BLUM, RICHARD O. CANNON. (2001) Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Effects on Serum Lipoproteins and Vascular Function in Postmenopausal Women and in Hypercholesterolemic Men. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 949:1, 168-174
CrossRef204
ALIANA GUERRIERI-GONZAGA, ARIANNA GALLI, NICOLE ROTMENSZ, ANDREA DECENSI. (2001) The Italian Breast Cancer Prevention Trial with Tamoxifen. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 949:1, 113-122
CrossRef205
Paul E Goss, Kathrin Strasser. (2001) Chemoprevention with aromatase inhibitors—trial strategies. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 79:1-5, 143-149
CrossRef206
Robert F Reynolds, Alexander M Walker, Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer, Omar Rahman, Daniel Guilbert. (2001) Discontinuation of postmenopausal hormone therapy in a Massachusetts HMO. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 54:10, 1056-1064
CrossRef207
Désirée Kolomainen, Jonathan Herod. (2001) Hormone replacement therapy following breast and gynaecological cancer. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 3:4, 168-172
CrossRef208
P. Sheena Khurana, Charanjit Khurana, Judith Hsia. (2001) Hormone replacement therapy for prevention of coronary heart disease: Current evidence. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 3:5, 399-403
CrossRef209
Z.P. Liu, B. Yu, J.S. Huo, C.Q. Lu, J.S. Chen. (2001) Estrogenic Effects of Cimicifuga racemosa (Black Cohosh) in Mice and on Estrogen Receptors in MCF-7 Cells. Journal of Medicinal Food 4:3, 171-178
CrossRef210
JACK B. BASIL, DAVID G. MUTCH. (2001) Role of Hormone Replacement Therapy in Cancer Survivors. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 44:3, 464-477
CrossRef211
MJJ Kleijn. (2001) Hormonen na de overgang: goed voor hart- en bloedvaten?. Huisarts en Wetenschap 44:8, 399-405
CrossRef212
Carlo La Vecchia, Louise A Brinton, Anne McTiernan. (2001) Menopause, hormone replacement therapy and cancer. Maturitas 39:2, 97-115
CrossRef213
Kathleen Lin, Carolyn D. Runowicz. (2001) THE WISDOM OF HORMONE-REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN SURVIVORS OF OVARIAN AND ENDOMETRIAL CANCER. Surgical Clinics of North America 81:4, 987-993
CrossRef214
Maura K. Whiteman, Yadong Cui, Jodi A. Flaws, Patricia Langenberg, Trudy L. Bush. (2001) Media Coverage of Women's Health Issues: Is There a Bias in the Reporting of an Association between Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer?. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 10:6, 571-577
CrossRef215
Marshall M. Joffe, Celia Byrne, Graham A. Colditz. (2001) Postmenopausal Hormone Use, Screening, and Breast Cancer: Characterization and Control of a Bias. Epidemiology 12:4, 429-438
CrossRef216
Md.Equebal Ahmad, G.G.H.A Shadab, Md.Asim Azfer, Mohammad Afzal. (2001) Evaluation of genotoxic potential of synthetic progestins-norethindrone and norgestrel in human lymphocytes in vitro. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 494:1-2, 13-20
CrossRef217
Joan M. Lappe. (2001) Designer Estrogen vs. Hormone Replacement Therapy. Orthopaedic Nursing 20:4, 66-74
CrossRef218
Philip S Wang, Alexander M Walker, Ming T Tsuang, E.John Orav, Raisa Levin, Jerry Avorn. (2001) Antidepressant use and the risk of breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 54:7, 728-734
CrossRef219
Toshihiro Omoya, Ichiro Shimizu, Yajun Zhou, Yoshihito Okamura, Hiroshi Inoue, Guangming Lu, Mina Itonaga, Hirohito Honda, Masahiro Nomura, Susumu Ito. (2001) Effects of idoxifene and estradiol on NF-kappaB activation in cultured rat hepatocytes undergoing oxidative stress. Liver International 21:3, 183-191
CrossRef220
Valeria N Rubin, Peter C Ruenitz, F.Douglas Boudinot, Jason L Boyd. (2001) Identification of new triarylethylene oxyalkanoic acid analogues as bone selective estrogen mimetics. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 9:6, 1579-1587
CrossRef221
Barbara K. Dunn, Leslie G. Ford. (2001) From Adjuvant Therapy to Breast Cancer Prevention: BCPT and STAR. The Breast Journal 7:3, 144-157
CrossRef222
John Feely, David Williams. (2001) Detecting adverse drug reactions ??? Part I. Adverse Drug Reaction Bulletin &NA;:207, 791-794
CrossRef223
Christine H Cho, Mark E Nuttall. (2001) Therapeutic potential of oestrogen receptor ligands in development for osteoporosis. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 6:1, 137-154
CrossRef224
Antonino Saitta, Nunziate Morabito, Nicola Frisina, Domenico Cucinotte, Francesco Corrado, Rosario D'Anna, Domenica Altavilla, Giovanni Squadrito, Letteria Minutoli, Vincenzo Arcoraci, Francesco Cancellieri, Francesco Squadrito. (2001) Cardiovascular Effects of Raloxifene Hydrochloride. Cardiovascular Drug Reviews 19:1, 57-74
CrossRef225
Madelon L. Finkel, Maurice Cohen, Heather Mahoney. (2001) Treatment Options for the Menopausal Woman. The Nurse Practitioner5-7, 11-15
CrossRef226
Barbara S. Hulka, Patricia G. Moorman. (2001) Breast cancer: hormones and other risk factors. Maturitas 38:1, 103-113
CrossRef227
Henry T. Lynch, Murray J. Casey. (2001) Current status of prophylactic surgery for hereditary breast and gynecologic cancers. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 13:1, 25-30
CrossRef228
Pirow J. Bekker, Donna Holloway, Arline Nakanishi, Michael Arrighi, Philip T. Leese, Colin R. Dunstan. (2001) The Effect of a Single Dose of Osteoprotegerin in Postmenopausal Women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 16:2, 348-360
CrossRef229
David M. Herrington, Karen Potvin Klein. (2001) Statins, hormones, and women: Benefits and drawbacks for atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 3:1, 35-42
CrossRef230
David F. Lehmann. (2001) Improving family ties: an examination of the complementary disciplines of pharmacoepidemiology and clinical pharmacology. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 10:1, 63-68
CrossRef231
P??ivi Polo-Kantola, Tarja Saaresranta, Olli Polo. (2001) Aetiology and Treatment of Sleep Disturbances During Perimenopause and Postmenopause. CNS Drugs 15:6, 445-452
CrossRef232
Peter Vestergaard, Lars Rejnmark, Leif Mosekilde. (2001) Hip Fracture Prevention. PharmacoEconomics 19:Parts 1 and 2, 449-468
CrossRef233
Lynda B. Ransdell. (2001) A Chronology of the Study of Older Women's Health: Data, Discoveries, and Future Directions. Journal of Women & Aging 13:1, 39-55
CrossRef234
T S Tsang, M E Barnes, B J Gersh, S N Hayes. (2000) Risks of coronary heart disease in women: current understanding and evolving concepts.. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 75:12, 1289-1303
CrossRef235
Celia Byrne, James L. Connolly, Graham A. Colditz, Stuart J. Schnitt. (2000) Biopsy confirmed benign breast disease, postmenopausal use of exogenous female hormones, and breast carcinoma risk. Cancer 89:10, 2046-2052
CrossRef236
Bj??rn Andersson. (2000) Hormone Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women With Diabetes Mellitus. Drugs & Aging 17:5, 399-410
CrossRef237
A Vincent, L A Fitzpatrick. (2000) Soy isoflavones: are they useful in menopause?. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 75:11, 1174-1184
CrossRef238
Anker Steen Jørgensen, Poul Jacobsen, Lise Brown Christiansen, Paul S. Bury, Anders Kanstrup, Susan M. Thorpe, Lars Nærum, Karsten Wassermann. (2000) Synthesis and estrogen receptor binding affinities of novel pyrrolo[2,1,5-cd]indolizine derivatives. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 10:20, 2383-2386
CrossRef239
Bernardo Bonanni, Aliana Guerrieri-Gonzaga, Nicole Rotmensz, Rosalba Torrisi, Francesca Pigatto, Massimiliano Cazzaniga, Serena Mora, Silvia Diani, Chris Robertson, Andrea Decensi. (2000) Hormonal Therapy and Chemoprevention. The Breast Journal 6:5, 317-323
CrossRef240
Leif Mosekilde, Henning Beck-Nielsen, Ole Helmer Sørensen, Stig Pors Nielsen, Peder Charles, Peter Vestergaard, Anne Pernille Hermann, Jeppe Gram, Tony Bill Hansen, Bo Abrahamsen, Ebbe Nils Ebbesen, Lis Stilgren, Lars Bjørn Jensen, Christine Brot, Birgitte Hansen, Charlotte Landbo Tofteng, Pia Eiken, Niels Kolthoff. (2000) Hormonal replacement therapy reduces forearm fracture incidence in recent postmenopausal women — results of the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study. Maturitas 36:3, 181-193
CrossRef241
I.C. Bennett, M. Gattas, B.T. Teh. (2000) The management of familial breast cancer. The Breast 9:5, 247-263
CrossRef242
Marilyn M. Barbour. (2000) Hormone Replacement Therapy Should Not Be Used as Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. Pharmacotherapy 20:9, 1021-1027
CrossRef243
Céline Martel, Sylvain Picard, Virgile Richard, Alain Bélanger, Claude Labrie, Fernand Labrie. (2000) Prevention of bone loss by EM-800 and raloxifene in the ovariectomized rat. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 74:1-2, 45-56
CrossRef244
S. Panico, R. Galasso, E. Celentano, A. V. Ciardullo, L. Frova, R. Capocaccia, M. Trevisan, F. Berrino. (2000) Large-scale hormone replacement therapy and life expectancy: results from an international comparison among European and North American populations. American Journal of Public Health 90:9, 1397-1402
CrossRef245
Linda A. Kittell, Phyllis Kernoff Mansfield. (2000) What Perimenopausal Women Think About Using Hormones During Menopause. Women & Health 30:4, 77-91
CrossRef246
Isabel Valdivia, Dulia Ortega. (2000) Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Women Treated with Tibolone, Estriol or Conventional Hormone Replacement Therapy. Clinical Drug Investigation 20:2, 101-107
CrossRef247
Elena M. Umland, Jacintha S. Cauffield, Julienne K. Kirk, Tracy E. Thomason. (2000) Phytoestrogens as Therapeutic Alternatives to Traditional Hormone Replacement in Postmenopausal Women. Pharmacotherapy 20:8, 981-990
CrossRef248
Chandrasekharan Ramachandran, David Fleisher. (2000) Transdermal delivery of drugs for the treatment of bone diseases. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 42:3, 197-223
CrossRef249
Aedin Cassidy, Marian Faughnan. (2000) Phyto-oestrogens through the life cycle. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59:03, 489-496
CrossRef250
John S Patton. (2000) Pulmonary delivery of drugs for bone disorders. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 42:3, 239-248
CrossRef251
Delyth Clemett, Caroline M. Spencer. (2000) Raloxifene. Drugs 60:2, 379-411
CrossRef252
H.A.M. Verheul, H.J.T. Coelingh-Bennink, P. Kenemans, W.J. Atsma, C.W. Burger, J.A. Eden, M. Hammar, J. Marsden, D.W. Purdie. (2000) Effects of estrogens and hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk and on efficacy of breast cancer therapies. Maturitas 36:1, 1-17
CrossRef253
T.V. Nguyen, J.R. Center, J.A. Eisman. (2000) Association between breast cancer and bone mineral density: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. Maturitas 36:1, 27-34
CrossRef254
Christopher I. Li, Noel S. Weiss, Janet L. Stanford, Janet R. Daling. (2000) Hormone replacement therapy in relation to risk of lobular and ductal breast carcinoma in middle-aged women. Cancer 88:11, 2570-2577
CrossRef255
P. G. Moorman, H. Kuwabara, R. C. Millikan, B. Newman. (2000) Menopausal hormones and breast cancer in a biracial population. American Journal of Public Health 90:6, 966-971
CrossRef256
Lorraine A. Fitzpatrick, Scott C. Litin, Malcolm R. Bell. (2000) The Women's Health Initiative: A Heart-to-HRT Conversation. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 75:6, 559-561
CrossRef257
Lynette Wroblewski Lissin, John P Cooke. (2000) Phytoestrogens and cardiovascular health. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 35:6, 1403-1410
CrossRef258
Shohei Kasugai, Ryuichi Fujisawa, Yoshihiro Waki, Ken-Ichi Miyamoto, Keiichi Ohya. (2000) Selective Drug Delivery System to Bone: Small Peptide (Asp)6 Conjugation. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 15:5, 936-943
CrossRef259
P Tellier, P Godeau. (2000) Ménopause et hormonothérapie substitutive. La Revue de Médecine Interne 21:5, 445-457
CrossRef260
S D Silberstein, B de LigniEres. (2000) Migraine, menopause and hormonal replacement therapy. Cephalalgia 20:3, 214-221
CrossRef261
GEORGE N. KOUKOULIS. (2000) Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 900:1, 422-428
CrossRef262
D.A. Heath, B.G. Bullivant, C. Boiven, R. Balena. (2000) The Effects of Cyclical Etidronate on Early Postmenopausal Bone Loss. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 3:1, 27-33
CrossRef263
James D. Lewis. (2000) Histamine receptor blockers and cancer risk: first do no harm. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 9:2, 157-158
CrossRef264
Dorothy R. Pathak, Janet R. Osuch, Jianping He. (2000) Breast carcinoma etiology. Cancer 88:S5, 1230-1238
CrossRef265
Armstrong, Katrina, Eisen, Andrea, Weber, Barbara, . (2000) Assessing the Risk of Breast Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 342:8, 564-571
Full Text266
Kentaro Takahashi, Atsushi Manabe, Masako Okada, Hiroko Kurioka, Haruhiko Kanasaki, Kohji Miyazaki. (2000) Efficacy and safety of oral estriol for managing postmenopausal symptoms. Maturitas 34:2, 169-177
CrossRef267
Cora E. Lewis, Janet Y. Groff, Carla J. Herman, Robert E. McKeown, Lynne S. Wilcox. (2000) Overview of Women's Decision Making Regarding Elective Hysterectomy, Oophorectomy, and Hormone Replacement Therapy. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 9:supplement 2, 5-14
CrossRef268
Deirdre A. Hill, Noel S. Weiss, Andrea Z. LaCroix. (2000) Adherence to postmenopausal hormone therapy during the year after the initial prescription: A population-based study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 182:2, 270-276
CrossRef269
Rajendra H. Mehta, Eduardo Bossone, Kim A. Eagle. (2000) Current concepts in secondary prevention after acute myocardial infarction. Herz 25:1, 47-60
CrossRef270
A.S Jørgensen, P Jacobsen, L.B Christiansen, P.S Bury, A Kanstrup, S.M Thorpe, S Bain, L Nærum, K Wassermann. (2000) Synthesis and pharmacology of a novel pyrrolo[2,1,5-cd]indolizine (NNC 45-0095), a high affinity non-steroidal agonist for the estrogen receptor. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 10:4, 399-402
CrossRef271
Joseph A. Guzzo. (2000) Selective estrogen receptor modulators-A new age of estrogens in cardiovascular disease?. Clinical Cardiology 23:1, 15-17
CrossRef272
NAUMAN TARIQ, DAVID J.A. JENKINS, EDWARD VIDGEN, NEIL FLESHNER, CYRIL W.C. KENDALL, JON A. STORY, WILLIAM SINGER, MARIO D’COSTA, NORMAN STRUTHERS. (2000) EFFECT OF SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE FIBER DIETS ON SERUM PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN IN MEN. The Journal of Urology 163:1, 114-118
CrossRef273
Leon Speroff. (2000) Postmenopausal estrogen–progestin therapy and breast cancer: a clinical response to epidemiological reports. Climacteric 3:1, 3-12
CrossRef274
Barbara Hanson. 2000. The social construction of sex categories as problematic to biomedical research: cancer as a case in point. , 53-68.
CrossRef275
NAUMAN TARIQ, DAVID J. A. JENKINS, EDWARD VIDGEN, NEIL FLESHNER, CYRIL W. C. KENDALL, JON A. STORY, WILLIAM SINGER, MARIO D???COSTA, NORMAN STRUTHERS. (2000) EFFECT OF SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE FIBER DIETS ON SERUM PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN IN MEN. The Journal of Urology114
CrossRef276
Hari K Bhat, Jaydutt V Vadgama. (2000) Hamster estrogen receptor cDNA: cloning and mRNA expression. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 72:1-2, 47-53
CrossRef277
Ernest E. Sterns, Benny Zee. (2000) Mammographic density changes in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: is effect of hormone replacement therapy predictable?. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 59:2, 125-132
CrossRef278
VIKAS MAHAVNI, RICHARD E. BULLER. (1999) Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Endometrial and Breast Cancer Survivors. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 42:4, 863
CrossRef279
J.C Huber, C Campagnoli, R Druckmann, C Ebert, J.R Pasqualini, J Ruby, K.W Schweppe, A.E Schindler, J.H.H Thijssen. (1999) Recommendations for estrogen and progestin replacement in the climacteric and postmenopause. Maturitas 33:3, 197-209
CrossRef280
C Campagnoli, N Biglia, C Cantamessa, L Lesca, P Sismondi. (1999) HRT and breast cancer risk: a clue for interpreting the available data. Maturitas 33:3, 185-190
CrossRef281
S. M. Lippman, P. H. Brown. (1999) Tamoxifen Prevention of Breast Cancer: an Instance of the Fingerpost. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 91:21, 1809-1819
CrossRef282
W. Schlegel, L. I. Petersdorf, R. Junker, H. Schulte, C. Ebert, A. von Eckardstein. (1999) The effects of six months of treatment with a low-dose of conjugated oestrogens in menopausal women. Clinical Endocrinology 51:5, 643-651
CrossRef283
Joseph P. Frolkis. (1999) SCREENING FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. Medical Clinics of North America 83:6, 1339-1373
CrossRef284
H.P.G Schneider. (1999) HRT and cancer risk: separating fact from fiction. Maturitas 33, 65-72
CrossRef285
Arleen F. Brown, Eliseo J. Perez-Stable, Eric E. Whitaker, Samuel F. Posner, Mark Alexander, Julia Gathe, A. Eugene Washington. (1999) Ethnic Differences in Hormone Replacement Prescribing Patterns. Journal of General Internal Medicine 14:11, 663-669
CrossRef286
LAURIE A. MACDOUGALL, JOSHUA I. BARZILAY, CHARLES G. HELMICK. (1999) The Role of Personal Health Concerns and Knowledge of the Health Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) on the Ever Use of HRT by Menopausal Women, Aged 50-54 Years. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 8:9, 1203-1211
CrossRef287
D. Schapira. (1999) Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Comprehensive Therapy 25:11-12, 467-478
CrossRef288
J Lando. (1999) Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk in a nationally representative cohort. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 17:3, 176-180
CrossRef289
Piero Sismondi, Nicoletta Biglia, Maurizia Giai, Riccardo Ponzone, Riccardo Roagna, Luca Sgro, Carlo Campagnoli. (1999) HRT, breast and endometrial cancers: strategies and intervention options. Maturitas 32:3, 131-139
CrossRef290
M.M Miller, K.B.J Franklin. (1999) Theoretical basis for the benefit of postmenopausal estrogen substitution. Experimental Gerontology 34:5, 587-604
CrossRef291
Robert C. J. Kanhai, J. Joris Hage, Henk Asscheman, J. Wiebe Mulder. (1999) Augmentation Mammaplasty in Male-to-Female Transsexuals. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 104:2, 542-549
CrossRef292
Lisa A. Newman, Henry M. Kuerer, Theresa Harper, Kelly K. Hunt, Christine Laronga, Tara Breslin, S. Eva Singletary. (1999) Special considerations in breast cancer risk and survival. Journal of Surgical Oncology 71:4, 250-260
CrossRef293
A. Groutz, G. Gillon, M. Konichezky, M. Shimonov, H. Winkler, P. M. Livne, J. Baniel. (1999) Involvement of internal genitalia in female patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: a clinicopathologic study of 37 cases. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 9:4, 302-306
CrossRef294
Hwee Teoh, Ricky Y.K Man. (1999) Progesterone modulates estradiol actions: acute effects at physiological concentrations. European Journal of Pharmacology 378:1, 57-62
CrossRef295
Eveline M.A. Bleiker, Henk M. van der Ploeg. (1999) Psychosocial factors in the etiology of breast cancer: review of a popular link. Patient Education and Counseling 37:3, 201-214
CrossRef296
Jean E. Mulder. (1999) Benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy in young adult cancer survivors with gonadal failure. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 33:1, 46-52
CrossRef297
D Hochner-Celnikier. (1999) Pharmacokinetics of raloxifene and its clinical application. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 85:1, 23-29
CrossRef298
P. Polterauer, J. Nanobachvili, A. Fügl. (1999) Chirurgische Gefäßmedizin der Zukunft: interdisziplinäre Strategien. European Surgery 31:4, 235-242
CrossRef299
Shirley B. Huffman, Jane E. Myers. (1999) Counseling Women in Midlife: An Integrative Approach to Menopause. Journal of Counseling & Development 77:3, 258-266
CrossRef300
Nagia S. Ali. (1999) Predictors of Quality of Life in Women: Hormone Therapy Self-Efficacy and Health-Promoting Behaviors. Women & Health 29:2, 69-79
CrossRef301
Jill B. Jones. (1999) Hormone Replacement Therapy. Social Work in Health Care 28:3, 95-111
CrossRef302
ARLINE D. BOHANNON. (1999) Osteoporosis and African American Women. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 8:5, 609-615
CrossRef303
M Seifert, A Galid, E Kubista. (1999) Estrogen replacement therapy in women with a history of breast cancer. Maturitas 32:2, 63-68
CrossRef304
Cecilia Magnusson, John A. Baron, Nestor Correia, Reinhold Bergstr
CrossRef305
Jürgen R. Reichenbach, Christian Przetak, Gottwalt Klinger, Werner A. Kaiser. (1999) Assessment of Breast Tissue Changes on Hormonal Replacement Therapy Using MRI: A Pilot Study. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 23:3, 407-413
CrossRef306
Marjetka Uršič-Vrščaj, Sonja Bebar. (1999) A case-control study of hormone replacement therapy after primary surgical breast cancer treatment. European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) 25:2, 146-151
CrossRef307
Fernand Labrie, Claude Labrie, Alain Bélanger, Jacques Simard, Sylvain Gauthier, Van Luu-The, Yves Mérand, Vincent Giguere, Bernard Candas, Shouqi Luo, Céline Martel, Shankar Mohan Singh, Marc Fournier, Agnès Coquet, Virgile Richard, Ronald Charbonneau, Gilles Charpenet, André Tremblay, Gilles Tremblay, Lionel Cusan, Raymonde Veilleux. (1999) EM-652 (SCH 57068), a third generation SERM acting as pure antiestrogen in the mammary gland and endometrium. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 69:1-6, 51-84
CrossRef308
GRAHAM A. COLDITZ. (1999) Hormones and Breast Cancer: Evidence and Implications for Consideration of Risks and Benefits of Hormone Replacement Therapy. Journal of Women's Health 8:3, 347-357
CrossRef309
William D. Dupont, David L. Page, Fritz F. Parl, W. Dale Plummer, Peggy A. Schuyler, Masako Kasami, Roy A. Jensen. (1999) Estrogen replacement therapy in women with a history of proliferative breast disease. Cancer 85:6, 1277-1283
CrossRef310
David B. Pearlstone, Melissa M. Pearlstone, Rena Vassilopoulou-Sellin, S. Singletary. (1999) Educational Review Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer. Annals of Surgical Oncology 6:2, 208-217
CrossRef311
Aedin Cassidy, Bruce Griffin. (1999) Phyto-oestrogens: A potential role in the prevention of CHD?. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58:01, 193-199
CrossRef312
Gail A Greendale, Nancy P Lee, Edga R Arriola. (1999) The menopause. The Lancet 353:9152, 571-580
CrossRef313
George M. Twaddle, Jane Turbov, Naxin Liu, Satya Murthy. (1999) Tyrosine kinase inhibitors as antiproliferative agents against an estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell line in vitro. Journal of Surgical Oncology 70:2, 83-90
CrossRef314
Ian C. Bennett, Michael Gattas, Bin Tean Teh. (1999) THE GENETIC BASIS OF BREAST CANCER AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. ANZ Journal of Surgery 69:2, 95-105
CrossRef315
V. NIKOLAIDOU-POLITIS. (1999) Effects of hormone replacement therapy on serum lipids and phospholipids in postmenopausal women. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 19:2, 184-189
CrossRef316
E. Isaksson, J.M. Cline, L. Skoog, G. Söderqvist, N. Wilking, E. von Schoultz, B. von Schoultz. (1999) p53 expression in breast and endometrium during estrogen and tamoxifen treatment of surgically postmenopausal cynomolgus macaques. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 53:1, 61-67
CrossRef317
Patricia T. Kelly. (1999) Hereditary Breast Cancer: Risk Assessment Is the Easy Part. The Breast Journal 5:1, 52-58
CrossRef318
ROBERT A. WILD. (1998) Risk Factors: Assessment and Preventive Measures. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 41:4, 966-975
CrossRef319
L Sourander, T Rajala, I Räihä, J Mäkinen, R Erkkola, H Helenius. (1998) Cardiovascular and cancer morbidity and mortality and sudden cardiac death in postmenopausal women on oestrogen replacement therapy (ERT). The Lancet 352:9145, 1965-1969
CrossRef320
Peter F. Cohn, Joan K. Cohn. (1998) Medical and psychological aspects of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: Points of view from a cardiologist and a psychotherapist. Clinical Cardiology 21:12, 875-877
CrossRef321
Arnon Blum, Richard O. Cannon. (1998) Effects of oestrogens and selective oestrogen receptor modulators on serum lipoproteins and vascular function. Current Opinion in Lipidology 9:6, 575-586
CrossRef322
Janet B. Henrich, Phyllis J. Kornguth, Catherine M. Viscoli, Ralph I. Horwitz. (1998) Postmenopausal Estrogen Use and Invasive versus in situ Breast Cancer Risk. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 51:12, 1277-1283
CrossRef323
Steven R. Goldstein. (1998) Selective estrogen receptor modulators: A new category of therapeutic agents for extending the health of postmenopausal women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 179:6, 1479-1484
CrossRef324
Lydia Ioannidou-Mouzaka, George N. Peters. (1998) Dilemmas in Breast Disease. The Breast Journal 4:6, 465-469
CrossRef325
John D Termine, Mayme Wong. (1998) Post-menopausal women and osteoporosis: available choices for maintenance of skeletal health. Maturitas 30:3, 241-245
CrossRef326
Edward G. Lufkin, Michael D. Whitaker, Thomas Nickelsen, Rodolfo Argueta, Robert H. Caplan, Ronald K. Knickerbocker, B. Lawrence Riggs. (1998) Treatment of Established Postmenopausal Osteoporosis with Raloxifene: A Randomized Trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 13:11, 1747-1754
CrossRef327
B Ongphiphadhanakul, S Chanprasertyothin, N Piaseu, S Chansirikanjana, G Puavilai, R Rajatanavin. (1998) Change in body weight after hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women is dependent on basal circulating leptin. Maturitas 30:3, 283-288
CrossRef328
EVELYN P. WHITLOCK, RICHARD E. JOHNSON, THOMAS M. VOGT. (1998) Recent Patterns of Hormone Replacement Therapy Use in a Large Managed Care Organization. Journal of Women's Health 7:8, 1017-1026
CrossRef329
Elizabeth S. Ginsburg, Brian Walsh, Louise Greenberg, Deborah Price, Glenn M. Chertow, William F. Owen. (1998) Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on the lipoprotein profile in postmenopausal women with ESRD. Kidney International 54:4, 1344-1350
CrossRef330
Pascal Bonnier, Frédéric Bessenay, Annie J. Sasco, Bassodeo Beedassy, Christiane Lejeune, Sylvie Romain, Colette Charpin, Lucien Piana, Pierre-Marie Martin. (1998) Impact of menopausal hormone-replacement therapy on clinical and laboratory characteristics of breast cancer. International Journal of Cancer 79:3, 278-282
CrossRef331
C.M. Johansson, T.J. Anderson, R. Bergström, A. Lindgren, I.R. Persson. (1998) Epithelial proliferation in the normal human breast in relation to endogenous hormones and oral contraceptive use. The Breast 7:3, 162-167
CrossRef332
Kevin C.R. Baynes, Juliet E. Compston. (1998) Selective oestrogen receptor modulators: a new paradigm for HRT. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 10:3, 189-192
CrossRef333
SHARI LIEBERMAN. (1998) A Review of the Effectiveness of Cimicifuga racemosa (Black Cohosh) for the Symptoms of Menopause. Journal of Women's Health 7:5, 525-529
CrossRef334
Fernand Labrie, Alain Bélanger, Van Luu-The, Claude Labrie, Jacques Simard, Leonello Cusan, Jose-Luis Gomez, Bernard Candas. (1998) DHEA and the Intracrine Formation of Androgens and Estrogens in Peripheral Target Tissues: Its Role during Aging. Steroids 63:5-6, 322-328
CrossRef335
M. Dowsett. (1998) Theoretical considerations for the ideal aromatase inhibitor. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 49:S1, S39-S44
CrossRef336
Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, Deborah Grady. (1998) HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY, HEART DISEASE, AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS. Annual Review of Public Health 19:1, 55-72
CrossRef337
Antonella Surbone, Jeanne A Petrek. (1998) Pregnancy after breast cancer. The relationship of pregnancy to breast cancer development and progression. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 27:3, 169-178
CrossRef338
Fu-Li Yu, Mian-Ying Wang, Dong-Hui Li, Wanda Bender, Wei-Yun Zheng. (1998) Evidence for the DNA binding and adduct formation of estrone and 17β-estradiol after dimethyldioxirane activation. Chemico-Biological Interactions 110:3, 173-187
CrossRef339
Stephen H. Safe. (1998) INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HORMONES AND CHEMICALS IN BREAST CANCER. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 38:1, 121-158
CrossRef340
J. Mark Cline, Gunnar Soderqvist, Eva von Schoultz, Lambert Skoog, Bo von Schoultz. (1998) Effects of conjugated estrogens, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and tamoxifen on the mammary glands of macaques. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 48:3, 221-229
CrossRef341
Juliet E. Compston. (1998) Selective oestrogen receptor modulators: potential therapeutic applications. Clinical Endocrinology 48:4, 389-391
CrossRef342
Randolph E. Gross. (1998) Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer. American Journal of Nursing 98:4, 55-58
CrossRef343
Brian D. Golden. (1998) The prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arthritis Care & Research 11:2, 124-134
CrossRef344
Wood, Alastair J.J., , Eastell, Richard, . (1998) Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine 338:11, 736-746
Full Text345
Janine O'Leary Cobb. (1998) Reassuring the woman facing menopause: strategies and resources. Patient Education and Counseling 33:3, 281-288
CrossRef346
Susan R. Johnson. (1998) MENOPAUSE AND HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY. Medical Clinics of North America 82:2, 297-320
CrossRef347
Michael P. Brunelli, Thomas A. Einhorn. (1998) Medical Management of Osteoporosis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 348, 15???21
CrossRef348
Jean Marmoreo, Judith Belle Brown, Helen R Batty, Sandy Cummings, Marion Powell. (1998) Hormone replacement therapy: determinants of women's decisions. Patient Education and Counseling 33:3, 289-298
CrossRef349
Hosking, David, Chilvers, Clair E.D., Christiansen, Claus, Ravn, Pernille, Wasnich, Richard, Ross, Philip, McClung, Michael, Balske, Ana, Thompson, Desmond, Daley, Marianne, Yates, A. John, . (1998) Prevention of Bone Loss with Alendronate in Postmenopausal Women under 60 Years of Age. New England Journal of Medicine 338:8, 485-492
Full Text350
Claus Højbjerg Gravholt, Svend Juul, Rune Weis Naeraa, Jan Hansen. (1998) Morbidity in Turner Syndrome. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 51:2, 147-158
CrossRef351
Anil K. Rattan, Yadon Arad. (1998) Inhibition of LDL oxidation by a new estradiol receptor modulator compound LY-139478, comparative effect with other steroids. Atherosclerosis 136:2, 305-314
CrossRef352
ELSA-GRACE V. GIARDINA. (1998) Call to Action: Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Journal of Women's Health 7:1, 37-43
CrossRef353
Curt W. Burger, Peter Kenemans. (1998) Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and cancer of the female genital tract and breast. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 10:1, 41-45
CrossRef354
(1998) Design of the Womenʼs Health Initiative Clinical Trial and Observational Study. Controlled Clinical Trials 19:1, 61-109
CrossRef355
Charlotta Dabrosin, Mats Hammar, Karin öllinger. (1998) Impact of Oestradiol and Progesterone on Antioxidant Activity in Normal Human Breast Epithelial Cells in Culture. Free Radical Research 28:3, 241-249
CrossRef356
GRAHAM A. COLDITZ. (1998) Hormones and Breast Cancer. Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine 1:4, 349-357
CrossRef357
Gunnar Söderqvist. (1998) Effects of sex steroids on proliferation in normal mammary tissue. Annals of Medicine 30:6, 511-524
CrossRef358
KATHRYN A. MARTIN. (1998) Estrogen Therapy For Menopause. Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine 1:4, 339-348
CrossRef359
R. J. Santen. (1998) Treatment of estrogen deficiency symptoms in women surviving breast cancer. Climacteric 1:2, 148-158
CrossRef360
Jo Marsden, Mike Baum, Nigel P.M Sacks. (1998) Hormone Replacement Therapy in Women with Previous Breast Cancer. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 9:1, 32-38
CrossRef361
C. E. Kearney, D. W. Purdie. (1998) Selective estrogen receptor modulators. Climacteric 1:2, 143-147
CrossRef362
Delmas, Pierre D., Bjarnason, Nina H., Mitlak, Bruce H., Ravoux, Anne-Catherine, Shah, Aarti S., Huster, William J., Draper, Michael, Christiansen, Claus, . (1997) Effects of Raloxifene on Bone Mineral Density, Serum Cholesterol Concentrations, and Uterine Endometrium in Postmenopausal Women. New England Journal of Medicine 337:23, 1641-1647
Full Text363
Peter Vestergaard, Anne Pernille Hermann, Jeppe Gram, Lars Bjørn Jensen, Niels Kolthoff, Bo Abrahamsen, Christine Brot, Pia Eiken. (1997) Improving compliance with hormonal replacement therapy in primary osteoporosis prevention. Maturitas 28:2, 137-145
CrossRef364
GRAHAM A. COLDITZ. (1997) Hormone Replacement Therapy Increases the Risk of Breast Cancer. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 833:1 Cancer, 129-136
CrossRef365
J. F. WINTHER, L. DREYER, L. TRYGGVADOTTIR. (1997) Exogenous hormones. APMIS 105:S76, 132-140
CrossRef366
(1997) Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Mortality. New England Journal of Medicine 337:19, 1389-1391
Full Text367
Bruce Psaty, Curt Furberg. (1997) Journal of Hypertension 15:11, 1197-1200
CrossRef368
Hunter, David J., Hankinson, Susan E., Laden, Francine, Colditz, Graham A., Manson, JoAnn E., Willett, Walter C., Speizer, Frank E., Wolff, Mary S., . (1997) Plasma Organochlorine Levels and the Risk of Breast Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 337:18, 1253-1258
Full Text369
David W. Purdie. (1997) Selective oestrogen receptor modulation: HRT replacement therapy?. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 104:10, 1103-1105
CrossRef370
Winnie Leung, Franklin Goldberg, Bennie Zee, Ernest Sterns. (1997) Mammographic density in women on postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. Surgery 122:4, 669-674
CrossRef371
(1997) Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52 705 women with breast cancer and 108 411 women without breast cancer. The Lancet 350:9084, 1047-1059
CrossRef372
Andrea Z LaCroix, Wylie Burke. (1997) Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy. The Lancet 350:9084, 1042-1043
CrossRef373
THORWALD HOL, MARTHA B. COX, HENRY U. BRYANT, MICHAEL W. DRAPER. (1997) Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Postmenopausal Women's Health. Journal of Women's Health 6:5, 523-531
CrossRef374
Amy Avgar. (1997) Women's Health in Israel. Social Work in Health Care 25:1-2, 45-62
CrossRef375
Ingemar Persson, Erik Thurfjell, Reinhold Bergström, Lars Holmberg. (1997) Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. Nested case-control study in a cohort of Swedish women attending mammography screening. International Journal of Cancer 72:5, 758-761
CrossRef376
Eric Phillips, Carl Bauman. (1997) Safety surveillance of esterified estrogens—methyltestosterone (Estratest® and Estratest® HS) replacement therapy in the United States. Clinical Therapeutics 19:5, 1070-1084
CrossRef377
JE Compston. (1997) Designer oestrogens: fact or fantasy?. The Lancet 350:9079, 676-677
CrossRef378
Beda W. Hartmann, Johannes C. Huber, Sylvia Kirchengast, Gabor Söregi, M.D., Alexander E. Albrecht. (1997) Effect of hormone replacement therapy on growth hormone stimulation in women with premature ovarian failure. Fertility and Sterility 68:1, 103-107
CrossRef379
Brinton, Louise A., Schairer, Catherine, . (1997) Postmenopausal Hormone-Replacement Therapy — Time for a Reappraisal?. New England Journal of Medicine 336:25, 1821-1822
Full Text380
Grodstein, Francine, Stampfer, Meir J., Colditz, Graham A., Willett, Walter C., Manson, JoAnn E., Joffe, Marshall, Rosner, Bernard, Fuchs, Charles, Hankinson, Susan E., Hunter, David J., Hennekens, Charles H., Speizer, Frank E., . (1997) Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Mortality. New England Journal of Medicine 336:25, 1769-1776
Full Text381
ROBERTA B. NESS, LEWIS H. KULLER. (1997) Women's Health as a Paradigm for Understanding Factors that Mediate Disease. Journal of Women's Health 6:3, 329-336
CrossRef382
Susan R. Johnson. (1997) THE CLINICAL DECISION REGARDING HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 26:2, 413-435
CrossRef383
Louise A. Brinton. (1997) HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY AND RISK FOR BREAST CANCER. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 26:2, 361-378
CrossRef384
Anne McTiernan, Mary Ann Gilligan, Carol Redmond. (1997) Assessing individual risk for breast cancer: Risky business. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 50:5, 547-556
CrossRef385
Scott A. Washburn, Carole E. Lewis, James E. Johnson, Mary Lou Voytko, Carol A. Shively. (1997) 17α-Dihydroequilenin increases hippocampal dendritic spine density of ovariectomized rats. Brain Research 758:1-2, 241-244
CrossRef386
F Chevarley, E White. (1997) Recent trends in breast cancer mortality among white and black US women.. American Journal of Public Health 87:5, 775-781
CrossRef387
Jeffrey A. Dodge, Charles W. Lugar, Stephen Cho, Lorri L. Short, Masahiko Sato, Na N. Yang, Larry A. Spangle, Michael J. Martin, David L. Phillips, Andrew L. Glasebrook, John J. Osborne, Charles A. Frolik, Henry U. Bryant. (1997) Evaluation of the major metabolites of raloxifene as modulators of tissue selectivity. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 61:1-2, 97-106
CrossRef388
Rena Vassilopoulou-Sellin, Richard Theriault, Mary Jean Klein. (1997) Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Women with Prior Diagnosis and Treatment for Breast Cancer. Gynecologic Oncology 65:1, 89-93
CrossRef389
Antonella Surbone, Jeanne A. Petrek. (1997) Childbearing issues in breast carcinoma survivors. Cancer 79:7, 1271-1278
CrossRef390
(1997) Reproductive Health LiteratureWatch. Journal of Women's Health 6:2, 239-252
CrossRef391
Philip J. Disaia. (1997) Estrogen replacement therapy for the breast cancer survivor: A reappraisal. Journal of Surgical Oncology 64:3, 175-180
CrossRef392
G. Phillipov, E. Mos, S. Scinto, P. J. Phillips. (1997) Initiation of hormone replacement therapy after diagnosis of osteoporosis by bone densitometry. Osteoporosis International 7:2, 162-164
CrossRef393
Steven D. Kick, Doug D. Cooley. (1997) Depressive, Not Anxiety, Symptoms Are Associated With Current Cigarette Smoking Among University Internal Medical Patients. Psychosomatics 38:2, 132-139
CrossRef394
GRAHAM A. COLDITZ, JOANN E. MANSON, SUSAN E. HANKINSON. (1997) The Nurses' Health Study: 20-Year Contribution to the Understanding of Health Among Women. Journal of Women's Health 6:1, 49-62
CrossRef395
P Kenemans. (1997) Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer morbidity, mortality and recurrence. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 71:2, 199-203
CrossRef396
Valerie T. Cotter. (1997) FINDING BALANCE THROUGH HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY. AWHONN Lifelines 1:1, 37-42
CrossRef397
D. W. Purdie. (1997) Gonadal hormone substitutes. Osteoporosis International 7:S1, 61-63
CrossRef398
H.Z. Ke, H.K. Chen, H.A. Simmons, H. Qi, D.T. Crawford, C.M. Pirie, K.L. Chidsey-Frink, Y.F. Ma, W.S.S. Jee, D.D. Thompson. (1997) Comparative effects of droloxifene, tamoxifen, and estrogen on bone, serum cholesterol, and uterine histology in the ovariectomized rat model. Bone 20:1, 31-39
CrossRef399
S. H. Swan. (1997) Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Risk of Reproductive Cancers. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 18:2, 165-174
CrossRef400
Colin M. Furnival. (1997) BREAST CANCER: CURRENT ISSUES IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT. ANZ Journal of Surgery 67:1, 47-58
CrossRef401
Raphael Jewelewicz. (1997) New developments in topical estrogen therapy. Fertility and Sterility 67:1, 1-12
CrossRef402
James H O’Keefe, Susie C Kim, Ralph R Hall, Vicki C Cochran, Stephanie L Lawhorn, Ben D McCallister. (1997) Estrogen Replacement Therapy After Coronary Angioplasty in Women. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 29:1, 1-5
CrossRef403
Mark Wessels, Ralph P. Mason, Peter P. Antich, Joseph E. Zerwekh, Charles Y. C. Pak. (1997) Connectivity in human cancellous bone by three-dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy. Medical Physics 24:9, 1409
CrossRef404
M. Baum. (1997) Sex steroids and malignancies. Osteoporosis International 7:S1, 18-22
CrossRef405
M. Baum. (1997) Sex steroids and malignancies. Clinical Oncology 9:6, 395-399
CrossRef406
Carmen Cravioto. (1997) Invited Comment. Nutrition Reviews 55:1, S76-S77
CrossRef407
Morris Notelovitz. (1997) Estrogen Therapy and Osteoporosis: Principles & Practice. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 313:1, 2-12
CrossRef408
KAREN L. MILLER. (1996) Hormone Replacement Therapy in the Elderly. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 39:4, 912-932
CrossRef409
Committee Members, Thomas J. Ryan, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Elliott M. Antman, Blaine A. Braniff, Neil H. Brooks, Robert M. Califf, L. David Hillis, Loren F. Hiratzka, Elliott Rapaport, Barbara J. Riegel, Richard O. Russell, Earl E. Smith, W. Douglas Weaver, James L. Ritchie, Melvin D. Cheitlin, Kim A. Eagle, Timothy J. Gardner, Arthur Garson, Raymond J. Gibbons, Richard P. Lewis, Robert A. O'Rourke, Thomas J. Ryan. (1996) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 28:5, 1328-1419
CrossRef410
Jo M. Jones, Kim Dupree Jones. (1996) Pearls and Perils of the Perimenopause. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 8:11, 531-535
CrossRef411
Louis V. Avioli. (1996) Salmon calcitonin nasal spray. Endocrine 5:2, 115-127
CrossRef412
John S. Spratt, Beverly M. Gaines, W. Steve Aaron, Patricia Cerrito. (1996) What are the benefits and costs of screening mammograms on Kentucky women aged 40–49?. Journal of Surgical Oncology 63:2, 71-76
CrossRef413
W. Radkohl, G. Leb. (1996) Osteoporose und Hormonersatztherapie. European Surgery 28:5, 263-265
CrossRef414
John V. L. Sheffield, Eric B. Larson. (1996) General internal medicine update. Journal of General Internal Medicine 11:10, 613-621
CrossRef415
M. Birkhäuser. (1996) Hormonsubstitutionstherapie und Karzinogenese. European Surgery 28:5, 270-282
CrossRef416
Kate France, Christina Lee, Margot Schofield. (1996) Hormone replacement therapy: knowledge, attitudes, and weil-being among middle-aged australian women. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 3:3, 202-220
CrossRef417
Polly A. Newcomb, Matthew P. Longnecker, Barry E. Storer, Robert Mittendorf, John Baron, Richard W. Clapp, Amy Trentham-Dietz, Walter C. Willett. (1996) Recent oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes and Control 7:5, 525-532
CrossRef418
F. Bauss, A. Esswein, K. Reiff, G. Sponer, B. Müller-Beckmann. (1996) Effect of 17β-estradiol-bisphosphonate conjugates, potential bone-seeking estrogen pro-drugs, on 17β-estradiol serum kinetics and bone mass in rats. Calcified Tissue International 59:3, 168-173
CrossRef419
Grodstein, Francine, Stampfer, Meir J., Manson, JoAnn E., Colditz, Graham A., Willett, Walter C., Rosner, Bernard, Speizer, Frank E., Hennekens, Charles H., . (1996) Postmenopausal Estrogen and Progestin Use and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 335:7, 453-461
Full Text420
Cemal Tamer Erel, Hakan Seyisoğlu, Mehmet Levent Şentürk, Canan Akman, Gül Ersavaşti, Ali Benian, Cihan Uras, Ayça Altuğ, Erdoğan Ertüngealp. (1996) Mammographic changes in women on hormonal replacement therapy. Maturitas 25:1, 51-57
CrossRef421
Scott A. Washburn, Erika K. Honoré, J.Mark Cline, Melissa Helman, Janice D. Wagner, Steven J. Adelman, Thomas B. Clarkson. (1996) Effects of 17α-dihydroequilenin sulfate on atherosclerotic male and female rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 175:2, 341-351
CrossRef422
S. E. Reid, M. S. Murthy, M. Kaufman, E. F. Scanlon. (1996) Endocrine and paracrine hormones in the promotion, progression and recurrence of breast cancer. British Journal of Surgery 83:8, 1037-1046
CrossRef423
Ingemar Persson, Jonathan Yuen, Leif Bergkvist, Catherine Schairer. (1996) Cancer incidence and mortality in women receiving estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy—long-term follow-up of a Swedish cohort. International Journal of Cancer 67:3, 327-332
CrossRef424
Silvia Franceschi, Adriano Favero, Carlo La Vecchia, Anna E. Barón, Eva Negri, Luigino Dal Maso, Attilio Giacosa, Maurizio Montella, Ettore Conti, Dino Amadori. (1996) Body size indices and breast cancer risk before and after menopause. International Journal of Cancer 67:2, 181-186
CrossRef425
Dawn B. Willis, Eugenia E. Calle, Heidi L. Miracle-McMahill, Clark W. Heath. (1996) Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of fatal breast cancer in a prospective cohort of postmenopausal women in the United States. Cancer Causes and Control 7:4, 449-457
CrossRef426
Sharon Scales Rostosky, Cheryl Brown Travis. (1996) MENOPAUSE RESEARCH AND THE DOMINANCE OF THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL 1984–1994. Psychology of Women Quarterly 20:2, 285-312
CrossRef427
Bruno de Lignieres. (1996) Hormone replacement therapy: clinical benefits and side-effects. Maturitas 23, S31-S36
CrossRef428
David J. Maron. (1996) Nonlipid primary and secondary prevention strategies for coronary heart disease. Clinical Cardiology 19:5, 419-423
CrossRef429
Ingemar Persson. (1996) Cancer risk in women receiving estrogen-progestin replacement therapy. Maturitas 23, S37-S45
CrossRef430
B. Von Schoultz, G. Söderqvist, M. Cline, E. von Schoultz, L. Skoog. (1996) Hormonal regulation of the normal breast. Maturitas 23, S23-S25
CrossRef431
Todd B. Seto, Deborah A. Taira, Roger B. Davis, Charles Safran, Russell S. Phillips. (1996) Effect of physician gender on the prescription of estrogen replacement therapy. Journal of General Internal Medicine 11:4, 197-203
CrossRef432
Timothy A. Grese, James P. Sluka, Henry U. Bryant, Harlan W. Cole, John R. Kim, David E. Magee, Ellen R. Rowley, Masahiko Sato. (1996) Benzopyran selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs): Pharmacological effects and structural correlation with raloxifene. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 6:7, 903-908
CrossRef433
James S. Forrester, C. Noel Bairey Merz, Trudy L. Bush, Jay N. Cohn, Donald B. Hunninghake, Sampath Parthasarathy, H. Robert Superko. (1996) Task force 4. Efficacy of risk factor management. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 27:5, 991-1006
CrossRef434
R. W. Keen, T. D. Spector. (1996) Role and evolution of therapeutic options. Osteoporosis International 6:S2, 16-20
CrossRef435
John D. Wark. (1996) Osteoporotic fractures: background and prevention strategies. Maturitas 23:2, 193-207
CrossRef436
Marianne Ewertz. (1996) Hormone therapy in the menopause and breast cancer risk—a review. Maturitas 23:2, 241-246
CrossRef437
P. Lips. (1996) Prevention of hip fractures: Drug therapy. Bone 18:3, S159-S163
CrossRef438
Barbara S. Hulka, Olav Meirik. (1996) Research on the menopause. Maturitas 23:2, 109-112
CrossRef439
Faye J. LeBoeuf, Stefanie G. Carter. (1996) Discomforts of the Perimenopause. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Neonatal Nursing 25:2, 173-180
CrossRef440
SUZANNE OPARIL. (1996) Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Women. Journal of Women's Health 5:1, 23-32
CrossRef441
Charlotte A. Herrick, Vera Douglas, Joy H. Carlson. (1996) Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy from Holistic and Medical Perspectives. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 17:2, 153-168
CrossRef442
O. H. Sorensen, J-E. B. Jensen, G. Kollerup, H. A. Sorensen, L. B. Jensen. (1996) To Screen or not to Screen?. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 25:s103, 25-29
CrossRef443
Barry G. Wren, John A. Eden. (1996) Do Progestogens Reduce The Risk of Breast Cancer? A Review of the Evidence. Menopause 3:1, 4-12
CrossRef444
Timothy A. Grese, Stephen Cho, Henry U. Bryant, Harlan W. Cole, Andrew L. Glasebrook, David E. Magee, D.Lynn Phillips, Ellen R. Rowley, Lorri L. Short. (1996) Synthesis and pharmacology of 2-alkyl raloxifene analogs. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 6:2, 201-206
CrossRef445
Patrick Neven, Xavier De Muylder. (1995) Hormonal interventions and cancer risk. The Lancet 346, S8
CrossRef446
Carlo La Vecchia. (1995) Oestrogens and progestins and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women. Pharmacological Research 32:6, 323-324
CrossRef447
Göran Samsioe. (1995) Hormone replacement therapy and the breast cancer issue. Pharmacological Research 32:6, 325-326
CrossRef448
J. Alan Herd, Antonio M. Gotto. (1995) Does post-menopausal hormone-replacement therapy increase risk for breast cancer? A perspective on the findings of the nurses' health study. Pharmacological Research 32:6, 331-333
CrossRef449
C.G. David Skegg. (1995) Breast cancer: Progress at last?. The Lancet 346, S15
CrossRef450
P. Sismondi, N. Biglia. (1995) Critical review of the article by colditz et al. on ‘the use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women’ published in the N.E.J.M. 1995, 332: 1589. Pharmacological Research 32:6, 329-330
CrossRef451
Maurizio Soma, Rodolfo Paoletti. (1995) A view on HRT and breast cancer. Pharmacological Research 32:6, 321-322
CrossRef452
R.J. Salmon, Y. Remvikos, Y. Ansquer, B. Asselain. (1995) HRT and breast cancer. The Lancet 346:8991-8992, 1702-1703
CrossRef453
(1995) Breast Cancer and Hormone-Replacement Therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 333:20, 1355-1358
Full Text454
Davidson, Nancy E., . (1995) Hormone-Replacement Therapy — Breast versus Heart versus Bone. New England Journal of Medicine 332:24, 1638-1639
Full Text
- Letters
