Original Article
Fluoxetine in the Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoria
N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1529-1534June 8, 1995
- Abstract
Background
Premenstrual dysphoria shares certain features with depression and anxiety states, which have been linked to serotonergic dysregulation. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of fluoxetine (which selectively inhibits the reuptake of serotonin) in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria.
Methods
The trial consisted of a single-blind, placebo washout period lasting two menstrual cycles, followed by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine at a dose of either 20 mg or 60 mg per day or placebo for six menstrual cycles. Healthy women meeting criteria for what was then called late-luteal-phase dysphoric disorder were recruited at seven university-affiliated women's health clinics in Canada. The primary outcome measure consisted of visual-analogue scales for tension, irritability, and dysphoria during the late luteal phase of each cycle.
Results
Of 405 women enrolled in the placebo washout period, 313 subsequently entered the randomized phase of the study, which lasted six menstrual cycles, and 180 completed it. Fluoxetine at a dose of 20 or 60 mg per day was significantly superior to placebo in reducing symptoms of tension, irritability, and dysphoria, as measured by the visual-analogue scales (P<0.001). The women who received 60 mg of fluoxetine per day reported significantly more side effects than those who received 20 mg per day or placebo (P<0.001).
Conclusions
Fluoxetine is useful in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria. Treatment with fluoxetine at a dose of 20 mg per day reduces the potential for side effects while maximizing therapeutic efficacy.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Percent Improvement in the Total Luteal-Phase Scores of the Visual-Analogue Scale for the 180 Women Who Completed the Protocol (P<0.001).Table 1
Classification of the Study Subjects According to How Much of the Trial They Completed.Article Activity
- Article
Late-luteal-phase dysphoric disorder,1 currently referred to as premenstrual dysphoric disorder2 (and commonly called the premenstrual syndrome), is characterized by a cluster of symptoms appearing regularly during the week before and disappearing within a few days after the onset of menstrual bleeding. Tension, irritability, and dysphoria are among the most prominent symptoms.3-5 Surveys indicate that it affects up to 3 to 8 percent of North American women in their reproductive years,6-8 with a substantial negative impact on health. The cause of this disorder is unknown, and it is therefore not surprising that over the years at least 50 treatment options have been suggested to be effective, many of them based on the popular hypothesis of the moment.9-12 To date, however, although some treatments, such as medical or surgical ovariectomy13-16 and some anxiolytic drugs, have been found to be superior to placebo in some studies,17,18 no treatments have proved consistently effective.19
Premenstrual dysphoria shares many of the features of depression and anxiety states20-22 that have been linked to serotonergic dysregulation, and there is increasing evidence that serotonin may also be important in the pathogenesis of premenstrual dysphoria.23-27 Clomipramine and fluoxetine (Prozac), which selectively inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, have therefore been proposed for the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria, and preliminary results of single-dose or small double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were encouraging28-30 but not unanimous.31 We therefore undertook a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in women with premenstrual dysphoria.
Methods
Selection of Patients
Women between 18 and 45 years of age who met the diagnostic criteria for premenstrual dysphoria were enrolled in the trial after providing oral and written informed consent. The study was carried out at seven university-affiliated women's health clinics in Canada. The protocol was approved by the institutional ethics review committees of all the clinics. All subjects were either self-referred or referred by their physicians.
The entry requirements were a diagnosis of late-luteal-phase dysphoric disorder, as it was then called, with at least a one-year history of five (or more) symptoms attributable to the disorder (with at least one symptom being marked affective lability, irritability, tension, or depressed mood) that were present premenstrually and began to remit within a few days postmenstrually. The condition must also have been severe enough to impair activities of daily living. These criteria were confirmed prospectively by the subjects, who rated the severity of their symptoms during at least two consecutive symptomatic cycles.1
Women were excluded if they were pregnant or lactating or were taking an oral contraceptive, or if they had irregular menstrual cycles, an unstable medical illness, a history of a seizure disorder with a seizure occurring within the past year, a record of multiple adverse drug reactions, known allergies to inhibitors of the reuptake of serotonin, or a history of fluoxetine use. To minimize the inclusion of women with anovulatory cycles, the women were required to have menstrual cycles between 24 and 35 days in length.
Women were also excluded if they met diagnostic criteria for a major psychiatric syndrome other than late-luteal-phase dysphoric disorder, expressed suicidal ideation or intent, had used psychoactive medications or investigational drugs within two months before the study, or were taking any other medication to treat premenstrual symptoms.
Study Design
The two-phase study design consisted of a single-blind washout period, during which the women received placebo for two menstrual cycles, followed by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial lasting six menstrual cycles. Women who remained eligible after the placebo washout phase were randomly assigned to receive placebo, fluoxetine at a dose of 20 mg per day, or fluoxetine at a dose of 60 mg per day beginning on the first day of cycle 3. The study drugs were to be taken each morning. No other psychoactive medications were permitted.
The women were required to visit the clinics twice during each menstrual cycle throughout the study. Visits and assessments coincided with the follicular and late luteal phases of each cycle. The study involved a total of 18 visits: 1 prescreening visit, 4 visits during the two-cycle placebo washout phase, 12 visits during the six cycles in the randomized controlled trial, and 1 follow-up visit after the trial ended.
Measurements
The primary outcome was defined as the reduction in the raw luteal-phase score (reported as the percent change from the base-line score) for premenstrual symptoms, as measured by the mean score on three visual-analogue scales — one each for tension, irritability, and dysphoria. Visual-analogue scales have been found to be an effective tool in measuring changes over time in response to treatment for the symptoms of mood disturbance, and their reliability and validity have been well documented.32-34 The participants were prompted to rate how they were feeling each day using 100-mm scales in which the descriptors ranged from “no symptoms” (0 mm) to “severe or extreme symptoms” (100 mm). The mean of these three scales was calculated to determine the total psychological-symptom score. Secondary outcome measures included the premenstrual tension syndrome scales, which consist of a 36-item scale completed by the patient and a 10-item scale completed by the therapist.3,35 Both scales rate premenstrual symptoms for a particular day; the total score can range from 0, indicating no symptoms, to 36, indicating all symptoms present and severe. Tertiary outcome measures included visual-analogue scales for physical symptoms of headache, bloating, and breast tenderness, as well as a modified Prospective Record of the Impact and Severity of Menstrual Symptomatology calendar, which was completed daily.36 A standardized questionnaire was used at each visit to determine whether the subjects had had any side effects. All these data were collected at each visit.
Compliance was monitored through monthly pill counts, by the subjects' own assessments, and, for 15 percent of the study population, by measuring serum concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine (the principal active metabolite of fluoxetine). Blood was drawn after a minimum of two cycles of the study medication and assayed after the completion of the study.37 Subjects who missed more than six consecutive doses of study medication during any cycle were withdrawn from the trial.38 On completion of six cycles of treatment, the subjects stopped taking the study medication and were allowed to pursue independent treatment with their own physicians.
Statistical Analysis
Analysis of efficacy for all study participants who completed at least one cycle of the randomized trial was conducted with BMDP5V unbalanced repeated-measures models with structured covariance matrixes. Akaike's Information Criterion was used to select the most appropriate covariance structure.39 In order to perform this analysis, changes in the raw scores of the visual-analogue scales within subjects were recalculated to obtain the percent change from base-line scores within subjects according to the following formula: (base-line luteal-phase score - treatment luteal-phase score)/base-line luteal-phase score × 100. These values ranged from -100 percent (worsening) to +100 percent (improvement). Parametric base-line characteristics were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. All continuous efficacy variables for those who completed all six cycles of the protocol were analyzed with repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance.40,41 The frequency of side effects and other nonparametric data were analyzed with Fisher's exact test or the chi-square test for association where appropriate. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to ensure the validity of the primary outcome data as compared with the secondary and tertiary outcome measures. P values of 0.01 or less were considered to indicate statistical significance; all tests were two-tailed.
The safety analysis included all subjects who underwent randomization. Side effects were classified according to their frequency and their occurrence in combination with other events.
Results
Of the 405 women screened for entry during the placebo washout period, 92 did not enter the second phase of the trial for the reasons listed in Table 1Table 1
Classification of the Study Subjects According to How Much of the Trial They Completed.. Thus, 313 eligible women were randomly assigned to the treatment groups. The study participants were between 20 and 45 years of age (mean [±SD], 36±5); all were high-school graduates; 55 percent were married; and 70 percent had at least one child. At base line the mean (±SD) follicular-phase score for the visual-analogue scales was 14.9±13.4 mm, and the mean luteal-phase score was 56.1±18.2 mm. Base-line demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable in the three treatment groups.Of the 313 women who underwent randomization, 277 completed cycle 1 of phase 2 and were included in the efficacy analysis (Table 2Table 2
Scores on Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures for the 277 Women Who Completed Cycle 1 of the Randomized Trial.). The raw follicular-phase scores for primary and secondary outcome measures throughout the trial were stable, with minimal variation between groups or over time (P = 0.57). Scores on the visual-analogue scales for tension, irritability, and dysphoria were similar within subjects (P = 0.42), allowing the use of the mean scores of the three visual-analogue scales to represent the total premenstrual-symptom score at each visit for the primary efficacy analysis.Fluoxetine at a daily dose of either 20 mg or 60 mg proved to be superior to placebo in reducing psychological symptoms within the first cycle of treatment, as demonstrated by both the primary and secondary outcome measures (Table 2). Despite a high dropout rate in the placebo group and the group that received 60 mg of fluoxetine per day, regression analysis identified a statistically significant effect of the group (P<0.001) and of the change from base line (P<0.001). The mean percent improvement in the luteal-phase score from base line was four to six times greater in the fluoxetine groups than in the placebo group, as measured by the total visual-analogue scale and by the subject-rated premenstrual tension syndrome scale, and two to three times greater as measured by the observer-rated premenstrual tension syndrome scale. In the first cycle alone, the raw scores on the luteal-phase visual-analogue scale were reduced to one half the base-line score in 46 of the 96 women receiving 20 mg of fluoxetine per day and 49 of the 86 women receiving 60 mg of fluoxetine per day, as compared with 21 of the 95 women receiving placebo (P<0.001). The significant difference in the scores on the visual-analogue scale between women receiving fluoxetine and women receiving placebo was maintained during the six cycles of the trial in the 180 women who completed the protocol (P<0.001) (Figure 1Figure 1
Percent Improvement in the Total Luteal-Phase Scores of the Visual-Analogue Scale for the 180 Women Who Completed the Protocol (P<0.001).). This improvement over time was corroborated by an analysis of the secondary outcome measures (P<0.001).To define clinically relevant changes throughout this trial, we considered 50 percent improvement from base line to represent moderate improvement and 75 percent to represent marked improvement. With the use of these criteria, 52 percent of the women receiving fluoxetine at either dose had at least moderate improvement in their symptoms within the first cycle of active treatment, as compared with 22 percent of the women receiving placebo (P<0.001). These proportions remained consistent throughout the trial: 53 percent of all cycles involving fluoxetine therapy (437 of 832) were associated with at least moderate improvement, as compared with 28 percent of the cycles involving placebo (113 of 410, P<0.001). The proportion of cycles in which there was marked improvement was also significantly different between groups (266 of 832 cycles involving fluoxetine therapy vs. 56 of 410 cycles involving placebo, P<0.001). The results were combined because the rates of response were very similar in the two groups of women who received fluoxetine (20 mg per day or 60 mg per day).
Of the 313 women included in the safety analysis, the study medication was discontinued in 133 (Table 1). The rate of withdrawal was similar in the three groups for the first three cycles of the randomized trial but became significantly different by cycle 6 (P<0.028) as a result of the high rate of withdrawal of women from the group receiving 60 mg of fluoxetine per day (35 of 106) and from the placebo group (27 of 105), the former because of side effects and the latter because of lack of efficacy. It is important to note that 97 percent of the withdrawals due to side effects in the group given 60 mg of fluoxetine per day occurred during the first three cycles of the trial.
The side effects reported during the trial were dose-related, with significantly fewer events occurring in the placebo group and the group receiving 20 mg of fluoxetine per day than in the group given 60 mg of fluoxetine per day (P<0.001). In addition, statistically significant differences were found across the three groups for the 12 most frequently identified types of events, as listed in Table 3Table 3
Most Frequently Reported Side Effects.. These events were reported alone or in various combinations, and they occurred more frequently in the group given 60 mg of fluoxetine per day than in the other two groups. No serious or life-threatening events were reported during the trial.Discussion
We compared two doses of fluoxetine with placebo in women with severe premenstrual dysphoria. Fluoxetine at doses of 20 mg or 60 mg per day proved significantly superior to placebo in reducing symptoms associated with this disorder, as measured by visual-analogue scales for tension, irritability, and dysphoria. These results were corroborated by an analysis of secondary outcome data.
The primary outcome measure was the percent improvement from base line in luteal-phase symptom scores. This approach is similar to that taken in other clinical trials and allows some comparisons between studies regardless of differences in the primary outcome measure used. An analysis of the clinical relevance of our study showed that moderate and marked improvement was twice as common in cycles involving fluoxetine as in cycles involving placebo. This rate of improvement was similar to that found in studies that defined outcome according to the percent change from base line in luteal-phase symptom scores.16,42-44
Reports of the occurrence of a preoccupation with suicide during fluoxetine treatment45 garnered much media attention and affected our ability to recruit and retain subjects, since many potential candidates refused to participate. Fortunately, this association has since been refuted.46 None of the women we studied had any suicidal or homicidal tendencies during the trial. Our study as well as other large-scale studies, in which fluoxetine was prescribed for psychiatric disorders other than depression, seem to offer further support for the notion that there is no direct link between this medication and the risk of suicide.38,47,48
The dropout rate for this trial was substantial: 42 percent of the women who underwent randomization did not complete the protocol. Reported side effects were an important contributor to this high rate of withdrawal. There is a clear delineation in the event profiles between women receiving 60 mg of fluoxetine per day and those receiving 20 mg of fluoxetine per day or placebo. Thirty-three percent of the women who received 60 mg of fluoxetine per day dropped out of the study because of side effects, and of those who remained in the study, 86 percent reported one or more side effects attributable to the drug. Although the use of a 60-mg daily dose of fluoxetine may be appropriate and efficacious in other psychiatric disorders, there seems to be no indication to use such a high dose in patients with this disorder. The use of a daily dose of 20 mg resulted in rates of side effects that were more similar to those of the placebo group. Side effects attributable to the drug that were reported most frequently were typical of those reported in other clinical trials of fluoxetine.38,44,49,50 The high dropout rate in the placebo group due to a lack of efficacy (26 percent) indicates the perceived severity of symptoms associated with this diagnosis. Since most of the women were referred by their family physicians and had not responded to more conservative treatments for premenstrual dysphoria, this dropout rate may be taken as an indication of the appropriateness of and necessity for the use of selective inhibitors of serotonin reuptake to treat the mood-disturbance symptoms associated with this disorder.
The mechanism of action of fluoxetine in premenstrual dysphoria remains uncertain, but it probably differs from the mechanisms by which the inhibitors of serotonin reuptake alleviate symptoms of depression. There is some question whether by blocking reuptake, fluoxetine augments the action of serotonin only at brain synapses where it is already being released (the synaptic information-transmission mechanism)51 or whether the primary mechanism of action is of the nonsynaptic diffusion-neurotransmission type.52 The clinical observation that a lag of three to six weeks is required before the inhibitors of serotonin reuptake (as well as most other antidepressant drugs) become effective in depression further suggests that the synaptic model may not be as relevant in premenstrual dysphoria, where the response seems to be more immediate. In our study, active medication was given for approximately three weeks before the first luteal phase of the randomized trial, and the improvement at that time was already significantly better for fluoxetine at both doses than for placebo.
When this study was begun there were only three reports in the literature of the use of inhibitors of serotonin reuptake in premenstrual dysphoria.28-30 The results of several additional drug trials have since been published,43,44,50,53,54 further establishing a role for specific serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of this disorder.
Our study did not address whether fluoxetine is required on a daily basis throughout the menstrual cycle to treat premenstrual dysphoria. At the time the study was initiated, the use of doses of 20 mg or 60 mg per day was the accepted practice (without gradual or flexible dosing), and no problems had been reported with the use of a similar schedule in other trials in North America.55 A recent case study suggests that a single dose of fluoxetine during the early luteal phase may be as effective as daily doses.56 At the end of one study, once the medications were discontinued, the improvement realized during the trial was not maintained, and most women opted to resume taking medication.57 We are in the process of analyzing data from an open study in which women who met the criteria for premenstrual dysphoria responded to treatment with fluoxetine given during the late luteal phase alone.58
It thus appears that fluoxetine in doses of 20 mg per day or lower may be effective in decreasing the psychological symptoms of tension, irritability, and dysphoria in women who have premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
Supported by Eli Lilly Canada.
We are indebted to the study subjects; to Dr. P. Lepage, Dr. W. Tam, Mrs. M. Coote, Mrs. M. Fairman, Mrs. G. Huxley, Mrs. K. Scordino, Miss R. Steiner, Miss J. Taylor, and Ms. W. Trojan (St. Joseph's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.); to Ms. S. Mainville and Ms. F. Houle (St. Mary's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal); to Ms. P. Zownir and Ms. A. Gaughan (St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto); to Ms. A. Kuan and Mr. D. Keller (University Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver); to Ms. D. Coffin, Ms. G. McIvor, and Ms. C. Sergeant (PMS Clinic, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal); to Ms. L. Merriott (University of Montreal, Montreal); to Ms. C. Ferguson and Ms. J. Reid (Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.); to Ms. A. Wilkins for assistance in statistical analysis, data management, and the preparation of the manuscript; and to Mrs. M. Jaszek for assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.
Source Information
From the Departments of Psychiatry and Biomedical Sciences, St. Joseph's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (M.S.); the Department of Psychiatry, St. Mary's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal (S.S.); the Department of Psychiatry, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (D. Stewart); the Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.C.); the Department of Psychiatry, Montreal General Hospital, Concordia University, Montreal (C.B.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont. (R.R.); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (D.G.); and the Departments of Psychiatry and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (D. Streiner) — all in Canada.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Steiner at the Department of Psychiatry, St. Joseph's Hospital, 50 Charlton Ave. E., Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
The following are additional members of the Canadian Fluoxetine/Premenstrual Dysphoria Collaborative Study Group: M. Korzekwa and J. Lamont, St. Joseph's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; G. DeMarchi, L. Paquette, S. Reed-Walkiewicz, J. Aldridge, and G. Robinson, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto; S. Misri, University Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; B. Presser, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal; and D. Cumming and C. Cumming, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton.
- References
References
1
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. rev. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1987:367-9.
2
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1994:717-8.
3
Steiner M ,Haskett RF ,Carroll BJ . Premenstrual tension syndrome: the development of research diagnostic criteria and new rating scales. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1980;62:177-190
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Haskett RF ,Steiner M ,Osmun JN ,Carroll BJ . Severe premenstrual tension: delineation of the syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 1980;15:121-139
Web of Science | Medline5
Hurt SW ,Schnurr PP ,Severino SK , et al. Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder in 670 women evaluated for premenstrual complaints. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:525-530
Web of Science | Medline6
Haskett RF, De Longis A, Kessler RC. Premenstrual dysphoria: a community survey. Presented at the 140th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Chicago, May 9–15, 1987. abstract.
7
Johnson SR ,McChesney C ,Bean JA . Epidemiology of premenstrual symptoms in a nonclinical sample. I. Prevalence, natural history and help-seeking behavior. J Reprod Med 1988;33:340-346
Web of Science | Medline8
Rivera-Tovar AD ,Frank E . Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder in young women. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:1634-1636
Web of Science | Medline9
Treatment options. In: Severino SK, Moline ML. Premenstrual syndrome: a clinician's guide. New York: Guilford Press, 1989:162-246.
10
Robinson GE ,Garfinkel PE . Problems in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Can J Psychiatry 1990;35:199-206
Web of Science | Medline11
Steinberg S . The treatment of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder. Life Sci 1991;49:767-802
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Reid RL . Premenstrual syndrome. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1208-1210
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline13
Muse KN ,Cetel NS ,Futterman LA ,Yen SSC . The premenstrual syndrome: effects of “medical oophorectomy.“ N Engl J Med 1984;311:1345-1349
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline14
Casper RF ,Hearn MT . The effect of hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy in women with severe premenstrual syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:105-109
Web of Science | Medline15
Casson P ,Hahn PM ,Van Vugt DA ,Reid RL . Lasting response to ovariectomy in severe intractable premenstrual syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:99-105
Web of Science | Medline16
Mortola JF ,Girton L ,Fischer U . Successful treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome by combined use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and estrogen/progestin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:252A-252F
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Harrison WM ,Endicott J ,Nee J . Treatment of premenstrual dysphoria with alprazolam: a controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:270-275
Web of Science | Medline18
Berger CP ,Presser B . Alprazolam in the treatment of two subsamples of patients with late luteal phase dysphoric disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:379-385
Web of Science | Medline19
Schmidt PJ ,Grover GN ,Rubinow DR . Alprazolam in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:467-473
Web of Science | Medline20
Pearlstein TB ,Frank E ,Rivera-Tovar A ,Thoft JS ,Jacob E ,Mieczkowski TA . Prevalence of axis I and axis II disorders in women with late luteal phase dysphoric disorder. J Affect Disord 1990;20:129-134
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Wurtman JJ . Depression and weight gain: the serotonin connection. J Affect Disord 1993;29:183-192
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Endicott J . The menstrual cycle and mood disorders. J Affect Disord 1993;29:193-200
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Lepage P, Steiner M. Gender and serotonergic dysregulation: implications for late luteal phase dysphoric disorder. In: Cassano GB, Akiskal HS, eds. Serotonin-related psychiatric syndromes: clinical and therapeutic links. London: Royal Society of Medicine Services, 1991:131-43.
24
Rojansky N ,Halbreich U ,Zander K ,Barkai A ,Goldstein S . Imipramine receptor binding and serotonin uptake in platelets of women with premenstrual changes. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1991;31:146-152
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Rapkin AJ . The role of serotonin in premenstrual syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1992;35:629-636
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Steiner M . Female-specific mood disorders. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1992;35:599-611
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
Yatham LN . Is 5HT1A receptor subsensitivity a trait marker for late luteal phase dysphoric disorder? A pilot study. Can J Psychiatry 1993;38:662-664
Web of Science | Medline28
Eriksson E ,Lisjo P ,Sundblad C ,Andersson K ,Andersch B ,Modigh K . Effect of clomipramine on premenstrual syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990;81:87-88
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Stone AB ,Pearlstein TB ,Brown WA . Fluoxetine in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Psychopharmacol Bull 1990;26:331-335
Medline30
Rickels K ,Freeman EW ,Sondheimer S ,Albert J . Fluoxetine in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Curr Ther Res 1990;48:161-166
Web of Science31
Veeninga AT ,Westenberg HGM ,Weusten JTN . Fluvoxamine in the treatment of menstrually related mood disorders. Psychopharmacology 1990;102:414-416
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline32
Rubinow DR ,Roy-Byrne P ,Hoban MC ,Gold PW ,Post RM . Prospective assessment of menstrually related mood disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:684-686
Web of Science | Medline33
Casper RF ,Powell A-M . Premenstrual syndrome: documentation by a linear analog scale compared with two descriptive scales. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;155:862-867
Web of Science | Medline34
McCormack HM ,Horne DJ ,Sheather S . Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: a critical review. Psychol Med 1988;18:1007-1019
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline35
Condon JT . The premenstrual syndrome: a twin study. Br J Psychiatry 1993;162:481-486
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline36
Reid RL . Premenstrual syndrome. Curr Probl Obstet Gynecol Fertil 1985;8:1-5737
Stewart DE ,Fairman M ,Barbadoro S ,Zownir P ,Steiner M . Follicular and late luteal phase serum fluoxetine levels in women suffering from late luteal phase dysphoric disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1994;36:201-202
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline38
Levine LR . Fluoxetine in the treatment of bulimia nervosa: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:139-147
Web of Science | Medline39
Dixon WJ, ed. BMDP statistical software manual. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
40
Streiner DL . An introduction to multivariate statistics. Can J Psychiatry 1993;38:9-13
Web of Science | Medline41
Gibbons RD ,Hedeker D ,Elkin I , et al. Some conceptual and statistical issues in analysis of longitudinal psychiatric data: application to the NIMH treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program dataset. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:739-750
Web of Science | Medline42
Brzezinski AA ,Wurtman JJ ,Wurtman RJ ,Gleason R ,Greenfield J ,Nader T . d-Fenfluramine suppresses the increased calorie and carbohydrate intakes and improves the mood of women with premenstrual depression. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:296-301
Web of Science | Medline43
Sundblad C ,Modigh K ,Andersch B ,Eriksson E . Clomipramine effectively reduces premenstrual irritability and dysphoria: a placebo-controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;85:39-47
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline44
Wood SH ,Mortola JF ,Chan YF ,Moossazadeh F ,Yen SSC . Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with fluoxetine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:339-344
Web of Science | Medline45
Teicher MH ,Glod C ,Cole JO . Emergence of intense suicidal preoccupation during fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:207-210
Web of Science | Medline46
Mann JJ ,Kapur S . The emergence of suicidal ideation and behaviour during antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:1027-1033
Web of Science | Medline47
Kapur S ,Mieczkowski T ,Mann JJ . Antidepressant medications and the relative risk of suicide attempt and suicide. JAMA 1992;268:3441-3445
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline48
Suicidal behavior and psychotropic medication: accepted as consensus statement by the ACNP Council, March 2, 1992Neuropsychopharmacology 1993;8:177-183
Web of Science | Medline49
Wernicke JF . The side effect profile and safety of fluoxetine. J Clin Psychiatry 1985;46:59-67
Web of Science | Medline50
Stone AB ,Pearlstein TB ,Brown WA . Fluoxetine in the treatment of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1991;52:290-293
Web of Science | Medline51
Barondes SH . Thinking about Prozac. Science 1994;263:1102-1103
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline52
Bach-y-Rita P . Psychopharmacologic drugs: mechanisms of action. Science 1994;264:642-644
Web of Science | Medline53
Menkes DB ,Taghavi E ,Mason PA ,Spears GFS ,Howard RC . Fluoxetine treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome. BMJ 1992;305:346-347
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline54
Menkes DB ,Taghavi E ,Mason PA ,Howard RC . Fluoxetine's spectrum of action in premenstrual syndrome. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1993;8:95-102
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline55
Benfield P ,Heel RC ,Lewis SP . Fluoxetine: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in depressive illness. Drugs 1986;32:481-508
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline56
Daamen MJ ,Brown WA . Single-dose fluoxetine in management of premenstrual syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53:210-211
Web of Science | Medline57
Freeman EW ,Rickels K ,Sondheimer SJ . Course of premenstrual syndrome symptom severity after treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:531-533
Web of Science | Medline58
Steiner M . Fluoxetine in the treatment of LLPDD: a multicentre, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1994;46:Suppl 2:122-122
- Citing Articles (163)
Citing Articles
1
Meir Steiner, Miki Peer, Mary Macdougall, Roger Haskett. (2011) The premenstrual tension syndrome rating scales: An updated version. Journal of Affective Disorders 135:1-3, 82-88
CrossRef2
Gianfranco Carlomagno, Vittorio Unfer, Silvia Buffo, Francesco D'Ambrosio. (2011) Myo-inositol in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 26:7, 526-530
CrossRef3
Dorothy Sit, Howard Seltman, Katherine L Wisner. (2011) Menstrual effects on mood symptoms in treated women with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 13:3, 310-317
CrossRef4
D. Bentz, M. Steiner, G. Meinlschmidt. (2011) SIPS – Screening-Instrument für prämenstruelle Symptome*. Der Nervenarzt
CrossRef5
Hiromi Kikuchi, Yasushi Nakatani, Yoshinari Seki, Xinjun Yu, Tamami Sekiyama, Ikuko Sato-Suzuki, Hideho Arita. (2010) Decreased blood serotonin in the premenstrual phase enhances negative mood in healthy women. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 31:2, 83-89
CrossRef6
Uriel Halbreich. (2010) Women's Reproductive Related Disorders (RRDs). Journal of Affective Disorders 122:1-2, 10-13
CrossRef7
Sarah Canning, Mitch Waterman, Nic Orsi, Julie Ayres, Nigel Simpson, Louise Dye. (2010) The Efficacy of Hypericum perforatum (St Johnʼs Wort) for the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome. CNS Drugs 24:3, 207-225
CrossRef8
Nathalie Besnier, Catherine Cassé-Perrot, Elisabeth Jouve, Nhan Nguyen, Christophe Lançon, Bruno Falissard, Olivier Blin. (2010) Effects of paroxetine on emotional functioning and treatment awareness: a 4-week randomized placebo-controlled study in healthy clinicians. Psychopharmacology 207:4, 619-629
CrossRef9
Reina Taguchi, Shigeki Matsubara, Sazu Yoshimoto, Kenji Imai, Akihide Ohkuchi, Hiroshi Kitakoji. (2009) Acupuncture for premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 280:6, 877-881
CrossRef10
Melissa Guarieiro Ramos, Cláudia Hara, Fábio Lopes Rocha. (2009) Duloxetine treatment for women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a single-blind trial. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 12:08, 1081
CrossRef11
Julie Brown, Patrick Michael Shaughn O'Brien, Jane Marjoribanks, Katrina Wyatt, Julie Brown. 2009. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome. .
CrossRef12
Mikael Landén, Helena Erlandsson, Finn Bengtsson, Björn Andersch, Elias Eriksson. (2009) Short Onset of Action of a Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor When Used to Reduce Premenstrual Irritability. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:3, 585-592
CrossRef13
Eynav Elgavish Accortt, Marlene P. Freeman, John J.B. Allen. (2008) Women and Major Depressive Disorder: Clinical Perspectives on Causal Pathways. Journal of Women's Health 17:10, 1583-1590
CrossRef14
Andrea J Rapkin, Judith A Mikacich. (2008) Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in adolescents. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 20:5, 455-463
CrossRef15
Carolyn B. Sufrin, Joseph S. Ross. (2008) Pharmaceutical Industry Marketing: Understanding Its Impact on Women’s Health. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 63:9, 585-596
CrossRef16
Elisa Bocchieri, Susan Thys-Jacobs. (2008) Role of calcium metabolism in premenstrual syndrome. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 3:5, 645-655
CrossRef17
Merry Noel Miller, Christine Lee Newell, Barney Earl Miller, Peter Graham Frizzell, Robert Allen Kayser, Kenneth Emil Ferslew. (2008) Variable Dosing of Sertraline for Premenstrual Exacerbation of Depression: A Pilot Study. Journal of Women's Health 17:6, 993-997
CrossRef18
Stephanie Collins Reed, Frances R. Levin, Suzette M. Evans. (2008) Changes in mood, cognitive performance and appetite in the late luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle in women with and without PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder). Hormones and Behavior 54:1, 185-193
CrossRef19
Nirav R. Shah, J B. Jones, Jaclyn Aperi, Rachel Shemtov, Anita Karne, Jeff Borenstein. (2008) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Obstetrics & Gynecology 111:5, 1175-1182
CrossRef20
Andrea L Coffee, Thomas J Kuehl, Patricia J Sulak. (2008) Comparison of Scales for Evaluating Premenstrual Symptoms in Women Using Oral Contraceptives. Pharmacotherapy 28:5, 576-583
CrossRef21
Kimberly K. Trout, Lisa Basel-Brown, Michael R. Rickels, Mark H. Schutta, Maja Petrova, Ellen W. Freeman, Nancy C. Tkacs, Karen L. Teff. (2008) Insulin Sensitivity, Food Intake, and Cravings with Premenstrual Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Journal of Women's Health 17:4, 657-665
CrossRef22
Kimberly Ann Yonkers, PM Shaughn O'Brien, Elias Eriksson. (2008) Premenstrual syndrome. The Lancet 371:9619, 1200-1210
CrossRef23
Andrea J Rapkin, Sharon A Winer. (2008) The pharmacologic management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 9:3, 429-445
CrossRef24
Kuan-Yi Wu, Chia-Yih Liu, Mei-Chun Hsiao. (2008) Six-month paroxetine treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Continuous versus intermittent treatment protocols. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 62:1, 109-114
CrossRef25
ANITA H. CLAYTON. (2008) Symptoms Related to the Menstrual Cycle: Diagnosis, Prevalence, and Treatment. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 14:1, 13-21
CrossRef26
Vandana Dhingra, Julia L. Magnay, P M. Shaughn OʼBrien, Gail Chapman, Anthony A. Fryer, Khaled M. K. Ismail. (2007) Serotonin Receptor 1A C(-1019)G Polymorphism Associated With Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Obstetrics & Gynecology 110:4, 788-792
CrossRef27
Susan S. Girdler, Rebecca Klatzkin. (2007) Neurosteroids in the context of stress: Implications for depressive disorders. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 116:1, 125-139
CrossRef28
Kat Lin, Kurt Barnhart. (2007) The Clinical Rationale for Menses-Free Contraception. Journal of Women's Health 16:8, 1171-1180
CrossRef29
Shih-Chieh Hsu, Chia-Yih Liu, Mei-Chun Hsiao. (2007) A comparison of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and major depressive disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 48:4, 366-370
CrossRef30
Paula K. Braverman. (2007) Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 20:1, 3-12
CrossRef31
Daniel M. Campagne, Ghislaine Campagne. (2007) The premenstrual syndrome revisited. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 130:1, 4-17
CrossRef32
Mikael Landén, Hans Nissbrandt, Christer Allgulander, Karin Sörvik, Christina Ysander, Elias Eriksson. (2007) Placebo-Controlled Trial Comparing Intermittent and Continuous Paroxetine in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:1, 153-161
CrossRef33
Luis Bahamondes, Santiago Córdova-Egüez, José Enrique Pons, Lee Shulman. (2007) Perspectives on Premenstrual Syndrome/Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Disease Management & Health Outcomes 15:5, 263-277
CrossRef34
Graziano Pinna, Erminio Costa, Alessandro Guidotti. (2006) Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine stereospecifically and selectively increase brain neurosteroid content at doses that are inactive on 5-HT reuptake. Psychopharmacology 186:3, 362-372
CrossRef35
Montserrat Serra, Pilar Salgado-Pineda, Pauline Delaveau, Eric Fakra, Cristobal Gasto, Olivier Blin. (2006) Effects of Antidepressant Drugs on Emotion. Clinical Neuropharmacology 29:3, 170-185
CrossRef36
Teri Pearlstein. (2006) Will oral contraceptives join SSRIs as a first-line treatment option for women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder?. Women's Health 2:2, 183-185
CrossRef37
Olle Eriksson, Anders Wall, Ina Marteinsdottir, Hans Ågren, Per Hartvig, Gunnar Blomqvist, Bengt Långström, Tord Naessén. (2006) Mood changes correlate to changes in brain serotonin precursor trapping in women with premenstrual dysphoria. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 146:2, 107-116
CrossRef38
Uriel Halbreich, PM Shaughn O???Brien, Elias Eriksson, Torbj??rn B??ckstr??m, Kimberly A Yonkers, Ellen W Freeman. (2006) Are there Differential Symptom Profiles that Improve in Response to Different Pharmacological Treatments of Premenstrual Syndrome/Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder?. CNS Drugs 20:7, 523-547
CrossRef39
Meir Steiner, Teri Pearlstein, Lee S. Cohen, Jean Endicott, Susan G. Kornstein, Carla Roberts, David L. Roberts, Kimberly Yonkers. (2006) Expert Guidelines for the Treatment of Severe PMS, PMDD, and Comorbidities: The Role of SSRIs. Journal of Women's Health 15:1, 57-69
CrossRef40
Nathan Greenslit. (2005) DEP®ESSION AND CONSUM♀TION: PSYCHOPHARMACEUTICALS, BRANDING, AND NEW IDENTITY PRACTICES. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 29:4, 477-502
CrossRef41
Teri B. Pearlstein, Gloria A. Bachmann, Howard A. Zacur, Kimberly A. Yonkers. (2005) Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with a new drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive formulation. Contraception 72:6, 414-421
CrossRef42
Tomas J. Silber, Adela Valadez-Meltzer. (2005) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder in adolescents: case reports of treatment with fluoxetine and review of the literature. Journal of Adolescent Health 37:6, 518-525
CrossRef43
Kimberly A. Yonkers, Candace Brown, Teri B. Pearlstein, Marie Foegh, Carole Sampson-Landers, Andrea Rapkin. (2005) Efficacy of a New Low-Dose Oral Contraceptive With Drospirenone in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Obstetrics & Gynecology 106:3, 492-501
CrossRef44
Barbara B. Sherwin. (2005) Estrogen and Mood in Women. The Endocrinologist 15:3, 180-185
CrossRef45
Teri Pearlstein, Kimberly A. Yonkers, Rana Fayyad, John A. Gillespie. (2005) Pretreatment pattern of symptom expression in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 85:3, 275-282
CrossRef46
M DAMBERG, L WESTBERG, C BERGGARD, M LANDEN, C SUNDBLAD, O ERIKSSON, T NAESSEN, A EKMAN, E ERIKSSON. (2005) Investigation of transcription factor AP-2beta genotype in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Neuroscience Letters 377:1, 49-52
CrossRef47
Meir Steiner, Mary MacDougall, Charlene Berger, Diana Carter, Robert Reid, Susanne Steinberg, Donna Stewart. (2005) Assessment of sexual drive and desire in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder who have been treated with fluoxetine. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 9:2, 120-123
CrossRef48
Ellen W Freeman. (2005) Effects of Antidepressants on Quality of Life in Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. PharmacoEconomics 23:5, 433-444
CrossRef49
Robertas Bunevicius, Alan L. Hinderliter, Kathleen C. Light, Cort A. Pedersen, Susan S. Girdler. (2005) Lack of beneficial effects of clonidine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: results of a double-blind, randomized study. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 20:1, 33-39
CrossRef50
Janine D. Flory, Stephen B. Manuck, Karen A. Matthews, Matthew F. Muldoon. (2004) Serotonergic function in the central nervous system is associated with daily ratings of positive mood. Psychiatry Research 129:1, 11-19
CrossRef51
Rajesh Ramesh Ugale, Nutan Mittal, Khemraj Hirani, Chandrabhan Tukaram Chopde. (2004) Essentiality of central GABAergic neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone for anticonvulsant action of fluoxetine against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. Brain Research 1023:1, 102-111
CrossRef52
Susan R. Johnson. (2004) Premenstrual Syndrome, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, and Beyond: A Clinical Primer for Practitioners. Obstetrics & Gynecology 104:4, 845-859
CrossRef53
Andrew H Kemp, Marcus A Gray, Richard B Silberstein, Stuart M Armstrong, Pradeep J Nathan. (2004) Augmentation of serotonin enhances pleasant and suppresses unpleasant cortical electrophysiological responses to visual emotional stimuli in humans. NeuroImage 22:3, 1084-1096
CrossRef54
Kimberly K. Trout, Karen L. Teff. (2004) Insulin sensitivity and premenstrual syndrome. Current Diabetes Reports 4:4, 273-280
CrossRef55
Figen Karadag, Fisun Akdeniz, Evrim Erten, Sebnem Pirildar, Basak Yucel, Aslihan Polat, Murad Atmaca. (2004) Menstrually related symptom changes in women with treatment-responsive bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 6:3, 253-259
CrossRef56
M.Giuseppina Pisu, Mariangela Serra. (2004) Neurosteroids and neuroactive drugs in mental disorders. Life Sciences 74:26, 3181-3197
CrossRef57
Joris C. Verster, Edmund R. Volkerts. (2004) Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Efficacy, and Behavioral Toxicity of Alprazolam: A Review of the Literature. CNS Drug Reviews 10:1, 45-76
CrossRef58
Ellen W Freeman. (2004) Luteal Phase Administration of Agents for the Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. CNS Drugs 18:7, 453-468
CrossRef59
&NA;. (2004) Hormonal interventions may provide relief of some of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 20:1, 11-15
CrossRef60
Lisa Cosgrove, Bethany Riddle. (2003) Constructions of Femininity and Experiences of Menstrual Distress. Women & Health 38:3, 37-58
CrossRef61
Uriel Halbreich, Linda S Kahn. (2003) Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with luteal phase dosing of sertraline. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 4:11, 2065-2078
CrossRef62
Lori E Ross, Meir Steiner. (2003) Therapeutic patents for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: historical perspectives and future directions. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 13:10, 1491-1499
CrossRef63
Andrea F. Luisi, Jayne E. Pawasauskas. (2003) Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Pharmacotherapy 23:9, 1131-1140
CrossRef64
Ruby P Huttner, Janet E Shepherd. (2003) Gonadal steroids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and mood disorders in women. Medical Clinics of North America 87:5, 1065-1076
CrossRef65
L ROSS, M STEINER. (2003) A biopsychosocial approach to premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 26:3, 529-546
CrossRef66
Bonnie Taub-Dix, Jaime Ruud. 2003. Premenstrual Syndrome. , 61-74.
CrossRef67
Myra Hunter. (2003) Cognitive behavioural interventions for premenstrual and menopausal symptoms. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 21:3, 183-193
CrossRef68
G Benjelloun, A Pelissolo. (2003) Troubles dysphoriques prémenstruels : diagnostic et traitements médicamenteux. Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique 161:5, 351-358
CrossRef69
Mei-Chun Hsiao, Chia-Yih Liu. (2003) Effective open-label treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with venlafaxine. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 57:3, 317-321
CrossRef70
Mary Macdougall, Meir Steiner. (2003) Treatment of premenstrual dysphoria with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors: focus on safety. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 2:2, 161-166
CrossRef71
Meera Vaswani, Farzana Kadar Linda, Subramanyam Ramesh. (2003) Role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in psychiatric disorders: a comprehensive review. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 27:1, 85-102
CrossRef72
Grady-Weliky, Tana A., . (2003) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. New England Journal of Medicine 348:5, 433-438
Full Text73
Torbj??rn B??ckstr??m, Lotta Andreen, Vita Birzniece, Inger Bj??rn, Inga-Maj Johansson, Maud Nordenstam-Haghjo, Sigrid Nyberg, Inger Sundstr??m-Poromaa, G??ran Wahlstr??m, Mingde Wang, Di Zhu. (2003) The Role of Hormones and Hormonal Treatments in Premenstrual Syndrome. CNS Drugs 17:5, 325-342
CrossRef74
Andrea J. Rapkin, Judith A. Mikacich, Babak Moatakef-Imani, Natalie Rasgon. (2002) The clinical nature and formal diagnosis of premenstrual, postpartum, and perimenopausal affective disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports 4:6, 419-428
CrossRef75
Mohamed F Mitwally, Linda S Kahn, Uriel Halbreich. (2002) Pharmacotherapy of premenstrual syndromes and premenstrual disphoric disorder: current practices. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 3:11, 1577-1590
CrossRef76
Uriel Halbreich. (2002) The pathophysiologic background for current treatments of premenstrual syndromes. Current Psychiatry Reports 4:6, 429-434
CrossRef77
Ellen W. Freeman. (2002) Current update of hormonal and psychotropic drug treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports 4:6, 435-440
CrossRef78
Julie Brown, Patrick Michael Shaughn O'Brien, Jane Marjoribanks, Katrina Wyatt, Julie Brown. 2002. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome. .
CrossRef79
Kimberly A Yonkers, Teri Pearlstein. (2002) Review of fluoxetine and its clinical applications in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 3:7, 979-991
CrossRef80
Ellen W. Freeman, S. Jabara, Steven J. Sondheimer, Roxellen Auletto. (2002) Citalopram in PMS Patients with Prior SSRI Treatment Failure: A Preliminary Study. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 11:5, 459-464
CrossRef81
Deborah L. Finfgeld. (2002) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 38:2, 50-60
CrossRef82
Cherri Miner, Eileen Brown, Susan McCray, Jill Gonzales, Madelaine Wohlreich. (2002) Weekly luteal-phase dosing with enteric-coated fluoxetine 90 mg in premenstrual dysphoric disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clinical Therapeutics 24:3, 417-433
CrossRef83
M. S. Hunter, J. M. Ussher, S. J. Browne, M. Cariss, R. Jelley, M. Katz. (2002) A randomized comparison of psychological (cognitive behavior therapy), medical (fluoxetine) and combined treatment for women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 23:3, 193-199
CrossRef84
D. G. Critchlow, A. J. Bond, J. Wingrove. (2002) Women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder do not recall aberrant parenting. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 23:3, 143-146
CrossRef85
Teri Pearlstein. (2002) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Drugs 62:13, 1869-1885
CrossRef86
Claudio N Soares, Jennifer R Poitras, Jennifer Prouty. (2002) Hormone treatment for mood disorders in women. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2:1, 25-34
CrossRef87
2001. Pharmacology and Selected Therapeutic Uses. , 189-207.
CrossRef88
Leslie Born, Meir Steiner. (2001) Current management of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports 3:6, 463-469
CrossRef89
Synthia H Mellon, Lisa D Griffin, Nathalie A Compagnone. (2001) Biosynthesis and action of neurosteroids. Brain Research Reviews 37:1-3, 3-12
CrossRef90
Cláudio N. Soares, Lee S. Cohen, Michael W. Otto, Bernard L. Harlow. (2001) Characteristics of Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) Who Did or Did Not Report History of Depression: A Preliminary Report from the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 10:9, 873-878
CrossRef91
Julia Lin, Diane S. Thompson. (2001) Treating Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Using Serotonin Agents. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 10:8, 745-750
CrossRef92
Jean Michel Le Mellédo, Jacques Bradwejn, Diana Koszycki, Francoise Bellavance, Daniel Bichet. (2001) Arginine-vasopressin and oxytocin response to cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide. Peptides 22:8, 1349-1357
CrossRef93
Ellen W. Freeman, Robin Kroll, Andrea Rapkin, Teri Pearlstein, Candace Brown, Kelly Parsey, Paul Zhang, Harji Patel, Marie Foegh. (2001) Evaluation of a Unique Oral Contraceptive in the Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 10:6, 561-569
CrossRef94
Meir Steiner, Steven J. Romano, Susan Babcock, Julia Dillon, Cathy Shuler, Charlene Berger, Diana Carter, Robert Reid, Donna Stewart, Susanne Steinberg, Rajinder Judge. (2001) The efficacy of fluoxetine in improving physical symptoms associated with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 108:5, 462-468
CrossRef95
M Steiner. (2001) The efficacy of fluoxetine in improving physical symptoms associated with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 108:5, 462-468
CrossRef96
LORI L. ALTSHULER, LEE S. COHEN, MARGARET L. MOLINE, DAVID A. KAHN, DANIEL CARPENTER, JOHN P. DOCHERTY, RUTH W. ROSS. (2001) Treatment of Depression in Women: A Summary of the Expert Consensus Guidelines. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 7:3, 185-208
CrossRef97
Nicole Praschak-Rieder, Matthäus Willeit, Alexander Neumeister, Eva Hilger, Jürgen Stastny, Nikolaus Thierry, Elisabeth Lenzinger, Siegfried Kasper. (2001) Prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in female patients with seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 63:1-3, 239-242
CrossRef98
Natalie L. Rasgon, M.Albert Thomas, Barry H. Guze, Lynn A. Fairbanks, Kenneth Yue, John G. Curran, Andrea J. Rapkin. (2001) Menstrual cycle-related brain metabolite changes using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in premenopausal women: a pilot study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 106:1, 47-57
CrossRef99
D ZALD, R DEPUE. (2001) Serotonergic functioning correlates with positive and negative affect in psychiatrically healthy males. Personality and Individual Differences 30:1, 71-86
CrossRef100
Uriel Halbreich, Linda S. Kahn. (2001) Role of Estrogen in the Aetiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders. CNS Drugs 15:10, 797-817
CrossRef101
C. Ross, G. Coleman, C. Stojanovska. (2001) Relationship between the NEO Personality Inventory Revised neuroticism scale and prospectively reported negative affect across the menstrual cycle. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 22:3, 165-176
CrossRef102
Susan R. Davis, Jane Tran. (2001) Testosterone influences libido and well being in women. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 12:1, 33-37
CrossRef103
Barbara L. Parry. (2001) The Role of Central Serotonergic Dysfunction in the Aetiology of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. CNS Drugs 15:4, 277-285
CrossRef104
Kerryn Simpson, Stuart Noble. (2000) Fluoxetine. CNS Drugs 14:4, 301-328
CrossRef105
Paul W Dimmock, Katrina M Wyatt, Peter W Jones, PM Shaughn O'Brien. (2000) Efficacy of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review. The Lancet 356:9236, 1131-1136
CrossRef106
M. Steiner, P.T. Trzepacz, E. Brown. (2000) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and work efficiency: response to fluoxetine in a randomized clinical trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology 10, 226-227
CrossRef107
Meir Steiner. (2000) Recognition of premenstrual dysphoric disorder and its treatment. The Lancet 356:9236, 1126-1127
CrossRef108
B KESSEL. (2000) PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROMEAdvances in Diagnosis and Treatment. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 27:3, 625-639
CrossRef109
Paul J Goodnick, Tanveer Chaudry, Jose Artadi, Sergio Arcey. (2000) Women’s issues in mood disorders. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 1:5, 903-916
CrossRef110
Clare Stevinson, Edzard Ernst. (2000) A pilot study of Hypericum perforatum for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 107:7, 870-876
CrossRef111
Meir Steiner, Leslie Born. (2000) Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoria. CNS Drugs 13:4, 287-304
CrossRef112
Cynthia L Bethea, Stephanie J Mirkes, Carol A Shively, Michael R Adams. (2000) Steroid regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase protein in the dorsal raphe of macaques. Biological Psychiatry 47:6, 562-576
CrossRef113
I. Sundström-Poromaa, M. Bixo, I. Björn, O. Nordh. (2000) Compliance to antidepressant drug therapy for treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 21:4, 205-211
CrossRef114
Natalie Rasgon, Michael McGuire, Sohrab Tanavoli, Lynn Fairbanks, Andrea Rapkin. (2000) Neuroendocrine response to an intravenous L-tryptophan challenge in women with premenstrual syndrome. Fertility and Sterility 73:1, 144-149
CrossRef115
Diana Taylor. (1999) Effectiveness of professional-peer group treatment: Symptom management for women with PMS. Research in Nursing & Health 22:6, 496-511
CrossRef116
Sundstro, Backstrom. (1999) Citalopram increases pregnanolone sensitivity in patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 167:2, 181 A6-181 A7
CrossRef117
TIMOTHY R. HYLAN, KAREN SUNDELL, RAJINDER JUDGE. (1999) The Impact of Premenstrual Symptomatology on Functioning and Treatment-Seeking Behavior: Experience from the United States, United Kingdom, and France. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 8:8, 1043-1052
CrossRef118
S Wessely, C Nimnuan, M Sharpe. (1999) Functional somatic syndromes: one or many?. The Lancet 354:9182, 936-939
CrossRef119
E QUINT, T ELKINS, C SORG, S KOPE. (1999) The treatment of cyclical behavioral changes in women with mental disabilities. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 12:3, 139-142
CrossRef120
Meir Steiner, David L Streiner, Susanne Steinberg, Donna Stewart, Diana Carter, Charlene Berger, Robert Reid, Douglas Grover. (1999) The measurement of premenstrual mood symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders 53:3, 269-273
CrossRef121
Charles C. Engel, Robert Ursano, Charles Magruder, Roslyn Tartaglione, Zhongren Jing, Lawrence A. Labbate, Samar Debakey. (1999) Psychological Conditions Diagnosed Among Veterans Seeking Department of Defense Care for Gulf War-Related Health Concerns. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 41:5, 384-392
CrossRef122
Steven Romano, Rajinder Judge, Julia Dillon, Cathy Shuler, Karen Sundell. (1999) The role of fluoxetine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Clinical Therapeutics 21:4, 615-633
CrossRef123
Catherine A. Melfi, Thomas W. Croghan. (1999) Use of Claims Data for Research on Treatment and Outcomes of Depression Care. Medical Care 37, AS77-AS80
CrossRef124
M. Pecins-Thompson, C.L. Bethea. (1999) Ovarian steroid regulation of serotonin-1A autoreceptor messenger rna expression in the dorsal raphe of rhesus macaques. Neuroscience 89:1, 267-277
CrossRef125
Ellen W. Freeman, Karl Rickels, Francisco Arredondo, Lee-Chuan Kao, Staci E. Pollack, Steven J. Sondheimer. (1999) Full- or Half-Cycle Treatment of Severe Premenstrual Syndrome With a Serotonergic Antidepressant. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 19:1, 3-8
CrossRef126
Susanne Steinberg, Lawrence Annable, Simon N Young, Nilani Liyanage. (1999) A placebo-controlled clinical trial of l-tryptophan in premenstrual dysphoria. Biological Psychiatry 45:3, 313-320
CrossRef127
P.M.Shaughn O'Brien, I.E.H. Abukhalil. (1999) Randomized controlled trial of the management of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual mastalgia using luteal phase–only danazol. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 180:1, 18-23
CrossRef128
Andrea J Rapkin, Marcelle Cedars, Melinda Morgan, Linda Goldman. (1998) Insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 in women with premenstrual syndrome. Fertility and Sterility 70:6, 1077-1080
CrossRef129
David R Rubinow, Peter J Schmidt, Catherine A Roca. (1998) Estrogen–serotonin interactions: implications for affective regulation. Biological Psychiatry 44:9, 839-850
CrossRef130
Hadine Joffe, Lee S. Cohen. (1998) Estrogen, serotonin, and mood disturbance: where is the therapeutic bridge?. Biological Psychiatry 44:9, 798-811
CrossRef131
Alessandro Guidotti, Erminio Costa. (1998) Can the antidysphoric and anxiolytic profiles of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors be related to their ability to increase brain 3α, 5α- tetrahydroprogesterone (allopregnanolone) availability?. Biological Psychiatry 44:9, 865-873
CrossRef132
Susan S Girdler, Cort A Pedersen, Patricia A Straneva, Jane Leserman, Catherine L Stanwyck, Sara Benjamin, Kathleen C Light. (1998) Dysregulation of cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to stress in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychiatry Research 81:2, 163-178
CrossRef133
Philip M Hahn, Jacqueline Wong, Robert L Reid. (1998) Menopausal-like hot flashes reported in women of reproductive age. Fertility and Sterility 70:5, 913-918
CrossRef134
C. L. Bethea, M. Pecins-Thompson, W. E. Schutzer, C. Gundlah, Z. N. Lu. (1998) Ovarian steroids and serotonin neural function. Molecular Neurobiology 18:2, 87-123
CrossRef135
Ida Wikander, Charlotta Sundblad, Bjorn Andersch, Inger Dagnell, Dimitri Zylberstein, Finn Bengtsson, Elias Eriksson. (1998) Citalopram in Premenstrual Dysphoria. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 18:5, 390-398
CrossRef136
T PEARLSTEIN, A STONE. (1998) PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 21:3, 577-590
CrossRef137
SUSAN R. JOHNSON. (1998) Premenstrual Syndrome Therapy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 41:2, 405-421
CrossRef138
Elena Urdaneta, Isabel Idoate, Jesús Larralde. (1998) Drug–nutrient interactions: inhibition of amino acid intestinal absorption by fluoxetine. British Journal of Nutrition 79:05, 439
CrossRef139
Julia B. Frank, Karen Weihs, Ellen Minerva, Daniel Z. Lieberman. (1998) WOMEN'S MENTAL HEALTH IN PRIMARY CARE. Medical Clinics of North America 82:2, 359-389
CrossRef140
Sarah L Berga. (1998) Understanding premenstrual syndrome. The Lancet 351:9101, 465-466
CrossRef141
Anna Resnick, William Perry, Barbara Parry, Nasim Mostofi, Care Udell. (1998) Neuropsychological performance across the menstrual cycle in women with and without premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychiatry Research 77:3, 147-158
CrossRef142
Myra Hunter, Anne Walker. 1998. Gynecological Problems. , 361-382.
CrossRef143
C. Novaes, O. P. Almeida, N. R. de Melo. (1998) Mental health among perimenopausal women attending a menopause clinic: possible association with premenstrual syndrome?. Climacteric 1:4, 264-270
CrossRef144
Erik G. Jönsson, David Goldman, Gillian Spurlock, J. Petter Gustavsson, David A. Nielsen, Markku Linnoila, Michael J. Owen, Göran C. Sedvall. (1997) Tryptophan hydroxylase and catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphisms: relationships to monoamine metabolite concentrations in CSF of healthy volunteers. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 247:6, 297-302
CrossRef145
Peter E. Stokes, Aliza Holtz. (1997) Fluoxetine tenth anniversary update: the progress continues. Clinical Therapeutics 19:5, 1135-1250
CrossRef146
MARILYN I. KORZEKWA, MEIR STEINER. (1997) Premenstrual Syndromes. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 40:3, 564-576
CrossRef147
Teri B. Pearlstein, Andrea B. Stone, Sally A. Lund, Harriet Scheft, Caron Zlotnick, Walter A. Brown. (1997) Comparison of Fluoxetine, Bupropion, and Placebo in the Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 17:4, 261-266
CrossRef148
M FAVA. (1997) PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF PATHOLOGIC AGGRESSION. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 20:2, 427-451
CrossRef149
. (1997) Premenstrueel syndroom. Medisch-Farmaceutische Mededelingen 35:3, 48-48
CrossRef150
U. Halbreich. (1997) Premenstrual dysphoric disorders: a diversified cluster of vulnerability traits to depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 95:3, 169-176
CrossRef151
Meir Steiner, MD, PhD, FRCPC. (1997) PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROMES. Annual Review of Medicine 48:1, 447-455
CrossRef152
Meir Steiner. (1996) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. General Hospital Psychiatry 18:4, 244-250
CrossRef153
Joseph F. Mortola. (1996) Premenstrual syndrome. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 7:5, 184-189
CrossRef154
Amanda J. Gruber, James I. Hudson, Harrison G. Pope. (1996) THE MANAGEMENT OF TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION IN DISORDERS ON THE INTERFACE OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICINE. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 19:2, 351-369
CrossRef155
Kimberly A. Yonkers, Christina Gullion, Anita Williams, Kimberly Novak, A. John Rush. (1996) Paroxetine as a Treatment for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 16:1, 3-8
CrossRef156
Amnon Brzezinski, H.A.I.M. van Leusden. (1996) Serotonin and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. The Lancet 347:8999, 470-471
CrossRef157
Barbara L. Parry. (1996) Premenstrual and postpartum mood disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 9:1, 11-16
CrossRef158
Angelika Wieck. (1996) Ovarian hormones, mood and neurotransmitters. International Review of Psychiatry 8:1, 17-25
CrossRef159
HuubA.I.M. van Leusden. (1995) Premenstrual syndrome no progesterone; premenstrual dysphoric disorder no serotonin deficiency. The Lancet 346:8988, 1443-1444
CrossRef160
J. Bancroft, A. Cook. (1995) The neuroendocrine response to d-fenfluramine in women with premenstrual depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 36:1-2, 57-64
CrossRef161
(1995) Fluoxetine for Premenstrual Dysphoria. New England Journal of Medicine 333:17, 1152-1153
Full Text162
Teri B. Pearlstein. (1995) Hormones and depression: What are the facts about premenstrual syndrome, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 173:2, 646-653
CrossRef163
Rubinow, David R., Schmidt, Peter J., . (1995) The Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome — Forward into the Past. New England Journal of Medicine 332:23, 1574-1575
Full Text
- Letters
