Original Article

A Prospective Study of Family History and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer

Charles S. Fuchs, Edward L. Giovannucci, Graham A. Colditz, David J. Hunter, Frank E. Speizer, and Walter C. Willett

N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1669-1674December 22, 1994DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199412223312501

Abstract

Background

A family history of colorectal cancer is recognized as a risk factor for the disease. However, as a result of the retrospective design of prior studies, the strength of this association is uncertain, particularly as it is influenced by characteristics of the person at risk and the affected family members.

Full Text of Background...

Methods

We conducted a prospective study of 32,085 men and 87,031 women who had not previously been examined by colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy and who provided data on first-degree relatives with colorectal cancer, diet, and other risk factors for the disease. During the follow-up period, colorectal cancer was diagnosed in 148 men and 315 women.

Full Text of Methods...

Results

The age-adjusted relative risk of colorectal cancer for men and women with affected first-degree relatives, as compared with those without a family history of the disease, was 1.72 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.34 to 2.19). The relative risk among study participants with two or more affected first-degree relatives was 2.75 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.34 to 5.63). For participants under the age of 45 years who had one or more affected first-degree relatives, the relative risk was 5.37 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.98 to 14.6), and the risk decreased with increasing age (P for trend, <0.001).

Full Text of Results...

Conclusions

A family history of colorectal cancer is associated with an increased risk of the disease, especially among younger people.

Full Text of Discussion...

Read the Full Article...

Media in This Article

Figure 1Cumulative Incidence of Colorectal Cancer According to Age and the Presence or Absence of a Family History of the Disease.

Table 1Characteristics of the Study Participants According to the Presence or Absence of a Family History of Colorectal Cancer.

Article Activity

241 articles have cited this article

Article

Familial clustering of colorectal cancer is generally believed to occur even when the cases are not part of a defined genetic syndrome. At least 12 retrospective studies have suggested that a history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative (a parent or sibling) elevates a person's lifetime risk of colorectal cancer 1.8-fold to 8.0-fold.1-12 However, the strength of the association is uncertain because of the retrospective design of these analyses and their failure to control for other important risk factors.

In aggregate, prior analyses suggest that among people with a family history of colorectal cancer, those who are younger, those whose relatives received the diagnosis at a younger age, and those with two or more affected relatives are at particularly high risk. On the basis of these findings, the American Cancer Society recommends that people with one or more first-degree relatives who received a diagnosis of colorectal cancer at 55 years of age or younger should undergo screening colonoscopy every three to five years beginning at the age of 35 to 40 years.13 In this analysis, we used data from two large prospective cohort studies to quantify the excess risk of colorectal cancer associated with a family history of the disease and to assess the influence of characteristics of the person at risk and of the affected family members on this excess risk.

Methods

Study Cohorts

We analyzed data from two ongoing studies: the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. The Nurses' Health Study began in 1976, when 121,700 U.S. women who were registered nurses, 30 to 55 years of age, completed a mailed questionnaire on known or suspected risk factors for cancer14 and coronary heart disease.15 In 1980 the questionnaire was expanded to include an assessment of diet. The Health Professionals Follow-up Study began in 1986, when 51,269 U.S. men who were dentists, optometrists, osteopaths, pharmacists, podiatrists, or veterinarians, 40 to 75 years of age, completed a mailed questionnaire on known or suspected risk factors for cancer and coronary heart disease, which also included an assessment of diet.16 Every two years since these studies began, the participants have been sent follow-up questionnaires to obtain updated information on potential risk factors and recently diagnosed cases of cancer and other diseases.

Exposure Data

The study participants provided information on their smoking history, age, height, weight, physical activity, use of aspirin, and previous examination by colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, as well as the indications for the procedure. A question about colorectal cancer in a father, mother, sister, or brother was included in the 1982 questionnaire for the women, and the information was updated in 1988. A question about colorectal cancer in a father or mother was included in the 1986 questionnaire for the men. In 1990 the information on paternal or maternal colorectal cancer was updated, and a question about colorectal cancer in a sibling was included in the questionnaire for the men. No questions were asked about family size, and no attempt was made to validate reports of cancer in family members.

The 1980 Nurses' Health Study questionnaire and the 1986 Health Professionals Follow-up Study questionnaire included semiquantitative questions about food to assess diet as well as the use of supplemental vitamins. The subjects were asked to report the average frequency of consumption of each listed food or nutrient during the previous year. The reproducibility and validity of these questionnaires have been documented elsewhere17-21.

Population for Analysis

We excluded women who left 10 or more questions about food items blank on the 1980 (61 item) food-frequency questionnaire, and we excluded men who left 70 or more questions about food items blank on the 1986 (131 item) food-frequency questionnaire. In addition, women and men with implausibly high or low scores for total food intake were excluded. Both women and men who reported previous cancer (other than nonmelanoma skin cancer), ulcerative colitis, or a familial polyposis syndrome were excluded. Since endoscopic examination and polypectomy can significantly alter the natural history of colorectal cancer,22,23 we excluded participants with previous colonoscopic or sigmoidoscopic examinations or colorectal adenomas before the study period. In addition, given the relatively high prevalence of endoscopic examinations in the cohort of men, we excluded those who did not answer the questions about endoscopy. Although the women who left the endoscopy questions blank were included in the analysis, the exclusion of this group did not materially alter the relative risk of colorectal cancer associated with a family history of the disease in the cohort of women. These exclusions left 87,031 women and 32,085 men eligible for follow-up.

Identification of Cases of Colorectal Cancer

On each questionnaire we inquired whether colon or rectal cancer had been diagnosed and, if so, the date of the diagnosis. For this analysis, the follow-up rate was 96 and 94 percent of total possible person-years for the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, respectively. Most of the deaths in these cohorts were reported by family members or the Postal Service in response to the follow-up questionnaires. In addition, we used the National Death Index, a highly sensitive method of identifying deaths among nonrespondents.24 All participants who reported colorectal cancer (or the next of kin for decedents) were contacted for permission to review the relevant hospital records and confirm the diagnosis. Pathology reports were obtained for 92 and 89 percent of the cases among the women and men, respectively. Information on the histologic characteristics, stage, and anatomical location of the tumors was extracted from the reports by physicians who were unaware of the data on family history and other risk factors reported by the study participants. Although pathology reports and hospital records could not be obtained for 8 and 11 percent of cases among the women and men, respectively, we based our analysis on the total number of reported colorectal cancers, because the rate of accuracy of self-reporting was high (92 and 95 percent for the cohorts of women and men, respectively). We excluded the small number of cancers that were not adenocarcinomas, as well as carcinomas in situ. Thus, our analysis is based on the 315 cases of invasive colorectal adenocarcinoma among the women and the 148 cases among the men.

Statistical Analysis

For the primary analysis we used incidence rates, with person-years of follow-up as the denominator. For each participant, the person-years of follow-up were counted from the year when the questionnaire that contained the base-line data on family history was returned (1982 in the cohort of women and 1986 in the cohort of men) to May 31, 1990, for the women and January 31, 1992, for the men. For the participants in both cohorts who received a diagnosis of colorectal cancer or who died from another cause, the person-years of follow-up were calculated according to the most recently completed questionnaire, but the period of follow-up terminated with the diagnosis of colorectal cancer or death. If no questionnaire was returned for a follow-up interval, the most recently recorded data were used for the subsequent interval.

We used relative risk as a measure of association, defined as the incidence of colorectal cancer among the study participants with a family history of colorectal cancer, divided by the corresponding rate among the participants who had no family history of the disease. Age-adjusted relative risks were calculated after stratification according to five-year age categories. We used proportional-hazards models to adjust for multiple risk factors simultaneously.25 We conducted additional stratified analyses to evaluate the influence of characteristics of the study participants and affected family members on the risk associated with a family history of colorectal cancer. Tests for the homogeneity of risk estimates across strata were based on a weighted sum of the squared deviations of the stratum-specific log-odds ratios from their weighted mean26.

To obtain stable estimates of the cumulative incidence of colorectal cancer among people with a family history of the disease, we used both estimates of relative risk from our analysis and incidence rates for the general population from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Although the SEER data base does not include family history, we assumed that the prevalence of a family history of colorectal cancer among people with colorectal cancer in the SEER data base was similar to the prevalence of a family history among people with colorectal cancer in our cohorts. In addition, we assumed that the multivariate age-specific relative risks associated with a family history were stable for each five-year age category. Incidence rates within each five-year age category among study participants without a family history were calculated according to the following formula:

incidence rate_{no family history} = incidence rate_SEER divided by (P_{no family history} + [P_{family history} × relative risk_{family history}]),

where P denotes prevalence. We calculated incidence rates among people with a family history of colorectal cancer by multiplying the multivariate age-specific relative risk associated with a family history by the incidence rate of colorectal cancer among people in the corresponding five-year age category who had no family history of the disease. In the determination of cumulative incidence rates, the study participants who were alive and free of colorectal cancer at the start of the five-year interval were considered to be at risk for the disease.

The proportion of all cases of colorectal cancer in each cohort that were attributable to a family history of colorectal cancer was calculated as the proportion of cases among those with a family history that were attributable to a family history ([relative risk - 1] divided by relative risk) multiplied by the prevalence of a family history among the people with colorectal cancer26.

Results

A history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative was reported by 3007 (9.4 percent) of the 32,085 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and by 8727 (10.0 percent) of the 87,031 women in the Nurses' Health Study who were eligible for analysis. During the study period, colorectal cancer was diagnosed in 148 of the men and 315 of the women. Of these 463 participants with colorectal cancer, 17 percent had previously reported a family history of colorectal cancer. Base-line characteristics of the study participants according to the presence or absence of a family history of colorectal cancer are shown in Table 1Table 1Characteristics of the Study Participants According to the Presence or Absence of a Family History of Colorectal Cancer.. Within each cohort, the patterns of dietary intake, body-mass index, level of physical activity, and smoking history were similar in the groups of participants with and without a family history. In both cohorts, participants with a family history of colorectal cancer underwent screening endoscopy during the study period more frequently than those without a family history.

Participants in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and the Nurses' Health Study who reported a history of colorectal cancer in one or more first-degree relatives had similarly increased risks of colorectal cancer. For men with a family history, the age-adjusted relative risk was 1.64 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.04 to 2.58), and for women with a family history, the age-adjusted relative risk was 1.77 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.32 to 2.37) (Table 2Table 2Risk of Colorectal Cancer among Study Participants According to the Presence or Absence of a Family History of the Disease.). Furthermore, the relative risk associated with a family history of colorectal cancer was not materially altered by multivariate adjustment for known or suspected environmental risk factors for the disease.

In both cohorts, the relative risk of colorectal cancer associated with a family history of the disease was higher for the younger participants (Table 3Table 3Age-Specific Relative Risk of Colorectal Cancer among Study Participants with a Family History of Colorectal Cancer.). Among the women, for whom there were substantially more person-years of follow-up, the relative risk associated with a family history was highest for those younger than 50 years of age, and the risk decreased progressively for older women. This trend in the association between relative risk and age among the women was significant (P = 0.005). When the cohorts of men and women were combined, the results were similar. For participants younger than 45 years of age, the relative risk of colorectal cancer was 5.37 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.98 to 14.6), and the risk decreased monotonically for older people. For participants 65 years of age or older, the relative risk associated with a family history approached 1. These results remained essentially unchanged after other risk factors for colorectal cancer had been controlled for. For men and women combined, the linear trend of a decreasing relative risk in association with increasing age was significant (P<0.001).

Our estimates of age-specific relative risk and incidence rates from the SEER program were used to estimate the cumulative incidence of colorectal cancer among people with a family history of the disease and those without a family history (Figure 1Figure 1Cumulative Incidence of Colorectal Cancer According to Age and the Presence or Absence of a Family History of the Disease.). Partly on the basis of data on the age-specific cumulative incidence of colorectal cancer, the National Cancer Institute, American Cancer Society, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, and World Health Organization all recommend screening sigmoidoscopy beginning at the age of 50 years for Americans with an average risk of the disease.13 For people with a family history of colorectal cancer, we found a similar cumulative incidence of the disease at approximately 35 to 40 years of age.

We also examined the association between the risk of colorectal cancer and the type and number of affected first-degree relatives. The type of affected relative (mother, father, or sibling) did not have a significant influence on the relative risk (P = 0.75 for the test of the homogeneity of odds ratios).

Among the men who reported two or more affected first-degree relatives, there were no cases of colorectal cancer (Table 4Table 4Relative Risk of Colorectal Cancer According to the Number of Affected Relatives.). This finding may reflect the small number of men who had two or more affected relatives and had not undergone screening endoscopy before the start of the study (543 person-years of follow-up for a total of 176,093 person-years for the entire cohort). Among the women with two or more affected first-degree relatives, the age-adjusted relative risk of colorectal cancer was 3.79 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.88 to 7.62); the linear trend toward an increase in relative risk with the increasing number of affected relatives was significant (P<0.001). Even when the cohorts of men and women were combined, the relative risk for people with two or more affected relatives was 2.75 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.34 to 5.63; P for trend, <0.001).

In both cohorts, a family history of colorectal cancer was associated with an excess risk of colon cancer but not of rectal cancer (Table 5Table 5Risk of Colorectal Cancer among Study Participants According to the Specific Site of the Disease.). Among men and women combined, the age-adjusted relative risk of colon cancer was l.99 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.51 to 2.61) and the age-adjusted relative risk of rectal cancer was 0.86 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.44 to 1.70). Adjustment for various known or suspected environmental risk factors for colorectal cancer did not materially change these results, and the risk estimates for colon and rectal cancer differed significantly (P = 0.02). The site of disease within the colon had no significant association with the relative risk.

We investigated the possibility that the excess risk associated with a family history of colorectal cancer was the result of a detection bias caused by closer surveillance of people with a family history of the disease. When we excluded from the analysis men and women whose cancers may have been detected incidentally or only by screening (Dukes' stages A and B), the multivariate relative risk of colorectal cancer associated with a family history did not decrease (relative risk, 2.00; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.32 to 3.03). Moreover, when we restricted our analysis to fatal colorectal cancers among the study participants, the relative risk was 1.72 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.03 to 2.89).

Discussion

This prospective analysis found a consistent increase in the risk of colorectal cancer among men and women with a family history of the disease. The increase in risk, which was about 1.7-fold, was virtually identical in cohorts from two independently conducted studies, and the risk increased significantly if there was a history of two or more affected relatives. The effect of family history was greatest for people who were 44 years of age or younger; a family history of the disease was not associated with a significant elevation in risk among people 60 years or older, although we had limited power to determine risk estimates for people over the age of 75. Within the combined cohorts, 7 percent of all cases of colorectal cancer were attributable to a family history in a first-degree relative, and 23 percent of colorectal cancers diagnosed in cohort members under the age of 45 years were attributable to a family history of the disease.

The prospective nature of this study substantially reduces the possibility of a recall bias, a potential source of distortion that is inherent in retrospective studies of family history and the risk of cancer. Data on family history were obtained only from the study participants; we did not ask relatives to verify these reports, and we did not determine family size. Since the participants were all health care professionals, the accuracy of the reports is likely to be high. Moreover, because the data on family history were collected before the diagnosis of any cases of colorectal cancer, any errors in recall would have attenuated rather than exaggerated a true association. Familial clusters that may have occurred simply because of large families would also have attenuated our results.

Other forms of bias are unlikely to explain the observed relations. To minimize the possibility of a selection bias, we excluded people who had undergone either polypectomy or endoscopy before the start of our analysis. Such people were more likely to report a family history of colorectal cancer (14.5 percent), and those with a family history had a markedly attenuated excess risk of disease, which is consistent with the presumed effect of endoscopy on the natural history of colorectal neoplasia (data not shown).

Differential follow-up is unlikely to have had a material influence, since follow-up was nearly complete for both fatal and nonfatal end points. A detection bias also appears unlikely, since the association between relative risk and family history persisted when the analysis was restricted to either advanced or fatal cases of colorectal cancer. Finally, since new cases of cancer may develop in relatives during follow-up in a prospective study, we used updated information on family history to minimize misclassification.

Previous studies that have addressed the relation between family history and the risk of colorectal cancer used retrospective data. The relative risk associated with a family history of the disease has varied considerably, although estimates in the three largest case-control studies ranged from 1.8 to 2.14,9,10. In these three studies, investigators reported an increased risk of colorectal cancer among people with two or more affected relatives4,10 and an increased risk among people with a family history who were younger than 50 years of age,4,9 findings consistent with ours. In support of other recent observations, our analysis refutes the tenet that the familial predisposition to colon cancer is associated predominantly with tumors that have a proximal site of origin4,9,10,27. Although we observed an increased risk of colon cancer but not of rectal cancer, we were unable to detect a difference in risk according to the specific site of the tumor within the colon.

Previous analyses have been unable to distinguish between genetic and common environmental contributions to familial clustering of colorectal cancer. However, kindred studies suggest that familial clustering of common (i.e., apparently sporadic) colorectal cancer probably occurs as a result of a partially penetrant inherited susceptibility.28 In the present analysis, the excess risk associated with a family history did not change materially after adjustment for other known or suspected risk factors for colorectal cancer, which is consistent with the existence of an important genetic contribution.

In conclusion, for the majority of people with a family history of colorectal cancer, particularly those who are 60 years or older, the excess risk of colorectal cancer is not large. Nevertheless, the increased risk among younger people with a family history supports the recommendation of the American Cancer Society that people with a family history of colorectal cancer undergo earlier screening.

Supported by grants (CA 40935 and CA 55075) from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Fuchs is the recipient of the Irving W. Jannock Fellowship and support from the Harvard Education Program in Cancer Prevention. Dr. Colditz is the recipient of a Faculty Research Award (FRA-398) from the American Cancer Society.

Source Information

From Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (C.S.F., E.L.G., G.A.C., D.J.H., F.E.S., W.C.W.); the Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (C.S.F.); and the Departments of Epidemiology (G.A.C., D.J.H., F.E.S., W.C.W.), Environmental Health (F.E.S.), and Nutrition (W.C.W.), Harvard School of Public Health -- all in Boston.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Fuchs at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115.

References

References

1. 1

   Bonelli L, Martines H, Conio M, Bruzzi P, Aste H. Family history of colorectal cancer as a risk factor for benign and malignant tumors of the large bowel: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 1988;41:513-517
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

2. 2

   Duncan JL, Kyle J. Family incidence of carcinoma of the colon and rectum in north-east Scotland. Gut 1982;23:169-171
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

3. 3

   Fisher G, Armstrong B. Familial colorectal cancer and the screening of family members. Med J Aust 1989;150:22-25
   Web of Science | Medline

4. 4

   Kune GA, Kune S, Watson LF. The role of heredity in the etiology of large bowel cancer. World J Surg 1989;13:124-129
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

5. 5

   Lovett E. Family studies in cancer of the colon and rectum. Br J Surg 1976;63:13-18
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

6. 6

   Macklin MT. Inheritance of cancer of the stomach and large intestine in man. J Natl Cancer Inst 1960;24:551-571
   Web of Science | Medline

7. 7

   Maire P, Morichau-Beauchant M, Drucker J, Barboteau MA, Barbier J, Matuchansky C. Prevalence familiale du cancer du colon et du rectum: resultats d'une enquete “cas-temoins” de 3 ans. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1984;8:22-27
   Web of Science | Medline

8. 8

   Ponz de Leon M, Antonioli A, Ascari A, Zanghieri G, Sacchetti C. Incidence and familial occurrence of colorectal cancer and polyps in a health-care district of northern Italy. Cancer 1987;60:2848-2859
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

9. 9

   Sondergaard JO, Bulow S, Lynge E. Cancer incidence among parents of patients with colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 1991;47:202-206
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

10. 10

    St John DJ, McDermott FT, Hopper JL, Debney EA, Johnson WR, Hughes ES. Cancer risk in relatives of patients with common colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:785-790
    Web of Science | Medline

11. 11

    Stephenson BM, Finan PJ, Gascoyne J, Garbett F, Murday VA, Bishop DT. Frequency of familial colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 1991;78:1162-1166
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

12. 12

    Woolf CM. A genetic study of carcinoma of the large intestine. Am J Hum Genet 1958;10:42-47
    Web of Science | Medline

13. 13

    Levin B, Murphy GP. Revision in American Cancer Society recommendations for the early detection of colorectal cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 1992;42:296-299
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

14. 14

    Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE. Moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1174-1180
    Full Text | Web of Science | Medline

15. 15

    Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of postmenopausal estrogen therapy and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1044-1049
    Full Text | Web of Science | Medline

16. 16

    Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1450-1456
    Free Full Text | Web of Science | Medline

17. 17

    Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. The influence of age, relative weight, smoking, and alcohol intake on the reproducibility of a dietary questionnaire. Int J Epidemiol 1987;16:392-398
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

18. 18

    Colditz GA, Martin P, Stampfer MJ, et al. Validation of questionnaire information on risk factors and disease outcomes in a prospective cohort study of women. Am J Epidemiol 1986;123:894-900
    Web of Science | Medline

19. 19

    Giovannuci E, Colditz G, Stampfer MJ, et al. The assessment of alcohol consumption by a simple self-administered questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:810-817
    Web of Science | Medline

20. 20

    Willett WC, Sampson L, Stampfer MJ, et al. Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:51-65
    Web of Science | Medline

21. 21

    Willett WC, Sampson L, Browne ML, et al. The use of a self-administered questionnaire to assess diet four years in the past. Am J Epidemiol 1988;127:188-199
    Web of Science | Medline

22. 22

    Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1977-1981
    Free Full Text | Web of Science | Medline

23. 23

    Selby JV, Friedman GD, Quesenberry CP Jr, Weiss NS. A case-control study of screening sigmoidoscopy and mortality from colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1992;326:653-657
    Free Full Text | Web of Science | Medline

24. 24

    Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Speizer FE, et al. Test of the National Death Index. Am J Epidemiol 1984;119:837-839
    Web of Science | Medline

25. 25

    Cox DR. Regression models and life-tables. J R Stat Soc [B] 1972;34:187-220
    

26. 26

    Rothman KJ. Modern epidemiology. Boston: Little, Brown, 1986.
    

27. 27

    Cannon-Albright LA, Thomas TC, Bishop DT, Skolnick MH, Burt RW. Characteristics of familial colon cancer in a large population data base. Cancer 1989;64:1971-1975
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

28. 28

    Cannon-Albright LA, Skolnick MH, Bishop DT, Lee RG, Burt RW. Common inheritance of susceptibility to colonic adenomatous polyps and associated colorectal cancers. N Engl J Med 1988;319:533-537
    Full Text | Web of Science | Medline

Citing Articles (241)

Citing Articles

1. 1

   Muin J. Khoury, A. Cecile J.W. Janssens, David F. Ransohoff. (2013) How can polygenic inheritance be used in population screening for common diseases?. Genetics in Medicine 15:6, 437-443
   

2. 2

   Hongmei Nan, Jung Eun Lee, Eric B. Rimm, Charles S. Fuchs, Edward L. Giovannucci, Eunyoung Cho. (2013) Prospective study of alcohol consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer before and after folic acid fortification in the United States. Annals of Epidemiology
   

3. 3

   Constance M. Johnson, Caimiao Wei, Joe E. Ensor, Derek J. Smolenski, Christopher I. Amos, Bernard Levin, Donald A. Berry. (2013) Meta-analyses of colorectal cancer risk factors. Cancer Causes & Control
   

4. 4

   Antoni Castells, Francis M. Giardiello. (2013) Familial Colorectal Cancer Screening: So Close, So Far. Gastroenterology 144:3, 492-494
   

5. 5

   S. Ogino, R. Nishihara, P. Lochhead, Y. Imamura, A. Kuchiba, T. Morikawa, M. Yamauchi, X. Liao, Z. R. Qian, R. Sun, K. Sato, G. J. Kirkner, M. Wang, D. Spiegelman, J. A. Meyerhardt, E. S. Schernhammer, A. T. Chan, E. Giovannucci, C. S. Fuchs. (2013) Prospective Study of Family History and Colorectal Cancer Risk by Tumor LINE-1 Methylation Level. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 105:2, 130-140
   

6. 6

   Nedal Arar, Elizabeth Delgado, Shuko Lee, Hanna E Abboud. (2013) Improving learning about familial risks using a multicomponent approach: the GRACE program. Personalized Medicine 10:1, 35-44
   

7. 7

   C Richard Boland, Barbara Jung, John M Carethers. Cancer of the Colon and Gastrointestinal Tract. In: Emery and Rimoin's Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics. Elsevier, 2013:1-35.
   

8. 8

   Wendy S. Rubinstein. Family History and Health Risk Assessment. In: Genomic and Personalized Medicine. Elsevier, 2013:306-323.
   

9. 9

   N. Jewel Samadder, Lisa A. Cannon-Albright, Randall W. Burt. (2012) The Impact of Family History on the Risk of Colorectal Neoplasia: Don’t Change the Guidelines Just Yet!. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 57:12, 3047-3049
   

10. 10

    Franklin C. Tsai, Williamson B. Strum. (2012) Impact of a Family History of Colorectal Cancer on the Prevalence of Advanced Neoplasia at Colonoscopy in 4,967 Asymptomatic Patients. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 57:12, 3234-3239
    

11. 11

    Michele L. Coté, Mei Liu, Stefano Bonassi, Monica Neri, Ann G. Schwartz, David C. Christiani, Margaret R. Spitz, Joshua E. Muscat, Gad Rennert, Katja K. Aben, Angeline S. Andrew, Vladimir Bencko, Heike Bickeböller, Paolo Boffetta, Paul Brennan, Hermann Brenner, Eric J. Duell, Eleonora Fabianova, John K. Field, Lenka Foretova, Søren Friis, Curtis C. Harris, Ivana Holcatova, Yun-Chul Hong, Dolores Isla, Vladimir Janout, Lambertus A. Kiemeney, Chikako Kiyohara, Qing Lan, Philip Lazarus, Jolanta Lissowska, Loic Le Marchand, Dana Mates, Keitaro Matsuo, Jose I. Mayordomo, John R. McLaughlin, Hal Morgenstern, Heiko Müeller, Irene Orlow, Bernard J. Park, Mila Pinchev, Olaide Y. Raji, Hedy S. Rennert, Peter Rudnai, Adeline Seow, Isabelle Stucker, Neonila Szeszenia-Dabrowska, M. Dawn Teare, Anne Tjønnelan, Donatella Ugolini, Henricus F.M. van der Heijden, Erich Wichmann, John K. Wiencke, Penella J. Woll, Ping Yang, David Zaridze, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Carol J. Etzel, Rayjean J. Hung. (2012) Increased risk of lung cancer in individuals with a family history of the disease: A pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium. European Journal of Cancer 48:13, 1957-1968
    

12. 12

    Kimberly A. Kaphingst, Melody Goodman, Chintan Pandya, Priyanka Garg, Jewel Stafford, Christina Lachance. (2012) Factors affecting frequency of communication about family health history with family members and doctors in a medically underserved population. Patient Education and Counseling 88:2, 291-297
    

13. 13

    Jennifer N. W. Lim, Jenny Hewison. (2012) Do people really know what makes a family history of cancer?. Health Expectationsn/a-n/a
    

14. 14

    Saadettin Kilickap, Cagatay Arslan, Dorina Rama, Suayib Yalcin. (2012) Screening Colonoscopy Participation in Turkish Colorectal Cancer Patients and their First Degree Relatives. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 13:6, 2829-2832
    

15. 15

    Jan T. Lowery, Al Marcus, Anita Kinney, Deborah Bowen, Dianne M. Finkelstein, Nora Horick, Kathleen Garrett, Robert Haile, Robert Sandler, Dennis J. Ahnen. (2012) The Family Health Promotion Project (FHPP): Design and baseline data from a randomized trial to increase colonoscopy screening in high risk families. Contemporary Clinical Trials 33:2, 426-435
    

16. 16

    Diana Redwood, Ellen Provost, David Perdue, Donald Haverkamp, David Espey. (2012) The last frontier: innovative efforts to reduce colorectal cancer disparities among the remote Alaska Native population. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 75:3, 474-480
    

17. 17

    David Lieberman. Colorectal Cancer Screening and Surveillance. In: Clinical Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Elsevier, 2012:458-466.
    

18. 18

    Min Young Choi, Byeong Gwan Kim, Ji Won Kim, Kook Lae Lee, Ji Bong Jeong, Jae Kyung Lee, Yong Jin Jung, Won Kim, Dong Won Ahn, Young Hoon Kim, Sae Kyung Joo, Mee Soo Chang, Hyeoung Ju Kwon. (2012) The Effects of Family History of Colorectal Cancer on the Development of Colorectal Adenoma. The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology 60:1, 36
    

19. 19

    Sun Young Yang, Young Sun Kim, Ji Hyun Song, Su Jin Chung, In Hee Lee, Kyoung Ju Hong, Eun Jung Lee, Donghee Kim, Jeong Yoon Yim, Min Jung Park, Seon Hee Lim, Joo Sung Kim. (2012) Dietary Risk Factors in Relation to Colorectal Adenoma. The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology 60:2, 102
    

20. 20

    Jaeseong Jo, Chung Mo Nam, Jae Woong Sull, Ji Eun Yun, Sang Yeun Kim, Sun Ju Lee, Yoon Nam Kim, Eun Jung Park, Heejin Kimm, Sun Ha Jee. (2012) Prediction of Colorectal Cancer Risk Using a Genetic Risk Score: The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II). Genomics & Informatics 10:3, 175
    

21. 21

    Chia-Lin Chou, Shih-Ching Chang, Tzu-Chen Lin, Wei-Shone Chen, Jeng-Kae Jiang, Huann-Sheng Wang, Shung-Haur Yang, Wen-Yih Liang, Jen-Kou Lin. (2011) Differences in clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer between younger and elderly patients: an analysis of 322 patients from a single institution. The American Journal of Surgery 202:5, 574-582
    

22. 22

    Manjula Julka, Manjula Cherukuri, Rahele Lameh. (2011) Screening for Cancerous and Precancerous Conditions of the Colon. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 38:3, 449-468
    

23. 23

    Graham A. Colditz, Kathleen Y. Wolin. (2011) Transdisciplinary Training in Cancer Prevention: Reflections on Two Decades of Training. Journal of Cancer Education 26:3, 586-590
    

24. 24

    Penelope J. Moore, William Gratzer, Caroline Lieber, Vaughn Edelson, James O’Leary, Sharon F. Terry. (2011) Iona College Community Centered Family Health History Project: Lessons Learned from Student Focus Groups. Journal of Genetic Counseling
    

25. 25

    David P. Taylor, Lisa A. Cannon-Albright, Carol Sweeney, Marc S. Williams, Peter J. Haug, Joyce A. Mitchell, Randall W. Burt. (2011) Comparison of compliance for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance by colonoscopy based on risk. Genetics in Medicine 13:8, 737-743
    

26. 26

    Peter Dryer, Nathan Schmulewitz. (2011) Colonoscopic yields in 40- to 49-year-old patients with a history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative: how high is the risk?. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 74:1, 119-121
    

27. 27

    Akshay K. Gupta, Jewel Samadder, Eric Elliott, Saurabh Sethi, Philip Schoenfeld. (2011) Prevalence of any size adenomas and advanced adenomas in 40- to 49-year-old individuals undergoing screening colonoscopy because of a family history of colorectal carcinoma in a first-degree relative. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 74:1, 110-118
    

28. 28

    David P. Taylor, Gregory J. Stoddard, Randall W. Burt, Marc S. Williams, Joyce A. Mitchell, Peter J. Haug, Lisa A. Cannon-Albright. (2011) How well does family history predict who will get colorectal cancer? Implications for cancer screening and counseling. Genetics in Medicine 13:5, 385-391
    

29. 29

    Gregory L. Austin, Jonathan I. Goldstein, Stevany L. Peters, Dennis J. Ahnen. (2011) Are Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations for First-Degree Relatives of Patients With Adenomas Too Aggressive?. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 9:4, 308-313
    

30. 30

    Barbara Chubak, Brandie Heald, Richard R. Sharp. (2011) Informed consent to microsatellite instability and immunohistochemistry screening for Lynch syndrome. Genetics in Medicine 13:4, 356-360
    

31. 31

    Cheryl L. Thompson, Emma K. Larkin, Sanjay Patel, Nathan A. Berger, Susan Redline, Li Li. (2011) Short duration of sleep increases risk of colorectal adenoma. Cancer 117:4, 841-847
    

32. 32

    Deborah W Neklason, Michelle W Done, Nykole R Sargent, Ann G Schwartz, Hoda Anton-Culver, Constance A Griffin, Dennis J Ahnen, Joellen M Schildkraut, Gail E Tomlinson, Louise C Strong, Alexander R Miller, Jill E Stopfer, Randall W Burt. (2011) Activating mutation in MET oncogene in familial colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 11:1, 424
    

33. 33

    Byeong Do Yi, Young Pil Bae, Bong Gun Kim, Jong Wha Park, Dong Hyun Kim, Ja Young Park, Seong Ho Choi, Hee Seung Park, Jae Seung Lee, Chang Won Lee, Sang Soo Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Moon Ki Choi, In Joo Kim. (2011) The Association between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Colorectal Cancer. Endocrinology and Metabolism 26:2, 126
    

34. 34

    Mark M. Pomerantz, Matthew L. Freedman. (2011) The Genetics of Cancer Risk. The Cancer Journal 17:6, 416-422
    

35. 35

    Rectal/perianal mass and colorectal cancer. In: Clinical Gastroenterology. Elsevier, 2011:279-292.
    

36. 36

    Luisa Adán, Ana Álvarez-Castro, Antoni Castells. (2010) Aproximación al cáncer colorrectal familiar. Gastroenterología y Hepatología 33:9, 652-659
    

37. 37

    M.C.M. Goossens, Jacques De Grève. (2010) Individual cancer risk as a function of current age and risk profile. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 19:6, 485-495
    

38. 38

    Derek G. Power, Emily Gloglowski, Steven M. Lipkin. (2010) Clinical Genetics of Hereditary Colorectal Cancer. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 24:5, 837-859
    

39. 39

    Jan Björk. (2010) Strategies for colon cancer prevention. The EPMA Journal 1:3, 513-521
    

40. 40

    Luciano Delgado-Plasencia, Vicente Medina-Arana, Ysamar Barrios del Pino, Antonia Fernández-Peralta, Juan J. González-Aguilera. (2010) Genealogical Tree Study as Screening Method in the Lynch Syndrome Prior to Genetic Test. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 33:4, 376-380
    

41. 41

    Pamela M. OʼConnor, Tamia K. Lapointe, Paul L. Beck, Andre G. Buret. (2010) Mechanisms by which inflammation may increase intestinal cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 16:8, 1411-1420
    

42. 42

    Jyrki T. Mäkelä, Heikki Kiviniemi. (2010) Clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer in patients under 40 years of age. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 25:7, 823-828
    

43. 43

    Geoffrey Jalleh, Robert J. Donovan, Chad Lin, Terry Slevin, Cassandra Clayforth, Iain S. Pratt, Melissa Ledger. (2010) Beliefs about bowel cancer among the target group for the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 34:2, 187-192
    

44. 44

    Sadia Anwar, A H Nagi, Nadia Naseem, Muhammad Saqib, Waqas Sami. (2010) Clinicopathological pattern and HER 2/neu status in patients presenting with different histological grades of colorectal carcinomas. Basic and Applied Pathology 3:1, 21-26
    

45. 45

    David P. Taylor, Randall W. Burt, Marc S. Williams, Peter J. Haug, Lisa A. Cannon–Albright. (2010) Population-Based Family History–Specific Risks for Colorectal Cancer: A Constellation Approach. Gastroenterology 138:3, 877-885
    

46. 46

    K. DeLellis Henderson, L. Duan, J. Sullivan-Halley, H. Ma, C. A. Clarke, S. L. Neuhausen, C. Templeman, L. Bernstein. (2010) Menopausal Hormone Therapy Use and Risk of Invasive Colon Cancer: The California Teachers Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 171:4, 415-425
    

47. 47

    Kathryn M. Chu. Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Colorectal Cancer. In: Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer Series: Colorectal Cancer. Elsevier, 2010:1-11.
    

48. 48

    Jason A. Zell, Argyrios Ziogas, Leslie Bernstein, Christina A. Clarke, Dennis Deapen, Joan A. Largent, Susan L. Neuhausen, Daniel O. Stram, Giske Ursin, Hoda Anton-Culver. (2009) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cancer 115:24, 5662-5671
    

49. 49

    Andreas-Claudius Hoffmann, Arndt Hartmann, Kurt-Werner Schmid, Martin Schuler. (2009) Biomarker für die individualisierte Behandlung solider Tumoren. Onkopipeline 2:4, 134-140
    

50. 50

    Helgi Birgisson, Arezo Ghanipour, Kennet Smedh, Lars Påhlman, Bengt Glimelius. (2009) The correlation between a family history of colorectal cancer and survival of patients with colorectal cancer. Familial Cancer 8:4, 555-561
    

51. 51

    David T. Rubin, Rishi K. Gandhi, Jeremy T. Hetzel, Sydney H. Kinnear, Andrew Aronsohn, Gordon Wood, Nicole Yadron. (2009) Do Colorectal Cancer Patients Understand That Their Family Is at Risk?. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 54:11, 2473-2483
    

52. 52

    Ping-Sheng Kao, Jen-Kou Lin, Huann-Sheng Wang, Shung-Haur Yang, Jeng-Kai Jiang, Wei-Shone Chen, Tzu-Chen Lin, Anna Fen-Yau Li, Wen-Yi Liang, Shih-Ching Chang. (2009) The impact of family history on the outcome of patients with colorectal cancer in a veterans’ hospital. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 24:11, 1249-1254
    

53. 53

    S. L. Manne, E. J. Coups, G. Winkel, A. Markowitz, N. J. Meropol, S. M. Lesko, P. B. Jacobsen, D. Haller, L. Jandorf, S. K. Peterson. (2009) Identifying cluster subtypes for intentions to have colorectal cancer screening among non-compliant intermediate-risk siblings of individuals with colorectal cancer. Health Education Research 24:5, 897-908
    

54. 54

    Rob Sanson-Fisher, Mariko Carey, Lisa Mackenzie, David Hill, Sharon Campbell, Donna Turner. (2009) Reducing inequities in cancer care. Cancer 115:16, 3597-3605
    

55. 55

    Ji-Hyun Jang, Michelle Cotterchio, Steven Gallinger, Julia A. Knight, Darshana Daftary. (2009) Family history of hormonal cancers and colorectal cancer risk: A case-control study conducted in Ontario. International Journal of Cancer 125:4, 918-925
    

56. 56

    Antoni Castells, Sergi Castellví–Bel, Francesc Balaguer. (2009) Concepts in Familial Colorectal Cancer: Where Do We Stand and What Is the Future?. Gastroenterology 137:2, 404-409
    

57. 57

    Lloyd A. Mack, Linda S. Cook, Walley J. Temple, Linda E. Carlson, Robert J. Hilsden, Elizabeth Oddone Paolucci. (2009) Colorectal Cancer Screening Among First-Degree Relatives of Colorectal Cancer Patients: Benefits and Barriers. Annals of Surgical Oncology 16:8, 2092-2100
    

58. 58

    Petra A. Wark, Kana Wu, Pieter van 't Veer, Charles F. Fuchs, Edward L. Giovannucci. (2009) Family history of colorectal cancer: A determinant of advanced adenoma stage or adenoma multiplicity?. International Journal of Cancer 125:2, 413-420
    

59. 59

    Suzanne M. O'Neill, Wendy S. Rubinstein, Catharine Wang, Paula W. Yoon, Louise S. Acheson, Nan Rothrock, Erin J. Starzyk, Jennifer L. Beaumont, James M. Galliher, Mack T. Ruffin. (2009) Familial Risk for Common Diseases in Primary Care. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 36:6, 506-514
    

60. 60

    W. Foo, J. M. Young, M. J. Solomon, C. M. Wright. (2009) Family history? The forgotten question in high-risk colorectal cancer patients. Colorectal Disease 11:5, 450-455
    

61. 61

    Mack T. Ruffin, John W. Creswell, Masahito Jimbo, Michael D. Fetters. (2009) Factors Influencing Choices for Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Previously Unscreened African and Caucasian Americans: Findings from a Triangulation Mixed Methods Investigation. Journal of Community Health 34:2, 79-89
    

62. 62

    Sharon L. Manne, Elliot J. Coups, Arnold Markowitz, Neal J. Meropol, Daniel Haller, Paul B. Jacobsen, Lina Jandorf, Susan K. Peterson, Samuel Lesko, Steven Pilipshen, Gary Winkel. (2009) A Randomized Trial of Generic Versus Tailored Interventions to Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Intermediate Risk Siblings. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 37:2, 207-217
    

63. 63

    ARATI PRATAP, FRANCIS A. FARRAYE. Screening and Surveillance Guidelines in Gastroenterology. In: Surgical Pathology of the GI Tract, Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas. Elsevier, 2009:31-38.
    

64. 64

    María Dolores Giráldez Jiménez. (2009) ¿Qué estrategia de cribado debe recomendarse a los familiares de un paciente diagnosticado de cáncer colorrectal?. Gastroenterología y Hepatología 32:1, 57-58
    

65. 65

    Sharon Dudley-Brown, Mary Freivogel. (2009) Hereditary Colorectal Cancer in the Gastroenterology Clinic. Gastroenterology Nursing 32:1, 8-16
    

66. 66

    Thomas M. Zarchy, Frank Tsai, Emily Ramicone, Linda S. Chan. (2009) A Risk Profile for Advanced Proximal Neoplasms on Diagnostic Colonoscopy. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 54:1, 151-159
    

67. 67

    A.-M. Bouvier, C. Lepage, J. Faivre. (2009) Épidémiologie des cancers du tube digestif. EMC - Gastro-entérologie 4:2, 1-8
    

68. 68

    Karen Emmons, Elaine Puleo, Lorna H. McNeill, Gary Bennett, Sophia Chan, Sapna Syngal. (2008) Colorectal cancer screening awareness and intentions among low income, sociodemographically diverse adults under age 50. Cancer Causes & Control 19:10, 1031-1041
    

69. 69

    Pablo Alonso-Coello, Mercè Marzo-Castillejo, Juan José Mascort, Antonio José Hervás, Luis Manuel Viña, José Antonio Ferrús, Juan Ferrándiz, Laureano López-Rivas, David Rigau, Iván Solà, Xavier Bonfill, Josep Maria Piqué. (2008) Guía de práctica clínica sobre el manejo de la rectorragia (actualización 2007). Gastroenterología y Hepatología 31:10, 652-667
    

70. 70

    Deborah W. Neklason, Brett L. Thorpe, Angel Ferrandez, Anil Tumbapura, Kenneth Boucher, Gilda Garibotti, Richard A. Kerber, Cindy H. Solomon, Wade S. Samowitz, John C. Fang, Geraldine P. Mineau, Mark F. Leppert, Randall W. Burt, Scott K. Kuwada. (2008) Colonic Adenoma Risk in Familial Colorectal Cancer-A Study of Six Extended Kindreds. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 103:10, 2577-2584
    

71. 71

    Jeffrey W. Nathanson, Timothy L. Zisman, Christina Julian, Sarah McCaffrey, David T. Rubin. (2008) Identification of Patients at Increased Risk for Colorectal Cancer in an Open Access Endoscopy Center. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 42:9, 1025-1031
    

72. 72

    Danilo V. Viana, Juvenal R. N. Góes, Cláudio S. R. Coy, Maria Lourdes Setsuko Ayrizono, Carmen S. P. Lima, Iscia Lopes-Cendes. (2008) Family history of cancer in Brazil: is it being used?. Familial Cancer 7:3, 229-232
    

73. 73

    A. Subramanian, L. Thomasson, H. Hanson, S. Hodgson, J. N. L. Simson. (2008) The BSG/ACPGBI guidelines for colonoscopic screening: what are we missing?. Colorectal Disease 10:7, 673-676
    

74. 74

    Hermann Brenner, Michael Hoffmeister, Ulrike Haug. (2008) Family History and Age at Initiation of Colorectal Cancer Screening. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 103:9, 2326-2331
    

75. 75

    Lucia I. H. Overbeek, Nicoline Hoogerbrugge, Joannes H. J. M. van Krieken, Fokko M. Nagengast, Theo J. M. Ruers, Marjolijn J. L. Ligtenberg, Rosella P. M. G. Hermens. (2008) Most Patients with Colorectal Tumors at Young Age Do Not Visit a Cancer Genetics Clinic. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 51:8, 1249-1254
    

76. 76

    Luke J. Peppone, Martin C. Mahoney, K. Michael Cummings, Arthur M. Michalek, Mary E. Reid, Kirsten B. Moysich, Andrew Hyland. (2008) Colorectal cancer occurs earlier in those exposed to tobacco smoke: implications for screening. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 134:7, 743-751
    

77. 77

    Sri Rapuri, Jeanne Spencer, Dennis Eckels. (2008) Importance of postpolypectomy surveillance and postpolypectomy compliance to follow-up screening—review of literature. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 23:5, 453-459
    

78. 78

    S. Akhtar, S. Sinha, S. McKenzie, P. M. Sagar, P. J. Finan, D. Burke. (2008) Awareness of risk factors amongst first degree relative patients with colorectal cancer. Colorectal Disease 0:0, 080331054210835-???
    

79. 79

    Adam J. Bass, Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt, Jennifer A. Chan, Edward L. Giovannucci, Charles S. Fuchs. (2008) Family history and survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis. Cancer 112:6, 1222-1229
    

80. 80

    Pamela S. Sinicrope, Sally W. Vernon, Pamela M. Diamond, Christi A. Patten, Steven H. Kelder, Kari G. Rabe, Gloria M. Petersen. (2008) Development and Preliminary Validation of the Cancer Family Impact Scale for Colorectal Cancer. Genetic Testing 12:1, 161-169
    

81. 81

    Amulya Konda, Michael C. Duffy. (2008) Surveillance of Patients at Increased Risk of Colon Cancer: Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Other Conditions. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 37:1, 191-213
    

82. 82

    Megan Noe, Paul Schroy, Marie-France Demierre, Richard Babayan, Alan C. Geller. (2008) Increased cancer risk for individuals with a family history of prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and melanoma and their associated screening recommendations and practices. Cancer Causes & Control 19:1, 1-12
    

83. 83

    Andrew T. Chan, Edward L. Giovannucci, Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt, Eva S. Schernhammer, Kana Wu, Charles S. Fuchs. (2008) Aspirin Dose and Duration of Use and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Men. Gastroenterology 134:1, 21-28
    

84. 84

    I. Al-Saleh, J. Arif, I. El-Doush, N. Al-Sanea, A. Abdul Jabbar, G. Billedo, N. Shinwari, A. Mashhour, G. Mohamed. (2008) Carcinogen DNA adducts and the risk of colon cancer: case–control study. Biomarkers 13:2, 201-216
    

85. 85

    Thomas F. Imperiale, Charles J. Kahi, Jennifer S. Stuart, Rong Qi, Lawrence J. Born, Elizabeth A. Glowinski, Douglas K. Rex. (2008) Risk factors for advanced sporadic colorectal neoplasia in persons younger than age 50. Cancer Detection and Prevention 32:1, 33-38
    

86. 86

    Raya Saab, Wayne L Furman. (2008) Epidemiology and Management Options for Colorectal Cancer in Children. Pediatric Drugs 10:3, 177-192
    

87. 87

    Jason A. Zell, Frank L. Meyskens. Cancer Prevention, Screening, and Early Detection. In: Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. Elsevier, 2008:361-395.
    

88. 88

    Sidney J. Winawer. (2007) Colorectal cancer screening. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 21:6, 1031-1048
    

89. 89

    Richard C. Palmer, Karen M. Emmons, Robert H. Fletcher, Rebecca Lobb, Irina Miroshnik, James Alan Kemp, Mark Bauer. (2007) Familial risk and colorectal cancer screening health beliefs and attitudes in an insured population. Preventive Medicine 45:5, 336-341
    

90. 90

    D. Gareth Evans, Sheila Walsh, James Hill, Raymond T. McMahon. (2007) Strategies for Identifying Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer. Seminars in Oncology 34:5, 411-417
    

91. 91

    Mack T. Ruffin, Michael D. Fetters, Masahito Jimbo. (2007) Preference-based electronic decision aid to promote colorectal cancer screening: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 45:4, 267-273
    

92. 92

    John Scott Maul, Randall W. Burt, Lisa A. Cannon–Albright. (2007) A Familial Component to Human Rectal Cancer, Independent of Colon Cancer Risk. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 5:9, 1080-1084
    

93. 93

    Giancarlo Spinzi, Marco Dal Fante, Enzo Masci, Federico Buffoli, Enrico Colombo, Giancarla Fiori, Paolo Ravelli, Ermanno Ceretti, Giorgio Minoli, . (2007) Lack of Colonic Neoplastic Lesions in Patients Under 50 Yr of Age With Hematochezia: A Multicenter Prospective Study. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 102:9, 2011-2015
    

94. 94

    J. H. Stephens, J. W. E. Moore. (2007) Can targeted intervention in CRC patients? relatives influence screening behaviour? A pilot study. Colorectal Disease 0:0, 070621084454019-???
    

95. 95

    Mona Shah, Kangmin Zhu, Richard C. Palmer, Hongyu Wu. (2007) Family history of cancer and utilization of prostate, colorectal and skin cancer screening tests in U.S. men. Preventive Medicine 44:5, 459-464
    

96. 96

    Mona Shah, Kangmin Zhu, Richard C. Palmer, Ismail Jatoi, Craig Shriver, Hongyu Wu. (2007) Breast, Colorectal, and Skin Cancer Screening Practices and Family History of Cancer in U.S. Women. Journal of Women's Health 16:4, 526-534
    

97. 97

    Robert H. Fletcher, Rebecca Lobb, Mark R. Bauer, James Alan Kemp, Richard C. Palmer, Ken P. Kleinman, Irina Miroshnik, Karen M. Emmons. (2007) Screening Patients with a Family History of Colorectal Cancer. Journal of General Internal Medicine 22:4, 508-513
    

98. 98

    Konstantinos Kamposioras, Davide Mauri, Vassilis Golfinopoulos, Georgios Ferentinos, Georgios Zacharias, Apostolos Xilomenos, Nikolaos P. Polyzos, Magdalini Bristianou, Dimitra Chasioti, Athanasios Milousis, Angeliki Vittoraki, Georgios Koukourakis, Ioanna Chatziioannou, Panagiotis Papadopoulos. (2007) Colorectal cancer screening coverage in Greece. PACMeR 02.01 study collaboration. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 22:5, 475-481
    

99. 99

    Stacy B Menees, Dee E Fenner. (2007) Colon cancer screening in women. Women's Health 3:2, 163-172
    

100. 100

     Nita Ahuja, David Chang, Susan L. Gearhart. (2007) Disparities in Colon Cancer Presentation and In-Hospital Mortality in Maryland: A Ten-Year Review. Annals of Surgical Oncology 14:2, 411-416
     

101. 101

     C Featherstone, A Colley, K Tucker, J Kirk, M B Barton. (2007) Estimating the referral rate for cancer genetic assessment from a systematic review of the evidence. British Journal of Cancer 96:2, 391-398
     

102. 102

     Harvey J. Murff, Neeraja B. Peterson, Robert A. Greevy, Martha J. Shrubsole, Wei Zheng. (2007) Early Initiation of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Individuals with Affected First-degree Relatives. Journal of General Internal Medicine 22:1, 121-126
     

103. 103

     A. Pezzoli, V. Matarese, M. Rubini, M. Simoni, G.C. Caravelli, R. Stockbrugger, V. Cifalà, S. Boccia, C. Feo, L. Simone, L. Trevisani, A. Liboni, S. Gullini. (2007) Colorectal cancer screening: Results of a 5-year program in asymptomatic subjects at increased risk. Digestive and Liver Disease 39:1, 33-39
     

104. 104

     Robert L. Nussbaum, Roderick R. McInnes, Huntington F. Willard, Ada Hamosh. Personalized Genetic Medicine. In: Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine. Elsevier, 2007:485-495.
     

105. 105

     Williamson B. Strum. (2006) Impact of a Family History of Colorectal Cancer on the Prevalence of Advanced Adenomas of the Rectosigmoid Colon at Flexible Sigmoidoscopy in 3147 Asymptomatic Patients. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 51:11, 2048-2052
     

106. 106

     N. T. Brockton. (2006) Localized depletion: the key to colorectal cancer risk mediated by MTHFR genotype and folate?. Cancer Causes & Control 17:8, 1005-1016
     

107. 107

     Harvey J. Murff, Neeraja B. Peterson, Robert Greevy, Wei Zheng. (2006) Impact of patient age on family cancer history. Genetics in Medicine 8:7, 438-442
     

108. 108

     Carmen Martínez, Felipe Martín, Juana M Fernández, Elena García-Martín, Javier Sastre, Manuel Díaz-Rubio, José AG Agúndez, José M Ladero. (2006) Glutathione S -transferases μ1, θ1, π1, α1 and μ3 genetic polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal and gastric cancers in humans. Pharmacogenomics 7:5, 711-718
     

109. 109

     T. M. Gallo, G. Galatola, C. Laudi, D. Regge. (2006) CT colonography: screening in individuals at high risk for colorectal cancer. Abdominal Imaging 31:3, 297-301
     

110. 110

     Sidney J. Winawer, Ann G. Zauber, Robert H. Fletcher, Jonathon S. Stillman, Michael J. O’Brien, Bernard Levin, Robert A. Smith, David A. Lieberman, Randall W. Burt, Theodore R. Levin, John H. Bond, Durado Brooks, Tim Byers, Neil Hyman, Lynne Kirk, Alan Thorson, Clifford Simmang, David Johnson, Douglas K. Rex. (2006) Guidelines for Colonoscopy Surveillance After Polypectomy: A Consensus Update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer and the American Cancer Society. Gastroenterology 130:6, 1872-1885
     

111. 111

     Markus Menges, Johannes Fischinger, Barbara Gärtner, Thomas Georg, Dietrich Woerdehoff, Matthias Maier, Matthias Harloff, Christa Stegmaier, Jochen Raedle, Martin Zeitz. (2006) Screening colonoscopy in 40- to 50-year-old first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer is efficient: a controlled multicentre study. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 21:4, 301-307
     

112. 112

     Kenneth E. Hung, Daniel C. Chung. (2006) Colorectal Cancer Screening: Today and Tomorrow. Southern Medical Journal 99:3, 240-246
     

113. 113

     Marco Bernini, Stefano Barbi, Franco Roviello, Aldo Scarpa, Patrick Moore, Corrado Pedrazzani, Stefania Beghelli, Daniele Marrelli, Giovanni de Manzoni. (2006) Family history of gastric cancer: a correlation between epidemiologic findings and clinical data. Gastric Cancer 9:1, 9-13
     

114. 114

     Laura Baglietto, Mark A. Jenkins, Gianluca Severi, Graham G. Giles, D. Timothy Bishop, Peter Boyle, John L. Hopper. (2006) Measures of familial aggregation depend on definition of family history: meta-analysis for colorectal cancer. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 59:2, 114-124
     

115. 115

     Michael Hoffmeister, Jenny Chang-Claude, Hermann Brenner. (2006) Do Older Adults Using NSAIDs Have a Reduced Risk of Colorectal Cancer?. Drugs & Aging 23:6, 513-523
     

116. 116

     Adam S. Butterworth, Julian P.T. Higgins, Paul Pharoah. (2006) Relative and absolute risk of colorectal cancer for individuals with a family history: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Cancer 42:2, 216-227
     

117. 117

     Jérôme Viguier, David Karsenti, Etienne Danquechin Dorval, Pascal Bourlier, Loïk de Calan. (2006) Cancer du côlon. EMC - Gastro-entérologie 1:1, 1-18
     

118. 118

     Patrick M. Lynch. (2005) Cancer screening guidelines and prevention factors for high-risk patients with a family history of colorectal cancer. Current Colorectal Cancer Reports 1:2, 110-116
     

119. 119

     Kari Hemminki, Bowang Chen. (2005) Familial risks for colorectal cancer show evidence on recessive inheritance. International Journal of Cancer 115:5, 835-838
     

120. 120

     Yuki Young, Jonathan P. Terdiman. (2005) Endoscopic Management of Familial Colonic Neoplasia. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 15:3, 549-580
     

121. 121

     A. T. Chan, J. Ma, G. J. Tranah, E. L. Giovannucci, N. Rifai, D. J. Hunter, C. S. Fuchs. (2005) Hemochromatosis Gene Mutations, Body Iron Stores, Dietary Iron, and Risk of Colorectal Adenoma in Women. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97:12, 917-926
     

122. 122

     Schoenfeld , Philip , Cash , Brooks , Flood , Andrew , Dobhan , Richard , Eastone , John , Coyle , Walter , Kikendall , James W. , Kim , Hyungjin Myra , Weiss , David G. , Emory , Theresa , Schatzkin , Arthur , Lieberman , David , . (2005) Colonoscopic Screening of Average-Risk Women for Colorectal Neoplasia. New England Journal of Medicine 352:20, 2061-2068
     Free Full Text

123. 123

     Nancy N. Baxter, Joel E. Tepper, Sara B. Durham, David A. Rothenberger, Beth A. Virnig. (2005) Increased risk of rectal cancer after prostate radiation: A population-based study. Gastroenterology 128:4, 819-824
     

124. 124

     Ann-Marie Codori, Tracy Waldeck, Gloria M. Petersen, Diana Miglioretti, Jill D. Trimbath, Miriam A. Tillery. (2005) Genetic Counseling Outcomes: Perceived Risk and Distress After Counseling for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer. Journal of Genetic Counseling 14:2, 119-132
     

125. 125

     C. Lamberti, T. Sauerbruch. (2005) Frhdiagnostik kolorektaler Tumorleiden. Der Internist 46:4, 401-410
     

126. 126

     (2005) Practice Parameters for the Management of Rectal Cancer (Revised). Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 48:3, 411-423
     

127. 127

     Matthew Q. Bromer, David S. Weinberg. (2005) Screening for colorectal cancer—now and the near future. Seminars in Oncology 32:1, 3-10
     

128. 128

     Won-Seok Jo, Daniel C. Chung. (2005) Genetics of hereditary colorectal cancer. Seminars in Oncology 32:1, 11-23
     

129. 129

     Michael R. Valantas, William M. Farmer, Jack A. DiPalma. (2005) Do Gastroenterologists Notify Polyp Patients that Family Members Should Have Screening?. Southern Medical Journal 98:2, 162-163
     

130. 130

     Maren T. Scheuner. Approach to common chronic disorders of adulthood. In: Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005.
     

131. 131

     Mitchell S. Cappell. (2005) The pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of colon cancer and adenomatous polyps. Medical Clinics of North America 89:1, 1-42
     

132. 132

     Kari Hemminki, Bowang Chen. (2004) Familial association of colorectal adenocarcinoma with cancers at other sites. European Journal of Cancer 40:16, 2480-2487
     

133. 133

     Andrew T. Chan, Gregory J. Tranah, Edward L. Giovannucci, David J. Hunter, Charles S. Fuchs. (2004) A prospective study of genetic polymorphisms in the cytochrome P-450 2C9 enzyme and the risk for distal colorectal adenoma. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2:8, 704-712
     

134. 134

     Annika Lindblom, Xiao-Lei Zhou, Tao Liu, Annelie Liljegren, Johanna Skoglund, Tatjana Djureinovic. (2004) Colorectal cancer as a complex disease: defining at-risk subjects in the general population – a preventive strategy. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 4:3, 377-385
     

135. 135

     Eugene C. Rich, Wylie Burke, Caryl J. Heaton, Susanne Haga, Linda Pinsky, M. Priscilla Short, Louise Acheson. (2004) Reconsidering the Family History in Primary Care. Journal of General Internal Medicine 19:3, 273-280
     

136. 136

     Esther K. Wei, Edward Giovannucci, Kana Wu, Bernard Rosner, Charles S. Fuchs, Walter C. Willett, Graham A. Colditz. (2004) Comparison of risk factors for colon and rectal cancer. International Journal of Cancer 108:3, 433-442
     

137. 137

     A. Castells, M. Marzo, B. Bellas, F.J. Amador, Á. Lanas, J.J. Mascort, J. Ferrándiz, P. Alonso, V. Piñol, M. Fernández, X. Bonfill, J.M. Piqué. (2004) Guía de práctica clínica sobre la prevención del cáncer colorrectal. Gastroenterología y Hepatología 27:10, 573-634
     

138. 138

     Angel Ferrández, James A DiSario. (2003) Colorectal cancer: screening and surveillance for high-risk individuals. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 3:6, 851-862
     

139. 139

     Kathleen M. Murphy, Tanya Geiger, Michael J. Hafez, James R. Eshleman, Constance A. Griffin, Karin D. Berg. (2003) A Single Nucleotide Primer Extension Assay to Detect the APC I1307K Gene Variant. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 5:4, 222-226
     

140. 140

     S. K. Clark, S. Carpenter, C. I. M. Broughton, C. G. Marks. (2003) Surveillance of individuals at intermediate risk of colorectal cancer - the impact of new guidelines. Colorectal Disease 5:6, 582-584
     

141. 141

     J. Weber. (2003) Une coloscopie à 50 ans pour tout le monde?. Acta Endoscopica 33:5, 748-756
     

142. 142

     N. Andrieu, G. Launoy, R. Guillois, C. Ory-Paoletti, M. Gignoux. (2003) Familial relative risk of colorectal cancer: a population-based study. European Journal of Cancer 39:13, 1904-1911
     

143. 143

     Philip S Schoenfeld, Roger Keith Fincher. (2003) Colonoscopic surveillance of patients with a family history of colon cancer and a history of normal colonoscopy: is a five-year interval between colonoscopies appropriate?1 1The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and should not be construed to represent in any way those of the Department of Defense, the Department of the Army, or the Department of the Navy.. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 1:4, 310-314
     

144. 144

     Philip Schoenfeld, Javaid Shad, Eric Ormseth, Walter Coyle, Brooks Cash, James Butler, William Schindler, Walter J. Kikendall, Christopher Furlong, Leslie H. Sobin, Christine M. Hobbs, David Cruess, Douglas Rex. (2003) Predictive value of diminutive colonic adenoma trial: The PREDICT trial. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 1:3, 195-201
     

145. 145

     Mary L. McMaster. (2003) Familial Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Seminars in Oncology 30:2, 146-152
     

146. 146

     Daniel L Feingold, Kenneth A Forde. (2003) Colorectal cancer surveillance after age 65 years. The American Journal of Surgery 185:4, 297-300
     

147. 147

     David E Loren, James Lewis, Michael L Kochman. (2003) Colon cancer: detection and prevention. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 17:2, 553-574
     

148. 148

     Kathryn L. Lynch, Dennis J. Ahnen, Tim Byers, David G. Weiss, David A. Lieberman. (2003) First-degree relatives of patients with advanced colorectal adenomas have an increased prevalence of colorectal cancer. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 1:2, 96-102
     

149. 149

     Mitchell S Cappell. (2003) Colon cancer during pregnancy. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 32:1, 341-383
     

150. 150

     Sharon Manne, Arnold Markowitz, Sidney Winawer, Jose Guillem, Neal J. Meropol, Daniel Haller, Lina Jandorf, William Rakowski, James Babb, Terry Duncan. (2003) Understanding Intention to Undergo Colonoscopy among Intermediate-Risk Siblings of Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Test of a Mediational Model. Preventive Medicine 36:1, 71-84
     

151. 151

     A. Ferrández Arenas, R. Sainz Samitier. (2003) Detección precoz del cáncer de colon. Estrategias individuales y colectivas. Revista Clínica Española 203:11, 542-544
     

152. 152

     Brad Trowbridge, Randall W. Burt. (2002) Colorectal cancer screening. Surgical Clinics of North America 82:5, 943-957
     

153. 153

     VICKI SELTZER. (2002) Role of the Obstetrician-Gynecologist in Reducing the Incidence of and Death Rate from Colorectal Cancer. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 45:3, 812-819
     

154. 154

     Kathryn A Peterson, James A DiSario. (2002) Secondary prevention: screening and surveillance of persons at average and high risk for colorectal cancer. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 16:4, 841-865
     

155. 155

     Anne-Marie Bouvier, J. Faivre, Catherine Lejeune. (2002) Stratégie de dépistage des cancers colorectaux chez les sujets à risque élevé. Acta Endoscopica 32:4, 623-631
     

156. 156

     Paula W. Yoon, Maren T. Scheuner, Kris L. Peterson-Oehlke, Marta Gwinn, Andrew Faucett, Muin J. Khoury. (2002) Can family history be used as a tool for public health and preventive medicine?. Genetics in Medicine 4:4, 304-310
     

157. 157

     David E Loren, James Lewis, Michael L Kochman. (2002) Colon cancer: detection and prevention. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 31:2, 565-586
     

158. 158

     Harold P. Freeman, Tarek A. Alshafie. (2002) Colorectal carcinoma in poor blacks. Cancer 94:9, 2327-2332
     

159. 159

     Esteve Fernandez, Carlo La Vecchia, Renato Talamini, Eva Negri. (2002) Joint Effects of Family History and Adult Life Dietary Risk Factors on Colorectal Cancer Risk. Epidemiology 13:3, 360-363
     

160. 160

     Alexandra M. Easson, Michelle Cotterchio, Jacqueline A. Crosby, Heather Sutherland, Darlene Dale, Melyssa Aronson, Eric Holowaty, Steven Gallinger. (2002) A population-based study of the extent of surgical resection of potentially curable colon cancer. Annals of Surgical Oncology 9:4, 380-387
     

161. 161

     Henry Pitot, Daniel Loeb. The Etiology of Cancer. In: Fundamentals of Oncology, Revised and Expanded. CRC Press, 2002:133-187.
     

162. 162

     Jean Faivre, Anne-Marie Bouvier, Claire Bonithon-Kopp. (2002) Epidemiology and screening of colorectal cancer. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 16:2, 187-199
     

163. 163

     Rupam Sharan, Robert E Schoen. (2002) Cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 31:1, 237-254
     

164. 164

     Hiroshi Yatsuya, Hideaki Toyoshima, Tetsuya Mizoue, Takaaki Kondo, Koji Tamakoshi, Yoko Hori, Noritaka Tokui, Yoshiharu Hoshiyama, Shogo Kikuchi, Kiyomi Sakata, Norihiko Hayakawa, Akiko Tamakoshi, Yoshiyuki Ohno, Takesumi Yoshimura. (2002) Family history and the risk of stomach cancer death in Japan: Differences by age and gender. International Journal of Cancer 97:5, 688-694
     

165. 165

     Sharon Manne, Arnold Markowitz, Sidney Winawer, Neal J. Meropol, Daniel Haller, William Rakowski, James Babb, Lina Jandorf. (2002) Correlates of colorectal cancer screening compliance and stage of adoption among siblings of individuals with early onset colorectal cancer.. Health Psychology 21:1, 3-15
     

166. 166

     Bernard Levin. (2001) Overview of Colorectal Cancer Screening in the United States. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology 19:3-4, 9-19
     

167. 167

     Kari Hemminki, Xinjun Li. (2001) Familial colorectal adenocarcinoma from the Swedish family-cancer database. International Journal of Cancer 94:5, 743-748
     

168. 168

     James Church, Ann Lowry, Clifford Simmang. (2001) Practice parameters for the identification and testing of patients at risk for dominantly inherited colorectal cancer—supporting documentation. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 44:10, 1404-1412
     

169. 169

     Louise E. Johns, Richard S. Houlston. (2001) A systematic review and meta-analysis of familial colorectal cancer risk. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 96:10, 2992-3003
     

170. 170

     Ann-Marie Codori, Gloria M. Petersen, Diana L. Mighoretti, Patricia Boyd. (2001) Health beliefs and endoscopic screening for colorectal cancer: Potential for cancer prevention. Preventive Medicine 33:2, 128-136
     

171. 171

     Jon Emery, Anneke Lucassen, Michael Murphy. (2001) Common hereditary cancers and implications for primary care. The Lancet 358:9275, 56-63
     

172. 172

     Johan Askling, Paul W. Dickman, Per Karlén, Olle Broström, Annika Lapidus, Robert Löfberg, Anders Ekbom. (2001) Family history as a risk factor for colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 120:6, 1356-1362
     

173. 173

     U Armbrecht. (2001) Endoscopic screening in the prevention of colorectal cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 10:2, 169-172
     

174. 174

     Nora Wong, Dana Lasko, Rogério Rabelo, Leonard Pinsky, Philip H. Gordon, William Foulkes. (2001) Genetic counseling and interpretation of genetic tests in familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 44:2, 271-279
     

175. 175

     Hartley S. Stern, Sheila Viertelhausen, Alasdair G.W. Hunter, Keith O'rourke, Mario Cappelli, Helene Perras, Kim Serfas, Andrea Blumenthall, Danielle Dewar, Ewa Baumann, Alain E. Lagarde. (2001) APC I1307K increases risk of transition from polyp to colorectal carcinoma in Ashkenazi Jews. Gastroenterology 120:2, 392-400
     

176. 176

     Anita Y. Kinney, Brenda M. DeVellis, Cecile Skrzynia, Robert Millikan. (2001) Genetic testing for colorectal carcinoma susceptibility. Cancer 91:1, 57-65
     

177. 177

     Johan Askling, Paul W Dickman, Per Karlén, Olle Broström, Annika Lapidus, Robert Löfberg, Anders Ekbom. (2001) Colorectal cancer rates among first-degree relatives of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. The Lancet 357:9252, 262-266
     

178. 178

     Leyo Ruo, Christina Cellini, Jorge Puig La-Calle, Melissa Murray, Howard T. Thaler, Stuart H. Q. Quan, Jose G. Guillem. (2001) Limitations of family cancer history assessment at initial surgical consultation. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 44:1, 98-103
     

179. 179

     F. Cardellach, Antoni Castells. (2001) Prevención del cáncer colorrectal. Medicina Clínica 117:2, 69-75
     

180. 180

     James S. Wu, Victor W. Fazio. (2000) Colon cancer. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 43:11, 1473-1486
     

181. 181

     Martha Crosier Wood, Catherine Tomeo Ryan. (2000) Resources on Colorectal Cancer for Patients. Cancer Practice 8:6, 308-310
     

182. 182

     Martha Crosier Wood, Catherine Tomeo Ryan. (2000) Resources on Colorectal Cancer for Patients. Cancer Practice 8:6, 308-310
     

183. 183

     Robert E. Schoen. (2000) Families at Risk for Colorectal Cancer. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 31:2, 114-120
     

184. 184

     John H. Bond. (2000) COLORECTAL CANCER UPDATE. Medical Clinics of North America 84:5, 1163-1182
     

185. 185

     Maria Planck, Harald Anderson, Anna Bladstrm, Torgil Mller, Eva Wenngren, Hkan Olsson. (2000) Increased cancer risk in offspring of women with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 89:4, 741-749
     

186. 186

     Damian J Dowling, D James B St John, Finlay A Macrae, John L Hopper. (2000) Yield from colonoscopic screening in people with a strong family history of common colorectal cancer. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 15:8, 939-944
     

187. 187

     Lieberman , David A. , Weiss , David G. , Bond , John H. , Ahnen , Dennis J. , Garewal , Harinder , Harford , William V. , Provenzale , Dawn , Sontag , Steve , Schnell , Tom , Durbin , Theodore E. , Nelson , Doug B. , Ewing , Steve L. , Triadafilopoulos , George , Ramirez , Francisco C. , Lee , John G. , Collins , Judith F. , Fennerty , M. Brian , Johnston , Tiina K. , Corless , Christopher L. , McQuaid , Kenneth R. , Sampliner , Richard E. , Morales , Thomas G. , Fass , Ronnie , Smith , Robert , Maheshwari , Yogesh , Chejfec , Gregorio , . (2000) Use of Colonoscopy to Screen Asymptomatic Adults for Colorectal Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 343:3, 162-168
     Free Full Text

188. 188

     Paul F. Pinsky. (2000) Does Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Explain the Observed Excess Risk of Colorectal Cancer Associated with Family History?. Epidemiology 11:3, 297-303
     

189. 189

     Jon Emery, Michael Murphy, Anneke Lucassen. (2000) Hereditary cancer – the evidence for current recommended management. The Lancet Oncology 1, 9-16
     

190. 190

     Douglas K. Rex, David A. Johnson, David A. Lieberman, Randall W. Burt, Amnon Sonnenberg. (2000) Colorectal cancer prevention 2000: screening recommendations of the American College of Gastroenterology. In conjunction with ACG Consumer Brochure: "ACG Recommendations on Colorectal Cancer Screening for Average and Higher Risk Patients in Clinical Practice".. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 95:4, 868-877
     

191. 191

     Eaden, Abrams, Ekbom, Jackson, Mayberry. (2000) Colorectal cancer prevention in ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 14:2, 145-153
     

192. 192

     Michael A. Silverman, Uzma Zaidi, Scott Barnett, Carlos Robles, Vikas Khurana, Howard Manten, David Barnes, Lucy Chua, Bernard A. Roos. (2000) CANCER SCREENING IN THE ELDERLY POPULATION. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 14:1, 89-112
     

193. 193

     Bernard Levin. (2000) Genetic syndromes as potential targets for chemoprevention of colorectal neoplasia. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 77:S34, 19-22
     

194. 194

     Elizabeth A. Platz, Edward Giovannucci. Colon and Rectal Cancer in Women. In: Women and Health. Elsevier, 2000:962-976.
     

195. 195

     Smita Bhatia, Charles B. Pratt, Gerald B. Sharp, Leslie L. Robison. (1999) Family history of cancer in children and young adults with colorectal cancer. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 33:5, 470-475
     

196. 196

     James F. Helm, Robert S. Sandler. (1999) COLORECTAL CANCER SCREENING. Medical Clinics of North America 83:6, 1403-1422
     

197. 197

     Clifford L. Simmang, Peter Senatore, Ann Lowry, Terry Hicks, Marcus Burnstein, Frederick Dentsman, Victor Fazio, Edward Glennon, Neil Hyman, Bruce Kerner, John Kilkenny, Richard Moore, Walter Peters, Theodore Ross, Paul Savoca, Anthony Vernava, Douglas W. Wong. (1999) Practice parameters for detection of colorectal neoplasms. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 42:9, 1123-1129
     

198. 198

     Jonathan P. Terdiman, Peggy G. Conrad, Marvin H. Sleisenger. (1999) Genetic testing in hereditary colorectal cancer: indications and procedures. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 94:9, 2344-2356
     

199. 199

     K Matsuda. (1999) Ulcerative colitis patients with a family history of colorectal cancer should be subjected to close and careful surveillance. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 29:9, 448-451
     

200. 200

     Karen E. Bowles, Craig Wynne, Michael J. Baime. (1999) SCREENING FOR CANCER IN THE PATIENT WITH RHEUMATIC DISEASE. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 25:3, 719-744
     

201. 201

     R. E. Schoen, C. M. Tangen, L. H. Kuller, G. L. Burke, M. Cushman, R. P. Tracy, A. Dobs, P. J. Savage. (1999) Increased Blood Glucose and Insulin, Body Size, and Incident Colorectal Cancer. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 91:13, 1147-1154
     

202. 202

     J. Moore, P. Hewett, J. C. Penfold, W. Adams, J. Cartmill, P. Chapuis, I. Cunningham, K. C. Farmer, P. Hewett, D. Hoffmann, J. Jass, I. Jones, M. Killingback, M. Levitt, J. Lumley, A. Mcleish, A. Meagher, J. Moore, R. Newland, G. Newstead, J. Oakley, I. Olver, C. Platell, A. Polglase, R. Sarre, D. Schache, M. Solomon, P. Stewart, R. Stitz, J. Sweeney, J. Tjandra, B. Waxman. (1999) PRACTICE PARAMETERS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF COLONIC CANCER II: OTHER ISSUES. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COLORECTAL SURGICAL SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA. ANZ Journal of Surgery 69:7, 472-478
     

203. 203

     Jennifer L Ivanovich, Thomas E Read, David J Ciske, Ira J Kodner, Alison J Whelan. (1999) A practical approach to familial and hereditary colorectal cancer. The American Journal of Medicine 107:1, 68-77
     

204. 204

     Joel Craig Box, Miguel A. Rodriguez-Bigas, Thomas K. Weber, Nicholas J. Petrelli. (1999) Clinical implications of multiple colorectal carcinomas in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 42:6, 717-721
     

205. 205

     Alfred C. Marcus, Dennis Ahnen, Gary Cutter, Ned Calonge, Sarah Russell, Scot M. Sedlacek, Marie Wood, David Manchester, Lynda Fox, Worta McCaskill-Stevens, Diane Fairclough, Steve Hines, Lari Wenzel, Kyle Osborn. (1999) Promoting Cancer Screening among the First-Degree Relatives of Breast and Colorectal Cancer Patients: The Design of Two Randomized Trials. Preventive Medicine 28:3, 229-242
     

206. 206

     Marshall S. Bedine. (1999) Colorectal carcinoma: Etiology, diagnosis, and screening. Comprehensive Therapy 25:3, 163-168
     

207. 207

     John H. Bond. (1999) Colorectal surveillance for neoplasia: an overview. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 49:3, S35-S40
     

208. 208

     R GRYFE, N DINICOLA, G LAL, S GALLINGER, M REDSTON. (1999) Inherited Colorectal Polyposis and Cancer Risk of the APC I1307K Polymorphism. The American Journal of Human Genetics 64:2, 378-384
     

209. 209

     R Declan Fleming. (1998) Colorectal cancer screening and follow-up. Surgical Oncology 7:3-4, 125-137
     

210. 210

     Richard A. Kerber, Martha L. Slattery, John D. Potter, Bette J. Caan, Sandra L. Edwards. (1998) Risk of colon cancer associated with a family history of cancer or colorectal polyps: The Diet, Activity, and Reproduction in Colon Cancer Study. International Journal of Cancer 78:2, 157-160
     

211. 211

     Alexandre Pariente, Chantal Milan, Jacques Lafon, Jean Faivre. (1998) Colonoscopic screening in first-degree relatives of patients with ‘sporadic’ colorectal cancer: A case-control study. Gastroenterology 115:1, 7-12
     

212. 212

     DJ FROMMER. (1998) What's new in colorectal cancer screening?. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 13:5, 528-533
     

213. 213

     LESLIE RAFFEL. (1998) Genetic Counseling and Genetic Testing for Cancer Risk Assessment. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 41:1, 141-156
     

214. 214

     David Lieberman, MD. (1998) HOW TO SCREEN FOR COLON CANCER ^{1 1}. Annual Review of Medicine 49:1, 163-172
     

215. 215

     Maren T. Scheuner, Sue-Jane Wang, Leslie J. Raffel, Susan K. Larabell, Jerome I. Rotter. (1997) Family history: A comprehensive genetic risk assessment method for the chronic conditions of adulthood. American Journal of Medical Genetics 71:3, 315-324
     

216. 216

     Joyann A. Kroser, Dale R. Bachwich, Gary R. Lichtenstein. (1997) RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMA AND THEIR MODIFICATION. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 11:4, 547-577
     

217. 217

     Dorien W. Voskuil, Hans F.A. Vasen, Ellen Kampman, Pieter van't Veer and The National Collabo. (1997) Colorectal cancer risk in HNPCC families: Development during lifetime and in successive generations. International Journal of Cancer 72:2, 205-209
     

218. 218

     Edward C. Kim, Peter Lance. (1997) COLORECTAL POLYPS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO CANCER. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 26:1, 1-17
     

219. 219

     Ann G. Zauber, Sidney J. Winawer. (1997) INITIAL MANAGEMENT AND FOLLOW-UP SURVEILLANCE OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL ADENOMAS. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 26:1, 85-101
     

220. 220

     Judith Karner-Hanusch, Martina Mittlböck, Thomas Fillipitsch, Friedrich Herbst. (1997) Family history as a marker of risk for colorectal cancer: Austrian experience. World Journal of Surgery 21:2, 205-209
     

221. 221

     GRAHAM A. COLDITZ, JOANN E. MANSON, SUSAN E. HANKINSON. (1997) The Nurses' Health Study: 20-Year Contribution to the Understanding of Health Among Women. Journal of Women's Health 6:1, 49-62
     

222. 222

     Ya-Yu Tsai, Gloria M. Petersen, Susan V. Booker, Judith A. Bacon, Stanley R. Hamilton, Francis M. Giardiello. (1997) Evidence against genetic anticipation in familial colorectal cancer. Genetic Epidemiology 14:4, 435-446
     

223. 223

     Päivi Peltomäki, Albert de la Chapelle. Mutations Predisposing to Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer. Elsevier, 1997:93-119.
     

224. 224

     Randall W. Burt. (1996) FAMILIAL RISK AND COLORECTAL CANCER. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 25:4, 793-803
     

225. 225

     Robert S. Sandler. (1996) EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS FOR COLORECTAL CANCER. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 25:4, 717-735
     

226. 226

     Bendix Carstensen, Helle Soll-Johanning, Ebbe Villadsen, Jens O. Søndergaard, Elsebeth Lynge. (1996) Familial aggregation of colorectal cancer in the general population. International Journal of Cancer 68:4, 428-435
     

227. 227

     José G. Guillem, Andrew L. Bastar, Jeremy Ng, Jennifer L. Huhn, Alfred M. Cohen. (1996) Clustering of colorectal cancer in families of probands under 40 years of age. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 39:9, 1004-1007
     

228. 228

     N. R. Hall, D. T. Bishop, B. M. Stephenson, P. J. Finan. (1996) Hereditary susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 39:7, 739-743
     

229. 229

     MARCIA GRUBER. (1996) Performance of Flexible Sigmoidoscopy by a Clinical Nurse Specialist. Gastroenterology Nursing 19:3, 105-108
     

230. 230

     Barbara S. VanDerWerken, Wallace C. Wu. (1996) Endoscopic evaluation of colon polyps. Seminars in Roentgenology 31:2, 118-124
     

231. 231

     David J. Ott. (1996) Barium enema: Colorectal polyps and carcinoma. Seminars in Roentgenology 31:2, 125-141
     

232. 232

     Randall W. Burt. (1996) Familial risk and colon cancer. International Journal of Cancer 69:1, 44-46
     

233. 233

     Winawer , Sidney J. , Zauber , Ann G. , Gerdes , Hans , O'Brien , Michael J. , Gottlieb , Leonard S. , Sternberg , Stephen S. , Bond , John H. , Waye , Jerome D. , Schapiro , Melvin , Panish , Joel F. , Kurtz , Robert C. , Shike , Moshe , Ackroyd , Frederick W. , Stewart , Edward T. , Skolnick , Mark , Bishop , D. Timothy , the National Polyp Study Workgroup. (1996) Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Families of Patients with Adenomatous Polyps. New England Journal of Medicine 334:2, 82-87
     Free Full Text

234. 234

     Heiko Becher, Jenny Chang-Claude. (1996) Estimating disease risks for individuals with a given family history in different populations with an application to breast cancer. Genetic Epidemiology 13:3, 229-242
     

235. 235

     Randall W. Burt. (1996) Cohorts with familial disposition for colon cancers in chemoprevention trials. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 63:S25, 131-135
     

236. 236

     Michael C. Luce, Giancarlo Marra, Dharam P. Chauhan, Luigi Laghi, John M. Carethers, Sajeev P. Cherian, Mary Hawn, Cameron G. Binnie, Lauren N.W. Kam-Morgan, Matthew C. Cayouette, Minoru Koi, C.Richard Boland. (1995) In vitro transcription/translation assay for the screening of hMLH1 and hMSH2 mutations in familial colon cancer. Gastroenterology 109:4, 1368-1374
     

237. 237

     S. E. Green, P. D. Chapman, J. Burn, D. T. Bishop, J. S. Varma. (1995) Clinical impact of colonoscopic screening in first-degree relatives of patients with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. British Journal of Surgery 82:10, 1338-1340
     

238. 238

     H.T Lynch, T Smyrk, J Lynch, R Fitzgibbons, S Lanspa, T McGinn. (1995) Update on the differential diagnosis, surveillance and management of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. European Journal of Cancer 31:7-8, 1039-1046
     

239. 239

     G.M Petersen. (1995) Genetic epidemiology of colorectal cancer. European Journal of Cancer 31:7-8, 1047-1050
     

240. 240

     (1995) Family History and Colorectal Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 332:23, 1578-1579
     Free Full Text

241. 241

     Lee Goldman. (1995) Internal medicine update. Journal of General Internal Medicine 10:6, 331-341
     

Letters