Original Article

Improvement in Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Resistance in Obese Subjects Treated with Troglitazone

John J. Nolan, Bernhard Ludvik, Patricia Beerdsen, Mary Joyce, and Jerrold Olefsky

N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1188-1193November 3, 1994

Abstract

Background

Troglitazone decreases insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), but its effects on subjects without diabetes are not known.

Full Text of Background...

Methods

We performed oral and intravenous glucose-tolerance tests, studies with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, meal-tolerance tests, and 24-hour blood-pressure measurements at base line and after the administration of troglitazone, 200 mg orally twice daily, or placebo for 12 weeks in 18 nondiabetic obese subjects, 9 of whom had impaired glucose tolerance.

Full Text of Methods...

Results

The mean (±SD) rates of glucose disposal increased from 4.7 ±1.7 to 6.0 ±1.7 mg per kilogram of body weight per minute (P = 0.004) and from 9.0 ±1.8 to 9.9 ±1.3 mg per kilogram per minute (P = 0.02) during insulin infusions of 40 and 300 mU per square meter of body-surface area per minute, respectively, in the troglitazone group. The insulin-sensitivity index, calculated from the results of intravenous glucose-tolerance tests, increased from 0.7 ±0.6 × 10^-4 to 1.6 ±0.9 × 10^-4 in subjects given troglitazone, and their glycemic response to oral glucose and to mixed meals decreased. The mean fasting plasma insulin concentration decreased by 48 percent (P = 0.002), and the plasma insulin response to oral glucose and mixed meals decreased by 40 and 41 percent, respectively. The changes were similar in the subjects with normal glucose tolerance and those with impaired glucose tolerance. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 5 ±2 mm Hg (P = 0.05) and 4 ±2 mm Hg (P = 0.04), respectively, after treatment with troglitazone. There were virtually no changes in the placebo group.

Full Text of Results...

Conclusions

Troglitazone decreases insulin resistance and improves glucose tolerance in obese subjects with either impaired or normal glucose tolerance. The ability of troglitazone to reduce insulin resistance could be useful in preventing NIDDM.

Full Text of Discussion...

Read the Full Article...

Media in This Article

Figure 1Results of Oral Glucose-Tolerance Tests before and after the Administration of Troglitazone or Placebo for 12 Weeks in Obese Subjects without Diabetes.

Figure 2Results of Meal-Tolerance Tests before and after the Administration of Troglitazone or Placebo for 12 Weeks in Obese Subjects without Diabetes.

Article Activity

305 articles have cited this article

Article

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is likely to develop in persons with impaired glucose tolerance. The proportion of study subjects in whom the condition progresses to diabetes depends on their characteristics, the length of follow-up, and the means of assessment1-5. Insulin resistance is characteristic of impaired glucose tolerance and is a metabolic abnormality that precedes the development of glucose intolerance and NIDDM6-9. In subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are often associated with dyslipidemia and hypertension,10 and these people also have an increased risk of premature atherosclerosis. Since insulin resistance appears to be central to the etiologic process of this entire syndrome, treatments that improve the action of insulin could be beneficial. Although weight reduction and exercise have such a beneficial effect, compliance and widespread application are problematic. Until recently, no drugs for the treatment of insulin resistance were available.

This situation changed with the introduction of a class of drugs termed thiazolidinediones. Troglitazone is a member of this class of antidiabetic drugs that improve insulin resistance. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, troglitazone appears to improve the action of insulin in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue directly,11-13 and it reduces elevated plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in diabetic animals with hyperinsulinemia12.

The administration of troglitazone to patients with NIDDM improves both fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia and insulinemia14. This reduction in hyperglycemia is associated with a near normalization of the rates of hepatic glucose production and a 40-to-60-percent increase in insulin-mediated glucose disposal as measured by the glucose-clamp technique14. In the aggregate, these results are consistent with an effect of troglitazone on the insulin resistance of the liver and skeletal muscle. In this study we measured a spectrum of metabolic variables in a group of obese subjects with insulin resistance who did not have diabetes, half of whom had impaired glucose tolerance, before and after 12 weeks of treatment with troglitazone or placebo, in a randomized double-blind fashion.

Methods

Study Subjects and Protocol

We studied 18 obese subjects (15 men and 3 women), 9 of whom had impaired glucose tolerance according to criteria outlined by the World Health Organization15 -- that is, a fasting plasma glucose concentration below 140 mg per deciliter (7.8 mmol per liter) and a plasma glucose concentration between 140 and 199 mg per deciliter (7.8 and 11.0 mmol per liter) two hours after an oral-glucose challenge. The characteristics of the subjects at base line are shown in Table 1Table 1Base-Line Clinical Characteristics of the Study Subjects.. Obesity was defined as a body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of more than 27; subjects with values above 39 were excluded. Persons with a history or laboratory evidence of chronic illness were also excluded, as were women who were capable of childbearing and persons taking medications that could influence glucose metabolism. The protocol was approved by the human subjects committee, and all subjects gave written informed consent.

Starting at least five weeks before the study and then for the duration of the study, the subjects followed a weight-maintaining diet (28 to 32 kcal per kilogram of body weight) consisting of 50 percent carbohydrate, 35 percent fat, and 15 percent protein. Inpatient meals were prepared under the supervision of the metabolic nutritionist; the outpatient diet was prepared according to specific instructions given to each subject, and the subjects were asked to record their food intake at home. Fat-free body mass was measured by weighing the subjects under water16. The subjects received either troglitazone, 200 mg twice daily orally (12 subjects; 7 with impaired glucose tolerance), or placebo (6 subjects; 2 with impaired glucose tolerance) for 12 weeks in accordance with preassigned randomization codes. The pharmacists, investigators, and study subjects were not aware of the treatment code, which was broken only after the completion of all analyses. The subjects were seen and examined weekly to monitor their general well-being and potential adverse reactions. Compliance was monitored by weekly pill counts. Each subject's dietary records were reviewed weekly by the metabolic nutritionist to ensure compliance. Physical activity was maintained at a constant level throughout the study, and caloric intake was adjusted as necessary to ensure weight maintenance. Body weight, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose concentrations, and serum chemical and hematologic profiles were determined at each visit.

Base-Line and Final Metabolic Assessments

The subjects were hospitalized for 7 to 10 days for the base-line and final studies. Blood pressure was recorded continuously for 24 hours with a Spacelabs (Redmond, Wash.) portable recording system. On separate days, in random order, the subjects underwent a standard three-hour oral glucose-tolerance test (75 g), a seven-hour meal-tolerance test (with two identical liquid-formula meals of the same composition as the study diet, each containing 33 percent of the daily calories, prepared in the metabolic kitchen, which were consumed at 8:30 a.m. and 12:30 p.m.), and an intravenous glucose-tolerance test (300 mg of glucose per kilogram)17. On two other days, in random order, studies with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in which insulin was infused at rates of 40 and 300 mU per square meter per minute for at least 240 minutes were performed as previously described14. Glucose turnover was measured by a concomitant infusion of [3-³H]glucose, with the variable tracer method,18 and calculated with the Steele equations19. Plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon concentrations were measured as described previously14.

Insulin sensitivity was estimated by two methods. The insulin-sensitivity index represents the ability of endogenous insulin to increase the disappearance of glucose from the extracellular fluid, both by inhibiting hepatic glucose production and by stimulating peripheral glucose use. It is calculated from the plasma insulin and glucose values measured after the intravenous administration of glucose17. The clamp-derived insulin-sensitivity index is an index of the effect of a change in the plasma insulin concentration on glucose clearance (the rate of glucose uptake divided by the plasma glucose concentration) per unit of body-surface area. The index for each subject was calculated with the use of the basal hepatic glucose output, basal plasma insulin concentrations, the glucose-disposal rate, and mean plasma insulin concentrations from the studies with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in which the insulin-infusion rate was 40 mU per square meter per minute. Thus, the clamp-derived insulin-sensitivity index = (ΔGDR/ΔI × G), where GDR (glucose-disposal rate) is expressed in milligrams per square meter per minute, I (insulin) is expressed in microunits per milliliter, and G (glucose) is expressed in milligrams per deciliter, as previously described20.

Statistical Analysis

Single-variable statistical comparisons were made with paired t-tests for pretreatment and post-treatment results. The results of glucose-tolerance and meal-tolerance tests were subjected to analysis of variance for repeated measures. The incremental area under the curve (for the glucose- and meal-tolerance tests) was calculated by summing the areas of successive triangles and rectangles under the graph for mean increases above the basal values. All statistical tests were two-tailed.

Results

The subjects' weights and levels of physical activity did not change during the study. Troglitazone was well tolerated by all subjects, and none had any subjective side effects or persistent abnormalities in laboratory variables.

The mean fasting plasma glucose concentration decreased slightly in the troglitazone group and did not change in the placebo group (Table 2Table 2Summary of Metabolic Measurements before and after the Administration of Troglitazone or Placebo for 12 Weeks in Nondiabetic Obese Subjects.). There was a 48 percent decrease in the mean fasting plasma insulin concentration in the former group (P = 0.002), and no substantial change in the latter. The fasting plasma glucagon concentrations and rates of basal hepatic glucose output did not change substantially in either group.

Oral Glucose-Tolerance Tests

For the troglitazone group as a whole, the average base-line plasma glucose concentrations met the criteria for impaired glucose tolerance, whereas the values were normal after treatment (Figure 1Figure 1Results of Oral Glucose-Tolerance Tests before and after the Administration of Troglitazone or Placebo for 12 Weeks in Obese Subjects without Diabetes.). For example, mean (±SD) values at two hours were 146 ±25 and 126 ±17 mg per deciliter (8.1 ±1.4 and 7.0 ±0.9 mmol per liter) before and after troglitazone treatment, respectively, and the incremental area under the glucose curve decreased by 25 percent. All but one of the seven subjects in the troglitazone group who had impaired glucose tolerance before treatment had normal glucose tolerance after treatment. The mean two-hour values in these seven subjects were 164 ±14 and 131 ±19 mg per deciliter (9.1 ±0.8 and 7.3 ±1.1 mmol per liter) before and after troglitazone treatment, respectively, and the incremental area under the curve decreased by 36 percent (P = 0.03). Troglitazone also reduced plasma insulin concentrations, with a 40 percent decrease in the incremental area under the curve (P = 0.002) (there was a 48 percent decrease in this variable in the seven subjects with impaired glucose tolerance; P = 0.008). There was no change in either plasma glucose or insulin concentrations in the placebo group.

Meal-Tolerance Tests

The plasma glucose and insulin responses to the two mixed meals are shown in Figure 2Figure 2Results of Meal-Tolerance Tests before and after the Administration of Troglitazone or Placebo for 12 Weeks in Obese Subjects without Diabetes.. Treatment with troglitazone resulted in a 24 percent reduction in postprandial plasma glucose concentrations (incremental area under the glucose curve) and an even greater fall (41 percent, P = 0.006) in plasma insulin concentrations. The plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were virtually unchanged in the placebo group. The effect of troglitazone was greater among the subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, in whom the area under the glucose curve decreased by 40 percent after troglitazone therapy. Plasma free fatty acid and glucagon concentrations did not change in either group.

Measurements of Insulin Resistance

The results of the glucose-clamp studies are shown in Figure 3Figure 3Measurements of Insulin Resistance before and after the Administration of Troglitazone or Placebo for 12 Weeks in Obese Subjects without Diabetes.. At infusion rates of both 40 and 300 mU of insulin per square meter per minute, there was a significant increase in the rate of glucose disposal in the group given troglitazone. At the lower (and more physiologic) rate of insulin infusion, the mean rate of glucose disposal increased from 4.7 ±1.7 to 6.0 ±1.7 mg per kilogram per minute (P = 0.004); 10 of 12 subjects had increased values. At the higher rate of insulin infusion, the rate of glucose disposal increased from 9.0 ±1.8 to 9.9 ±1.3 mg per kilogram per minute (P = 0.02). There were virtually no changes in the placebo group. The values for the clamp-derived insulin-sensitivity index, which approximate the slope of the effect of this range of insulinemia (from basal concentrations to concentrations of approximately 90 micro U per milliliter [approximately 540 pmol per liter]) in stimulating glucose disposal, increased from 1.6 to 2.8 (P = 0.007) after troglitazone treatment (the increase was more than twofold in the subgroup with impaired glucose tolerance but did not change in the placebo group). The values for the insulin-sensitivity index as calculated from the results of the intravenous glucose-tolerance test17 more than doubled, from 0.7 ±0.6 × 10^-4 to 1.6 ±0.9 × 10^-4 (P = 0.002), in the troglitazone group (Figure 3); 10 of the 12 subjects had improved values. There was a small but not statistically significant decrease in the placebo group.

Blood Pressure and Plasma Lipid Concentrations

Troglitazone treatment was associated with a statistically significant reduction in systolic blood pressure of 5 ±2 mm Hg (P = 0.05) and in diastolic blood pressure of 4 ±2 mm Hg (P = 0.04) (Table 2). There was an increase in systolic blood pressure in the placebo group. The mean plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations at base line were similar in both groups, and the values did not change substantially in either group.

Discussion

A 12-week course of treatment with troglitazone in a group of nondiabetic subjects with insulin resistance decreased insulin insensitivity, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension. These abnormalities have been reported as potential risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease10. Our results suggest that primary treatment of insulin resistance may improve the overall risk profile for cardiovascular disease.

These results are consistent with the reported effects of troglitazone in vitro and in animals. Thus, although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, this drug works directly on skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue to potentiate the action of insulin13. It also has potent glucose- and insulin-reducing effects and reduces insulin resistance in diabetic animals with hyperinsulinemia12. Treating patients with NIDDM with troglitazone reduces hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia and improves insulin sensitivity11,14.

The measures of insulin resistance we used did not all show the same degree of improvement. For example, after troglitazone treatment the increase in glucose disposal during the glucose-clamp study in which a high dose of insulin was infused was not as great as the increase during the study in which a lower dose of insulin was infused. This finding is fully consistent with our previous observations that impaired glucose tolerance is characterized by decreased insulin sensitivity with little change in insulin responsiveness21. In other words, insulin resistance is manifested at physiologic plasma insulin concentrations, with a normal response to pharmacologic concentrations. Treatment that improves the insulin resistance in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance would therefore have its greatest effect at physiologic insulin concentrations. The results of the calculations of insulin sensitivity support this conclusion. In both tests, which measure insulin sensitivity over the physiologic range of insulin concentrations, troglitazone treatment was associated with an even greater improvement in this index than in glucose disposal. Although the exact cellular mechanisms causing insulin resistance in the type of subjects we studied are not known, our results suggest that troglitazone exerts its effects at a cellular site relevant to the basic defect in these subjects.

Oral glucose tolerance was improved after troglitazone treatment; the mean postprandial plasma glucose concentrations decreased, as did the concentrations measured during glucose-tolerance tests. Predictably, this improvement was greatest in the subjects whose glucose values were highest initially; six of seven subjects with impaired glucose tolerance had normal glucose tolerance after troglitazone treatment.

It has been proposed that insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, or both can cause hypertension in some subjects, but the mechanisms are poorly understood10. Our results, showing that troglitazone, a drug that improves the action of insulin, can also lower blood pressure, strengthen the association between the syndrome of insulin resistance and hypertension.

The fact that troglitazone can improve insulin resistance, lower plasma insulin concentrations, and normalize glucose tolerance in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance could have implications for the prevention of NIDDM. Insulin resistance is a primary metabolic defect in most patients with NIDDM6-9. Thus, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are present many years before glucose tolerance deteriorates6,7. Acquired factors, such as obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and aging, may be contributory, but insulin resistance is probably a primary inherited feature in most patients with NIDDM. In the presence of normal beta-cell function, this will lead to hyperinsulinemia but relatively normal glucose tolerance9. Thus, in the compensated insulin-resistant, hyperinsulinemic state one has either normal glucose tolerance or impaired glucose tolerance, but not diabetes. In patients in whom diabetes develops, the process of compensatory hyperinsulinemia eventually fails and beta-cell function declines, leading to hyperglycemia. Therefore, interventions that might ameliorate insulin resistance in the prediabetic state could be of potential benefit in preventing the development of NIDDM, assuming that the agents' effects on insulin resistance would be sustained during prolonged periods of treatment.

In summary, treatment of nondiabetic obese subjects who have insulin resistance with the new antidiabetic agent troglitazone decreases insulin resistance, reduces hyperinsulinemia, improves glucose tolerance, and reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Supported in part by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (DK 33651), a grant from the General Clinical Research Centers of the National Institutes of Health (MO1 RR00827), and a grant from the Sankyo Pharmaceutical Company. Dr. Ludvik is a recipient of a Max-Kade Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship Award.

Dr. Olefsky is a consultant to Parke Davis Company, which holds the license for troglitazone in the United States.

We are indebted to the staff of the Special Diagnostic and Treatment Unit at the San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, to Ms. Elizabeth Hansen for assistance in the preparation of the manuscript, to Ms. Reena Deutsch for statistical advice, and to the study participants, who gave generously of their time and energy.

Source Information

From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, La Jolla (J.J.N., B.L., P.B., J.O.), and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, Calif. (M.J.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Olefsky at the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 9111-G, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.

References

References

1. 1

   Kosaka K, Hagura R, Kuzuya T. Insulin responses in equivocal and definite diabetes, with special reference to subjects who had mild glucose intolerance but later developed definite diabetes. Diabetes 1977;26:944-952
   Web of Science | Medline

2. 2

   Keen H, Jarrett RJ, McCartney P. The ten-year follow-up of the Bedford survey (1962-1972): glucose tolerance and diabetes. Diabetologia 1982;22:73-78
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

3. 3

   Kadowaki T, Miyake Y, Hagura R, et al. Risk factors for worsening to diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia 1984;26:44-49
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

4. 4

   Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Saad MF, Bennett PH. Diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians: incidence, risk factors and pathogenesis. Diabetes Metab Rev 1990;6:1-27
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

5. 5

   Haffner SM, Stern MP, Mitchell BD, Hazuda HP, Patterson JK. Incidence of type II diabetes in Mexican Americans predicted by fasting insulin and glucose levels, obesity, and body-fat distribution. Diabetes 1990;39:283-288
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

6. 6

   Warram JH, Martin BC, Krolewski AS, Soeldner JS, Kahn CR. Slow glucose removal rate and hyperinsulinemia precede the development of type II diabetes in the offspring of diabetic parents. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:909-915
   Web of Science | Medline

7. 7

   Eriksson J, Franssila-Kallunki A, Ekstrand A, et al. Early metabolic defects in persons at increased risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1989;321:337-343
   Full Text | Web of Science | Medline

8. 8

   Ho LT, Chang ZY, Wang JT, et al. Insulin insensitivity in offspring of parents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med 1990;7:31-34
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

9. 9

   Lillioja S, Mott DM, Spraul M, et al. Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: prospective studies of Pima Indians. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1988-1992
   Full Text | Web of Science | Medline

10. 10

    Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988;37:1595-1607
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

11. 11

    Iwamoto Y, Kuzuya T, Matsuda A, et al. Effects of new oral antidiabetic agent CS-045 on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1991;14:1083-1086
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

12. 12

    Fujiwara T, Yoshioka S, Yoshioka T, Ushiyama I, Horikoshi H. Characterization of new oral antidiabetic agent CS-045: studies in KK and ob/ob mice and Zucker fatty rats. Diabetes 1988;37:1549-1558
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

13. 13

    Ciaraldi TP, Gilmore A, Olefsky JM, Goldberg M, Heidenreich KA. In vitro studies on the action of CS-045, a new antidiabetic agent. Metabolism 1990;39:1056-1062
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

14. 14

    Suter SL, Nolan JJ, Wallace P, Gumbiner B, Olefsky JM. Metabolic effects of new oral hypoglycemic agent CS-045 in NIDDM subjects. Diabetes Care 1992;15:193-203
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

15. 15

    Diabetes mellitus: report of a WHO study groupWorld Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1985;727:9-17
    

16. 16

    Goldman RF, Burskirk ER. Body volume measurement by underwater weighing: description of a method. In: Brozek J, Henschel A, eds. Techniques for measuring body composition. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, 1961:78-89.
    

17. 17

    Welch S, Gebhart SSP, Bergman RN, Phillips LS. Minimal model analysis of intravenous glucose tolerance test-derived insulin sensitivity in diabetic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:1508-1518
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

18. 18

    Finegood DT, Bergman RN, Vranic M. Estimation of endogenous glucose production during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamps: comparison of unlabeled and labeled exogenous glucose infusates. Diabetes 1987;36:914-924
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

19. 19

    Steele R. Influences of glucose loading and of injected insulin on hepatic glucose output. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1959;82:420-430
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

20. 20

    Bergman RN, Prager R, Volund A, Olefsky JM. Equivalence of the insulin sensitivity index in man derived by the minimal model method and the euglycemic glucose clamp. J Clin Invest 1987;79:790-800
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

21. 21

    Kolterman OG, Gray RS, Griffin J, et al. Receptor and postreceptor defects contribute to the insulin resistance in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1981;68:957-969
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

Citing Articles (305)

Citing Articles

1. 1

   P. McGilchrist, D. W. Pethick, S. P. F. Bonny, P. L. Greenwood, G. E. Gardner. (2011) Whole body insulin responsiveness is higher in beef steers selected for increased muscling. animal 5:10, 1579-1586
   CrossRef

2. 2

   Jang Hyun Choi, Alexander S. Banks, Theodore M. Kamenecka, Scott A. Busby, Michael J. Chalmers, Naresh Kumar, Dana S. Kuruvilla, Youseung Shin, Yuanjun He, John B. Bruning, David P. Marciano, Michael D. Cameron, Dina Laznik, Michael J. Jurczak, Stephan C. Schürer, Dušica Vidović, Gerald I. Shulman, Bruce M. Spiegelman, Patrick R. Griffin. (2011) Antidiabetic actions of a non-agonist PPARγ ligand blocking Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation. Nature 477:7365, 477-481
   CrossRef

3. 3

   JeanPhilippe Couture, Richard Blouin. (2011) The DLK gene is a transcriptional target of PPARγ. Biochemical Journal 438:1, 93-101
   CrossRef

4. 4

   Vaibhav A. Dixit, Prasad V. Bharatam. (2011) Toxic Metabolite Formation from Troglitazone (TGZ): New Insights from a DFT Study. Chemical Research in Toxicology 24:7, 1113-1122
   CrossRef

5. 5

   Yoshiko Mizuno, Robert F Jacob, R Preston Mason. (2011) Combined use of calcium channel blockers and inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin system for treating hypertension. Therapy 8:3, 247-260
   CrossRef

6. 6

   A Munir, S Kalathil, S Nag. (2011) Pleural effusion caused by pioglitazone: case report. Practical Diabetes International 28:4, 160-160a
   CrossRef

7. 7

   2011. Diabetes. , 25-48.
   CrossRef

8. 8

   So-Ra Jung, Young-Jun Kim, A-Ryeong Gwon, Jina Lee, Dong-Gyu Jo, Tae-Joon Jeon, Joung-Woo Hong, Ki-Moon Park, Kye Won Park. (2011) Genistein Mediates the Anti-Adipogenic Actions of Sophora japonica L. Extracts. Journal of Medicinal Food 14:4, 360-368
   CrossRef

9. 9

   Sun-Sil Choi, Byung-Yoon Cha, Kagami Iida, Young-Sil Lee, Takayuki Yonezawa, Toshiaki Teruya, Kazuo Nagai, Je-Tae Woo. (2011) Artepillin C, as a PPARγ ligand, enhances adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. Biochemical Pharmacology 81:7, 925-933
   CrossRef

10. 10

    Kalpana Muthusamy, Adrian Vella. 2011. Is Prediabetes a Risk Factor or is it a Disease?. , 1-10.
    CrossRef

11. 11

    Hyun-Ho Hwang, Pyong-Gon Moon, Jeong-Eun Lee, Jung-Guk Kim, Wan Lee, Sung-Ho Ryu, Moon-Chang Baek. (2011) Identification of the target proteins of rosiglitazone in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through proteomic analysis of cytosolic and secreted proteins. Molecules and Cells 31:3, 239-246
    CrossRef

12. 12

    Yoshiki Miyata, Haruyuki Tanaka, Arata Shimada, Takashi Sato, Akira Ito, Toshikazu Yamanouchi, Hiroshi Kosano. (2011) Regulation of adipocytokine secretion and adipocyte hypertrophy by polymethoxyflavonoids, nobiletin and tangeretin. Life Sciences 88:13-14, 613-618
    CrossRef

13. 13

    Masanobu Kawai, Ulrike I. Mödder, Sundeep Khosla, Clifford J. Rosen. (2011) Emerging therapeutic opportunities for skeletal restoration. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 10:2, 141-156
    CrossRef

14. 14

    Gerald J. Taborsky. 2011. Insulin and Glucagon Secretion in vivo and its Neural Control. .
    CrossRef

15. 15

    Sung Soo Chung, Byung Yong Ahn, Min Kim, Jun Ho Kho, Hye Seung Jung, Kyong Soo Park. (2011) SUMO modification selectively regulates transcriptional activity of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ in C2C12 myotubes. Biochemical Journal 433:1, 155-161
    CrossRef

16. 16

    Wei Wei, Yihong Wan. (2011) Thiazolidinediones on PPARγ: The Roles in Bone Remodeling. PPAR Research 2011, 1-9
    CrossRef

17. 17

    Yihong Wan. (2010) PPARγ in bone homeostasis. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 21:12, 722-728
    CrossRef

18. 18

    D. Gupta, T. Kono, C. Evans-Molina. (2010) The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in pancreatic β cell function and survival: therapeutic implications for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 12:12, 1036-1047
    CrossRef

19. 19

    Jackson G. Green, Nathan A. Johnson, Toos Sachinwalla, Christopher W. Cunningham, Martin W. Thompson, Stephen R. Stannard. (2010) Low-carbohydrate diet does not affect intramyocellular lipid concentration or insulin sensitivity in lean, physically fit men when protein intake is elevated. Metabolism 59:11, 1633-1641
    CrossRef

20. 20

    Yoshiko Mizuno, Robert F. Jacob, R. Preston Mason. (2010) Advances in Pharmacologic Modulation of Nitric Oxide in Hypertension. Current Cardiology Reports 12:6, 472-480
    CrossRef

21. 21

    Masanobu Kawai, Clifford J. Rosen. (2010) PPARγ: a circadian transcription factor in adipogenesis and osteogenesis. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 6:11, 629-636
    CrossRef

22. 22

    Paresh Dandona, Ajay Chaudhuri, Husam Ghanim. (2010) Rosiglitazone, thiazolidinediones and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 211:2, 384-385
    CrossRef

23. 23

    C. E. Quinn, C. J. Lockhart, P. K. Hamilton, C. M. Loughrey, G. E. McVeigh. (2010) Effect of pioglitazone on endothelial function in impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 12:8, 709-715
    CrossRef

24. 24

    Wei Wei, Xueqian Wang, Marie Yang, Leslie C. Smith, Paul C. Dechow, Yihong Wan. (2010) PGC1β Mediates PPARγ Activation of Osteoclastogenesis and Rosiglitazone-Induced Bone Loss. Cell Metabolism 11:6, 503-516
    CrossRef

25. 25

    Alyson A. Miller, Klaudia Budzyn, Christopher G. Sobey. (2010) Vascular dysfunction in cerebrovascular disease: mechanisms and therapeutic intervention. Clinical Science 119:1, 1-17
    CrossRef

26. 26

    Sung Hee Kim, Se Young Choung. (2010) Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic action of Cinnamomi Cassiae (Cinnamon bark) extract in C57BL/Ks db/db mice. Archives of Pharmacal Research 33:2, 325-333
    CrossRef

27. 27

    Paulina Skrobuk, Heidi Kuoppamaa, Anne Hiukka, Heikki A. Koistinen. (2010) Acute exposure to rosiglitazone does not affect glucose transport in intact human skeletal muscle. Metabolism 59:2, 224-230
    CrossRef

28. 28

    Sriram Ramanan, Weiling Zhao, David R. Riddle, Mike E. Robbins. (2010) Role of PPARs in Radiation-Induced Brain Injury. PPAR Research 2010, 1-12
    CrossRef

29. 29

    Tamás Rőszer, Mercedes Ricote. (2010) PPARs in the Renal Regulation of Systemic Blood Pressure. PPAR Research 2010, 1-11
    CrossRef

30. 30

    Joung-Woo Hong, Kye Won Park. (2010) Further understanding of fat biology: Lessons from a fat fly. Experimental and Molecular Medicine 42:1, 12
    CrossRef

31. 31

    Yanfeng Chen, Ying Li, Yanwen Wang, Ying Wen, Changhao Sun. (2009) Berberine improves free-fatty-acid–induced insulin resistance in L6 myotubes through inhibiting peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ and fatty acid transferase expressions. Metabolism 58:12, 1694-1702
    CrossRef

32. 32

    Peter M. Janiszewski, Robert Ross. (2009) The Utility of Physical Activity in the Management of Global Cardiometabolic Risk. Obesity 17:n3s, S3-S14
    CrossRef

33. 33

    Daniel J Müller, Jessica E Sturgess. (2009) Research Highlights. Pharmacogenomics 10:11, 1737-1741
    CrossRef

34. 34

    Lyudmila I. Rachek, Larysa V. Yuzefovych, Susan P. LeDoux, Neil L. Julie, Glenn L. Wilson. (2009) Troglitazone, but not rosiglitazone, damages mitochondrial DNA and induces mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in human hepatocytes. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 240:3, 348-354
    CrossRef

35. 35

    Fu-yong CHEN, Shou-sen WANG, Shui-liang WANG, Ru-mi WANG. (2009) Troglitazone inhibits proliferation of GH3 cell in vitro. Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University 28:9, 1052-1055
    CrossRef

36. 36

    Milton Hamblin, Lin Chang, Jifeng Zhang, Y. Eugene Chen. (2009) The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in blood pressure regulation. Current Hypertension Reports 11:4, 239-245
    CrossRef

37. 37

    Robert Ross, Alison J. Bradshaw. (2009) The future of obesity reduction: beyond weight loss. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 5:6, 319-326
    CrossRef

38. 38

    Kazuki Nagasawa, Jun Miyaki, Yuka Kido, Youichirou Higashi, Kentaro Nishida, Sadaki Fujimoto. (2009) Possible involvement of PPARγ in the regulation of basal channel opening of P2X7 receptor in cultured mouse astrocytes. Life Sciences 84:23-24, 825-831
    CrossRef

39. 39

    Rujul R. Patel. (2009) Thiazolidinediones and Congestive Heart Failure. Cardiology in Review 17:3, 132-135
    CrossRef

40. 40

    Chen Chen, Sheng Xu, Wei-Xing Wang, You-Ming Ding, Kai-Huan Yu, Bin Wang, Xiao-Yan Chen. (2009) Rosiglitazone Attenuates the Severity of Sodium Taurocholate-induced Acute Pancreatitis and Pancreatitis-associated Lung Injury. Archives of Medical Research 40:2, 79-88
    CrossRef

41. 41

    Zhenchan Lu, Birong Dong, Xianming Mo, Tie Chen, Hongmei Wu, Yanling Zhang, Hengyi Xiao. (2008) Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPAR γ 2 associated with essential hypertension in Chinese nonagenarians/centenarians. Experimental Gerontology 43:12, 1108-1113
    CrossRef

42. 42

    Kye Won Park, Daniel S. Halperin, Peter Tontonoz. (2008) Before They Were Fat: Adipocyte Progenitors. Cell Metabolism 8:6, 454-457
    CrossRef

43. 43

    (2008) Use of insulin-sensitizing agents in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and Sterility 90:5, S69-S73
    CrossRef

44. 44

    Robert Ross, Peter M Janiszewski. (2008) Is weight loss the optimal target for obesity-related cardiovascular disease risk reduction?. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 24, 25D-31D
    CrossRef

45. 45

    Y. Saitoh, C. Chun-ping, K. Noma, H. Ueno, M. Mizuta, M. Nakazato. (2008) Pioglitazone attenuates fatty acid–induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 10:7, 564-573
    CrossRef

46. 46

    Peter Tontonoz, Bruce M. Spiegelman. (2008) Fat and Beyond: The Diverse Biology of PPARγ. Annual Review of Biochemistry 77:1, 289-312
    CrossRef

47. 47

    Chung-Hua Hsu, Kung-Chang Hwang, Yi-Hsiung Chiang, Pesus Chou. (2008) The Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill Extract Normalizes Liver Function in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 14:3, 299-301
    CrossRef

48. 48

    A. Hammarstedt, J. Pihlajamäki, T. E. Graham, S. Kainulainen, B. B. Kahn, M. Laakso, U. Smith. (2008) High circulating levels of RBP4 and mRNA levels of aP2, PGC-1α and UCP-2 predict improvement in insulin sensitivity following pioglitazone treatment of drug-naïve type 2 diabetic subjects. Journal of Internal Medicine 263:4, 440-449
    CrossRef

49. 49

    Jacob Bar, Moshe Hod. 2008. Hypertensive disorders and diabetic pregnancy. , 308-317.
    CrossRef

50. 50

    Hyo-Sup Kim, Jung-Hyun Noh, Seung-Hyun Hong, You-Cheol Hwang, Tae-Young Yang, Myung-Shik Lee, Kwang-Won Kim, Moon-Kyu Lee. (2008) Rosiglitazone stimulates the release and synthesis of insulin by enhancing GLUT-2, glucokinase and BETA2/NeuroD expression. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 367:3, 623-629
    CrossRef

51. 51

    T. Forst, E. Karagiannis, G. Lübben, C. Hohberg, T. Schöndorf, G. Dikta, M. Drexler, M. Morcos, W. Dänschel, M. Borchert, A. Pfützner. (2008) Pleiotrophic and anti-inflammatory effects of pioglitazone precede the metabolic activity in type 2 diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 197:1, 311-317
    CrossRef

52. 52

    C E Quinn, P K Hamilton, C J Lockhart, G E McVeigh. (2008) Thiazolidinediones: effects on insulin resistance and the cardiovascular system. British Journal of Pharmacology 153:4, 636-645
    CrossRef

53. 53

    Gabriel Pascual, Mercedes Ricote, Andrea L Hevener. (2007) Macrophage peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ as a therapeutic target to combat Type 2 diabetes. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 11:11, 1503-1520
    CrossRef

54. 54

    David van der Poorten, Jacob George. (2007) Current and novel therapies for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology International 1:3, 343-354
    CrossRef

55. 55

    Stefano Del Prato, Cristina Bianchi, Piero Marchetti. (2007) ß-cell function and anti-diabetic pharmacotherapy. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 23:7, 518-527
    CrossRef

56. 56

    G. Mathur, B. Noronha, E. Rodrigues, G. Davis. (2007) The role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers in the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 9:5, 617-629
    CrossRef

57. 57

    Xavier Palomer Tarridas. (2007) Tratamiento de enfermedades metabólicas mediante la modulación del PPARγ. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis 19:4, 191-210
    CrossRef

58. 58

    James K. Liao. (2007) Clinical trials report. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 9:4, 255-257
    CrossRef

59. 59

    Sung Hee Choi, Zheng Shan Zhao, Yong Jik Lee, Soo Kyung Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Chul Woo Ahn, Sung Kil Lim, Hyun Chul Lee, Bong Soo Cha. (2007) The different mechanisms of insulin sensitizers to prevent type 2 diabetes in OLETF rats. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 23:5, 411-418
    CrossRef

60. 60

    Andrea L. Hevener, Jerrold M. Olefsky, Donna Reichart, M.T. Audrey Nguyen, Gautam Bandyopadyhay, Ho-Yin Leung, Matthew J. Watt, Chris Benner, Mark A. Febbraio, Anh-Khoi Nguyen, Brian Folian, Shankar Subramaniam, Frank J. Gonzalez, Christopher K. Glass, Mercedes Ricote. (2007) Macrophage PPARγ is required for normal skeletal muscle and hepatic insulin sensitivity and full antidiabetic effects of thiazolidinediones. Journal of Clinical Investigation 117:6, 1658-1669
    CrossRef

61. 61

    Ozlem Tarcin, Mandeep Bajaj, Sema Akalin. (2007) Insulin Resistance, Adipocyte Biology, and Thiazolidinediones: A Review. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 5:2, 103-115
    CrossRef

62. 62

    Hyeong Jin Kim, Eun Seok Kang, Dae Jung Kim, So Hun Kim, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Moonsuk Nam, Choon Hee Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Chung Mo Nam, Hyun Chul Lee. (2007) Effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on inflammatory markers and adipokines: decrease in interleukin-18 is an independent factor for the improvement of homeostasis model assessment-beta in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical Endocrinology 66:2, 282-289
    CrossRef

63. 63

    Seung Hwan Han, Sang-Jin Lee, Byung Chun Oh, Kwang Kon Koh, Eak Kyun Shin. (2007) The Additive Beneficial Effects of Ramipril Combined with Candesartan in Hypertensive Patients on Insulin Resistance, Plasma Adiponectin. Korean Circulation Journal 37:4, 173
    CrossRef

64. 64

    Adnan Erol. (2007) The Functions of PPARs in Aging and Longevity. PPAR Research 2007, 1-10
    CrossRef

65. 65

    Intekhab Ahmed, Kevin Furlong, Jeremy Flood, Vanita P Treat, Barry J Goldstein. (2007) Dual PPAR ??/?? Agonists: Promises and Pitfalls in Type 2 Diabetes. American Journal of Therapeutics 14:1, 49-62
    CrossRef

66. 66

    Dong-Lim Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Dong Seop Choi. (2007) Effects of Troglitazone on the Expression of VEGF and TGF-β in Cultured Rat Mesangial Cells. The Journal of Korean Diabetes Association 31:3, 220
    CrossRef

67. 67

    Chung-Hua Hsu, Yang-Li Liao, Su-Ching Lin, Kung-Chang Hwang, Pesus Chou. (2007) The Mushroom Agaricus Blazei Murill in Combination with Metformin and Gliclazide Improves Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-blinded, and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13:1, 97-102
    CrossRef

68. 68

    Hayder H. Al-Azzawi, Abhishek Mathur, Debao Lu, Deborah A. Swartz-Basile, Attila Nakeeb, Henry A. Pitt. (2006) Pioglitazone Increases Gallbladder Volume in Insulin-Resistant Obese Mice. Journal of Surgical Research 136:2, 192-197
    CrossRef

69. 69

    Rawiwan Maniratanachote, Keiichi Minami, Miki Katoh, Miki Nakajima, Tsuyoshi Yokoi. (2006) Dephosphorylation of ribosomal protein P0 in response to troglitazone-induced cytotoxicity. Toxicology Letters 166:3, 189-199
    CrossRef

70. 70

    J. WILDING. (2006) Thiazolidinediones, insulin resistance and obesity: finding a balance. International Journal of Clinical Practice 60:10, 1272-1280
    CrossRef

71. 71

    Martijn van Doorn, Michiel Kemme, Margriet Ouwens, Ewoud J. van Hoogdalem, Richard Jones, Hans Romijn, Marieke de Kam, Rik Schoemaker, Koos Burggraaf, Adam Cohen. (2006) Evaluation of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammation markers as biomarkers for the action of thiazolidinediones in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 62:4, 391-402
    CrossRef

72. 72

    Marc S. Rendell, Lois Jovanovic. (2006) Targeting postprandial hyperglycemia. Metabolism 55:9, 1263-1281
    CrossRef

73. 73

    J. Nishiu, M. Ito, Y. Ishida, M. Kakutani, T. Shibata, M. Matsushita, M. Shindo. (2006) JTP-426467 acts as a selective antagonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ? in vitro and in vivo. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 8:5, 508-516
    CrossRef

74. 74

    Johannes B. Ruige, Ilse L. Mertens, Ellen Bartholomeeusen, Eveline Dirinck, Ele Ferrannini, Luc F. Van Gaal. (2006) Fasting-based Estimates of Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight and Obesity: A Critical Appraisal*. Obesity 14:7, 1250-1256
    CrossRef

75. 75

    Mozhgan Dorkhan, Mikael Lantz, Anders Frid, Leif Groop, Bengt Hallengren. (2006) Treatment with a thiazolidinedione increases eye protrusion in a subgroup of patients with type 2 diabetes. Clinical Endocrinology 65:1, 35-39
    CrossRef

76. 76

    Aaron Vinik, Henri Parson, Jagdeesh Ullal. (2006) The role of PPARs in the microvascular dysfunction in diabetes. Vascular Pharmacology 45:1, 54-64
    CrossRef

77. 77

    Vasudhevan T. Chetty, Arya M. Sharma. (2006) Can PPARγ agonists have a role in the management of obesity-related hypertension?. Vascular Pharmacology 45:1, 46-53
    CrossRef

78. 78

    X. Sun, R. Han, Z. Wang, Y. Chen. (2006) Regulation of adiponectin receptors in hepatocytes by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist rosiglitazone. Diabetologia 49:6, 1303-1310
    CrossRef

79. 79

    Lawrence A. Leiter. (2006) Can thiazolidinediones delay disease progression in type 2 diabetes?. Current Medical Research and Opinion 22:6, 1193-1201
    CrossRef

80. 80

    J. G. ERIKSSON, M. LEHTOVIRTA, B. EHRNSTROM, S. SALMELA, L. GROOP. (2006) Long-term beneficial effects of glipizide treatment on glucose tolerance in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Journal of Internal Medicine 259:6, 553-560
    CrossRef

81. 81

    R. Anandharajan, S. Jaiganesh, N.P. Shankernarayanan, R.A. Viswakarma, A. Balakrishnan. (2006) In vitro glucose uptake activity of Aegles marmelos and Syzygium cumini by activation of Glut-4, PI3 kinase and PPARγ in L6 myotubes. Phytomedicine 13:6, 434-441
    CrossRef

82. 82

    A. Natali, E. Ferrannini. (2006) Effects of metformin and thiazolidinediones on suppression of hepatic glucose production and stimulation of glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetologia 49:3, 434-441
    CrossRef

83. 83

    Thomas Skurk, Michael Birgel, Yu-Mi Lee, Hans Hauner. (2006) Effect of troglitazone on tumor necrosis factor α and transforming growth factor β expression and action in human adipocyte precursor cells in primary culture. Metabolism 55:3, 309-316
    CrossRef

84. 84

    Wataru Motomura, Mitsutaka Inoue, Takaaki Ohtake, Nubuhiko Takahashi, Miho Nagamine, Satoshi Tanno, Yutaka Kohgo, Toshikatsu Okumura. (2006) Up-regulation of ADRP in fatty liver in human and liver steatosis in mice fed with high fat diet. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 340:4, 1111-1118
    CrossRef

85. 85

    Andrew C. Li, Wulf Palinski. (2006) PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS: How Their Effects on Macrophages Can Lead to the Development of a New Drug Therapy Against Atherosclerosis. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 46:1, 1-39
    CrossRef

86. 86

    Marilyn Valentine, Elliot Rayfield. 2006. Pathophysiology and Clinical Management of Diabetes and Prediabetes. , 15-44.
    CrossRef

87. 87

    Fei Ye, Zhen-Shan Zhang, Hai-Bin Luo, Jian-Hua Shen, Kai-Xian Chen, Xu Shen, Hua-Liang Jiang. (2006) The Dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH Shows Highly Antagonistic Activity against PPARγ: Bioassay with Molecular Modeling Simulation. ChemBioChem 7:1, 74-82
    CrossRef

88. 88

    Soo Bong Choi, Byoung Seob Ko, Seong Kyu Park, Jin Sun Jang, Sunmin Park. (2006) Insulin sensitizing and α-glucoamylase inhibitory action of sennosides, rheins and rhaponticin in Rhei Rhizoma. Life Sciences 78:9, 934-942
    CrossRef

89. 89

    Alper Kepez, Ali Oto, Selcuk Dagdelen. (2006) Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-??. BioDrugs 20:2, 121-135
    CrossRef

90. 90

    Bong Soo Cha, Se Eun Park. (2006) Insulin Resistance and PPARγ. The Journal of Korean Diabetes Association 30:5, 317
    CrossRef

91. 91

    Matthew Bechtold, John Palmer, Joshua Valtos, Catherine Iasiello, James Sowers. (2006) Metabolic syndrome in the elderly. Current Diabetes Reports 6:1, 64-71
    CrossRef

92. 92

    Edwin A. M. Gale. (2006) Troglitazone: the lesson that nobody learned?. Diabetologia 49:1, 1-6
    CrossRef

93. 93

    Jae Hoon Moon, Hye Jin Kim, Soo Kyung Kim, Wan Sub Shim, Eun Seuk Kang, Yumie Rhee, Chul Woo Ahn, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Bong Soo Cha. (2006) Long-term Effect of Pioglitazone Treatment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of Korean Diabetes Association 30:4, 264
    CrossRef

94. 94

    Karen E Elkind-Hirsch. (2006) Thiazolidinediones for the Therapeutic Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Treatments in Endocrinology 5:3, 171-187
    CrossRef

95. 95

    Ravinder S. Chana, Nigel J. Brunskill. (2006) Thiazolidinediones Inhibit Albumin Uptake by Proximal Tubular Cells through a Mechanism Independent of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma. American Journal of Nephrology 26:1, 67-74
    CrossRef

96. 96

    Gangyi Yang, Ling Li, Yi Tang, Guenther Boden. (2006) Short-term pioglitazone treatment prevents free fatty acid-induced hepatic insulin resistance in normal rats: Possible role of the resistin and adiponectin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 339:4, 1190-1196
    CrossRef

97. 97

    Vic Ben-Ezra. 2005. Metabolic Syndrome. , 147-171.
    CrossRef

98. 98

    Michael Lehrke, Mitchell A. Lazar. (2005) The Many Faces of PPARγ. Cell 123:6, 993-999
    CrossRef

99. 99

    Michael Freemark. 2005. Type 2 Diabetes in Childhood. , 177-204.
    CrossRef

100. 100

     Grazyna Sobal, E J Menzel, H Sinzinger. (2005) Troglitazone Inhibits Long-Term Glycation and Oxidation of Low-Density Lipoprotein. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 46:5, 672-680
     CrossRef

101. 101

     Mitsutaka Inoue, Takaaki Ohtake, Wataru Motomura, Nobuhiko Takahashi, Yayoi Hosoki, Shigeki Miyoshi, Yasuaki Suzuki, Hiroyuki Saito, Yutaka Kohgo, Toshikatsu Okumura. (2005) Increased expression of PPARγ in high fat diet-induced liver steatosis in mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 336:1, 215-222
     CrossRef

102. 102

     Kaoru Arii, Kikuko Ota, Tadashi Suehiro, Yukio Ikeda, Kanae Nishimura, Yoshitaka Kumon, Kozo Hashimoto. (2005) Pioglitazone prevents reactive hypoglycemia in impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 69:3, 305-308
     CrossRef

103. 103

     Vishal Bhatia. (2005) Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovarian Disease. Southern Medical Journal 98:9, 902-909
     CrossRef

104. 104

     L. A. Leiter. (2005) beta-cell preservation: a potential role for thiazolidinediones to improve clinical care in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 22:8, 963-972
     CrossRef

105. 105

     M. G. Wulffele, A. Kooy, P. Lehert, D. Bets, A. J. M. Donker, C. D. A. Stehouwer. (2005) Does metformin decrease blood pressure in patients with Type 2 diabetes intensively treated with insulin?. Diabetic Medicine 22:7, 907-913
     CrossRef

106. 106

     A. Hammarstedt, C.X. Andersson, V. Rotter Sopasakis, U. Smith. (2005) The effect of PPARγ ligands on the adipose tissue in insulin resistance. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 73:1, 65-75
     CrossRef

107. 107

     Shi-ying DING, Zhu-fang SHEN, Yue-teng CHEN, Su-juan SUN, Quan Liu, Ming-zhi XIE. (2005) Pioglitazone can ameliorate insulin resistance in low-dose streptozotocin and high sucrose-fat diet induced obese rats. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 26:5, 575-580
     CrossRef

108. 108

     R. Anandharajan, K. Pathmanathan, N.P. Shankernarayanan, Ram A. Vishwakarma, Arun Balakrishnan. (2005) Upregulation of Glut-4 and PPARγ by an isoflavone from Pterocarpus marsupium on L6 myotubes: a possible mechanism of action. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97:2, 253-260
     CrossRef

109. 109

     Thomas J. Heppner, Adrian D. Bonev, Delrae M. Eckman, Maria F. Gomez, Georgi V. Petkov, Mark T. Nelson. (2005) Novel PPARγ Agonists GI 262570, GW 7845, GW 1929, and Pioglitazone Decrease Calcium Channel Function and Myogenic Tone in Rat Mesenteric Arteries. Pharmacology 73:1, 15-22
     CrossRef

110. 110

     Joo-Heon Yoon, Seung Joon Baek. (2005) Molecular Targets of Dietary Polyphenols with Anti-inflammatory Properties. Yonsei Medical Journal 46:5, 585
     CrossRef

111. 111

     Jonathan Rappaport, Vivian Fonseca. (2005) Case-Based Study: From Prediabetes to Complications—Opportunities for Prevention. PLoS Medicine 2:2, e40
     CrossRef

112. 112

     Carmen M Halabi, Curt D Sigmund. (2005) Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-?? and its Agonists in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 5:6, 389-398
     CrossRef

113. 113

     Tokuji Tanaka, Yasutomo Fukunaga, Hiroshi Itoh, Kentaro Doi, Jun Yamashita, Tae-Hwa Chun, Mayumi Inoue, Ken Masatsugu, Takatoshi Saito, Naoki Sawada, Satsuki Sakaguchi, Hiroshi Arai, Kazuwa Nakao. (2005) Therapeutic potential of thiazolidinediones in activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ for monocyte recruitment and endothelial regeneration. European Journal of Pharmacology 508:1-3, 255-265
     CrossRef

114. 114

     Yoo Mee Kim, Bong Soo Cha, Dae Jung Kim, Sung Hee Choi, Soo Kyung Kim, Chul Woo Ahn, Sung-Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Kap Bum Huh, Hyun Chul Lee. (2005) Predictive clinical parameters for therapeutic efficacy of rosiglitazone in Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 67:1, 43-52
     CrossRef

115. 115

     Tsuyoshi Monden, Masanobu Yamada, Yasuyo Nihei, Mikiko Kishi, Takuya Tomaru, Sumiyasu Ishii, Tetsu Hashida, Nobuyuki Shibusawa, Koshi Hashimoto, Teturou Satoh, Kikuo Kasai, Masatomo Mori. (2004) Unliganded RXR acts as an inhibitory factor on troglitazone-induced activation. Life Sciences 76:7, 731-741
     CrossRef

116. 116

     Soo Bong Choi, Jun Dong Wha, Sunmin Park. (2004) The insulin sensitizing effect of homoisoflavone-enriched fraction in Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang via PI3-kinase pathway. Life Sciences 75:22, 2653-2664
     CrossRef

117. 117

     S. Del Prato, P. Marchetti. (2004) Targeting Insulin Resistance and β-Cell Dysfunction: The Role of Thiazolidinediones. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 6:5, 719-731
     CrossRef

118. 118

     Yki-Järvinen, Hannele, . (2004) Thiazolidinediones. New England Journal of Medicine 351:11, 1106-1118
     Full Text

119. 119

     Kouki Watanabe, Jiroh Komatsu, Makoto Kurata, Shinji Inaba, Shuntaro Ikeda, Shozo Sueda, Jun Suzuki, Katsuhiko Kohara, Mareomi Hamada. (2004) Improvement of insulin resistance by troglitazone ameliorates cardiac sympathetic nervous dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 22:9, 1761-1768
     CrossRef

120. 120

     Kathleen L. Wyne. (2004) Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift?. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 2:4, 251-262
     CrossRef

121. 121

     Eberhard Ritz. (2004) PPAR?? agonists. Journal of Hypertension 22:9, 1673-1674
     CrossRef

122. 122

     (2004) Use of insulin sensitizing agents in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and Sterility 82, 181-183
     CrossRef

123. 123

     Panteleimon A Sarafidis, Anastasios N Lasaridis, Peter M Nilsson, Emmanuil M Pagkalos, Areti D Hitoglou-Makedou, Christodoulos I Pliakos, Kiriakos A Kazakos, John G Yovos, Pantelis E Zebekakis, Ioannis M Tziolas, Achilleas N Tourkantonis. (2004) Ambulatory blood pressure reduction after rosiglitazone treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension correlates with insulin sensitivity increase. Journal of Hypertension 22:9, 1769-1777
     CrossRef

124. 124

     Julie P. Sutherland, Benjamin McKinley, Robert H. Eckel. (2004) The Metabolic Syndrome and Inflammation. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 2:2, 82-104
     CrossRef

125. 125

     Bok Young Kim, Joong Bok Ahn, Hong Woo Lee, Sung Kwon Kang, Jung Hwa Lee, Jae Soo Shin, Soon Kil Ahn, Chung Il Hong, Seung Soo Yoon. (2004) Synthesis and biological activity of novel substituted pyridines and purines containing 2,4-thiazolidinedione. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 39:5, 433-447
     CrossRef

126. 126

     S. M. A. Bennett, A. Agrawal, H. Elasha, M. Heise, N. P. Jones, M. Walker, J. P. H. Wilding. (2004) Rosiglitazone improves insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and ambulatory blood pressure in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetic Medicine 21:5, 415-422
     CrossRef

127. 127

     Sunder Mudaliar, Robert R. Henry. 2004. Thiazolidinediones as PPAR Agonists. .
     CrossRef

128. 128

     Reiko Asami-Miyagishi, Sachiko Iseki, Mayumi Usui, Koji Uchida, Harumi Kubo, Ikuo Morita. (2004) Expression and function of PPARγ in rat placental development. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 315:2, 497-501
     CrossRef

129. 129

     Brian K. Irons, Timothy A. Mazzolini, Ronald Shane Greene. (2004) Delaying the Onset of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Prediabetes. Pharmacotherapy 24:3, 362-371
     CrossRef

130. 130

     Ming Jiang, Scott B. Shappell, Simon W. Hayward. (2004) Approaches to understanding the importance and clinical implications of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR?) signaling in prostate cancer. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 91:3, 513-527
     CrossRef

131. 131

     Dimitrios Panidis, Georgios Koliakos, Anargyros Kourtis, Dimitrios Farmakiotis, Tzant Mouslech, David Rousso. (2004) Serum resistin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and Sterility 81:2, 361-366
     CrossRef

132. 132

     Richard W Grant, James B Meigs. (2004) Should the Insulin Resistance Syndrome be Treated in the Elderly?. Drugs & Aging 21:3, 141-151
     CrossRef

133. 133

     Keiko Arai, Tomoko Soga, Hisayuki Ohata, Asuka Otagiri, Tamotsu Shibasaki. (2004) Effects of food restriction on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and glucocorticoid receptor signaling in adipose tissues of normal rats. Metabolism 53:1, 28-36
     CrossRef

134. 134

     Dipak Panigrahy, Lucy Q Shen, Mark W Kieran, Arja Kaipainen. (2003) Therapeutic potential of thiazolidinediones as anticancer agents. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 12:12, 1925-1937
     CrossRef

135. 135

     Takamasa Hasegawa, Atsushi Kosaki, Tatsuji Kimura, Hiroaki Matsubara, Yasukiyo Mori, Mitsuhiko Okigaki, Hiroya Masaki, Nagaoki Toyoda, Megumi Inoue-Shibata, Yutaka Kimura, Mitsushige Nishikawa, Toshiji Iwasaka. (2003) The regulation of EN-RAGE (S100A12) gene expression in human THP-1 macrophages. Atherosclerosis 171:2, 211-218
     CrossRef

136. 136

     EVANTHIA DIAMANTI-KANDARAKIS, HELEN A. KANDARAKIS. (2003) Conservative Management of Gynecologic Diseases. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 997:1, 322-329
     CrossRef

137. 137

     Baichun Yang, Lisa G. Clifton, Judi A. McNulty, Lihong Chen, Kathleen K. Brown, Philip G. Baer. (2003) Effects of a PPAR?? Agonist, GI262570, on Renal Filtration Fraction and Nitric Oxide Level in Conscious Rats. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 42:3, 436-441
     CrossRef

138. 138

     D Schuster, T Gaillard, S Rhinesmith, D Habash, K Osei. (2003) The impact of an insulin sensitizer, troglitazone, on glucose metabolism in African Americans at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, 24-month randomized study. Metabolism 52:9, 1211-1217
     CrossRef

139. 139

     Marta Santuré, Maryse Pitre, André Nadeau, Hélène Bachelard. (2003) Effect of troglitazone on vascular and glucose metabolic actions of insulin in high—sucrose-fed rats. Metabolism 52:8, 978-986
     CrossRef

140. 140

     Michael Stumvoll. (2003) Thiazolidinediones – some recent developments. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 12:7, 1179-1187
     CrossRef

141. 141

     Koji Hashimoto, Richard T. Ethridge, Hiroshi Saito, Srinivasan Rajaraman, B. Mark Evers. (2003) The PPARγ Ligand, 15d-PGJ2, Attenuates the Severity of Cerulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis. Pancreas 27:1, 58-66
     CrossRef

142. 142

     Yoko Nakamichi, Toshiteru Kikuta, Eisuke Ito, Mica Ohara-Imaizumi, Chiyono Nishiwaki, Hitoshi Ishida, Shinya Nagamatsu. (2003) PPAR- overexpression suppresses glucose-induced proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin release synergistically with pioglitazone in MIN6 cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 306:4, 832-836
     CrossRef

143. 143

     Anthony P. Heaney, Manory Fernando, Shlomo Melmed. (2003) PPAR-γ receptor ligands: novel therapy for pituitary adenomas. Journal of Clinical Investigation 111:9, 1381-1388
     CrossRef

144. 144

     Miho Nagamine, Toshikatsu Okumura, Satoshi Tanno, Mitsuko Sawamukai, Wataru Motomura, Nobuhiko Takahashi, Yutaka Kongo. (2003) PPARgamma ligand-induced apoptosis through a p53-dependent mechanism in human gastric cancer cells. Cancer Science 94:4, 338-343
     CrossRef

145. 145

     Sunil Asnani, Pierre Theuma, Vivian A. Fonseca. (2003) PPARγ Agonists and Vascular Risk Factors: Potential Effects on Cardiovascular Disease. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 1:1, 23-32
     CrossRef

146. 146

     P. Nilsson, J-A. Nilsson, B. Hedblad, K-F. Eriksson, G. Berglund. (2003) Hyperinsulinaemia as long-term predictor of death and ischaemic heart disease in nondiabetic men: The Malmo Preventive Project. Journal of Internal Medicine 253:2, 136-145
     CrossRef

147. 147

     Bok Young Kim, Joong Bok Ahn, Hong Woo Lee, Kyoung Sik Moon, Tae Bo Sim, Jae Soo Shin, Soon Kil Ahn, Chung Il Hong. (2003) Synthesis and Antihyperglycemic Activity of Erythrose, Ribose and Substituted Pyrrolidine Containing Thiazolidinedione Derivatives. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 51:3, 276-285
     CrossRef

148. 148

     Mark W. Stolar, Robert J. Chilton. (2003) Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular risk, and the link to insulin resistance. Clinical Therapeutics 25, B4-B31
     CrossRef

149. 149

     Tam??s Decsi, D??nes Moln??r. (2003) Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Children. Pediatric Drugs 5:5, 291-299
     CrossRef

150. 150

     Biswanath P. Gouda, Sunil Asnani, Vivian A. Fonseca. (2002) Effects of thiazolidinediones on cardiovascular risk factors. Comprehensive Therapy 28:4, 200-206
     CrossRef

151. 151

     Annaswamy Raji, Jorge Plutzky. (2002) Insulin resistance, diabetes, and atherosclerosis: Thiazolidinediones as therapeutic interventions. Current Cardiology Reports 4:6, 514-521
     CrossRef

152. 152

     Janice C Parker. (2002) Troglitazone: the discovery and development of a novel therapy for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54:9, 1173-1197
     CrossRef

153. 153

     Charles J Glueck, Naila Goldenberg, Patricia Streicher, Ping Wang. (2002) The contentious nature of gestational diabetes: diet, insulin, glyburide and metformin. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 3:11, 1557-1568
     CrossRef

154. 154

     Steven M Willi, Adele Kennedy, Bethany P Brant, Penny Wallace, Nikki L Rogers, W.Timothy Garvey. (2002) Effective use of thiazolidinediones for the treatment of glucocorticoid-induced diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 58:2, 87-96
     CrossRef

155. 155

     Michinori Imazu. (2002) Hypertension and insulin disorders. Current Hypertension Reports 4:6, 477-482
     CrossRef

156. 156

     Jue Li, Takashi Kaneko, Yuan Wang, Li-Qiang Qin, Pei-Yu Wang, Akio Sato. (2002) Troglitazone enhances the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen by inducing CYP3A in rats. Toxicology 176:1-2, 91-100
     CrossRef

157. 157

     Frédéric Picard, Johan Auwerx. (2002) PPARγ AND G LUCOSE H OMEOSTASIS. Annual Review of Nutrition 22:1, 167-197
     CrossRef

158. 158

     J. E. Gerich. (2002) Redefining the clinical management of type 2 diabetes: matching therapy to pathophysiology. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 32:s3, 46-53
     CrossRef

159. 159

     Jin-Ah Kim, Ki-Sook Park, Ha-Il Kim, So-Young Oh, Yongho Ahn, Jong-Won Oh, Kang-Yell Choi. (2002) Troglitazone activates p21Cip/WAF1 through the ERK pathway in HCT15 human colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Letters 179:2, 185-195
     CrossRef

160. 160

     S. Zraika, M. Dunlop, J. Proietto, S. Andrikopoulos. (2002) Effects of free fatty acids on insulin secretion in obesity. Obesity Reviews 3:2, 103-112
     CrossRef

161. 161

     Joel Berger, John A. Wagner. (2002) Physiological and Therapeutic Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 4:2, 163-174
     CrossRef

162. 162

     Dong Mei Jia, Makoto Otsuki. (2002) Troglitazone Stimulates Pancreatic Growth in Normal Rats. Pancreas 24:3, 303-312
     CrossRef

163. 163

     Pitiporn Suwattee, Cyrus DeSouza, Sunil Asnani, Lucia Gilling, Vivian A. Fonseca. (2002) Cardiovascular Effects of Thiazolidinediones. The Endocrinologist 12:2, 126-134
     CrossRef

164. 164

     Joel Berger, David E. Moller. (2002) T HE M ECHANISMS OF A CTION OF PPAR S. Annual Review of Medicine 53:1, 409-435
     CrossRef

165. 165

     Akihito Abe, Yoshimitsu Kiriyama, Masako Hirano, Toshiaki Miura, Hiroyuki Kamiya, Hideyoshi Harashima, Yukiko Tokumitsu. (2002) Troglitazone suppresses cell growth of KU812 cells independently of PPARγ. European Journal of Pharmacology 436:1-2, 7-13
     CrossRef

166. 166

     V. Manohar, N. A. Talpur, B. W. Echard, S. Lieberman, H. G. Preuss. (2002) Effects of a water-soluble extract of maitake mushroom on circulating glucose/insulin concentrations in KK mice. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 4:1, 43-48
     CrossRef

167. 167

     Fabrice M.A.C. Martens, Frank L.J. Visseren, Jacinthe Lemay, Eelco J.P. de Koning, Ton J. Rabelink. (2002) Metabolic and Additional Vascular Effects of Thiazolidinediones. Drugs 62:10, 1463-1480
     CrossRef

168. 168

     Carsten Otto, Michael Lehrke, Burkhard Göke. (2002) Novel insulin sensitizers: pharmacogenomic aspects. Pharmacogenomics 3:1, 99-116
     CrossRef

169. 169

     Teppei Tsuji, Katsufumi Mizushige, Takahisa Noma, Kazushi Murakami, Koji Ohmori, Akira Miyatake, Masakazu Kohno. (2001) Pioglitazone Improves Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and Decreases Collagen Accumulation in Prediabetic Stage of a Type II Diabetic Rat. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 38:6, 868-874
     CrossRef

170. 170

     Sensuke Konno. (2001) Maitake SX-Fraction: Possible Hypoglycemic Effect on Diabetes Mellitus. Alternative and Complementary Therapies 7:6, 366-370
     CrossRef

171. 171

     Tadashi Nakamura, Tohru Funahashi, Shizuya Yamashita, Makoto Nishida, Yoshiharu Nishida, Masahiko Takahashi, Kikuko Hotta, Hiroshi Kuriyama, Shinji Kihara, Noriyuki Ohuchi, Takamichi Nishimura, Bun-ichiro Kishino, Katsunori Ishikawa, Toshiharu Kawamoto, Katsuto Tokunaga, Chisa Nakagawa, Ikuo Mineo, Fumiko Watanabe, Seiichiro Tarui, Yuji Matsuzawa. (2001) Thiazolidinedione derivative improves fat distribution and multiple risk factors in subjects with visceral fat accumulation—double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 54:3, 181-190
     CrossRef

172. 172

     Jude M. Abadie, Gray T. Malcom, Johnny R. Porter, Frank Svec. (2001) Dehydroepiandrosterone alters phospholipid profiles in Zucker rat muscle tissue. Lipids 36:12, 1383-1386
     CrossRef

173. 173

     Selma F Witchel, Carlie White, Michael E Siegel, Christopher E Aston. (2001) Inconsistent effects of the proline12 → alanine variant of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 gene on body mass index in children and adolescent girls. Fertility and Sterility 76:4, 741-747
     CrossRef

174. 174

     Yasutomo Fukunaga, Hiroshi Itoh, Kentaro Doi, Tokuji Tanaka, Jun Yamashita, Tae-Hwa Chun, Mayumi Inoue, Ken Masatsugu, Naoki Sawada, Takatoshi Saito, Kiminori Hosoda, Hyun Kook, Makiko Ueda, Kazuwa Nakao. (2001) Thiazolidinediones, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists, regulate endothelial cell growth and secretion of vasoactive peptides. Atherosclerosis 158:1, 113-119
     CrossRef

175. 175

     Yoshiyuki Furuse, Kazuhide Ogino, Masaki Shimoyama, Norihito Sasaki, Ichiro Hisatome. (2001) Ca ²⁺ -sensitizing effect is involved in the positive inotropic effect of troglitazone. British Journal of Pharmacology 133:8, 1307-1313
     CrossRef

176. 176

     Solomon S. Solomon, Lisa S. Usdan, Marjorie R. Palazzolo. (2001) Mechanisms Involved in Tumor Necrosis Factor-?? Induction of Insulin Resistance and Its Reversal by Thiazolidinedione(s). The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 322:2, 75-78
     CrossRef

177. 177

     M. Lehtovirta, B. Forsén, M. Gullström, M. Häggblom, J. G. Eriksson, M.-R. Taskinen, L. Groop. (2001) Metabolic effects of metformin in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetic Medicine 18:7, 578-583
     CrossRef

178. 178

     S Kushibiki, K Hodate, H Shingu, Y Ueda, M Shinoda, Y Mori, T Itoh, Y Yokomizo. (2001) Insulin resistance induced in dairy steers by tumor necrosis factor alpha is partially reversed by 2,4–thiazolidinedione. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 21:1, 25-37
     CrossRef

179. 179

     Timothy M. Willson, Millard H. Lambert, Steven A. Kliewer. (2001) P EROXISOME P ROLIFERATOR –A CTIVATED R ECEPTOR γ AND M ETABOLIC D ISEASE. Annual Review of Biochemistry 70:1, 341-367
     CrossRef

180. 180

     Stephen Farmer, Ron Morrison. 2001. Nutrition and Adipocyte Gene Expression. , 25-48.
     CrossRef

181. 181

     Ebrahim K Naderali, Lucy C Pickavance, John P.H Wilding, Patrick J Doyle, Gareth Williams. (2001) Troglitazone corrects metabolic changes but not vascular dysfunction in dietary-obese rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 416:1-2, 133-139
     CrossRef

182. 182

     M IUORNO, J NESTLER. (2001) Insulin-Lowering Drugs In Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 28:1, 153-164
     CrossRef

183. 183

     Takahiro YAMAGISHI, Yuichiro SAITO, Tetsuya NAKAMURA, Shin-ichi TAKEDA, Hiroyoshi KANAI, Hiroyuki SUMINO, Makoto KURO-O, Yo-ichi NABESHIMA, Masahiko KURABAYASHI, Ryozo NAGAI. (2001) Troglitazone Improves Endothelial Function and Augments Renal Klotho mRNA Expression in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) Rats with Multiple Atherogenic Risk Factors.. Hypertension Research 24:6, 705-709
     CrossRef

184. 184

     Christiana Kausch, Jan Krützfeldt, Anja Witke, Alke Rettig, Oliver Bachmann, Kristian Rett, Stephan Matthaei, Fausto Machicao, Hans-Ulrich Häring, Michael Stumvoll. (2001) Effects of Troglitazone on Cellular Differentiation, Insulin Signaling, and Glucose Metabolism in Cultured Human Skeletal Muscle Cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 280:3, 664-674
     CrossRef

185. 185

     S. A. Smith, C. A. Lister, C. D. N. Toseland, R. E. Buckingham. (2000) Rosiglitazone prevents the onset of hyperglycaemia and proteinuria in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2:6, 363-372
     CrossRef

186. 186

     Tsutomu Takagi, Takashi Akasaka, Atsushi Yamamuro, Yasuhiro Honda, Takeshi Hozumi, Shigefumi Morioka, Kiyoshi Yoshida. (2000) Troglitazone reduces neointimal tissue proliferation after coronary stent implantation in patients with non–insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 36:5, 1529-1535
     CrossRef

187. 187

     Takafumi Okura, Michitsugu Nakamura, Yasunori Takata, Sanae Watanabe, Yutaka Kitami, Kunio Hiwada. (2000) Troglitazone induces apoptosis via the p53 and Gadd45 pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. European Journal of Pharmacology 407:3, 227-235
     CrossRef

188. 188

     Yuhei Kawano, Naoki Okuda, Junichi Minami, Shuichi Takishita, Teruo Omae. (2000) Effects of a low-energy diet and an insulin-sensitizing agent on ambulatory blood pressure in overweight hypertensive patients. Journal of Hypertension 18:10, 1451-1455
     CrossRef

189. 189

     Monica Montagnani, Michael J. Quon. (2000) Insulin action in vascular endothelium: potential mechanisms linking insulin resistance with hypertension. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2:5, 285-292
     CrossRef

190. 190

     Dong Mei Jia, Akinari Tabaru, Toshiharu Akiyama, Shintaro Abe, Makoto Otsuki. (2000) Troglitazone prevents fatty changes of the liver in obese diabetic rats. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 15:10, 1183-1191
     CrossRef

191. 191

     Andrew C. Li, Kathleen K. Brown, Mercedes J. Silvestre, Timothy M. Willson, Wulf Palinski, Christopher K. Glass. (2000) Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ ligands inhibit development of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor–deficient mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation 106:4, 523-531
     CrossRef

192. 192

     Jerrold M. Olefsky. (2000) Treatment of insulin resistance with peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ agonists. Journal of Clinical Investigation 106:4, 467-472
     CrossRef

193. 193

     Satoshi Sunayama, Yoshiro Watanabe, Hiroyuki Daida, Hiroshi Yamaguchi. (2000) Thiazolidinediones, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance syndrome. Current Opinion in Lipidology 11:4, 397-402
     CrossRef

194. 194

     Joe M. Chehade, Arshag D. Mooradian. (2000) A Rational Approach to Drug Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Drugs 60:1, 95-113
     CrossRef

195. 195

     Kazuhiko Uchida, Kazuhide Ogino, Masaki Shimoyama, Ichiro Hisatome, Chiaki Shigemasa. (2000) Acute hemodynamic effects of insulin-sensitizing agents in isolated perfused rat hearts. European Journal of Pharmacology 400:1, 113-119
     CrossRef

196. 196

     Steven D. Clarke. (2000) Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription: a mechanism to improve energy balance and insulin resistance. British Journal of Nutrition 83:S1,
     CrossRef

197. 197

     Elaine Murphy, John J Nolan. (2000) Insulin sensitiser drugs. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 9:6, 1347-1361
     CrossRef

198. 198

     Isabelle Dussault, Barry M Forman. (2000) Prostaglandins and fatty acids regulate transcriptional signaling via the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor nuclear receptors. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators 62:1, 1-13
     CrossRef

199. 199

     Yi-Ming Mu, Toshihiko Yanase, Yoshihiro Nishi, Naoko Waseda, Tanaka Oda, Atsushi Tanaka, Ryoichi Takayanagi, Hajime Nawata. (2000) Insulin Sensitizer, Troglitazone, Directly Inhibits Aromatase Activity in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 271:3, 710-713
     CrossRef

200. 200

     S. J. Griffin, P. S. Little, C. N. Hales, A. L. Kinmonth, N. J. Wareham. (2000) Diabetes risk score: towards earlier detection of Type 2 diabetes in general practice. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 16:3, 164-171
     CrossRef

201. 201

     Toshiki Fukui, Takahisa Noma, Katsufumi Mizushige, Yauharu Aki, Shoji Kimura, Youichi Abe. (2000) Dietary troglitazone decreases oxidative stress in early stage type II diabetic rats. Life Sciences 66:21, 2043-2049
     CrossRef

202. 202

     Globerman, Zauberman, Makarov, Beamer, Yen, Shuldiner, Harel, Karnieli. (2000) Analysis of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) gene in HAIRAN syndrome with obesity. Clinical Endocrinology 52:4, 479-485
     CrossRef

203. 203

     Tamotsu Asano, Masanori Wakisaka, Mototaka Yoshinari, Shin Nakamura, Yasufumi Doi, Masatoshi Fujishima. (2000) Troglitazone enhances glycolysis and improves intracellular glucose metabolism in rat mesangial cells. Metabolism 49:3, 308-313
     CrossRef

204. 204

     van den Bergh, Tack, van den Boogert, Vervoort, Smits, Heerschap. (2000) Assessment of human muscle glycogen synthesis and total glucose content by in vivo13C MRS. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 30:2, 122-128
     CrossRef

205. 205

     Philip D.G. Miles, Yaacov Barak, Weiman He, Ronald M. Evans, Jerrold M. Olefsky. (2000) Improved insulin-sensitivity in mice heterozygous for PPAR-γ deficiency. Journal of Clinical Investigation 105:3, 287-292
     CrossRef

206. 206

     Masayoshi Y. Ohta, Yukihiro Nagai, Toshinari Takamura, Erika Nohara, Ken-ichi Kobayashi. (2000) Inhibitory effect of troglitazone on tumor necrosis factor alpha—induced expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human mesangial cells. Metabolism 49:2, 163-166
     CrossRef

207. 207

     Katsufumi Mizushige, Takahisa Noma, Li Yao, Yang Yu, Hideyasu Kiyomoto, Naohisa Hosomi, Toshiki Fukui, Shoji Kimura, Youichi Abe, Hirohide Matsuo. (2000) Effects of Troglitazone on Collagen Accumulation and Distensibility of Aortic Wall in Prestage of Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 35:1, 150-155
     CrossRef

208. 208

     J. Jaime Caro, Wendy S. Klittich, Gabriel Raggio, Patricia L. Kavanagh, Judith A. O'Brien, Lori A. Shomphe, Kenneth M. Flegel, Catherine Copley-Merriman, Cathy Sigler. (2000) Economic assessment of troglitazone as an adjunct to sulfonylurea therapy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Clinical Therapeutics 22:1, 116-127
     CrossRef

209. 209

     Peter Tontonoz, Laszlo Nagy. (1999) Regulation of macrophage gene expression by peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor y. Current Opinion in Lipidology 10:6, 485-490
     CrossRef

210. 210

     Michiko Asano, Toshiaki Nakajima, Kuniaki Iwasawa, Toshihiro Morita, Fumitaka Nakamura, Hiroyuki Imuta, Keigo Chisaki, Nobuhiro Yamada, Masao Omata, Yukichi Okuda. (1999) Troglitazone and pioglitazone attenuate agonist-dependent Ca ²⁺ mobilization and cell proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells. British Journal of Pharmacology 128:3, 673-683
     CrossRef

211. 211

     M.F. McCarty. (1999) Endothelial membrane potential regulates production of both nitric oxide and superoxide – a fundamental determinant of vascular health. Medical Hypotheses 53:4, 277-289
     CrossRef

212. 212

     Beata Lecka-Czernik, Igor Gubrij, Elena J. Moerman, Oumitana Kajkenova, David A. Lipschitz, Stavros C. Manolagas, Robert L. Jilka. (1999) Inhibition of Osf2/Cbfa1 expression and terminal osteoblast differentiation by PPAR?2. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 74:3, 357-371
     CrossRef

213. 213

     Johannes Pill, Kirstin Meyer. (1999) Reduction of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Complications by BM 17.0744. Cardiovascular Drug Reviews 17:3, 246-264
     CrossRef

214. 214

     Satoshi Sunayama, Yoshiro Watanabe, Hirotoshi Ohmura, Masato Sawano, Kazunori Shimada, Hiroshi Mokuno, Hiroyuki Daida, Hiroshi Yamaguchi. (1999) Effects of troglitazone on atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype in coronary patients with insulin resistance. Atherosclerosis 146:1, 187-193
     CrossRef

215. 215

     Takanobu Yoshimoto, Mitsuhide Naruse, Hiroshi Shizume, Kiyoko Naruse, Akiyo Tanabe, Masami Tanaka, Katsuya Tago, Kaoru Irie, Takamura Muraki, Hiroshi Demura, Luciano Zardi. (1999) Vasculo-protective effects of insulin sensitizing agent pioglitazone in neointimal thickening and hypertensive vascular hypertrophy. Atherosclerosis 145:2, 333-340
     CrossRef

216. 216

     Atsushi Sugimura, Yoshimitsu Kiriyama, Hiromi Nochi, Hiroyuki Tsuchiya, Kouichi Tamoto, Yuhsuke Sakurada, Michio Ui, Yukiko Tokumitsu. (1999) Troglitazone Suppresses Cell Growth of Myeloid Leukemia Cell Lines by Induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 261:3, 833-837
     CrossRef

217. 217

     D. Playford, G. F. Watts. (1999) Endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance and diabetes: exploring the web of causality. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 29:4, 523-534
     CrossRef

218. 218

     I. Rajman, Patrick I. Eacho, P. J. Chowienczyk, J. M. Ritter. (1999) LDL particle size: an important drug target?. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 48:2, 125-133
     CrossRef

219. 219

     S Jacob, P Ruus, R Hermann, H.J Tritschler, E Maerker, W Renn, H.J Augustin, G.J Dietze, K Rett. (1999) Oral administration of rac-α-lipoic acid modulates insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled pilot trial. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 27:3-4, 309-314
     CrossRef

220. 220

     Kursad Unluhizarci, Fahrettin Kelestimur, Fahri Bayram, Yilmaz Sahin, Ahmet Tutus. (1999) The effects of metformin on insulin resistance and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 51:2, 231-236
     CrossRef

221. 221

     B.W. Morris, S. MacNeil, C.A. Hardisty, S. Heller, C. Burgin, T.A. Gray. (1999) Chromium Homeostasis in Patients with Type II (NIDDM) Diabetes. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 13:1-2, 57-61
     CrossRef

222. 222

     H Shinkai. (1999) Recent developments in oral hypoglycemic agents. Drug Discovery Today 4:6, 283-288
     CrossRef

223. 223

     Maria J. Iuorno, John E. Nestler. (1999) The polycystic ovary syndrome: treatment with insulin sensitizing agents. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 1:3, 127-136
     CrossRef

224. 224

     Stephan Goetze, Xiao-Ping Xi, Hiroaki Kawano, Tina Gotlibowski, Eckart Fleck, Willa A. Hsueh, Ronald E. Law. (1999) PPARγ-Ligands Inhibit Migration Mediated by Multiple Chemoattractants in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 33:5, 798-806
     CrossRef

225. 225

     Heine. (1999) Current therapeutic options in Type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 29:S2, 17-20
     CrossRef

226. 226

     K. Rett. (1999) The relation between insulin resistance and cardiovascular complications of the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 1:s1, 8-16
     CrossRef

227. 227

     William Mayoral, James H. Lewis, Hyman Zimmerman. (1999) Drug-induced liver disease. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 15:3, 208-216
     CrossRef

228. 228

     Helmut O. Steinberg. (1999) Insulin effects on blood flow. Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes 6:2, 135-140
     CrossRef

229. 229

     C. Day. (1999) Thiazolidinediones: a new class of antidiabetic drugs. Diabetic Medicine 16:3, 179-192
     CrossRef

230. 230

     EDWARD LIPKIN. (1999) New Strategies for the Treatment of Type 2. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 99:3, 329-334
     CrossRef

231. 231

     Masashi Shiomi, Takashi Ito, Toyohiro Tsukada, Yoshio Tsujita, Hiroyoshi Horikoshi. (1999) Combination treatment with troglitazone, an insulin action enhancer, and pravastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, shows a synergistic effect on atherosclerosis of WHHL rabbits. Atherosclerosis 142:2, 345-353
     CrossRef

232. 232

     Isao Hasegawa, Haruo Murakawa, Mina Suzuki, Yasuaki Yamamoto, Takumi Kurabayashi, Kenichi Tanaka. (1999) Effect of troglitazone on endocrine and ovulatory performance in women with insulin resistance–related polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and Sterility 71:2, 323-327
     CrossRef

233. 233

     Itaru Kosegawa, Sufang Chen, Takuya Awata, Kiyohiko Negishi, Shigehiro Katayama. (1999) Troglitazone and Metformin, But Not Glibenclamide, Decrease Blood Pressure in Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 21:3, 199-211
     CrossRef

234. 234

     Hiroaki Satoh, Kazuhisa Tsukamoto, Yoshiaki Hashimoto, Naoaki Hashimoto, Masako Togo, Masumi Hara, Hisato Maekawa, Naoyuki Isoo, Satoshi Kimura, Tsuyoshi Watanabe. (1999) Thiazolidinediones Suppress Endothelin-1 Secretion from Bovine Vascular Endothelial Cells: A New Possible Role of PPARγ on Vascular Endothelial Function. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 254:3, 757-763
     CrossRef

235. 235

     NUHAD ISMAIL, BRYAN BECKER, PIOTR STRZELCZYK, EBERHARD RITZ. (1999) Renal disease and hypertension in non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Kidney International 55:1, 1-28
     CrossRef

236. 236

     S. Subramaniam. (1999) The Emerging Role of Thiazolidinediones in the Treatment of Diabetes-Mellitus and Related Disorders. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 21:1-2, 121-136
     CrossRef

237. 237

     S. Jacob, K. Rett, E. J. Henriksen, H.-U. Häring. (1999) Thioctic acid - effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose-metabolism. BioFactors 10:2-3, 169-174
     CrossRef

238. 238

     Harry G. Preuss, Nadeem Talpur, Vijaya Manohar, Nagaveni Venkataramiah, Richard A. Anderson. (1999) Chromium and hypertension. The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine 12:2, 125-130
     CrossRef

239. 239

     R Upton, P. S. Widdowson, S Ishii, H Tanaka, G Williams. (1998) Improved metabolic status and insulin sensitivity in obese fatty ( fa / fa ) Zucker rats and Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats treated with the thiazolidinedione, MCC-555. British Journal of Pharmacology 125:8, 1708-1714
     CrossRef

240. 240

     Tetsuya Yamakita, Tomofusa Ishii, Tomoko Mori, Katsunobu Yoshioka, Toshihiko Sato, Shiro Tanaka, Hiroko Kurimasa, Keinosuke Fujita, Satoru Fujii. (1998) Troglitazone ameliorates insulin resistance in a diabetic patient with Prader–Willi syndrome. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 42:3, 205-208
     CrossRef

241. 241

     Enzo Nisoli, Emilio Clementi, Cristina Tonello, Clara Sciorati, Luca Briscini, Michele O Carruba. (1998) Effects of nitric oxide on proliferation and differentiation of rat brown adipocytes in primary cultures. British Journal of Pharmacology 125:4, 888-894
     CrossRef

242. 242

     G.F Watts, D.A Playford. (1998) Dyslipoproteinaemia and hyperoxidative stress in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: an hypothesis. Atherosclerosis 141:1, 17-30
     CrossRef

243. 243

     L Pickavance, P S Widdowson, P King, S Ishii, H Tanaka, G Williams. (1998) The development of overt diabetes in young Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats and the effects of chronic MCC-555 treatment. British Journal of Pharmacology 125:4, 767-770
     CrossRef

244. 244

     Donald R. Dengel, James M. Hagberg, Richard E. Pratley, Ellen M. Rogus, Andrew P. Goldberg. (1998) Improvements in blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and lipoprotein lipids after aerobic exercise plus weight loss in obese, hypertensive middle-aged men. Metabolism 47:9, 1075-1082
     CrossRef

245. 245

     (1998) Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). The Lancet 352:9131, 854-865
     CrossRef

246. 246

     Pasha Sarraf, Elisabetta Mueller, Daniel Jones, Frederick J. King, Daniel J. DeAngelo, Jeffrey B. Partridge, Sylvia A. Holden, Lan Bo Chen, Samuel Singer, Christopher Fletcher, Bruce M. Spiegelman. (1998) Differentiation and reversal of malignant changes in colon cancer through PPARγ. Nature Medicine 4:9, 1046-1052
     CrossRef

247. 247

     Tadasu Ikeda, Katsumi Fujiyama. (1998) The effect of pioglitazone on glucose metabolism and insulin uptake in the perfused liver and hindquarter of high-fructose—fed rats. Metabolism 47:9, 1152-1155
     CrossRef

248. 248

     R Henry. (1998) Type 2 diabetes care: the role of insulin-sensitizing agents and practical implications for cardiovascular disease prevention. The American Journal of Medicine 105:1, 20S-26S
     CrossRef

249. 249

     Vivian A. Fonseca, Tammy Reynolds, Donna Hemphill, Carol Randolph, Jan Wall, Thomas R. Valiquet, Jane Graveline, Louis M. Fink. (1998) Effect of Troglitazone on Fibrinolysis and Activated Coagulation in Patients With Non–Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 12:4, 181-186
     CrossRef

250. 250

     Ronald B. Goldberg. (1998) PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES. Medical Clinics of North America 82:4, 805-821
     CrossRef

251. 251

     Nikolaus Marx, Galina Sukhova, Curran Murphy, Peter Libby, Jorge Plutzky. (1998) Macrophages in Human Atheroma Contain PPARγ. The American Journal of Pathology 153:1, 17-23
     CrossRef

252. 252

     Schwartz, Sherwyn, Raskin, Philip, Fonseca, Vivian, Graveline, Jane F., . (1998) Effect of Troglitazone in Insulin-Treated Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine 338:13, 861-866
     Full Text

253. 253

     Zachary T. Bloomgarden. (1998) Insulin resistance: current concepts. Clinical Therapeutics 20:2, 216-231
     CrossRef

254. 254

     Shoji Okumura, Noriyuki Takeda, Kazuhisa Takami, Kouji Yoshino, Junko Hattori, Kazuya Nakashima, Miyuki Sugimoto, Masatoshi Ishimori, Rieko Takami, Keigo Yasuda. (1998) Effects of troglitazone on dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in rats. Metabolism 47:3, 351-354
     CrossRef

255. 255

     Richard Donnelly, Xianqin Qu. (1998) MECHANISMS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO METABOLISM AND DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 25:2, 79-87
     CrossRef

256. 256

     George Wolf. (1998) Fatty Acids Bind Directly to and Activate Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors α and γ. Nutrition Reviews 56:2, 61-63
     CrossRef

257. 257

     Hiroyoshi Horikoshi, Takao Yoshioka. (1998) Troglitazone — a novel antidiabetic drug for treating insulin resistance. Drug Discovery Today 3:2, 79-88
     CrossRef

258. 258

     M.K. Song, M.J. Rosenthal, B.D. Naliboff, L. Phanumas, K.W. Kang. (1998) Effects of bovine prostate powder on zinc, glucose, and insulin metabolism in old patients with non—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 47:1, 39-43
     CrossRef

259. 259

     Gees J.J. Tack, Jacques W.M. Lenders, David S. Goldstein, Jos A. Lutterman, Paul Smits, Theo Thien. (1998) Haemodynamic actions of insulin. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 7:1, 99-106
     CrossRef

260. 260

     Shinji Kihara, Noriyuki Ouchi, Tohru Funahashi, Etsuko Shinohara, Ritsu Tamura, Shizuya Yamashita, Yuji Matsuzawa. (1998) Troglitazone enhances glucose uptake and inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 136:1, 163-168
     CrossRef

261. 261

     Dougals D. Lazarus, Linda A. Trimble, Lyle L. Moldawer. (1998) The metabolic effects of pokeweek mitogen in mice. Metabolism 47:1, 75-82
     CrossRef

262. 262

     Qiong Wang, Simon Dryden, Helen M. Frankish, Chen Bing, Lucy Pickavance, David Hopkins, Robin Buckingham, Gareth Williams. (1997) Increased feeding in fatty Zucker rats by the thiazolidinedione BRL 49653 (rosiglitazone) and the possible involvement of leptin and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y. British Journal of Pharmacology 122:7, 1405-1410
     CrossRef

263. 263

     S. Karunakara, M.S. Hammersley, R.J. Morris, R.C. Turner, R.R. Holman. (1997) The fasting hyperglycaemia study: III. Randomized controlled trial of sulfonylurea therapy in subjects with increased but not diabetic fasting plasma glucose. Metabolism 46, 56-60
     CrossRef

264. 264

     C. Fürnsinn, S. Neschen, C. Noe, M. Bisschop, M. Roden, C. Vogl, B. Schneider, W. Waldhäusl. (1997) Acute non-insulin-like stimulation of rat muscle glucose metabolism by troglitazone in vitro. British Journal of Pharmacology 122:7, 1367-1374
     CrossRef

265. 265

     E.A Foot, R Eastmond. (1997) Good metabolic and safety profile of troglitazone alone and following alcohol in NIDDM subjects. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 38:1, 41-51
     CrossRef

266. 266

     Jacob D. Peuler, John A. Miller, Mahmoud Bourghli, Hassan Y. Zammam, Edward E. Soltis, James R. Sowers. (1997) Disparate effects of antidiabetic drugs on arterial contraction. Metabolism 46:10, 1199-1205
     CrossRef

267. 267

     M. HANEFELD, T. TEMELKOVA-KURKTSCHIEV, C. KÖHLER. (1997) Effect of Oral Antidiabetics and Insulin on Lipids and Coronary Heart Disease in Non-Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 827:1 Lipids and Sy, 246-268
     CrossRef

268. 268

     WILLA A. HSUEH, RONALD E. LAW. (1997) Pharmacological Treatment and Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 827:1 Lipids and Sy, 170-177
     CrossRef

269. 269

     Robert R. Henry. (1997) THIAZOLIDINEDIONES. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 26:3, 553-573
     CrossRef

270. 270

     Eric Jéquier, Luc Tappy. (1997) Obesity. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 18:4, 247-305
     CrossRef

271. 271

     Anna Maria Sironi, Silvia Vichi, Amalia Gastaldelli, Neda Pecori, Roberto Anichini, Elizabeth Foot, Giuseppe Seghieri, Ele Ferrannini. (1997) Effects of troglitazone on insulin action and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 62:2, 194-202
     CrossRef

272. 272

     Scott L Grossman, Jan Lessem. (1997) Mechanisms and clinical effects of thiazolidinediones. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 6:8, 1025-1040
     CrossRef

273. 273

     Nicholas D. Oakes, Souad Camilleri, Stuart M. Furler, Donald J. Chisholm, Edward W. Kraegen. (1997) The insulin sensitizer, BRL 49653, reduces systemic fatty acid supply and utilization and tissue lipid availability in the rat. Metabolism 46:8, 935-942
     CrossRef

274. 274

     Richard G Larkins. (1997) New Concepts for Treatment of Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 8:5, 187-191
     CrossRef

275. 275

     Ikuo Inoue, Shigehiro Katayama, Keiichi Takahashi, Kiyohiko Negishi, Takashi Miyazaki, Masaru Sonoda, Tsugikazu Komoda. (1997) Troglitazone Has a Scavenging Effect on Reactive Oxygen Species. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 235:1, 113-116
     CrossRef

276. 276

     Alison J Mackay, John R Petrie. (1997) Insulin and lipid metabolism: new developments in drug therapy. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 6:6, 665-675
     CrossRef

277. 277

     David J. Schneider, Burton E. Sobel. (1997) Determinants of coronary vascular disease in patients with type ii diabetes mellitus and their therapeutic implications. Clinical Cardiology 20:5, 433-440
     CrossRef

278. 278

     Bo Zhang, Keijiro Saku, Kikuo Arakawa. (1997) Quantification of the effects of troglitazone on insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits: A minimal model analysis. Metabolism 46:3, 273-281
     CrossRef

279. 279

     Barbara L. Feuerstein, Ruth S. Weinstock. (1997) Diet and exercise in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition 13:2, 95-99
     CrossRef

280. 280

     Christine M. O'Rourke, Jo Ann Davis, Alan R. Saltiel, Joseph A. Cornicelli. (1997) Metabolic effects of troglitazone in the Goto-Kakizaki rat, a non-obese and normolipidemic rodent model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 46:2, 192-198
     CrossRef

281. 281

     John Petrie, Michael Small, John Connell. (1997) “Glitazones”, a prospect for non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The Lancet 349:9045, 70-71
     CrossRef

282. 282

     Harry G. Preuss, S. Taylor Jarrell, Nima Bushehri, Victor Onyejiaka, N. Mirdamadi-Zonozi. (1997) Nutrients and trace elements as they affect blood pressure in the elderly. Geriatric Nephrology and Urology 6:3, 169-179
     CrossRef

283. 283

     Bruce M Spiegelman, Jeffrey S Flier. (1996) Adipogenesis and Obesity: Rounding Out the Big Picture. Cell 87:3, 377-389
     CrossRef

284. 284

     Perseghin, Gianluca, Price, Thomas B., Petersen, Kitt Falk, Roden, Michael, Cline, Gary W., Gerow, Karynn, Rothman, Douglas L., Shulman, Gerald I., . (1996) Increased Glucose Transport–Phosphorylation and Muscle Glycogen Synthesis after Exercise Training in Insulin-Resistant Subjects. New England Journal of Medicine 335:18, 1357-1362
     Full Text

285. 285

     Michio Shimabukuro, Satoshi Higa, Tatsushi Shinzato, Fumio Nagamine, Ichiro Komiya, Nobuyuki Takasu. (1996) Cardioprotective effects of troglitazone in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Metabolism 45:9, 1168-1173
     CrossRef

286. 286

     M. Leutenegger, E. Bertin, H. Grulet. (1996) Therapeutic problems in type II diabetic patients developing insulin requirement. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 10:5, 255-260
     CrossRef

287. 287

     Yoshihisa Takada, Yasumitsu Takata, Masanori Iwanishi, Takeshi Imamura, Tasuku Sawa, Hisao Morioka, Hajime Ishihara, Manabu Ishiki, Isao Usui, Rie Temaru, Masaharu Urakaze, Yusuke Satoh, Toshifumi Inami, Shuji Tsuda, Masashi Kobayashi. (1996) Effect of glimepiride (HOE 490) on insulin receptors of skeletal muscles from genetically diabetic KK-Ay mouse. European Journal of Pharmacology 308:2, 205-210
     CrossRef

288. 288

     Kevin G. Lambe, Jonathan D. Tugwood. (1996) A Human Peroxisome-Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma is Activated by Inducers of Adipogenesis, Including Thiazolidinedione Drugs. European Journal of Biochemistry 239:1, 1-7
     CrossRef

289. 289

     M. Bähr, M. Spelleken, M. Bock, M. Holtey, R. Kiehn, J. Eckel. (1996) Acute and chronic effects of troglitazone (CS-045) on isolated rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. Diabetologia 39:7, 766-774
     CrossRef

290. 290

     Noriko Noguchi, Hirokazu Sakai, Yoshinori Kato, Jyunichi Tsuchiya, Yuko Yamamoto, Etsuo Niki, Hiroyoshi Horikoshi, Tatsuhiko Kodama. (1996) Inhibition of oxidation of low density lipoprotein by troglitazone. Atherosclerosis 123:1-2, 227-234
     CrossRef

291. 291

     A. A. Alzaid. (1996) Insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetologica 33:2, 87-99
     CrossRef

292. 292

     S. Kumar, A. J. M. Boulton, H. Beck-Nielsen, F. Berthezene, M. Muggeo, B. Persson, G. A. Spinas, S. Donoghue, S. Lettis, P. Stewart-Long, . (1996) Troglitazone, an insulin action enhancer, improves metabolic control in NIDDM patients. Diabetologia 39:6, 701-709
     CrossRef

293. 293

     T.G. Kurowski, A.K. Saha, B.A. Cunningham, R.I. Holbert, J.R. Colca, B.E. Corkey, N.B. Ruderman. (1996) Malonyl coenzyme A and adiposity in the dahl salt-sensitive rat: Effects of pioglitazone. Metabolism 45:4, 519-525
     CrossRef

294. 294

     G. Paolisso, D. Giugliano. (1996) Oxidative stress and insulin action: is there a relationship?. Diabetologia 39:3, 357-363
     CrossRef

295. 295

     Nicholas C. Turner. (1996) New therapeutic agents for the treatment of insulin resistance and NIDDM. Drug Discovery Today 1:3, 103-108
     CrossRef

296. 296

     Eberhard Ritz, Adam Stefanski. (1996) Diabetic nephropathy in type II diabetes. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 27:2, 167-194
     CrossRef

297. 297

     Natesampillai Sekar, Jinping Li, Yoram Shechter. (1996) Vanadium Salts as Insulin Substitutes: Mechanisms of Action, a Scientific and Therapeutic Tool in Diabetes Mellitus Research. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 31:5-6, 339-359
     CrossRef

298. 298

     Barry M. Forman, Peter Tontonoz, Jasmine Chen, Regina P. Brun, Bruce M. Spiegelman, Ronald M. Evans. (1995) 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2 is a ligand for the adipocyte determination factor PPARγ. Cell 83:5, 803-812
     CrossRef

299. 299

     A. Ceriello. (1995) Is oxidative stress the missing link between insulin resistance and atherosclerosis?. Diabetologia 38:12, 1484-1485
     CrossRef

300. 300

     JOHN E. NESTLER. (1995) Regulation of Human Dehydroepiandrosterone Metabolism by Insulin. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 774:1 Dehydroepiand, 73-81
     CrossRef

301. 301

     B SOLYMOSS, M MARCIL, M CHAOUR, B GILFIX, A POITRAS, L CAMPEAU. (1995) Fasting hyperinsulinism, insulin resistance syndrome, and coronary artery disease in men and women. The American Journal of Cardiology 76:16, 1152-1156
     CrossRef

302. 302

     Mousa Khoursheed, Philip D.G. Miles, Ke-Ming Gao, Moon-Kyu Lee, A.R. Moossa, Jerrold M. Olefsky. (1995) Metabolic effects of troglitazone on fat-induced insulin resistance in the rat. Metabolism 44:11, 1489-1494
     CrossRef

303. 303

     R. L. Chaiken, M. Eckert-Norton, R. Pasmantier, G. Boden, I. Ryan, R. A. Gelfand, H. E. Lebovitz. (1995) Metabolic effects of darglitazone, an insulin sensitizer, in NIDDM subjects. Diabetologia 38:11, 1307-1312
     CrossRef

304. 304

     James R. Sowers, Murray Epstein. (1995) Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension, Emerging Therapeutic Perspectives. Cardiovascular Drug Reviews 13:2, 149-210
     CrossRef

305. 305

     Keen, Harry, . (1994) Insulin Resistance and the Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine 331:18, 1226-1227
     Full Text