Original Article
A Longitudinal Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission by Heterosexual Partners
N Engl J Med 1994; 331:341-346August 11, 1994
- Abstract
Background
Worldwide, the predominant mode of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission is heterosexual intercourse, but the risk of heterosexual transmission and the effectiveness of measures to prevent it are not well defined.
Methods
We conducted a prospective study of HIV-negative subjects whose only risk of HIV infection was a stable heterosexual relationship with an HIV-infected partner. Every six months the subjects were interviewed, tested for HIV, and counseled about safe sexual practices.
Results
A total of 304 HIV-negative subjects (196 women and 108 men) were followed for an average of 20 months. During the study, 130 couples (42.8 percent) ended their sexual relationships, most often because of the HIV-infected partner's illness or death. Of the 256 couples who continued to have sexual relations for more than three months after enrollment in the study, only 124 (48.4 percent) used condoms consistently for vaginal and anal intercourse. Among these couples, none of the seronegative partners became infected with HIV, despite a total of about 15,000 episodes of intercourse. Among the 121 couples who used condoms inconsistently, the rate of seroconversion was 4.8 per 100 person-years (95 percent confidence interval, 2.5 to 8.4). Eleven couples refused to answer questions about condom use. The risk of transmission increased with advanced stages of HIV infection in the index partners (P<0.02) and with genital infection in the HIV-negative partners (P<0.04). Withdrawal to avoid ejaculation in the vagina had a protective effect in uninfected women (P<0.02).
Conclusions
Consistent use of condoms for heterosexual intercourse is highly effective in preventing the transmission of HIV. Among couples not using condoms regularly, the risk of HIV transmission varies widely. .
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Sexual Practices among 124 Couples Using Condoms Consistently (Solid Bars) and 121 Couples Using Condoms Inconsistently (Open Bars).Table 1
Couples Lost to Follow-up, According to Characteristics at the Time of Enrollment in the Study.Article Activity
- Article
Worldwide, the predominant mode of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission is heterosexual intercourse. Knowledge of the rates of transmission, the risk factors for transmission, and the effectiveness of preventive methods is essential for both the design and the evaluation of prevention programs1. Several studies have examined the prevalence of HIV infection among partners of HIV-infected people and the risk factors for sexual transmission of the virus. However, few of these studies have been longitudinal2-4.
Although the use of condoms is still the only available method to prevent HIV infection in people who have sexual contact with HIV-infected partners, the effectiveness of condoms in preventing infection is not known with precision5. The incidence of condom breakage during vaginal intercourse has been estimated at around 1 percent,6 but most cases of sexual transmission among couples using condoms are related to inconsistent use of condoms rather than to failure of the barrier method itself5.
A cross-sectional analysis of data from a multicenter European study examined the risk factors for both male-to-female and female-to-male transmission of HIV7. We present here the prospective component of that study, which includes follow-up data on couples in which one partner was HIV-positive and the other was HIV-negative. The aims of the longitudinal study were to determine the rate of condom use after counseling, the effectiveness of condoms in preventing HIV transmission, and the rate of and risk factors for transmission among couples who did not use condoms consistently.
Methods
Between March 1987 and March 1991, HIV-infected men and women (index partners) and their heterosexual partners were recruited in hospital wards, outpatient clinics, clinics for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, and local public health departments (HIV-screening centers and drug-treatment centers). The study excluded occasional partners and partners with other risk factors for HIV infection (intravenous drug use, male homosexual relations, receipt of unscreened blood products, sexual contact with multiple partners, or one or more heterosexual partners who were from sub-Saharan Africa or had one of the above risk factors). Study participants were interviewed with the use of a standardized questionnaire translated from English into the language used at the participating center. The index partners underwent HIV testing at the time of enrollment in the study, and their HIV-seronegative partners were seen every six months, until June 1992. A total of 378 couples recruited at 10 centers in eight countries of the European Community were eligible for the prospective study.
At each visit, the couples were counseled about the risk of HIV infection and about safe sexual practices, according to the policies at the center. At follow-up visits, to avoid any influence of knowledge of the HIV-test results on the reporting of sexual behavior, the partners were interviewed before being told the results. For each follow-up period, the subjects were asked about their history of risk factors for HIV infection, the number of sexual partners, contraceptive practices, use of condoms, and sexual practices. A history of sexually transmitted diseases was also obtained.
HIV serologic status was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by Western blotting or radioimmunoprecipitation in the laboratories of the participating centers. Information on the index partners' clinical status, according to the classification of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),8 and lymphocyte counts per cubic millimeter was obtained from medical records.
Partners seen at least twice (at enrollment and at least one follow-up visit) were included in the study. The duration of exposure to HIV was defined as the time from enrollment in the study to the last negative HIV test, for subjects who remained uninfected and still had sexual contact with their infected partners in June 1992; the time to the last sexual contact, for subjects who remained uninfected but ceased sexual relations with their infected partners; or the midpoint between the last negative test and the first positive test, for subjects who seroconverted. The frequency of condom use during follow-up was estimated as the mean of the frequencies reported during the follow-up visits.
Factors linked to loss of follow-up, cessation of sexual contact, and frequency of condom use were analyzed with Fisher's exact test and the chi-square test for categorical variables and with Student's t-test for continuous variables. Multivariate analyses were computed by logistic regression. Calculation of the 95 percent confidence intervals for rates of seroconversion according to person-years was based on the Poisson distribution. Risk factors for seroconversion were analyzed among the subsample of couples who had unprotected sexual contact during the study, with the use of the actuarial life-table method, and survival curves were compared with the use of the Breslow test9.
Results
Of the 378 eligible couples, 256 (67.7 percent) continued to have sexual relations (93 with female index partners and 163 with male index partners), 48 (12.7 percent) ceased having sexual relations within three months after their first visit, and 74 (19.6 percent) were lost to follow-up. The proportion of couples lost to follow-up was not significantly associated with the center (range, 5 to 31 percent) or with any of the sexual, demographic, or medical characteristics documented at the time of enrollment (Table 1Table 1
Couples Lost to Follow-up, According to Characteristics at the Time of Enrollment in the Study.).Continuation of Sexual Relations
A total of 130 couples (42.8 percent) ceased having sexual relations during the study period. Forty-eight couples stopped having sexual contact within three months after enrollment, and 82 couples did so later during the follow-up period. In nearly one third of these couples (40 of 130), the index partners had died. In 19 of the remaining 90 couples (21.1 percent), the index partners had AIDS. In comparison, the index partners had AIDS in only 18 of the 174 couples (10.3 percent) who continued to have sexual relations (P<0.02). Among the couples with asymptomatic index partners, the initially uninfected partners tended to be younger in the couples who continued to have sexual relations than in the couples who did not (median age, 28 vs. 30 years; P<0.05). The couples continuing to have sexual relations also had more frequent sexual contact before the positive HIV test of the index partner (median number of contacts per week, three vs. two; P<0.01) and were more likely to use condoms after the positive test (92 percent vs. 77 percent; P<0.05). The continuation of sexual relations was not associated with the sex of the index partner, the mode of infection in the index partner, or the previous duration of the relationship.
Subsequent analyses concern the 256 couples who continued to have sexual contact for more than three months after enrollment in the study. The median duration of exposure to infection for the 256 uninfected partners was 22 months.
Frequency of Condom Use
The 256 couples were classified according to the frequency of condom use during follow-up. Only 124 couples (48.4 percent) used condoms for every episode of vaginal or anal intercourse (consistent condom users); 121 couples (47.3 percent) did not always use condoms (inconsistent condom users). Among the 121 couples who were inconsistent users, 61 (50.4 percent) used condoms for at least half their sexual contacts but not for every contact, and 60 (49.6 percent) rarely or never used condoms. Eleven of the 256 couples (4.3 percent) refused to answer questions about their sexual behavior, although the uninfected partners agreed to follow-up serologic testing.
In the univariate analysis (Table 2Table 2
Rate of Consistent Condom Use, According to the Characteristics of the Index Partner, the Duration of the Relationship, and the Duration of Follow-up.), consistent condom use was not associated with the age or sex of the index partner or with the duration of follow-up. The median duration of the relationship before enrollment in the study was longer among the consistent users than among the inconsistent users (36 vs. 24 months, P<0.01). Consistent use of condoms was more frequent among couples in which the index partner had received a diagnosis of AIDS before enrollment in the study (70.8 percent vs. 48.4 percent, P<0.04). The proportion of consistent condom users varied according to the mode of infection in the index partner, ranging from 40.1 percent for infection through drug use to 73.2 percent for infection through sexual contact. The proportion of consistent condom users varied according to the enrolling center (range, 18 to 79 percent). To take into account the associations among these variables, all were included in a logistic-regression model. After adjustment for the center, the mode of infection in the index partner (P<0.001), the clinical status of the index partner at the time of enrollment (P<0.05), and the duration of the relationship before enrollment (P<0.04) were independently associated with consistent condom use.The other modifications in sexual behavior recorded during the study included a decreasing frequency of sexual contacts and the cessation of anal sex, sex during menses, and oral sex. Throughout the study, the consistent condom users reported a lower frequency of sexual contacts and lower frequencies of oral and anal sex and sex during menses than did the inconsistent users (Figure 1Figure 1
Sexual Practices among 124 Couples Using Condoms Consistently (Solid Bars) and 121 Couples Using Condoms Inconsistently (Open Bars).).Seroconversion Rates
Seroconversion occurred in 12 of the 256 partners followed (8 women and 4 men), for a seroconversion rate of 2.3 per 100 person-years (95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 4.0) for the whole group.
No seroconversion occurred among the 124 couples who used condoms for each vaginal or anal contact (95 percent confidence interval, 0 to 1.5 per 100 personyears). These 124 couples had approximately 15,000 protected sexual contacts during the study. Among these couples, 49 (39.5 percent) continued to practice fellatio, and 39 of the 49 did so without the use of condoms. The 95 percent confidence interval for the null rate of seroconversion through unprotected fellatio was 0 to 4.7 per 100 person-years.
No seroconversion occurred among the 11 couples who did not provide information on condom use.
Risk Factors for Seroconversion among Inconsistent Condom Users
Twelve initially uninfected partners seroconverted among the 121 couples using condoms inconsistently for vaginal or anal sex, corresponding to a seroconversion rate of 4.8 per 100 person-years (95 percent confidence interval, 2.5 to 8.4).
Since none of the seroconversions occurred after 24 months of exposure, the estimated cumulative incidence of seroconversion at 24 months is presented here. However, the statistical test relies on a global comparison of the survival curves. The estimated cumulative incidence of seroconversion at 24 months among the 121 inconsistent condom users was 12.7 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 5.9 to 19.5). In the univariate analysis (Table 3Table 3
Cumulative Rate of Seroconversion at 24 Months among the 121 Couples Not Consistently Using Condoms.), the cumulative incidence of seroconversion did not differ significantly between the female and male index partners (11.4 and 13.4 percent, respectively).The cumulative incidence of seroconversion differed significantly according to the clinical status of the index partner (P<0.02). Among couples in which the index partner was in an advanced stage of infection at the time of enrollment in the study (stage IV in the CDC classification or a CD4 cell count below 200 per cubic millimeter), the cumulative incidence of seroconversion in the uninfected partner was 48.7 percent, as compared with 7.8 percent among the couples in which the index partner remained asymptomatic and had a CD4 count above 199 per cubic millimeter throughout the follow-up period. Among couples in which the infection in the index partner progressed from an asymptomatic stage at the time of enrollment (with a CD4 count >199 per cubic millimeter) to an advanced stage during follow-up, the estimated cumulative incidence of seroconversion in the uninfected partner was 11.7 percent.
Five nonindex partners reported ulcerative genital infections during follow-up, and nine nonindex partners reported nonulcerative infections. Three of the 12 partners who seroconverted had genital infections: 1 had balanitis, 1 a recurrence of herpes, and 1 syphilis (a woman whose HIV-infected partner had acquired syphilis from someone not included in the study). The cumulative incidence of seroconversion was significantly lower (P<0.04) among partners reporting no genital infections (12.8 percent) than among those reporting nonulcerative infections (33.3 percent) or ulcerative infections (40.0 percent).
Among the eight women who continued to have unprotected anal sex with their HIV-infected male partners, the cumulative incidence of seroconversion was 27.8 percent, as compared with 11.7 percent among the women not reporting such practices (P>0.15). The frequency of sexual contacts (median, two per week), the use of oral contraceptives, and the practice of oral sex and sex during menses were not associated with the risk of seroconversion. The couples using condoms for at least half but not all sexual contacts had about the same risk of seroconversion as the couples not using condoms (10.3 and 15.0 percent, respectively; P>0.60). On the other hand, withdrawal before ejaculation was associated with a lower risk of male-to-female transmission of HIV (P<0.02). The cumulative incidence of seroconversion was 0 percent among the couples who nearly always practiced withdrawal before ejaculation, 7.2 percent among those who did so about half the time, and 32.4 percent among those who rarely or never did so.
The number of subjects who seroconverted was too small to allow a multivariate analysis.
Discussion
It is reassuring that no HIV transmission occurred among the couples reporting consistent use of condoms. However, only half the couples who continued having sexual relations used condoms consistently. Since the counseling was not standardized, it is difficult to relate it to these results. Condoms were reported to have a low level of acceptability among drug users and their non-drug-using partners in New York,10 but not in a cohort of couples in California2.
There is still much debate about whether unprotected oral sex should be considered a safe sexual practice11. People with no risk factors for HIV infection other than unprotected oral sex with an infected partner represent an ideal population for the estimation of the risk of transmission by this practice. In our study, no seroconversion occurred in the small subsample of 39 partners who had unprotected oral sex while consistently using condoms during vaginal intercourse. The 95 percent confidence interval for this null rate of transmission is 0 to 4.7 per 100 person-years, representing a risk that, although significantly lower than the risk associated with unprotected vaginal intercourse, cannot be assumed to be negligible.
Attempts have been made to estimate the risk of transmission per episode of vaginal intercourse12,13. Our data, which are prospective rather than retrospective, allow a more reliable estimation of that risk, and the results of our analyses confirm that the risk is not constant from one contact to another. For example, among the 121 couples who used condoms inconsistently during an estimated 12,000 unprotected sexual contacts, the rate of transmission per contact was 1 per 1000 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.5 to 1.7). When the risk was estimated according to the stage of HIV infection in the index partner, the rate of transmission per contact was 5 per 1000 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 13.1) if the index partner was in an advanced stage of infection and 0.7 per 1000 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.3 to 1.4) if the index partner was asymptomatic. Thus, the clinical status of the HIV-infected partner greatly influences the risk of transmission per sexual contact, suggesting that some people are highly infectious and others hardly infectious at all. Repeated acts of unprotected sexual intercourse are not independent of one another. For example, if someone has had 100 sexual contacts with a partner who has a very low level of infectivity, the risk of transmission is low. However, if someone has sex with 100 different infected partners, there is a high probability that at least one of the partners is highly infectious.
The identification of risk factors for HIV is limited in the present analysis because of the small number of partners who seroconverted. Consequently, the power of the tests is low, and nonsignificant differences should be interpreted with caution. In particular, although no difference was found between the risk of male-to-female transmission and that of female-to-male transmission, one should not conclude that the risk of transmission is similar in both directions. Indeed, recent studies7,14 suggest that male-to-female transmission is twice as efficient as female-to-male transmission. Anal sex does not significantly increase the risk of transmission to the female partner15. This result could be due to a lack of power, since only eight women continued to have unprotected anal sex with their HIV-infected partners; the cumulative incidence of seroconversion among these women was 27.8 percent, as compared with 11.7 percent among the women who did not have unprotected anal sex.
Consistent withdrawal before ejaculation appears to provide female partners with some protection against HIV infection. The avoidance of contact between the infected sperm and the cervicovaginal mucosa, either by the use of condoms or by withdrawal before ejaculation, may provide a higher level of protection than that provided by inconsistent condom use alone. However, pre-ejaculatory fluid may be a vector for the transmission of HIV16. Moreover, withdrawal is less effective than condom use as a contraceptive measure (efficacy, 82 percent vs. 88 percent),17 and the potential protection is only against male-to-female transmission. Withdrawal as a method of protection relies solely on the action of the infected male partner, with no possibility of control by the female partner, and unlike condom use, withdrawal does not provide protection from other sexually transmitted diseases, which may be cofactors for the transmission of HIV1.
Despite the low power of this study, the data indicate that the stage of HIV infection in the index partner is a strong risk factor for transmission, confirming the results of previous studies7,18. Therefore, the variation in transmission rates among studies in different countries may be due, at least in part, to differences in the stage of the HIV epidemic and in the proportions of patients with advanced infection. In our study, there were too few index partners with an advanced stage of HIV infection to permit assessment of the potential protective effect of anti-HIV therapy18.
The results of our study add support to the view that genital infections, especially those that are ulcerative, facilitate the transmission of HIV1. Most of the genital infections in our subjects were caused by herpesvirus or candida. These infections occurred among consistent condom users as well as inconsistent users and thus may not have been acquired sexually during the study period. Since a genital examination was not performed systematically at each study visit, we cannot exclude the possibility that some genital infections were missed, but it is likely that the missed episodes were equally distributed among the subjects who seroconverted and those who did not, since the interviews were conducted before the subjects knew the HIV-test results.
Finally, it should be stressed that nearly half the couples (130 of 304) had stopped having sexual relations by the time the study ended, perhaps to protect themselves against the transmission of HIV. This phenomenon, together with the ethical requirements for counseling, limits what can be learned from longitudinal studies of sexual transmission between partners. It may be useful to examine the immunologic and virologic characteristics of the few couples who remain discordant for HIV infection despite high risks of transmission. The effectiveness of other preventive methods, including local microbicides, deserves further study in large populations at risk of acquiring HIV infection through sexual contact.
Supported by grants from the Commission of the European Communities.
We are indebted to M. Laga and A. Downs for their participation and advice.
Source Information
From the European Centre for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS, Hopital National de Saint-Maurice, 14 rue du Val d'Osne, 94410 Saint-Maurice, France, where reprint requests should be addressed to Dr. de Vincenzi.
The members of the European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
The European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV includes the following centers and investigators: the European Centre for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS, Hopital National de Saint-Maurice, Saint-Maurice, France (coordinating center): I. de Vincenzi, R.A. Ancelle-Park, and J.-B. Brunet; Istituto Malattie Infettive, Universita di Bologna, Bologna, Italy: P. Costigliola, E. Ricchi, and F. Chiodo; Athens School of Hygiene, Athens, Greece: A. Roumeliotou and G. Papaevangelou; Sozialpadagogisches Institut, Berlin, Germany: M. Kraus and W. Heckmann; Department of Public Health and Environment, Municipal Health Service, Amsterdam: R.A. Coutinho and H.J.A. van Haastrecht; Programa del SIDA, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain: J. Casabona and J. Tor; Infectious Diseases Service, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid: J. Gonzalez-Lahoz and R. Andres-Medina; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium: M. Vandenbruaene and J. Goeman; Immunopathologie Clinique, Hopital H. Mondor, Creteil, France: A. Sobel; and Infectious Disease Unit, City Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom: R. Brettle and R. Robertson.
- References
References
1
Laga M ,Manoka A ,Kivuvu M , et al. Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS 1993;7:95-102
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Padian NS ,O'Brien TR ,Chang Y ,Glass S ,Francis DP . Prevention of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus through couple counseling. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993;6:1043-1048
Web of Science | Medline3
Kamenga M ,Ryder RW ,Jingu M , et al. Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire. AIDS 1991;5:61-67
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Saracco A ,Musicco M ,Nicolosi A , et al. Man-to-woman sexual transmission of HIV: longitudinal study of 343 steady partners of infected men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993;6:497-502
Web of Science | Medline5
Weller SC . A meta-analysis of condom effectiveness in reducing sexually transmitted HIV. Soc Sci Med 1993;36:1635-1644
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Chan-Chee C ,De Vincenzi I ,Sole-Pla MA ,Ancelle-Park R ,Brunet JB . Use and misuse of condoms. Genitourin Med 1991;67:173-173
Medline7
European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV
CrossRef | Web of Science8
Classification system for human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infectionsMMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1986;35:334-339
Medline9
Dixon WJ, ed. BMDP statistical software manual. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California, 1992:739-68.
10
Siddiqui NS ,Brown LS Jr ,Phillips RY ,Vargas O ,Makuch RW . No seroconversions among steady sex partners of methadone-maintained HIV-1-seropositive injecting drug users in New York City. AIDS 1992;6:1529-1533[Erratum, IDS 1993;7:following 444.]
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Keet IP ,Albrecht van Lent N ,Sandfort TG ,Coutinho RA ,van Griensven GJ . Orogenital sex and the transmission of HIV among homosexual men. AIDS 1992;6:223-226
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Kaplan EH . Modeling HIV infectivity: must sex acts be counted? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990;3:55-61
Web of Science | Medline13
Wiley JA ,Herschkorn SJ ,Padian NS . Heterogeneity in the probability of HIV transmission per sexual contact: the case of male-to-female transmission in penile-vaginal intercourse. Stat Med 1989;8:93-102
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Haverkos HW ,Battjes RJ . Female-to-male transmission of HIV. JAMA 1992;268:1855-1857
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Voeller B. Heterosexual anal intercourse: an AIDS risk factor. In: Voeller B, Machover Reinisch J, Gottlieb M, eds. AIDS and sex: an integrated biomedical and biobehavioral approach. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990:276-310.
16
Pudney J ,Oneta M ,Mayer K ,Seage G III ,Anderson D . Pre-ejaculatory fluid as potential vector for sexual transmission of HIV-1. Lancet 1992;340:1470-1470
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Rosenberg MJ ,Gollub EL . Methods women can use that may prevent sexually transmitted disease, including HIV. Am J Public Health 1992;82:1473-1478
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
Anderson DJ ,O'Brien TR ,Politch JA , et al. Effects of disease stage and zidovudine therapy on the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in semen. JAMA 1992;267:2769-2774
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (242)
Citing Articles
1
Renee Heffron, Deborah Donnell, Helen Rees, Connie Celum, Nelly Mugo, Edwin Were, Guy de Bruyn, Edith Nakku-Joloba, Kenneth Ngure, James Kiarie, Robert W Coombs, Jared M Baeten. (2012) Use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV-1 transmission: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 12:1, 19-26
CrossRef2
G. M. Wingood, R. J. DiClemente, K. Villamizar, D. L. Er, M. DeVarona, J. Taveras, T. M. Painter, D. L. Lang, J. W. Hardin, E. Ullah, J. Stallworth, D. W. Purcell, R. Jean. (2011) Efficacy of a Health Educator-Delivered HIV Prevention Intervention for Latina Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Public Health 101:12, 2245-2252
CrossRef3
Karalyn McDonald. (2011) ‘The old-fashioned way’: conception and sex in serodiscordant relationships after ART. Culture, Health & Sexuality 13:10, 1119-1133
CrossRef4
F. Kapadia, M. H. Latka, Y. Wu, S. A. Strathdee, M. E. Mackesy-Amiti, S. M. Hudson, H. Thiede, R. S. Garfein. (2011) Longitudinal Determinants of Consistent Condom Use by Partner Type Among Young Injection Drug Users: The Role of Personal and Partner Characteristics. AIDS and Behavior 15:7, 1309-1318
CrossRef5
Felicia A. Browne, Wendee M. Wechsberg, J. Michael Bowling, Winnie K. Luseno. (2011) Correlates of Male Condom Use Skills among High-Risk Women in South Africa. Journal of Sex Research1-9
CrossRef6
Nicole Stolte-Leeb, Roberta Loddo, Sophia Antimisiaris, Tina Schultheiss, Ulrike Sauermann, Monika Franz, Spyridon Mourtas, Christophe Parsy, Richard Storer, Paolo La Colla, Christiane Stahl-Hennig. (2011) Topical Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor MC 1220 Partially Prevents Vaginal RT-SHIV Infection of Macaques. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 27:9, 933-943
CrossRef7
Julie Fox, Peter J White, Jonathan Weber, Geoff P Garnett, Helen Ward, Sarah Fidler. (2011) Quantifying sexual exposure to HIV within an HIV-serodiscordant relationship: development of an algorithm. AIDS 25:8, 1065-1082
CrossRef8
Andrea R. Thurman, Gustavo F. Doncel. (2011) Innate Immunity and Inflammatory Response to Trichomonas vaginalis and Bacterial Vaginosis: Relationship to HIV Acquisition. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 65:2, 89-98
CrossRef9
Gina M. Wingood, Josephina J. Card, Deja Er, Julie Solomon, Nikia Braxton, Delia Lang, Puja Seth, Jim Cartreine, Ralph J. DiClemente. (2011) Preliminary efficacy of a computer-based HIV intervention for African-American women. Psychology & Health 26:2, 223-234
CrossRef10
Valentina Cambiano, Alison J Rodger, Andrew N Phillips. (2011) ‘Test-and-treat’: the end of the HIV epidemic?. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 24:1, 19-26
CrossRef11
Ahizechukwu C Eke, Chikelue Oragwu, Ahizechukwu C Eke. 2011. Sperm washing to prevent HIV transmission from HIV-infected men but allowing conception in sero-discordant couples. .
CrossRef12
David R. Friend. (2010) Pharmaceutical development of microbicide drug products. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 15:6, 562-581
CrossRef13
Samuel Lurie. (2010) Does intercourse during menses increase the risk for sexually transmitted disease?. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 282:6, 627-630
CrossRef14
Lu Wang, Zeng Ge, Jing Luo, Duo Shan, Xing Gao, Guo-wei Ding, Jian-ping Zhou, Wen-sheng He, Ning Wang. (2010) HIV Transmission Risk Among Serodiscordant Couples: A Retrospective Study of Former Plasma Donors in Henan, China. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 55:2, 232-238
CrossRef15
R. F. Baggaley, R. G. White, M.-C. Boily. (2010) HIV transmission risk through anal intercourse: systematic review, meta-analysis and implications for HIV prevention. International Journal of Epidemiology 39:4, 1048-1063
CrossRef16
Michael S. Avidan, Adam C. Searleman, Martha Storandt, Chengjie Xiong, John C. Morris, Alex S. Evers. (2010) Cognitive Decline after Surgery and Illness. Anesthesiology 112:5, 1283-1285
CrossRef17
J. B. Jemmott, L. S. Jemmott, G. T. Fong, K. H. Morales. (2010) Effectiveness of an HIV/STD Risk-Reduction Intervention for Adolescents When Implemented by Community-Based Organizations: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Public Health 100:4, 720-726
CrossRef18
J. A. Higgins, S. Hoffman, S. L. Dworkin. (2010) Rethinking Gender, Heterosexual Men, and Women's Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. American Journal of Public Health 100:3, 435-445
CrossRef19
R.J. DiClemente, G.M. Wingood, E. Rose, J.M. Sales, R.A. Crosby. (2010) Evaluation of an HIV/STD Sexual Risk-Reduction Intervention for Pregnant African American Adolescents Attending a Prenatal Clinic in an Urban Public Hospital: Preliminary Evidence of Efficacy. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 23:1, 32-38
CrossRef20
A. Vandermaelen, Y. Englert. (2010) Human immunodeficiency virus serodiscordant couples on highly active antiretroviral therapies with undetectable viral load: conception by unprotected sexual intercourse or by assisted reproduction techniques?. Human Reproduction 25:2, 374-379
CrossRef21
Jessica M. Sales, Delia L. Lang, James W. Hardin, Ralph J. DiClemente, Gina M. Wingood. (2010) Efficacy of an HIV Prevention Program Among African American Female Adolescents Reporting High Depressive Symptomatology. Journal of Women's Health 19:2, 219-227
CrossRef22
Thuong Vu Nguyen, Nghia Van Khuu, Phong Hoai Truong, Anh Phuong Nguyen, Lien Xuan Thi Truong, Roger Detels. (2009) Correlation Between HIV and Sexual Behavior, Drug Use, Trichomoniasis and Candidiasis Among Female Sex Workers in a Mekong Delta Province of Vietnam. AIDS and Behavior 13:5, 873-880
CrossRef23
Stephen J Genuis. (2009) Adolescent sexual behaviour and public health: the religion versus science dichotomy. Acta Paediatrica
CrossRef24
Jennifer R. Horner, Laura F. Salazar, Daniel Romer, Peter A. Vanable, Ralph DiClemente, Michael P. Carey, Robert F. Valois, Bonita F. Stanton, Larry K. Brown. (2009) Withdrawal (Coitus Interruptus) as a Sexual Risk Reduction Strategy: Perspectives from African-American Adolescents. Archives of Sexual Behavior 38:5, 779-787
CrossRef25
Joanne E. Mantell, Elizabeth A. Kelvin, Theresa M. Exner, Susie Hoffman, Sarah Needham, Zena A. Stein. (2009) Anal use of the female condom: does uncertainty justify provider inaction?. AIDS Care 21:9, 1185-1194
CrossRef26
Lynn T. Matthews, Joia S. Mukherjee. (2009) Strategies for Harm Reduction Among HIV-Affected Couples Who Want to Conceive. AIDS and Behavior 13:S1, 5-11
CrossRef27
G. Anita Heeren, John B. Jemmott, Andrew Mandeya, Joanne C. Tyler. (2009) Sub-Saharan African University Students’ Beliefs about Condoms, Condom-use Intention, and Subsequent Condom Use: A Prospective Study. AIDS and Behavior 13:2, 268-276
CrossRef28
Charles S. Morrison, Abigail Norris Turner, LaShawn B. Jones. (2009) Highly effective contraception and acquisition of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 23:2, 263-284
CrossRef29
Sharon R. Sznitman, Daniel Romer, Larry K. Brown, Ralph J. DiClemente, Robert F. Valois, Peter A. Vanable, Michael P. Carey, Bonita Stanton. (2009) Prevalence, Correlates, and Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk Related to Coitus Interruptus Among African-American Adolescents. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 36:4, 218-220
CrossRef30
Sarra L. Hedden, Damiya Whitaker, Leah Floyd, William W. Latimer. (2009) Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Behavioral Risk Factors of HIV in South African Drug Users. AIDS and Behavior 13:2, 288-296
CrossRef31
Marie-Claude Boily, Rebecca F Baggaley, Lei Wang, Benoit Masse, Richard G White, Richard J Hayes, Michel Alary. (2009) Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 9:2, 118-129
CrossRef32
Helen E. Cejtin. (2008) Gynecologic Issues in the HIV-Infected Woman. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 22:4, 709-739
CrossRef33
Matthew F Chersich, Helen V Rees. (2008) Vulnerability of women in southern Africa to infection with HIV: biological determinants and priority health sector interventions. AIDS 22:Suppl 4, S27-S40
CrossRef34
O. Heikinheimo, P. Lahteenmaki. (2008) Contraception and HIV infection in women. Human Reproduction Update 15:2, 165-176
CrossRef35
Keith Nathaniel Partington. (2008) Heterosexual HIV transmission: ethics of disinformation and the importance of adhering to an evidence-based approach in psychotherapeutic practice. Sexual and Relationship Therapy 23:4, 419-432
CrossRef36
&NA;. (2008) Methodological Overview of an African American Couple-Based HIV/STD Prevention Trial. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 49:Supplement 1, S3-S14
CrossRef37
T. Déirdre Hollingsworth, Roy M. Anderson, Christophe Fraser. (2008) HIV-1 Transmission, by Stage of Infection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 198:5, 687-693
CrossRef38
Kamal Desai, Stephanie L Sansom, Marta L Ackers, Scott R Stewart, H Irene Hall, Dale J Hu, Rachel Sanders, Carol R Scotton, Sada Soorapanth, Marie-Claude Boily, Geoffrey P Garnett, Peter D McElroy. (2008) Modeling the impact of HIV chemoprophylaxis strategies among men who have sex with men in the United States: HIV infections prevented and cost-effectiveness. AIDS 22:14, 1829-1839
CrossRef39
David P Wilson, Matthew G Law, Andrew E Grulich, David A Cooper, John M Kaldor. (2008) Relation between HIV viral load and infectiousness: a model-based analysis. The Lancet 372:9635, 314-320
CrossRef40
Valeria Savasi, Bina Parrilla, Martina Ratti, Enrico Ferrazzi. (2008) Reproductive assistance in HIV-1 discordant couples. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 20:3, 205-210
CrossRef41
Shelley Miksis. (2008) A Review of the Evidence Comparing the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Versus Condoms in the Prevention of Human Papillomavirus Infections. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing 37:3, 329-337
CrossRef42
Lawrence W Green, Ryan G McAllister, Kent W Peterson, John W Travis. (2008) Male circumcision is not the HIV ‘vaccine’ we have been waiting for!. Future HIV Therapy 2:3, 193-199
CrossRef43
Tahaniyat Lalani, Charles Hicks. (2008) Does antiretroviral therapy prevent HIV transmission to sexual partners?. Current Infectious Disease Reports 10:2, 140-145
CrossRef44
R. F Baggaley, R. G White, M.-C. Boily. (2008) Systematic review of orogenital HIV-1 transmission probabilities. International Journal of Epidemiology 37:6, 1255-1265
CrossRef45
F. Kapadia, M.H. Latka, S.M. Hudson, E.T. Golub, J.V. Campbell, S. Bailey, V. Frye, R.S. Garfein. (2007) Correlates of consistent condom use with main partners by partnership patterns among young adult male injection drug users from five US cities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 91, S56-S63
CrossRef46
Mary H Latka, Yuko Mizuno, YingFeng Wu, Karin E Tobin, Lisa R Metsch, Victoria Frye, Cynthia A Gómez, Julia H Arnsten. (2007) Are Feelings of Responsibility to Limit the Sexual Transmission of HIV Associated With Safer Sex Among HIV-Positive Injection Drug Users?. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 46:Supplement 2, S88-S95
CrossRef47
Lynda M. Sagrestano, Amy Rogers, Arron Service. 2007. HIV/AIDS. , 201-228.
CrossRef48
X. M. Tu, C. Feng, J. Kowalski, W. Tang, H. Wang, C. Wan, Y. Ma. (2007) Correlation analysis for longitudinal data: applications to HIV and psychosocial research. Statistics in Medicine 26:22, 4116-4138
CrossRef49
IM Poynten, DE Smith, DA Cooper, JM Kaldor, AE Grulich. (2007) The public health impact of widespread availability of nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis against HIV. HIV Medicine 8:6, 374-381
CrossRef50
Louis Bujan, Lital Hollander, Mathieu Coudert, Carole Gilling-Smith, Alexandra Vucetich, Juliette Guibert, Pietro Vernazza, Jeanine Ohl, Michael Weigel, Yvon Englert, Augusto E Semprini. (2007) Safety and efficacy of sperm washing in HIV-1-serodiscordant couples where the male is infected: results from the European CREAThE network. AIDS 21:14, 1909-1914
CrossRef51
O.O. Oguntibeju ., W.M.J. van den Heever ., F.E. Van Schalkwyk .. (2007) A Review of the Epidemiology, Biology and Pathogenesis of HIV. Journal of Biological Sciences 7:8, 1296-1304
CrossRef52
Jared M Baeten, Sarah Benki, Vrasha Chohan, Ludo Lavreys, R Scott McClelland, Kishorchandra Mandaliya, Jeckoniah O Ndinya-Achola, Walter Jaoko, Julie Overbaugh. (2007) Hormonal contraceptive use, herpes simplex virus infection, and risk of HIV-1 acquisition among Kenyan women. AIDS 21:13, 1771-1777
CrossRef53
J. M. Baeten, L. Lavreys, J. Overbaugh. (2007) The Influence of Hormonal Contraceptive Use on HIV-1 Transmission and Disease Progression. Clinical Infectious Diseases 45:3, 360-369
CrossRef54
Joelle M Brown, Anna Wald, Alan Hubbard, Kittipong Rungruengthanakit, Tsungai Chipato, Sungwal Rugpao, Francis Mmiro, David D Celentano, Robert S Salata, Charles S Morrison, Barbra A Richardson, Nancy S Padian. (2007) Incident and prevalent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection increases risk of HIV acquisition among women in Uganda and Zimbabwe. AIDS 21:12, 1515-1523
CrossRef55
Tahaniyat Lalani, Charles Hicks. (2007) Does antiretroviral therapy prevent HIV transmission to sexual partners?. Current HIV/AIDS Reports 4:2, 80-85
CrossRef56
Sunit Kumar Singh. (2007) Topical microbicides against HIV spread: what, where and why?. Future Virology 2:3, 219-224
CrossRef57
Marguerita Lightfoot, Heather Tevendale, W. Scott Comulada, Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus. (2007) Who Benefited from an Efficacious Intervention for Youth Living with HIV: A Moderator Analysis. AIDS and Behavior 11:1, 61-70
CrossRef58
M. Hasnain, J. A. Levy, E. K. Mensah, J. M. Sinacore. (2007) Association of educational attainment with HIV risk in African American active injection drug users. AIDS Care 19:1, 87-91
CrossRef59
Marc Bulterys, Dawn Smith, Ann Chao, Harold Jaffe. (2007) Hormonal contraception and incident HIV-1 infection: new insight and continuing challenges. AIDS 21:1, 97-99
CrossRef60
Charles S Morrison, Barbra A Richardson, Francis Mmiro, Tsungai Chipato, David D Celentano, Joanne Luoto, Roy Mugerwa, Nancy Padian, Sungwal Rugpao, Joelle M Brown, Peter Cornelisse, Robert A Salata. (2007) Hormonal contraception and the risk of HIV acquisition. AIDS 21:1, 85-95
CrossRef61
Janice M. Irvine. (2006) Emotional scripts of sex panics. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 3:3, 82-94
CrossRef62
Seth C. Kalichman, Leickness C. Simbayi, Demetria Cain, Charsey Cherry, Sean Jooste. (2006) Coital Bleeding and HIV Risks Among Men and Women in Cape Town, South Africa. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 33:9, 551-557
CrossRef63
C Gilling-Smith, JDM Nicopoullos, AE Semprini, LCG Frodsham. (2006) HIV and reproductive care—a review of current practice. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 113:8, 869-878
CrossRef64
Viviana Simon, David D Ho, Quarraisha Abdool Karim. (2006) HIV/AIDS epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. The Lancet 368:9534, 489-504
CrossRef65
Kabir Sardana, Virendra N. Sehgal. (2006) Genital ulcer disease and human immunodeficiency virus: a focus. International Journal of Dermatology 0:0, 060720080827216
CrossRef66
Jeny Wegbreit, Stefano Bertozzi, Lisa M DeMaria, Nancy S Padian. (2006) Effectiveness of HIV prevention strategies in resource-poor countries: tailoring the intervention to the context. AIDS 20:9, 1217-1235
CrossRef67
Mary H. Latka, Lisa R. Metsch, Yulo Mizuno, Karin Tobin, Sonia Mackenzie, Julia H. Arnsten, Marc N. Gourevitch. (2006) Unprotected Sex Among HIV-Positive Injection Drug-Using Women and Their Serodiscordant Male Partners. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 42:2, 222-228
CrossRef68
F. Mazzilli, M. Delfino, N. Imbrogno, J. Elia, F. Dondero. (2006) Survival of Micro-organisms in Cryostorage of Human Sperm. Cell and Tissue Banking 7:2, 75-79
CrossRef69
J Campo, MA Perea, J del Romero, J Cano, V Hernando, A Bascones. (2006) Oral transmission of HIV, reality or fiction? An update. Oral Diseases 12:3, 219-228
CrossRef70
Nicoli Nattrass. (2006) What Determines Cross-Country Access to Antiretroviral Treatment?. Development Policy Review 24:3, 321-337
CrossRef71
Mollie Kane. 2006. Contraceptive Devices. .
CrossRef72
Esther E Freeman, Helen A Weiss, Judith R Glynn, Pamela L Cross, James A Whitworth, Richard J Hayes. (2006) Herpes simplex virus 2 infection increases HIV acquisition in men and women: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. AIDS 20:1, 73-83
CrossRef73
Michel Garenne. (2006) Male Circumcision and HIV Control in Africa. PLoS Medicine 3:1, e78
CrossRef74
Leigh F. Johnson, Rob Dorrington. (2006) Modelling the demographic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa and the likely impact of interventions. Demographic Research 14, 541-574
CrossRef75
Mary H. Latka, Tracey E. Wilson, Judith A. Cook, Melanie C. Bacon, Jean L. Richardson, Nancy Sohler, Mardge H. Cohen, Ruth M. Greenblatt, Evie Andreopoulis, David Vlahov. (2005) Impact of drug treatment on subsequent sexual risk behavior in a multisite cohort of drug-using women. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 29:4, 329-337
CrossRef76
Gary S. Nakhuda, Joseph E. Pena, Mark V. Sauer. (2005) Deaths of HIV-Positive Men in the Context of Assisted Reproduction: Five Case Studies from a Single Center. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 19:11, 712-718
CrossRef77
Carlos del Rio. (2005) AIDS: The Second Wave. Archives of Medical Research 36:6, 682-688
CrossRef78
Phoebe Kajubi, Moses R Kamya, Sarah Kamya, Sanny Chen, Willi McFarland, Norman Hearst. (2005) Increasing Condom Use Without Reducing HIV Risk. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 40:1, 77-82
CrossRef79
Jes??s Castilla, Jorge del Romero, Victoria Hernando, Beatriz Marincovich, Soledad Garc??a, Carmen Rodr??guez. (2005) Effectiveness of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Reducing Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 40:1, 96-101
CrossRef80
Beatrice “Bean” E. Robinson, Karen Scheltema, Tonya Cherry. (2005) Risky sexual behavior in low‐income African American women: The impact of sexual health variables. Journal of Sex Research 42:3, 224-237
CrossRef81
D. Hawkins, M. Blott, P. Clayden, A. de Ruiter, G. Foster, C. Gilling-Smith, B. Gosrani, H. Lyall, D. Mercey, M-L. Newell, S. O'Shea, R. Smith, J. Sunderland, C. Wood, G. Taylor, . (2005) Guidelines for the management of HIV infection in pregnant women and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. HIV Medicine 6:S2, 107-148
CrossRef82
Joseph Sexton, Geoff Garnett, John-Arne R??ttingen. (2005) Metaanalysis and Metaregression in Interpreting Study Variability in the Impact of Sexually Transmitted Diseases on Susceptibility to HIV Infection. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 32:6, 351-357
CrossRef83
Hirut T. Gebrekristos, Stephen C. Resch, Khangelani Zuma, Mark N. Lurie. (2005) Estimating the Impact of Establishing Family Housing on the Annual Risk of HIV Infection in South African Mining Communities. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 32:6, 333-340
CrossRef84
Kabir Sardana, Virendra N. Sehgal. (2005) Genital ulcer disease and human immunodeficiency virus: a focus. International Journal of Dermatology 44:5, 391-405
CrossRef85
Emily Oster. (2005) Sexually Transmitted Infections, Sexual Behavior, and The HIV/AIDS Epidemic*. Quarterly Journal of Economics 120:2, 467-515
CrossRef86
Jeffrey T Parsons, Eric W Schrimshaw, Richard J Wolitski, Perry N Halkitis, David W Purcell, Colleen C Hoff, Cynthia A Gómez. (2005) Sexual harm reduction practices of HIV-seropositive gay and bisexual men: serosorting, strategic positioning, and withdrawal before ejaculation. AIDS 19:Supplement 1, S13-S25
CrossRef87
Sanders, Gillian D., Bayoumi, Ahmed M., Sundaram, Vandana, Bilir, S. Pinar, Neukermans, Christopher P., Rydzak, Chara E., Douglass, Lena R., Lazzeroni, Laura C., Holodniy, Mark, Owens, Douglas K., . (2005) Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for HIV in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 352:6, 570-585
Full Text88
Michelle Giles, Anne Mijch, Suzanne Garland. (2005) Assisted reproduction for HIV-infected couples. Sexual Health 2:4, 223
CrossRef89
Richard G White, Kate K Orroth, Eline L Korenromp, Roel Bakker, Mwita Wambura, Nelson K Sewankambo, Ron H Gray, Anatoli Kamali, James A. G Whitworth, Heiner Grosskurth, J Dik F Habbema, Richard J Hayes. (2004) Can Population Differences Explain the Contrasting Results of the Mwanza, Rakai, and Masaka HIV/Sexually Transmitted Disease Intervention Trials?. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 37:4, 1500-1513
CrossRef90
Susan S. Witte, Nabila El-Bassel, Louisa Gilbert, Elwin Wu, Mingway Chang, Peter Steinglass. (2004) Recruitment of Minority Women and Their Main Sexual Partners in an HIV/STI Prevention Trial. Journal of Women's Health 13:10, 1137-1147
CrossRef91
Lut Van Damme. (2004) Clinical microbicide research: an overview. Tropical Medicine and International Health 9:12, 1290-1296
CrossRef92
Stephen J. Genuis, Shelagh K. Genuis. (2004) Managing the sexually transmitted disease pandemic: A time for reevaluation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 191:4, 1103-1112
CrossRef93
Esther E Freeman, Judith R Glynn. (2004) Factors affecting HIV concordancy in married couples in four African cities. AIDS 18:12, 1715-1721
CrossRef94
P. Heather Lyttle, Sandra C. Thompson. (2004) Maintaining sexual health in commercial sex workers in Australia: condom effectiveness, screening, and management after acquiring sexually transmissible infections. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 28:4, 351-359
CrossRef95
Cheryl-Ann Monteiro, Laura H. Bachmann, Renee A. Desmond, Kathleen E. Squires, Sten H. Vermund, Edward W. Hook, Jane R. Schwebke, Craig J. Hoesley. (2004) Incidence and Risk Factors for Sexually Transmitted Infections among Women in an Alabama HIV Clinic. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 20:6, 577-583
CrossRef96
Isabelle Heard, Val??rie Potard, Dominique Costagliola, Michel D. Kazatchkine. (2004) Contraceptive Use in HIV-Positive Women. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 36:2, 714-720
CrossRef97
Richard Steen, Gina Dallabetta. (2004) Genital ulcer disease control and HIV prevention. Journal of Clinical Virology 29:3, 143-151
CrossRef98
David D. Celentano. (2004) Editorial Response: It’s All in the Measurement: Consistent Condom Use Is Effective in Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 31:3, 161
CrossRef99
Kate Dolan, David Lowe, James Shearer. (2004) Evaluation of the condom Distribution Program in New South Wales Prisons, Australia. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32:1, 124-128
CrossRef100
Judith C. Shlay, Melissa W. McClung, Jennifer L. Patnaik, John M. Douglas. (2004) Comparison of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevalence by Reported Level of Condom Use Among Patients Attending an Urban Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 31:3, 154-160
CrossRef101
, , , , . (2004) Recommendations for Incorporating Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Prevention into the Medical Care of Persons Living with HIV. Clinical Infectious Diseases 38:1, 104-121
CrossRef102
H CEJTIN. (2003) Gynecologic issues in the HIV-infected woman. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 30:4, 711-729
CrossRef103
Mark N Lurie, Brian G Williams, Khangelani Zuma, David Mkaya-Mwamburi, Geoff P Garnett, Michael D Sweat, Joel Gittelsohn, Salim SAbdool Karim. (2003) Who infects whom? HIV-1 concordance and discordance among migrant and non-migrant couples in South Africa. AIDS 17:15, 2245-2252
CrossRef104
Molina B. Dayal, James Wheeler, Carmen J. Williams, Kurt T. Barnhart. (2003) Disruption of the upper female reproductive tract epithelium by nonoxynol-9. Contraception 68:4, 273-279
CrossRef105
Robin J. Shattock, John P. Moore. (2003) Inhibiting sexual transmission of HIV-1 infection. Nature Reviews Microbiology 1:1, 25-34
CrossRef106
Judith R. Glynn, Michel Caraël, Anne Buvé, Rosemary M. Musonda, Maina Kahindo. (2003) HIV Risk in Relation to Marriage in Areas With High Prevalence of HIV Infection. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 33:4, 526-535
CrossRef107
R. A. Crosby, R. J. DiClemente, G. M. Wingood, D. Lang, K. F. Harrington. (2003) Value of Consistent Condom Use: A Study of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention Among African American Adolescent Females. American Journal of Public Health 93:6, 901-902
CrossRef108
N. El-Bassel, S. S. Witte, L. Gilbert, E. Wu, M. Chang, J. Hill, P. Steinglass. (2003) The Efficacy of a Relationship-Based HIV/STD Prevention Program for Heterosexual Couples. American Journal of Public Health 93:6, 963-969
CrossRef109
Theresa Hatzell, Paul J. Feldblum, Rick K. Homan, Rebecca D. Gmach. (2003) The Female Condom: Is ???Just as Good??? Good Enough?. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 30:5, 440-442
CrossRef110
Maria Xiridou, Ronald Geskus, John de Wit, Roel Coutinho, Mirjam Kretzschmar. (2003) The contribution of steady and casual partnerships to the incidence of HIV infection among homosexual men in Amsterdam. AIDS 17:7, 1029-1038
CrossRef111
Susan Allen, Jareen Meinzen-Derr, Michele Kautzman, Isaac Zulu, Stanley Trask, Ulgen Fideli, Rosemary Musonda, Francis Kasolo, Feng Gao, Alan Haworth. (2003) Sexual behavior of HIV discordant couples after HIV counseling and testing. AIDS 17:5, 733-740
CrossRef112
Carl A Latkin, Valerie Forman, Amy Knowlton, Susan Sherman. (2003) Norms, social networks, and HIV-related risk behaviors among urban disadvantaged drug users. Social Science & Medicine 56:3, 465-476
CrossRef113
Nicholas C Grassly, Catherine M Lowndes, Tim Rhodes, Ali Judd, Adrian Renton, Geoffrey P Garnett. (2003) Modelling emerging HIV epidemics: the role of injecting drug use and sexual transmission in the Russian Federation, China and India. International Journal of Drug Policy 14:1, 25-43
CrossRef114
H. Letur-Konirsch. (2003) Safety of cryopreservation straws for human gametes or embryos: a study with human immunodeficiency virus-1 under cryopreservation conditions. Human Reproduction 18:1, 140-144
CrossRef115
J. THOMAS FITCH, CURTIS STINE, W. DAVID HAGER, JOSHUA MANN, MARY B. ADAM, JOE MCILHANEY. (2002) Condom Effectiveness. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29:12, 811-817
CrossRef116
J. Pulerwitz, H. Amaro, W. De Jong, S. L. Gortmaker, R. Rudd. (2002) Relationship power, condom use and HIV risk among women in the USA. AIDS Care 14:6, 789-800
CrossRef117
LISA E. MANHART, LAURA A. KOUTSKY. (2002) Do Condoms Prevent Genital HPV Infection, External Genital Warts, or Cervical Neoplasia?. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29:11, 725-735
CrossRef118
A. D. Forsyth, T. J. Coates, O. A. Grinstead, G. Sangiwa, D. Balmer, M. C. Kamenga, S. E. Gregorich. (2002) HIV Infection and Pregnancy Status Among Adults Attending Voluntary Counseling and Testing in 2 Developing Countries. American Journal of Public Health 92:11, 1795-1800
CrossRef119
SEVGI O. ARAL, THOMAS A. PETERMAN. (2002) A Stratified Approach to Untangling the Behavioral/Biomedical Outcomes Conundrum. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29:9, 530-532
CrossRef120
Jorge del Romero, Beatriz Marincovich, Jesús Castilla, Soledad García, Julián Campo, Victoria Hernando, Carmen Rodríguez. (2002) Evaluating the risk of HIV transmission through unprotected orogenital sex. AIDS 16:9, 1296-1297
CrossRef121
J. O. O. Oyesiku, C. F. Turner. (2002) Reproductive choices for couples with haemophilia. Haemophilia 8:3, 348-352
CrossRef122
Stéphane Hugonnet, Frank Mosha, James Todd, Kokugonza Mugeye, Arnoud Klokke, Leonard Ndeki, David Ross, Heiner Grosskurth, Richard Hayes. (2002) Incidence of HIV Infection in Stable Sexual Partnerships: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 1802 Couples in Mwanza Region, Tanzania. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 30:1, 73-80
CrossRef123
Sodsai Tovanabutra, Valerie Robison, Jeerang Wongtrakul, Supaluk Sennum, Vinai Suriyanon, Duangnapa Kingkeow, Surinda Kawichai, Praijitr Tanan, Ann Duerr, Kenrad E. Nelson. (2002) Male Viral Load and Heterosexual Transmission of HIV-1 Subtype E in Northern Thailand. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 29:3, 275-283
CrossRef124
Hong-Ha M. Truong, M. Michelle Berrey, Theresa Shea, Kurt Diem, Lawrence Corey. (2002) Concordance Between HIV Source Partner Identification and Molecular Confirmation in Acute Retroviral Syndrome. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 29:3, 232-243
CrossRef125
Susan C Weller, Karen Davis-Beaty, Susan C Weller. 2002. Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission. .
CrossRef126
Deborah M. Capaldi, Mike Stoolmiller, Sara Clark, Lee D. Owen. (2002) Heterosexual risk behaviors in at-risk young men from early adolescence to young adulthood: Prevalence, prediction, and association with STD contraction.. Developmental Psychology 38:3, 394-406
CrossRef127
S. Tariq Sadiq, Stephen Taylor, Steve Kaye, Julie Bennett, Ruth Johnstone, Patrick Byrne, Andrew J. Copas, Susan M. Drake, Deenan Pillay, Ian Weller. (2002) The effects of antiretroviral therapy on HIV-1 RNA loads in seminal plasma in HIV-positive patients with and without urethritis. AIDS 16:2, 219-225
CrossRef128
BEENA VARGHESE, JULIE E. MAHER, THOMAS A. PETERMAN, BERNARD M. BRANSON, RICHARD W. STEKETEE. (2002) Reducing the Risk of Sexual HIV Transmission. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29:1, 38-43
CrossRef129
Thomas M Painter. (2001) Voluntary counseling and testing for couples: a high-leverage intervention for HIV/AIDS prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Social Science & Medicine 53:11, 1397-1411
CrossRef130
Kate Buchacz, Ariane van der Straten, Janet Saul, Stephen C. Shiboski, Cynthia A. Gomez, Nancy Padian. (2001) Sociodemographic, Behavioral, and Clinical Correlates of Inconsistent Condom Use in HIV-Serodiscordant Heterosexual Couples. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 28:3, 289-297
CrossRef131
Saifuddin Ahmed, Tom Lutalo, Maria Wawer, David Serwadda, Nelson K. Sewankambo, Fred Nalugoda, Fred Makumbi, Fred Wabwire-Mangen, Noah Kiwanuka, Godfrey Kigozi, Mohamed Kiddugavu, Ron Gray. (2001) HIV incidence and sexually transmitted disease prevalence associated with condom use: a population study in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS 15:16, 2171-2179
CrossRef132
SUPANEE JIVASAK-APIMAS, JOSEPH SABA, VERAPOL CHANDEYING, CHUANCHOM SAKONDHAVAT, ORAWAN KIRIWAT, SUNGWAL RUGPAO, WIWAT ROJANAPITHAYAKORN, ARNAUD L. FONTANET. (2001) Acceptability of the Female Condom Among Sex Workers in Thailand. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 28:11, 648-654
CrossRef133
ELINE L. KORENROMP, SAKE J. de VLAS, NICO J. D. NAGELKERKE, J. DIK F. HABBEMA. (2001) Estimating the Magnitude of STD Cofactor Effects on HIV Transmission. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 28:11, 613-621
CrossRef134
JOHN-ARNE R??TTINGEN, D. WILLIAM CAMERON, GEOFFREY P. GARNETT. (2001) A Systematic Review of the Epidemiologic Interactions Between Classic Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 28:10, 579-597
CrossRef135
Richard Crosby, Ralph J DiClemente, Gina M Wingood, Catlainn Sionean, Brenda K Cobb, Kathy Harrington, Susan Davies, Edward W Hook, M.Kim Oh. (2001) Correct condom application among African-American adolescent females: the relationship to perceived self-efficacy and the association to confirmed STDs. Journal of Adolescent Health 29:3, 194-199
CrossRef136
J. R. Glynn, M. Caraël, B. Auvert, M. Kahindo, J. Chege, R. Musonda, F. Kaona, A. Buvé. (2001) Why do young women have a much higher prevalence of HIV than young men? A study in Kisumu, Kenya and Ndola, Zambia. AIDS 15, S51-S60
CrossRef137
Michelle B. Orner, Thera Meehan, Daniel R. Brooks, Lorelei A. Mucci, Jean F. McGuire. (2001) Support for Condom Availability and Needle Exchange Programs Among Massachusetts Adults, 1997. AIDS Education and Prevention 13:4, 365-376
CrossRef138
Diane E. Elze, Wendy Auslander, Curtis McMillen, Tonya Edmond, Ron Thompson. (2001) Untangling the Impact of Sexual Abuse on HIV Risk Behaviors Among Youths in Foster Care. AIDS Education and Prevention 13:4, 377-389
CrossRef139
Ülgen Semaye Fideli, Susan A. Allen, Rosemary Musonda, Stan Trask, Beatrice H. Hahn, Heidi Weiss, Joseph Mulenga, Francis Kasolo, Sten H. Vermund, Grace M. Aldrovandi. (2001) Virologic and Immunologic Determinants of Heterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Africa. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 17:10, 901-910
CrossRef140
Emmanuel Lagarde, Michel Caraël, Judith R. Glynn, Lydie Kanhonou, Séverin-Cécile Abega, Maina Kahindo, Rosemary Musonda, Bertran Auvert, Anne Buvé. (2001) Educational level is associated with condom use within non-spousal partnerships in four cities of sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 15:11, 1399-1408
CrossRef141
Pietro L. Vernazza, Angela D. M. Kashuba, Myron S. Cohen. (2001) Biological correlates of sexual transmission of HIV: practical consequences and potential targets for public health. Reviews in Medical Microbiology 12:3, 131-142
CrossRef142
S. R. Friedman, P. L. Flom, B. J. Kottiri, A. Neaigus, M. Sandoval, R. Curtis, D. C. Des Jarlais, J. M. Zenilman. (2001) Consistent condom use in the heterosexual relationships of young adults who live in a high-HIV-risk neighbourhood and do not use "hard drugs". AIDS Care 13:3, 285-296
CrossRef143
R Klevens. (2001) Knowledge of partner risk and secondary transmission of HIV. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 20:4, 277-281
CrossRef144
Ronald H Gray, Maria J Wawer, Ron Brookmeyer, Nelson K Sewankambo, David Serwadda, Fred Wabwire-Mangen, Tom Lutalo, Xianbin Li, Thomas vanCott, Thomas C Quinn. (2001) Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda. The Lancet 357:9263, 1149-1153
CrossRef145
Landon Myer, Catherine Mathews, Francesca Little, Salim S. Abdool Karim. (2001) The fate of free male condoms distributed to the public in South Africa. AIDS 15:6, 789-793
CrossRef146
Maureen Miller, Alan Neaigus. (2001) Networks, resources and risk among women who use drugs. Social Science & Medicine 52:6, 967-978
CrossRef147
Farhad B. Hashemi, Juergen Mollenhauer, Lawrence D. Madsen, Beverly E. Sha, Wolfgang Nacken, Mary B. Moyer, Clemens Sorg, Gregory T. Spear. (2001) Myeloid-related protein (MRP)-8 from cervico-vaginal secretions activates HIV replication. AIDS 15:4, 441-449
CrossRef148
William W. Darrow. (2001) Latex condoms, human behavior, and public health. AIDS 15:2, 267-269
CrossRef149
Martin Fishbein, Blair Jarvis. (2000) Failure to Find a Behavioral Surrogate for STD Incidence - What Does It Really Mean?. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 27:8, 452-455
CrossRef150
Thomas A. Peterman, Lillian S. Lin, Daniel R. Newman, Mary L. Kamb, Gail Bolan, Jonathan Zenilman, John M. Douglas, Judy Rogers, C. Kevin Malotte. (2000) Does Measured Behavior Reflect STD Risk?. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 27:8, 446-451
CrossRef151
Mary Latka, Erica Gollub, Pamela French, Zena Stein. (2000) Male-Condom and Female-Condom Use Among Women After Counseling in a Risk-Reduction Hierarchy for STD Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 27:8, 431-437
CrossRef152
Eline L. Korenromp, Carina van Vliet, Roel Bakker, Sake J. de Vlas, J. Dik F. Habbema. (2000) HIV spread and partnership reduction for different patterns of sexual behaviour ‐ a study with the microsimulation model STDSIM. Mathematical Population Studies 8:2, 135-173
CrossRef153
Emma Gilmour, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Helena J. Fourie. (2000) Availability of Condoms in Urban and Rural Areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 27:6, 353-357
CrossRef154
Hideji Hanabusa, Naoaki Kuji, Shingo Kato, Hisamichi Tagami, Satoru Kaneko, Hiroaki Tanaka, Yasunori Yoshimura. (2000) An evaluation of semen processing methods for eliminating HIV-1. AIDS 14:11, 1611-1616
CrossRef155
G. S. Zaric, P. G. Barnett, M. L. Brandeau. (2000) HIV transmission and the cost-effectiveness of methadone maintenance. American Journal of Public Health 90:7, 1100-1111
CrossRef156
Matthias Egger, Josefina Pauw, Athanasios Lopatatzidis, Danilo Medrano, Fred Paccaud, George Davey Smith. (2000) Promotion of condom use in a high-risk setting in Nicaragua: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 355:9221, 2101-2105
CrossRef157
Carol Tévi-Bénissan, Maria Makuva, Audrey Morelli, Marie-Claude Georges-Courbot, Mathieu Matta, Alain Georges, Laurent Bélec. (2000) Protection of Cynomolgus Macaque Against Cervicovaginal Transmission of SIVmac251 by the Spermicide Benzalkonium Chloride. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 24:2, 147-153
CrossRef158
Carol Tévi-Bénissan, Maria Makuva, Audrey Morelli, Marie-Claude Georges-Courbot, Mathieu Matta, Alain Georges, Laurent Bélec. (2000) Protection of Cynomolgus Macaque Against Cervicovaginal Transmission of SIVmac251 by the Spermicide Benzalkonium Chloride. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 24:2, 147-153
CrossRef159
Karen Rotchford, Willem A. Strum, David Wilkinson. (2000) Effect of Coinfection With STDs and of STD Treatment on HIV Shedding in Genital-Tract Secretions. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 27:5, 243-248
CrossRef160
Quinn, Thomas C., Wawer, Maria J., Sewankambo, Nelson, Serwadda, David, Li, Chuanjun, Wabwire-Mangen, Fred, Meehan, Mary O., Lutalo, Thomas, Gray, Ronald H., . (2000) Viral Load and Heterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. New England Journal of Medicine 342:13, 921-929
Full Text161
Maurizio Macaluso, Michael J. Demand, Lynn M. Artz, Edward W. Hook. (2000) Partner type and condom use. AIDS 14:5, 537-546
CrossRef162
Eline L. Korenromp, Carina Van Vliet, Heiner Grosskurth, Awene Gavyole, Catharina PB Van der Ploeg, Lieve Fransen, Richard J. Hayes, J. Dik F. Habbema. (2000) Model-based evaluation of single-round mass treatment of sexually transmitted diseases for HIV control in a rural African population. AIDS 14:5, 573-593
CrossRef163
C. Scully, S. Porter. (2000) HIV topic update: oro-genital transmission of HIV. Oral Diseases 6:2, 92-98
CrossRef164
J. L. Lauby, P. J. Smith, M. Stark, B. Person, J. Adams. (2000) A community-level HIV prevention intervention for inner-city women: results of the women and infants demonstration projects. American Journal of Public Health 90:2, 216-222
CrossRef165
Donald B. Louria, Joan H. Skurnick, Paul Palumbo, John D. Bogden, Christine Rohowsky-Kochan, Thomas N. Denny, Cheryl A. Kennedy. (2000) HIV heterosexual transmission: A hypothesis about an additional potential determinant. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 4:2, 110-116
CrossRef166
Cathy W. Critchlow, Nancy B. Kiviat. (1999) Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Type 2 in the Female Genital Tract: Implications for the Understanding of Virus Transmission. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 54:Supplement, 187-196
CrossRef167
Markus J. Steiner, Willard Cates, Lee Warner. (1999) The Real Problem with Male Condoms Is Nonuse. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 26:8, 459-462
CrossRef168
Beena Varghese, Thomas A. Peterman, David R. Holtgrave. (1999) Cost-effectiveness of counseling and testing and partner notification: a decision analysis. AIDS 13:13, 1745-1751
CrossRef169
Michael E. Jones. (1999) HIV and the Returning Expatriate. Journal of Travel Medicine 6:2, 99-106
CrossRef170
Anne Tachet, Emmanuel Dulioust, Dominique Salmon, Marta De Almeida, Sylvie Rivalland, Laurent Finkielsztejn, Isabelle Heard, Pierre Jouannet, Didier Sicard, Christine Rouzioux. (1999) Detection and quantification of HIV-1 in semen: identification of a subpopulation of men at high potential risk of viral sexual transmission. AIDS 13:7, 823-831
CrossRef171
Joel Rakwar, Ludo Lavreys, Mary Lou Thompson, Denis Jackson, Job Bwayo, Salim Hassanali, Kishorchandra Mandaliya, Jeckoniah Ndinya-Achola, Joan Kreiss. (1999) Cofactors for the acquisition of HIV-1 among heterosexual men: prospective cohort study of trucking company workers in Kenya. AIDS 13:5, 607-614
CrossRef172
Gilles Delage, Claire Infante–Rivard, Jo–Anne Chiavetta, Bernard Willems, David Pi, Margaret Fast. (1999) Risk factors for acquisition of hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors: Results of a case-control study. Gastroenterology 116:4, 893-899
CrossRef173
Maurizio Macaluso, Lynn Artz, Joseph Kelaghan, Harland Austin, Michael Fleenor, Edward W. Hook. (1999) Prospective Study of Barrier Contraception for the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 26:3, 127-136
CrossRef174
M. MILLER. (1999) A model to explain the relationship between sexual abuse and HIV risk among women. AIDS Care 11:1, 3-20
CrossRef175
JAMES G. DOBBINS, TIMOTHY D. MASTRO, TAWEESAK NOPKESORN, SUEBPONG SANGKHAROMYA, KHANCHIT LIMPAKARNJANARAT, BRUCE G. WENIGER, D. SCOTT SCHMID. (1999) Herpes in the Time of AIDS: A Comparison of the Epidemiology of HIV-1 and HSV-2 in Young Men in Northern Thailand. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 26:2, 67-74
CrossRef176
Pietro L. Vernazza, Joseph J. Eron, Susan A. Fiscus, Myron S. Cohen. (1999) Sexual transmission of HIV: infectiousness and prevention. AIDS 13:2, 155-166
CrossRef177
Harry W. Haverkos. (1998) HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse: Epidemiology and Prevention. Journal of Addictive Diseases 17:4, 91-103
CrossRef178
Richard B. Rothenberg, Margaret Scarlett, Carlos del Rio, David Reznik, Christine OʼDaniels. (1998) Oral transmission of HIV. AIDS 12:16, 2095-2105
CrossRef179
Michael Bloor, Michelle Thomas, Kerenza Hood, Damiano Abeni, Catherine Goujon, Dominique Hausser, Michel Hubert, Dieter Kleiber, Jose Antonio Nieto. (1998) Differences in sexual risk behaviour between young men and women travelling abroad from the UK. The Lancet 352:9141, 1664-1668
CrossRef180
Christiana Coggins, Sheldon Segal. (1998) AIDS and reproductive health. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 41:1-2, 3-15
CrossRef181
Arnaud L Fontanet, Joseph Saba, Verapol Chandelying, Chuanchom Sakondhavat, Praphas Bhiraleus, Sungwal Rugpao, Chompilas Chongsomchai, Orawan Kiriwat, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Leonard Dally, Joep M Lange, Wiwat Rojanapithayakorn. (1998) Protection against sexually transmitted diseases by granting sex workers in Thailand the choice of using the male or female condom. AIDS 12:14, 1851-1859
CrossRef182
Peter H. Kilmarx, Khanchit Limpakarnjanarat, Timothy D. Mastro, Supachai Saisorn, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Supaporn Korattana, Wat Uthaivoravit, Nancy L. Young, Bruce G. Weniger, Michael E. St Louis. (1998) HIV-1 seroconversion in a prospective study of female sex workers in northern Thailand. AIDS 12:14, 1889-1898
CrossRef183
LEE WARNER, JODY CLAY-WARNER, JACQUELINE BOLES, JOHN WILLIAMSON. (1998) Assessing Condom Use Practices. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 25:6, 273-277
CrossRef184
Myron S. Cohen, William C. Miller. (1998) Sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus infection: Cause, effect, or both?. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 3:1, 1-4
CrossRef185
Frank Johnstone, David Goldberg, David Tappin, Lindsay Mathie, Sheila Cameron, Ariene Brown, Sheila Burns, Barbara Hamilton, Glen Codere, R W. Anthony Girdwood. (1998) The incidence and prevalence of HIV infection among childbearing women living in Edinburgh city, 1982–1995. AIDS 12:8, 911-918
CrossRef186
Thomas N. Denny, Joan H. Skurnick, Paul Palumbo, George Perez, Raymond Monel, Richard Stephens, Cheryl A. Kennedy, Donald B. Louria. (1998) CD3+CD8+ cell levels as predictors of transmission in human immunodeficiency virus-infected couples: A report from the heterosexual HIV transmission study. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2:4, 186-192
CrossRef187
E Susser, M Desvarieux, K M Wittkowski. (1998) Reporting sexual risk behavior for HIV: a practical risk index and a method for improving risk indices.. American Journal of Public Health 88:4, 671-674
CrossRef188
A Spruyt, M J Steiner, C Joanis, L H Glover, C Piedrahita, G Alvarado, R Ramos, C Maglaya, M Cordero. (1998) Identifying condom users at risk for breakage and slippage: findings from three international sites.. American Journal of Public Health 88:2, 239-244
CrossRef189
Daniel W. Fitzgerald, Frieda M.-T. Behets, Catherine Lucet, Dominique Roberfroid. (1998) Prevalence, burden, and control of syphilis in Haiti's rural artibonite region. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2:3, 127-131
CrossRef190
Howard Minkoff, Ira Ehrlich, Joseph Feldman, Susan Holman, Serena Fazili, Michael Augenbraun. (1998) Reproductive health hospitalizations among women with human immunodeficiency virus infections. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 178:1, 166-170
CrossRef191
D LYNCH. (1997) Oral manifestations of HIV disease: An update. Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 16:4, 257-264
CrossRef192
M FOWLER. (1997) WOMEN AND HIVEpidemiology and Global Overview. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 24:4, 705-729
CrossRef193
Tippavan Nagachinta, Ann Duerr, Vinai Suriyanon, Niwes Nantachit, Sungwal Rugpao, Chanane Wanapirak, Jatupol Srisomboon, Nuonchuen Kamtorn, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Yuttana Mundee, Yupadee Yutrabutr, Rassamee Kaewvichit, Kittipong Rungruengthanakit, Melanie de Boer, Antika Tansuhaj, Lisa Flowers, Chirasak Khamboonruang, David D. Celentano, Kenrad E. Nelson. (1997) Risk factors for HIV-1 transmission from HIV-seropositive male blood donors to their regular female partners in northern Thailand. AIDS 11:14, 1765-1772
CrossRef194
Kevin A. Fenton, Thomas A. Peterman. (1997) HIV partner notification. AIDS 11:13, 1535-1546
CrossRef195
MARCIA L. SHEW, GARY J. REMAFEDI, LINDA H. BEARINGER, PATRICIA L. FAULKNER, BARBARA A. TAYLOR, SANDRA J. POTTHOFF, MICHAEL D. RESNICK. (1997) The Validity of Self-Reported Condom Use Among Adolescents. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 24:9, 503-510
CrossRef196
Pietro L. Vernazza, Bruce L. Gilliam, Markus Flepp, John R. Dyer, Andreas C. Frank, Susan A. Fiscus, Myron S. Cohen, Joseph J. Eron. (1997) Effect of antiviral treatment on the shedding of HIV-1 in semen. AIDS 11:10, 1249-1254
CrossRef197
Nicola Gavey, Kathryn McPhillips. (1997) Women and the Heterosexual Transmission of HIV: Risks and Prevention Strategies. Women & Health 25:2, 41-64
CrossRef198
Pietro L. Vernazza, Bruce L. Gilliam, John Dyer, Susan A. Fiscus, Joseph J. Eron, Andreas C. Frank, Myron S. Cohen. (1997) Quantification of HIV in semen. AIDS 11:8, 987-993
CrossRef199
ANN K. SULLIVAN, MARK C. ATKINS, FIONA BOAG. (1997) Factors Facilitating the Sexual Transmission of HIV-1. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 11:3, 167-177
CrossRef200
Angusto E Semprini, Simona Fiore, Gioigio Pardi. (1997) Reproductive counselling for HIV-discordant couples. The Lancet 349:9062, 1401-1402
CrossRef201
Cathy W. Critchlow, Nancy B. Kiviat. (1997) Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Type 2 in the Female Genital Tract. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 52:5, 315-324
CrossRef202
Steven D. Pinkerton, Paul R. Abramson. (1997) Effectiveness of condoms in preventing HIV transmission. Social Science & Medicine 44:9, 1303-1312
CrossRef203
Royce, Rachel A., Seña, Arlene, Cates, Willard Jr., Cohen, Myron S., . (1997) Sexual Transmission of HIV. New England Journal of Medicine 336:15, 1072-1078
Full Text204
SETH C. KALICHMAN, L. YVONNE STEVENSON. (1997) Psychological and Social Factors Associated with Histories of Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among African-American Inner-City Women. Journal of Women's Health 6:2, 209-217
CrossRef205
Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus, J. Roy Gillis, Helen M. Reid, M. Isabel Fernandez, Marya Gwadz. (1997) HIV testing, behaviors, and knowledge among adolescents at high risk. Journal of Adolescent Health 20:3, 216-225
CrossRef206
L Mandelbrot, I Heard, E Henrion-Géant, R Henrion. (1997) Natural conception in HIV-negative women with HIV-infected partners. The Lancet 349:9055, 850-851
CrossRef207
(1997) Endpoints and other measures in the NIMH Multisite HIV Prevention Trial. AIDS, Supplement 11:Supplement 2, S37???S47
CrossRef208
Sungwal Rugpao, Chris Beyrer, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Chawalit Natpratan, Kenrad E. Nelson, David D. Celentano, Chirasak Khamboonruang. (1997) Multiple Condom Use and Decreased Condom Breakage and Slippage in Thailand. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 14:2, 169-173
CrossRef209
BARBARA G. SILVERMAN, THOMAS P. GROSS. (1997) Use and Effectiveness of Condoms During Anal Intercourse. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 24:1, 11-17
CrossRef210
Sylvia W. Wright, Richard A. Johnson. (1997) Human immunodeficiency virus in women: Mucocutaneous manifestations. Clinics in Dermatology 15:1, 93-111
CrossRef211
Patricia Kissinger, Rebecca Clark, Jeanne Dumestre, Ruth Bessinger. (1996) Incidence of three sexually transmitted diseases during a safer sex promotion program for HIV-infected women. Journal of General Internal Medicine 11:12, 750-752
CrossRef212
William Gardner, Karleen Preator. (1996) Children of Seropositive Mothers in the U.S. AIDS Epidemic. Journal of Social Issues 52:3, 177-195
CrossRef213
Nelson, Kenrad E., Celentano, David D., Eiumtrakol, Sakol, Hoover, Donald R., Beyrer, Chris, Suprasert, Somboon, Kuntolbutra, Surinda, Khamboonruang, Chirasak, . (1996) Changes in Sexual Behavior and a Decline in HIV Infection among Young Men in Thailand. New England Journal of Medicine 335:5, 297-303
Full Text214
Tzong-Hae Lee, Nancy Sakahara, Eberhard Fiebig, Michael P. Busch, Thomas R. O'Brien, Steven A. Herman. (1996) Correlation of HIV-1 RNA Levels in Plasma and Heterosexual Transmission of HIV-1 from Infected Transfusion Recipients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 12:4, 427
CrossRef215
S Krishnan, J E Koehler, R Benjamin, A L Reingold. (1996) Reducing delays in the laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis.. American Journal of Public Health 86:8 Pt 1, 1171-1172
CrossRef216
S Brody. (1996) Questioning the validity of self-reported heterosexual HIV transmission.. American Journal of Public Health 86:8 Pt 1, 1172-1172
CrossRef217
D. Serraino, S. Franceschi, L. D. Maso, G. Rezza. (1996) Serraino and Colleagues Respond. American Journal of Public Health 86:8 Pt 1, 1172-1172
CrossRef218
HARRIET A. WILLIAMS, CATHY E. WATKINS, JOANNE A. RISBY. (1996) Reproductive Decision-Making and Determinants of Contraceptive Use in HIV-Infected Women. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 39:2, 333-343
CrossRef219
Stuart Brody. (1996) Continued lack of evidence for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus through vaginal intercourse: A reply to Carey and Kalichman. Archives of Sexual Behavior 25:3, 329-337
CrossRef220
MichaelH. Merson. (1996) Returning home: reflections on the USA's response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The Lancet 347:9016, 1673-1676
CrossRef221
DAVID WYATT SEAL, DEBORAH A. PALMER-SEAL. (1996) Barriers to Condom Use and Safer Sex Talk among College Dating Couples. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 6:1, 15-33
CrossRef222
Angela M. Downs, Isabelle De Vincenzi. (1996) Probability of Heterosexual Transmission of HIV: Relationship to the Number of Unprotected Sexual Contacts. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 11:4, 388-395
CrossRef223
David Mertz. (1996) Sex Wars: The New Left's AIDS-Related Scientism. Rethinking Marxism 9:1, 134-143
CrossRef224
Penelope J. Hitchcock. (1996) Screening and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 10:1, 10-15
CrossRef225
SHARON S. WEIR, PAUL J. FELDBLUM. (1996) Condom Use to Prevent Incident STDs. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 23:1, 76-77
CrossRef226
JONATHAN M. ZENILMAN, NANCY ELLISH, ANNE ROMPALO, CAROL WEISMAN, EDWARD W. HOOK, DAVID CELENTANO. (1996) In Response: Condom Use to Prevent Incident STDs. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 23:1, 79-82
CrossRef227
KORAY TANFER, SEVGI O. ARAL. (1996) Sexual Intercourse During Menstruation and Self-Reported Sexually Transmitted Disease History Among Women. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 23:5, 395-401
CrossRef228
M. O. ROBBIE JOSSENS, BRENDA ESKENAZI, JULIUS SCHACHTER, RICHARD L. SWEET. (1996) Risk Factors for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 23:3, 239-247
CrossRef229
CHRISTINE GALAVOTTI, REBECCA CABRAL, CAROLYN BEEKER. (1996) Condom Use to Prevent Incident STDs. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 23:1, 77-79
CrossRef230
Gary J. Burkholder, Lisa L. Harlow. (1996) Using structural equation modeling techniques to evaluate HIV risk models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 3:4, 348-368
CrossRef231
Michael P. Carey, Seth C. Kalichman. (1995) Letter to the editor. Archives of Sexual Behavior 24:6, 655-661
CrossRef232
Z A Stein. (1995) More on women and the prevention of HIV infection.. American Journal of Public Health 85:11, 1485-1488
CrossRef233
J A Catania, D Binson, M M Dolcini, R Stall, K H Choi, L M Pollack, E S Hudes, J Canchola, K Phillips, J T Moskowitz. (1995) Risk factors for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases and prevention practices among US heterosexual adults: changes from 1990 to 1992.. American Journal of Public Health 85:11, 1492-1499
CrossRef234
Lisa Armistead, Rex Forehand. (1995) For Whom the Bell Tolls: Parenting Decisions and Challenges Faced by Mothers Who Are HIV Seropositive. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2:3, 239-250
CrossRef235
Robert J. Ligthelm, Alexander G. C. Bauer, Pieter J. Wismans. (1995) Case Studies of Acute HIV-1 Infections Acquired While Visiting Subsaharan Africa. Journal of Travel Medicine 2:3, 196-198
CrossRef236
S K Hira, A B Spruyt, P J Feldblum, M R Sunkutu, L H Glover, M J Steiner. (1995) Spermicide acceptability among patients at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Zambia.. American Journal of Public Health 85:8 Pt 1, 1098-1103
CrossRef237
D.A.A Verkuyl. (1995) Practising obstetrics and gynaecology in areas with a high prevalence of HIV infection. The Lancet 346:8970, 293-296
CrossRef238
Jonathan Thomas Fanburg, David W. Kaplan, Kelly E. Naylor. (1995) Student Opinions of Condom Distribution at a Denver, Colorado, High School. Journal of School Health 65:5, 181-185
CrossRef239
Beverly Powis, Paul Griffiths, Michael Gossop, John Strang. (1995) Heterosexual anal intercourse, health risks and drug use: A review with special attention to drug users. Drug and Alcohol Review 14:2, 223-229
CrossRef240
J. K. Rockstroh, S. Ewig, T. Bauer, H. J. Dengler, T. Sauerbruch, G. Lüchters, J. Oldenburg, H. H. Brackmann, Elke Bailly, R. Kaiser, K. E. Schneweis. (1995) Male-to-female transmission of HIV in a cohort of hemophiliacs — Frequency, risk factors and effect of sexual counseling. Infection 23:1, 29-32
CrossRef241
(1994) Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. New England Journal of Medicine 331:25, 1717-1719
Full Text242
Johnson, Anne M., . (1994) Condoms and HIV Transmission. New England Journal of Medicine 331:6, 391-392
Full Text
- Letters
