Original Article
A Clinical Trial of Antioxidant Vitamins to Prevent Colorectal Adenoma
N Engl J Med 1994; 331:141-147July 21, 1994
- Abstract
Background
People who consume a diet high in vegetables and fruits have a lower risk of cancer of the large bowel. Antioxidant vitamins, which are present in vegetables and fruits, have been associated with a diminished risk of cancers at various anatomical sites. We conducted a randomized, controlled clinical trial to test the efficacy of beta carotene and vitamins C and E in preventing colorectal adenoma, a precursor of invasive cancer.
Methods
We randomly assigned 864 patients, using a two-by-two factorial design, to four treatment groups, which received placebo, beta carotene (25 mg daily), vitamin C (1 g daily) and vitamin E (400 mg daily), or beta carotene plus vitamins C and E. In order to identify new adenomas, we performed complete colonoscopic examinations in the patients one year and four years after they entered the study. The primary end points for analyses were new adenomas identified after the first of these two follow-up examinations.
Results
Patients adhered well to the prescribed regimen, and 751 completed the four-year clinical trial. There was no evidence that either beta carotene or vitamins C and E reduced the incidence of adenomas; the relative risk for beta carotene was 1.01 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.85 to 1.20); for vitamins C and E, it was 1.08 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.29). Neither treatment appeared to be effective in any subgroup of patients or in the prevention of any subtype of polyp defined by size or location.
Conclusions
The lack of efficacy of these vitamins argues against the use of supplemental beta carotene and vitamins C and E to prevent colorectal cancer. Although our data do not prove definitively that these antioxidants have no anticancer effect, other dietary factors may make more important contributions to the reduction in the risk of cancer associated with a diet high in vegetables and fruits.
Media in This Article
Table 1
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics at Entry of the 751 Patients Who Completed the Study.Table 2
Dietary Intake at Entry and at Year 4 among the 751 Patients Who Completed the Study.Article Activity
- Article
Although the causes of colorectal cancer are incompletely understood, dietary factors appear to be important1-3. Rates of colorectal cancer are lowest in populations whose diets typically are rich in vegetables and fruits1. In studies of individual subjects, high levels of consumption of vegetables and fruits are consistently associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer4,5. One explanation for these findings is that people who eat more vegetables avoid possible carcinogens in meats and fats6. Another is that vegetables and fruits contain anticarcinogens that block the development of colorectal tumors.
Many compounds in vegetables and fruits prevent cancer in experiments with animals7. The antioxidant vitamins, particularly vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E (tocopherols), and beta carotene, appear especially promising as candidates for preventing cancer in humans8,9. Their toxicity is minimal, and they have been linked to a lower risk of colorectal cancer in most studies that have examined dietary intake (for all three substances) or serum levels (for beta carotene and vitamin E)4,8,10-14.
Four reported clinical trials have tested the ability of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenomas, which are neoplastic precursors of invasive cancer15,16; the results have been inconsistent17-20. However, each of these investigations involved relatively few patients and had incomplete assessment of adenomas, the primary study end points. In 1984, we began a large clinical trial of the effects of beta carotene and the combination of vitamin C and vitamin E on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. In this report we describe our findings regarding the efficacy of these substances.
Methods
The Polyp Prevention Study involved six clinical centers whose staff reviewed colonoscopy reports and pathology logs to identify patients who had at least one histologically confirmed adenoma removed from the large bowel between December 1984 and June 1988. To be eligible, patients must have had an adenoma diagnosed within the previous three months; must have undergone colonoscopy with the entire large bowel seen and judged to be free of further polyps; must have been in good health; and must have been less than 80 years old. We excluded patients with familial polyposis, a history of invasive colorectal cancer, malabsorption syndromes, or any conditions (such as a history of renal calculi or thrombophlebitis) that might be worsened by dietary supplementation with vitamin C or E.
We reviewed data on 2029 potentially eligible patients. We were unable to contact 152, and 891 were unwilling to participate or were found to be ineligible when interviewed. Five patients did not enroll for unknown reasons. The remaining 981 patients provided informed consent, which included agreeing not to take supplemental vitamin C or E or beta carotene outside the study. Each began a three-month placebo run-in period to assess adherence to the study regimen. After three months, 864 patients had taken at least 80 percent of their prescribed capsules and pills and wished to continue to participate.
We randomly assigned these patients to treatment groups, with blocking according to study center only, using a two-by-two factorial design21. The two active treatments were 25 mg of beta carotene daily and the combination of 1 g of vitamin C and 400 mg of vitamin E (d-alpha tocopherol) per day. Thus, the four treatment groups received placebo only, beta carotene plus placebo, vitamins C and E plus placebo, or beta carotene plus vitamins C and E. The dosages were selected because they met or exceeded the levels of intake at which benefit was indicated in epidemiologic studies and because we were concerned about the possibility of symptomatic side effects at higher doses. We provided the study agents in the form of soft gelatin capsules (containing placebo, beta carotene alone, vitamin E alone, or beta carotene plus vitamin E) and tablets (containing placebo or vitamin C) packaged in calendar packs, with each day's blister containing one capsule and one pill. Treatment assignments were not revealed to the patients, their doctors, or the study investigators before the end of the trial.
The study protocol called for two follow-up colonoscopic examinations, the first approximately 1 year after the colonoscopy that qualified the patient for study (year 1), and the second 36 months after the first (year 4). Endoscopy at other times was discouraged but could be performed if there was a change in the patient's clinical condition (for example, rectal bleeding) or if the patient's doctor required the procedure for particularly close surveillance. A colonoscopy was considered to be satisfactory for study purposes if the cecum was reached, the entire mucosa was seen, and all polyps were removed. At each colonoscopy, the endoscopist recorded the size and location of all raised mucosal lesions. These were excised, and microscopical slides were sent for review to the study pathologist for classification as neoplastic (adenoma) or non-neoplastic (hyperplastic polyp, lymphoid follicle, or another type of lesion).
At enrollment and at the time of the two colonoscopic examinations scheduled during follow-up, we obtained a specimen of venous blood for measurement of beta carotene and alpha-tocopherol by high-performance liquid chromatographic assay22,23. We did not measure vitamin C because blood levels are not a reliable indicator of intake in persons using oral supplements24. All assays in the laboratory were performed by personnel who had no knowledge of the patients' treatment assignments, and the results of individual assays were not given to clinical-center staff.
At enrollment and at the end of the study, we assessed patients' diets by means of a standardized food-frequency questionnaire25. Every six months we asked patients about their adherence to the prescribed regimen and about symptoms, illnesses, and hospitalizations. We also asked about their use of vitamin supplements containing beta carotene, vitamin C, or vitamin E, in addition to the study agents.
The primary study end point was the occurrence of new adenomas between the colonoscopic examinations conducted at year 1 and year 4. For two reasons, we decided at the start of the study that adenomas diagnosed during or before the colonoscopy at year 1 should not be counted as end points for the primary analysis. First, some adenomas found at year 1 may have been present, but not seen and removed, at the colonoscopy performed before study entry26. Second, because of the time necessary to identify and recruit patients and the three-month run-in period before randomization, patients did not begin to take the active study agents until three to six months after the removal of the adenoma that qualified them for the trial. Thus, the findings at the year 1 colonoscopy may in part have reflected the presence of preexisting adenomas and the growth of new adenomas during the period before randomization, thus diluting any real effect of the intervention.
Our principal hypotheses concerned the separate effects of the two treatments (beta carotene and the combination of vitamins C and E) on the proportion of patients in whom at least one new adenoma developed between the colonoscopic examinations at year 1 and year 4. For all analyses, adenomas found during endoscopic examinations conducted outside the protocol after the year 1 colonoscopy were counted together with those found at year 4. We used log-linear regression for binary data27 to produce unadjusted and adjusted estimates and confidence intervals for the relative risk (risk ratio) of adenoma associated with these two treatments. The length of time between the year 1 and year 4 examinations was included as a covariate in the adjusted analyses. We also tested for possible interactions between the two treatments.
In a secondary analysis, we assessed whether treatment was related to the number of adenomas occurring per patient, using a log-linear quasi-likelihood model for overdispersed Poisson count data, since the estimated variance was more than twice that expected with Poisson data27. We compared treatments according to the size of the largest adenoma in each patient, using the Kruskal-Wallis test28. We also used longitudinal models for binary data to examine the effects of treatment at year 1 and year 4 simultaneously29.
Results
Of the 864 patients who were randomly assigned to the four treatment groups, 751 (87 percent) underwent both follow-up colonoscopic examinations. Of the 113 patients who did not complete the study, and thus were not counted in the main outcome analyses, 44 died, 32 no longer wished to participate, 19 could not be examined because they were too ill or had moved, and 18 had unknown reasons for dropping out. The treatment assignments of these 113 patients were as follows: placebo, 27; beta carotene, 33; vitamins C and E, 20; and beta carotene plus vitamins C and E, 33. The remaining 751 patients provided data for the primary analyses of efficacy, and all subsequent data in this report (except for the results of the longitudinal analysis) pertain only to them. Their mean (±SD) age was 61 ±8.3 years; 79 percent were men, and 44 percent had only one adenoma removed from the large bowel before entering the study. The four groups were similar in their demographic characteristics and history of colorectal adenoma (Table 1Table 1
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics at Entry of the 751 Patients Who Completed the Study.).Patients in the four treatment groups differed little in the diets they reported when they entered the study (Table 2Table 2
Dietary Intake at Entry and at Year 4 among the 751 Patients Who Completed the Study.). The usual dietary consumption of beta carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E was only a fraction of the amount later provided in the interventional supplements. At the completion of the study, the reported dietary intake of these vitamins had increased, but only slightly, in each of the patient groups (Table 2). Fat consumption and caloric consumption did not change appreciably (data not shown).The proportion of patients who reported taking the study agents declined gradually over time (Table 3Table 3
Adherence to Therapy, According to Treatment Group, in Each Year of the Study.). Nevertheless, even during their fourth year of the study, 82 percent of all patients reported taking the study agents at least six days per week, and a further 5 percent took them three to five days per week. Only five patients stopped taking the medications because of their presumed toxicity: none in the placebo group, one in the beta carotene group, and two in each of the other treatment groups. The use of supplements containing vitamin C, vitamin E, or beta carotene was reported by 108 patients (14 percent), and this proportion did not differ significantly among the treatment groups (P = 0.65).Serum beta carotene levels more than doubled after one year among patients in the beta carotene group and the beta carotene-vitamin C and E group; these elevations persisted to the end of year 4 (Table 4Table 4
Serum Levels of Beta Carotene and Alpha-Tocopherol at Base Line, Year 1, and Year 4, According to Treatment Group.). In contrast, serum beta carotene levels remained essentially unchanged in the placebo group and the vitamin C and E group. Serum alpha-tocopherol levels increased approximately 40 percent among the patients in the groups given vitamins C and E or beta carotene plus vitamins C and E; these levels were relatively constant in the groups given placebo or beta carotene alone (Table 4).The mean length of follow-up between the colonoscopic examinations at year 1 and year 4 was 36.8 months in the placebo group, 36.8 months in the beta carotene group, 36.6 months in the vitamin C and E group, and 36.3 months in the beta carotene-vitamin C and E group. The colonoscopic examination at year 4 was deemed completely satisfactory in all but 37 (5 percent) of the 751 patients. The reasons for an incomplete examination were as follows: cecum not reached, 7 patients; not all polyps removed, 19; and multiple difficulties related to incomplete cleansing of the colon, 11. Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy was performed between the year 1 and year 4 colonoscopic examinations in 140 of the patients (19 percent); the proportion having such an examination did not differ significantly among the four treatment groups (P = 0.18).
At the year 1 colonoscopy, at least one colorectal adenoma was removed from 245 of the 751 patients (33 percent). Between the year 1 and year 4 examinations (including the year 4 result), at least one adenoma developed in 279 patients (37 percent) (Table 5Table 5
Number of Colorectal Adenomas and Size of the Largest Adenoma Detected after Colonoscopy at Year 1, According to Treatment Group.). The proportions of patients who had an adenoma did not differ significantly between the two groups prescribed beta carotene and those not prescribed beta carotene (37 percent vs. 38 percent; P = 0.84). There also were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of patients with adenoma between the groups prescribed vitamins C and E and those not prescribed these vitamins (38 percent vs. 36 percent; P = 0.56).There were no material differences among the treatment groups with regard to the number of adenomas (Table 5) or the median size of the largest adenoma (P = 0.90 by the Kruskal-Wallis test). Between the examinations at year 1 and year 4, two patients were given a diagnosis of adenoma showing carcinoma in situ: one in the group given vitamins C and E, and one in the group given beta carotene plus vitamins C and E.
In the statistical models of treatment effect, there was no statistically significant or biologically meaningful interaction between treatment with beta carotene and treatment with vitamins C and E. Therefore, we report only the main effects of these treatments from our models. In the relative-risk model there was no evidence of a protective effect of either beta carotene or vitamins C and E (Table 6Table 6
Relative Risk (RR) of the Development of at Least One Adenoma after Colonoscopy at Year 1, According to Treatment.). Adjustment for age, sex, number of prior adenomas, length of follow-up, and study center did not materially alter these results.We examined treatment effects in subgroups of patients, using a multivariate model to adjust for the possible confounding effects of age, sex, number of prior adenomas, study center, and actual length of time between the year 1 and year 4 colonoscopic examinations. We found no reduction in risk of adenoma associated with either beta carotene or vitamins C and E in any subgroup defined by sex, age, or number of prior adenomas (Table 7Table 7
Relative Risk (RR) Associated with Supplementation in Subgroups of Patients Defined by Their Characteristics at Enrollment.). Moreover, among the 25 percent of patients with serum beta carotene levels below 102 μg per liter at study entry, there was no reduction in the risk of adenoma associated with subsequent beta carotene treatment (relative risk, 1.18; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.88 to 1.57). Likewise, in the 25 percent of patients with an initial serum alpha-tocopherol level of 10.0 mg per liter or less, supplementation with vitamins C and E was not associated with a clear reduction in the risk of adenoma (relative risk, 0.84; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.57 to 1.25). There was also no evidence of benefit of treatment among the 25 percent of patients with the lowest dietary intake of beta carotene, vitamin C, or vitamin E, as reported at enrollment (data not shown).At least one adenoma with a diameter of 0.5 cm or greater was found in 103 patients. The relative risk for these larger tumors was 0.92 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.64 to 1.31) for beta carotene treatment and 0.99 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.69 to 1.42) for vitamin C and E treatment. One or more adenomas developed in the left colorectum (at or distal to the splenic flexure) in 161 patients; the relative risks for these tumors were 1.16 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.88 to 1.52) for patients treated with beta carotene and 0.88 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.67 to 1.15) for those treated with vitamins C and E. At least one adenoma occurred in the right colon (proximal to the splenic flexure) in 172 patients; the relative risk was 0.97 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.74 to 1.26) for beta carotene treatment and 1.35 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.77) for treatment with vitamins C and E.
In the model analyzing the number of adenomas per patient, the ratio of the observed to the expected number was 0.98 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.73 to 1.30) for beta carotene treatment and 1.06 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.89 to 1.41) for treatment with vitamins C and E. These results were essentially unaltered in models in which we adjusted for covariates. In the longitudinal analysis in which adenomas detected both up to and after the year 1 examination were simultaneously considered as end points (assuming equal treatment effects for year 1 and year 4), the relative risk associated with beta carotene treatment was 1.04 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.90 to 1.21) and that associated with treatment with vitamins C and E was 0.94 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.81 to 1.08).
Discussion
Treatment for four years with either beta carotene or vitamins C and E did not affect the rate of occurrence of new adenomas in patients who had had an adenoma removed before entering the study. There was no evidence of effectiveness overall, among subgroups of the study population, or for subtypes of adenoma. Patients adhered well to therapy. Though some were lost to follow-up because they died or because data on colonoscopy procedures were lacking, the vast majority had complete examinations that were performed according to the protocol. Therefore, it is unlikely that our results were materially affected by bias in assessing the end point. The small increase in the risk of right colonic adenomas among patients receiving vitamins C and E was unexpected and is plausibly due to chance, given the null findings for total adenomas and the numerous subgroups examined. The high proportion of male participants is comparable to that in other trials of patients with adenoma30 and is partly attributable to the participation of Veterans Affairs hospitals at three of the clinical sites.
The four previously published studies of antioxidants and colorectal neoplasia also dealt with adenomas rather than invasive cancer. In patients with familial polyposis, supplemental vitamin C appeared to decrease the number of polyps in the rectal stump in one study,17 but a subsequent trial found no effect when vitamins C and E were given together to a similar group of patients18. Both studies included relatively few subjects (19 and 58, respectively), and accurate assessment of the number of adenomas was probably difficult because these patients had numerous unresected polyps.
A Canadian study of patients with sporadic adenomas found no effect of supplemental vitamins C and E on the rate of recurrence of adenomas over a two-year period among 143 patients randomly assigned to vitamins or placebo19. However, a trial in Italy showed a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of adenomas in 70 patients randomly assigned to receive supplemental vitamins A, C, and E, as compared with 78 patients who received no treatment20. In both of these studies the relatively small number of patients made the estimates of treatment efficacy imprecise. Also, in both studies a substantial fraction of randomly assigned patients did not undergo follow-up endoscopy, and the length of follow-up appeared to be highly variable for the others. We cannot readily explain the difference between our results and those of the small study from Italy20. The latter used preformed vitamin A (retinol), whereas we used beta carotene, a precursor of retinol. Since blood levels of retinol do not increase appreciably after supplementation, except in patients with vitamin A deficiency,31 it is not clear why retinol would be effective.
Relatively few epidemiologic studies have specifically examined diet and the risk of adenoma. The results of some suggest a protective effect of the consumption of vegetables and fruits,32-36 but others found no such effect37-39. Interpretation of these studies is difficult because most involved relatively few cases and because the possibility of bias in case detection cannot be ruled out.
The lack of benefit of antioxidants in our study appears to conflict with the reduced risk suggested by epidemiologic investigations of invasive cancers of the colon and rectum. It is possible that these studies have detected an effect that occurs only after adenomas develop -- an issue we could not address. Indeed, most of the adenomas detected in our patients were small, less than 0.5 cm in diameter, and only a small fraction of these would ever progress to cancer if untreated40,41. Nevertheless, any adenoma that becomes an invasive cancer must once have been small, so effectively suppressing small adenomas might well prevent cancer also.
There are at least two other plausible explanations for the discrepancy between our results and those of epidemiologic studies of vitamin consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer. One is that dietary levels of antioxidant vitamins simply reflect the consumption of fruits and vegetables, which in turn contain other substances that reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Supporting this notion are findings that fiber34 or folate,35 rather than beta carotene or vitamins C and E, better explains the lower risk of adenoma associated with the consumption of vegetables and fruits. A second possibility is that antioxidants must be consumed at high levels for many years to inhibit neoplasia. To correspond with prevailing practice for the surveillance of patients with adenoma, our intervention lasted four years, so only a relatively rapid effect on the incidence of tumors could possibly have been seen. Arguing against a long latency, however, is the report that supplementation with vitamins A, C, and E rapidly reduces abnormalities of cell proliferation in the rectal mucosa of patients previously treated for adenoma42. Hyperproliferation is implicated as the immediate precursor of adenoma formation in some models of colorectal carcinogenesis,43,44 so a prompt reduction in the recurrence of adenoma could have been expected.
Antioxidant supplements have failed to reduce the incidence of tumors in two other large clinical trials45,46. Although lower mortality due to cancer and other causes was found after supplementation with beta carotene, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium in a trial in China,47 the benefit occurred very early and may indicate improved general health rather than averted cancer among the marginally nourished population studied. Some longer-term trials have not been completed, but current data do not support the use of antioxidant vitamin supplements for purposes of cancer prevention. Other dietary factors should be considered as explanations for the reduced risk of cancer associated with eating vegetables and fruits.
Supported in part by grants (CA37287 and CA23108) from the National Institutes of Health.
We are indebted to the many patients and their physicians whose cooperation made this study possible and to the study coordinators at the clinical sites and the data-processing, pharmacy, and laboratory staff at the coordinating center for their tireless efforts throughout the course of this investigation.
Source Information
From Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, N.H. (E.R.G., J.A.B., T.D.T., D.H.F., T.A.C., D.W.N., R.R., M.M.S.); the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland (G.J.B., R.U.S.); the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.H.B., J.S.M., D.C.S.); the Lahey Clinic, Burlington, Mass. (J.A.C.); Kaiser Permanente Medical Center-Sunset, Los Angeles (H.D.F.); UCLA, Los Angeles (R.W.H.); and the University of Iowa, Iowa City (R.W.S.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Greenberg at Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755-3861.
The members of the Polyp Prevention Study Group are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
In addition to the authors, the Polyp Prevention Study Group investigators were as follows: L. Pearson and L.A. Mott, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; D. Howell, Maine Medical Center, Portland; J. Church, Cleveland Clinic Foundation; and S. Shirazi and N.S. Dusdieker, University of Iowa, Iowa City. The clinical coordinators were C. Robinson and K. Seaver at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Maine Medical Center, and the Lahey Clinic; B. Cheyne at the University of Iowa; P. Harmon at UCLA and Kaiser-Sunset; J. Rex and H. Hasson at the Cleveland Clinic; and S. Wolgamot at the University of Minnesota. The members of the Safety and Data Monitoring Committee were S.H. Greenhouse, J.E. Grizzle, R.H. Hunt, G.D. Luk, and R.S. Sandler.
- References
References
1
Boyle P ,Zaridze DG ,Smans M . Descriptive epidemiology of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 1985;36:9-18
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Doll R, Peto R. The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1981.
3
Willett W . The search for the causes of breast and colon cancer. Nature 1989;338:389-394
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
Steinmetz KA ,Potter JD . Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. I. Epidemiology. Cancer Causes Control 1991;2:325-357
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Block G ,Patterson B ,Subar A . Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr Cancer 1992;18:1-29
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Willett WC ,Stampfer MJ ,Colditz GA ,Rosner BA ,Speizer FE . Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1664-1672
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline7
Steinmetz KA ,Potter JD . Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. II. Mechanisms. Cancer Causes Control 1991;2:427-442
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Byers T ,Perry G . Dietary carotenes, vitamin C, and vitamin E as protective antioxidants in human cancers. Annu Rev Nutr 1992;12:139-159
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Block G . Micronutrients and cancer: time for action? J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:846-848
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Block G . Vitamin C and cancer prevention: the epidemiologic evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:Suppl:270S-282S
Web of Science | Medline11
Bostick RM ,Potter JD ,McKenzie DR , et al. Reduced risk of colon cancer with high intake of vitamin E: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer Res 1993;53:4230-4237
Web of Science | Medline12
Knekt P . Role of vitamin E in the prophylaxis of cancer. Ann Med 1991;23:3-12
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Longnecker MP ,Martin-Moreno J-M ,Knekt P , et al. Serum alpha-tocopherol concentration in relation to subsequent colorectal cancer: pooled data from five cohorts. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:430-435
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
van Poppel G . Carotenoids and cancer: an update with emphasis on human intervention studies. Eur J Cancer 1993;29:1335-1344
CrossRef | Web of Science15
Morson BC ,Bussey HJR ,Day DW ,Hill MJ . Adenomas of large bowel. Cancer Surv 1983;2:451-47716
Powell SM ,Zilz N ,Beazer-Barclay Y , et al. APC mutations occur early during colorectal tumorigenesis. Nature 1992;359:235-237
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Bussey HJ ,DeCosse JJ ,Deschner EE , et al. A randomized trial of ascorbic acid in polyposis coli. Cancer 1982;50:1434-1439
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline18
DeCosse JJ ,Miller HH ,Lesser ML . Effect of wheat fiber and vitamins C and E on rectal polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:1290-1297
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
McKeown-Eyssen G ,Holloway C ,Jazmaji V ,Bright-See E ,Dion P ,Bruce WR . A randomized trial of vitamins C and E in the prevention of recurrence of colorectal polyps. Cancer Res 1988;48:4701-4705
Web of Science | Medline20
Roncucci L ,Di Donato P ,Carati L , et al. Antioxidant vitamins or lactulose for the prevention of the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:227-234
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Byar DP ,Piantadosi S . Factorial designs for randomized clinical trials. Cancer Treat Rep 1985;69:1055-1063
Medline22
Nierenberg DW . Serum and plasma beta-carotene levels measured with an improved method of high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1985;339:273-284
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Nierenberg DW ,Lester DC . Determination of vitamins A and E in serum and plasma using a simplified clarification method and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1985;345:275-284
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Sinha R ,Block G ,Taylor PR . Determinants of plasma ascorbic acid in a healthy male population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1992;1:297-302
Web of Science | Medline25
Block G ,Hartman AM ,Dresser CM ,Carroll MD ,Gannon J ,Gardner L . A data-based approach to diet questionnaire design and testing. Am J Epidemiol 1986;124:453-469
Web of Science | Medline26
Hixson LJ ,Fennerty MB ,Sampliner RE ,McGee D ,Garewal H . Prospective study of the frequency and size distribution of polyps missed by colonoscopy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:1769-1772
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
McCullagh P, Nelder JA. Generalized linear models. 2nd ed. London: Chapman & Hall, 1989.
28
Conover WJ. Practical nonparametric statistics. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley, 1980.
29
Liang K-Y ,Zeger SL . Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 1986;73:13-22
CrossRef | Web of Science30
Winawer SJ ,Zauber AG ,Ho MN , et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1877-1881
Full Text | Web of Science31
Willett WC ,Stampfer MJ ,Underwood BA ,Taylor JO ,Hennekens CH . Vitamins A, E, and carotene: effects of supplementation on their plasma levels. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;38:559-566
Web of Science | Medline32
Hoff G ,Moen IE ,Trygg K , et al. Epidemiology of polyps in the rectum and sigmoid colon: evaluation of nutritional factors. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986;21:199-204
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline33
Kato I ,Tominaga S ,Matsuura A ,Yoshii Y ,Shirai M ,Kobayashi S . A comparative case-control study of colorectal cancer and adenoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 1990;81:1101-1108
CrossRef | Medline34
Giovannucci E ,Stampfer MJ ,Colditz G ,Rimm EB ,Willett WC . Relationship of diet to risk of colorectal adenoma in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:91-98
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline35
Giovannucci E ,Stampfer MJ ,Colditz GA , et al. Folate, methionine, and alcohol intake and risk of colorectal adenoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:875-884
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline36
Sandler RS ,Lyles CM ,Peipins LA ,McAuliffe CA ,Woosley JT ,Kupper LL . Diet and risk of colorectal adenomas: macronutrients, cholesterol, and fiber. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:884-891
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline37
Kono S ,Imanishi K ,Shinchi K ,Yanai F . Relationship of diet to small and large adenomas of the sigmoid colon. Jpn J Cancer Res 1993;84:13-19
CrossRef | Medline38
Macquart-Moulin G ,Riboli E ,Cornee J ,Kaaks R ,Berthezene P . Colorectal polyps and diet: a case-control study in Marseilles. Int J Cancer 1987;40:179-188
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline39
Little J ,Logan RFA ,Hawtin PG ,Hardcastle JD ,Turner ID . Colorectal adenomas and diet: a case-control study of subjects participating in the Nottingham faecal occult blood screening programme. Br J Cancer 1993;67:177-184
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline40
Hoff G ,Foerster A ,Vatn MH ,Sauar J ,Larsen S . Epidemiology of polyps in the rectum and colon: recovery and evaluation of unresected polyps 2 years after detection. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986;21:853-862
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline41
Winawer SJ ,Shike M . Dietary factors in colorectal cancer and their possible effects on earlier stages of hyperproliferation and adenoma formation. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:74-75
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline42
Paganelli GM ,Biasco G ,Brandi G , et al. Effect of vitamin A, C, and E supplementation on rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal adenomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:47-51
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline43
Lipkin M . Biomarkers of increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal cancer: new application to studies of cancer prevention in human subjects. Cancer Res 1988;48:235-245
Web of Science | Medline44
Fearon ER ,Vogelstein B . A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 1990;61:759-767
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline45
Greenberg ER ,Baron JA ,Stukel TA , et al. A clinical trial of beta carotene to prevent basal-cell and squamous-cell cancers of the skin. N Engl J Med 1990;323:789-795[Erratum, N Engl J Med 1991;325:1324.]
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline46
The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline47
Blot WJ ,Li J-Y ,Taylor PR , et al. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1483-1492
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (247)
Citing Articles
1
Eric A. Klein, Ian M. Thompson. (2012) Chemoprevention of prostate cancer: an updated view. World Journal of Urology
CrossRef2
N J Davies, L Batehup, R Thomas. (2011) The role of diet and physical activity in breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer survivorship: a review of the literature. British Journal of Cancer 105, S52-S73
CrossRef3
Mitra Rangarajan, Gerard Mullin. 2011. Nutrition and Colorectal Cancer. , 221-236.
CrossRef4
Luigi Ricciardiello, Franco Bazzoli, Vincenzo Fogliano. (2011) Phytochemicals and colorectal cancer prevention—myth or reality?. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 8:10, 592-596
CrossRef5
Vijayvel Jayaprakash, James R. Marshall. (2011) Selenium and other antioxidants for chemoprevention of gastrointestinal cancers. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 25:4-5, 507-518
CrossRef6
Michael Ristow, Sebastian Schmeisser. (2011) Extending life span by increasing oxidative stress. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 51:2, 327-336
CrossRef7
Susan J. Fairweather-Tait, Yongping Bao, Martin R. Broadley, Rachel Collings, Dianne Ford, John E. Hesketh, Rachel Hurst. (2011) Selenium in Human Health and Disease. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 14:7, 1337-1383
CrossRef8
Laura Dugo, Yesim Negis, Angelo Azzi. 2011. Antioxidants. .
CrossRef9
M.H. Vendelbo, K.S. Nair. (2011) Mitochondrial longevity pathways
. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
CrossRef10
I. T. Johnson. 2011. Anti-tumour properties of functional foods. , 202-233.
CrossRef11
Mitra Rangarajan, Gerard Mullin. 2010. Nutrition and Colorectal Cancer. , 587-601.
CrossRef12
2010. Scientific Rationale of Current Trends in Clinical Studies of Micronutrients for Prevention of Chronic Diseases. , 23-34.
CrossRef13
2010. Micronutrients in Cancer Prevention. , 103-131.
CrossRef14
Harvey G. Moore. (2010) Colorectal Cancer: What Should Patients and Families Be Told to Lower the Risk of Colorectal Cancer?. Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 19:4, 693-710
CrossRef15
Jan Björk. (2010) Strategies for colon cancer prevention. The EPMA Journal 1:3, 513-521
CrossRef16
Michael Ristow, Kim Zarse. (2010) How increased oxidative stress promotes longevity and metabolic health: The concept of mitochondrial hormesis (mitohormesis). Experimental Gerontology 45:6, 410-418
CrossRef17
Jens Lykkesfeldt, Henrik E. Poulsen. (2010) Is vitamin C supplementation beneficial? Lessons learned from randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Nutrition 103:09, 1251-1259
CrossRef18
DAVID H. KIM, PERRY J. PICKHARDT. 2010. Colorectal Cancer. , 23-32.
CrossRef19
James R Marshall. (2009) Nutrition and colon cancer prevention. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 12:5, 539-543
CrossRef20
Patricia A Thompson, Eugene W Gerner. (2009) Current concepts in colorectal cancer prevention. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 3:4, 369-382
CrossRef21
Paola Palozza, Diana Bellovino, Rossella Simone, Alma Boninsegna, Francesco Cellini, Giovanni Monastra, Sancia Gaetani. (2009) Effect of β-carotene-rich tomato lycopene β-cyclase ( tlcy-b) on cell growth inhibition in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells. British Journal of Nutrition 102:02, 207
CrossRef22
Cesare Hassan, Perry J. Pickhardt, Emilio Di Giulio, David H. Kim, Angelo Zullo, Sergio Morini. (2009) Cost-Effectiveness of Early One-Year Colonoscopy Surveillance After Polypectomy. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 52:5, 964-971
CrossRef23
Aasma Shaukat, Murtaza Parekh, Joseph Lipscomb, Uri Ladabaum. (2009) Can calcium chemoprevention of adenoma recurrence substitute or serve as an adjunct for colonoscopic surveillance?. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25:02, 222
CrossRef24
María Elena Martínez, John A. Baron, David A. Lieberman, Arthur Schatzkin, Elaine Lanza, Sidney J. Winawer, Ann G. Zauber, Ruiyun Jiang, Dennis J. Ahnen, John H. Bond, Timothy R. Church, Douglas J. Robertson, Stephanie A. Smith–Warner, Elizabeth T. Jacobs, David S. Alberts, E. Robert Greenberg. (2009) A Pooled Analysis of Advanced Colorectal Neoplasia Diagnoses After Colonoscopic Polypectomy. Gastroenterology 136:3, 832-841
CrossRef25
Douglas J. Robertson, Robert S. Sandler, Dennis J. Ahnen, E. Robert Greenberg, Leila A. Mott, Bernard F. Cole, John A. Baron. (2009) Gastrin, Helicobacter pylori, and Colorectal Adenomas. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 7:2, 163-167
CrossRef26
E. T. Jacobs, D. J. Ahnen, E. L. Ashbeck, J. A. Baron, E. R. Greenberg, P. Lance, D. A. Lieberman, G. McKeown-Eyssen, A. Schatzkin, P. A. Thompson, M. E. Martinez. (2009) Association Between Body Mass Index and Colorectal Neoplasia at Follow-Up Colonoscopy: A Pooling Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 169:6, 657-666
CrossRef27
Michael Goodman, Roberd M. Bostick, Chiranjeev Dash, Paul Terry, W. Dana Flanders, Jack Mandel. (2008) A summary measure of pro- and anti-oxidant exposures and risk of incident, sporadic, colorectal adenomas. Cancer Causes & Control 19:10, 1051-1064
CrossRef28
Samir Gupta. (2008) Colorectal Polyps: The Scope and Management of the Problem. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 336:5, 407-417
CrossRef29
Jaana Kuoppala, Anne Lamminpää, Eero Pukkala. (2008) Statins and cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Cancer 44:15, 2122-2132
CrossRef30
Steven Piantadosi. 2008. Factorial Designs in Clinical Trials. .
CrossRef31
Hans Christian Erichsen, Ulrike Peters, Peter Eck, Robert Welch, Robert E. Schoen, Meredith Yeager, Mark Levine, Richard B. Hayes, Stephen Chanock. (2008) Genetic Variation in Sodium-Dependent Vitamin C Transporters SLC23A1 and SLC23A2 and Risk of Advanced Colorectal Adenoma. Nutrition and Cancer 60:5, 652-659
CrossRef32
María Elena Martínez, James R. Marshall, Edward Giovannucci. (2008) Diet and cancer prevention: the roles of observation and experimentation. Nature Reviews Cancer 8:9, 694-703
CrossRef33
Stacey J. Bell, Gregory T. Grochoski. (2008) How Safe is Vitamin E Supplementation?. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 48:8, 760-774
CrossRef34
Goran Bjelakovic, Dimitrinka Nikolova, Lise Lotte Gluud, Rosa G Simonetti, Christian Gluud, Goran Bjelakovic. 2008. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. .
CrossRef35
Nadir Arber, Bernard Levin. (2008) Chemoprevention of Colorectal Neoplasia: The Potential for Personalized Medicine. Gastroenterology 134:4, 1224-1237
CrossRef36
James R. Marshall. (2008) Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: Diet, Chemoprevention, and Lifestyle. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 37:1, 73-82
CrossRef37
Kerstin Schnäbele, Karlis Briviba, Achim Bub, Silvia Roser, Beatrice L. Pool-Zobel, Gerhard Rechkemmer. (2008) Effects of carrot and tomato juice consumption on faecal markers relevant to colon carcinogenesis in humans. British Journal of Nutrition 99:03,
CrossRef38
Pieter Van't Veer. 2008. Dietary Intervention Studies and Cancer Prevention. , 96-104.
CrossRef39
Ian T. Johnson. 2008. Micronutrients, Phytoprotectants and Mechanisms of Anticancer Activity. , 89-95.
CrossRef40
Jennifer R Evans, Katherine S Henshaw, Jennifer R Evans. 2008. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration. .
CrossRef41
M. GRØNBAEK. (2008) Factors influencing the relation between alcohol and mortality - with focus on wine. Journal of Internal Medicine 250:4, 291
CrossRef42
F. Berrino, A. Villarini. 2008. Fruit and vegetables and cancer. , 75-94.
CrossRef43
Deirdre A. Hill. (2007) Strengthening Gynecologic Cancer Prevention Studies. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 34:4, 639-650
CrossRef44
François Meyer, Isabelle Bairati, Édith Jobin, Michel Gélinas, André Fortin, Abdenour Nabid, Bernard Têtu. (2007) Acute Adverse Effects of Radiation Therapy and Local Recurrence in Relation to Dietary and Plasma Beta Carotene and Alpha Tocopherol in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Nutrition and Cancer 59:1, 29-35
CrossRef45
Jinfu Hu, Howard Morrison, Les Mery, Marie DesMeules, Monica Macleod. (2007) Diet and vitamin or mineral supplementation and risk of colon cancer by subsite in Canada. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 16:4, 275-291
CrossRef46
I. T. JOHNSON, E. K. LUND. (2007) Review article: nutrition, obesity and colorectal cancer. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 26:2, 161-181
CrossRef47
Michael Goodman, Roberd M. Bostick, Chiranjeev Dash, W. Dana Flanders, Jack S. Mandel. (2007) Hypothesis: Oxidative Stress Score as a Combined Measure of Pro-oxidant and Antioxidant Exposures. Annals of Epidemiology 17:5, 394-399
CrossRef48
Mi Kyung Kim, Kyu Yong Choi, Won Chul Lee, Jung Han Yoon Park, Mi-Kyung Sung, Jong-Sang Kim, Yong Gyu Park, Kwang-ho Meng, Jiyoung Kim, Yang Cha Lee-Kim. (2007) Low serum β-carotene is associated with the incidence of colorectal adenoma. Nutrition Research 27:3, 127-132
CrossRef49
Xingmin Wang, Mark M. Huycke. (2007) Extracellular Superoxide Production by Enterococcus faecalis Promotes Chromosomal Instability in Mammalian Cells. Gastroenterology 132:2, 551-561
CrossRef50
Pamela Mason. (2007) One is okay, more is better? Pharmacological aspects and safe limits of nutritional supplements. Proceedings of The Nutrition Society 66:4,
CrossRef51
Pankaj Bansal, Suresh Kumar Gupta, Shreesh Kumar Ojha, Mukesh Nandave, Rajan Mittal, Santosh Kumari, Dharamvir Singh Arya. (2006) Cardioprotective effect of lycopene in the experimental model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 289:1-2, 1-9
CrossRef52
L.J. Lea, P.A. Hepburn. (2006) Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 9: Results of a European post-launch monitoring programme. Food and Chemical Toxicology 44:8, 1213-1222
CrossRef53
A. A. Davies, G. Davey Smith, R. Harbord, G. E. Bekkering, J. A. C. Sterne, R. Beynon, S. Thomas. (2006) Nutritional Interventions and Outcome in Patients With Cancer or Preinvasive Lesions: Systematic Review. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 98:14, 961-973
CrossRef54
G. BJELAKOVIC, A. NAGORNI, D. NIKOLOVA, R. G. SIMONETTI, M. BJELAKOVIC, C. GLUUD. (2006) Meta-analysis: antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention of colorectal adenoma. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 24:2, 281-291
CrossRef55
Ian D. Coulter, Mary L. Hardy, Sally C. Morton, Lara G. Hilton, Wenli Tu, Di Valentine, Paul G. Shekelle. (2006) Antioxidants Vitamin C and Vitamin E for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Journal of General Internal Medicine 21:7, 735-744
CrossRef56
M. Valko, C.J. Rhodes, J. Moncol, M. Izakovic, M. Mazur. (2006) Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chemico-Biological Interactions 160:1, 1-40
CrossRef57
Morten Grønbæk. (2006) Factors influencing the relation between alcohol and cardiovascular disease. Current Opinion in Lipidology 17:1, 17-21
CrossRef58
Ann G. Zauber, Sidney J. Winawer. (2006) High-Quality Colonoscopies Must Be an Integral Part of Screening and Surveillance Programs. Gastroenterology 130:2, 620-621
CrossRef59
David R Thomas. (2006) Vitamins in aging, health, and longevity. Clinical Interventions in Aging 1:1, 81-91
CrossRef60
Douglas J. Robertson, Robert S. Sandler, Robert Haile, Tor D. Tosteson, E. Robert Greenberg, Maria Grau, John A. Baron. (2005) Fat, Fiber, Meat and the Risk of Colorectal Adenomas. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 100:12, 2789-2795
CrossRef61
Margaret P. Rayman. (2005) Selenium in cancer prevention: a review of the evidence and mechanism of action. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64:04, 527-542
CrossRef62
W R Bruce, M Cirocco, A Giacca, Y-I Kim, N Marcon, S Minkin. (2005) A pilot randomised controlled trial to reduce colorectal cancer risk markers associated with B-vitamin deficiency, insulin resistance and colonic inflammation. British Journal of Cancer 93:6, 639-646
CrossRef63
Steven Piantadosi. 2005. Factorial Designs in Clinical Trials. .
CrossRef64
Douglas J. Robertson, E. Robert Greenberg, Michael Beach, Robert S. Sandler, Dennis Ahnen, Robert W. Haile, Carol A. Burke, Dale C. Snover, Robert S. Bresalier, Gail McKeown-Eyssen, Jack S. Mandel, John H. Bond, Rosalind U. van Stolk, Robert W. Summers, Richard Rothstein, Timothy R. Church, Bernard F. Cole, Tim Byers, Leila Mott, John A. Baron. (2005) Colorectal Cancer in Patients Under Close Colonoscopic Surveillance. Gastroenterology 129:1, 34-41
CrossRef65
D. J. ROBERTSON, C. A. BURKE, B. J. SCHWENDER, M. J. WARGOVICH, E. R. GREENBERG, R. S. SANDLER, D. J. AHNEN, R. ROTHSTEIN, L. A. MOTT, J. A. BARON. (2005) Histamine receptor antagonists and incident colorectal adenomas. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 22:2, 123-128
CrossRef66
S. Zaroukian, R. Pineault, S. Gandini, A. Lacroix, P. Ghadirian. (2005) Correlation between nutritional biomarkers and breast cancer: a case-control study. The Breast 14:3, 209-223
CrossRef67
Si
n Astley. (2005) Antioxidants and 21st century nutrition. Food Science <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Technology Bulletin: Functional Foods 2:2, 19-29
CrossRef68
Ernest T. Hawk, Asad Umar, Ellen Richmond, Jaye L. Viner. (2005) Prevention and therapy of colorectal cancer. Medical Clinics of North America 89:1, 85-110
CrossRef69
A. J. Duffield-Lillico, I. Shureiqi, S. M. Lippman. (2004) Can Selenium Prevent Colorectal Cancer? A Signpost From Epidemiology. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 96:22, 1645-1647
CrossRef70
E. T. Jacobs, R. Jiang, D. S. Alberts, E. R. Greenberg, E. W. Gunter, M. R. Karagas, E. Lanza, L. Ratnasinghe, M. E. Reid, A. Schatzkin, S. A. Smith-Warner, K. Wallace, M. E. Martinez. (2004) Selenium and Colorectal Adenoma: Results of a Pooled Analysis. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 96:22, 1669-1675
CrossRef71
Christopher S. Huang, Michael J. O'Brien, Shi Yang, Francis A. Farraye. (2004) Hyperplastic Polyps, Serrated Adenomas, and the Serrated Polyp Neoplasia Pathway. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 99:11, 2242-2255
CrossRef72
Susan Steck-Scott, Michele R. Forman, Anne Sowell, Craig B. Borkowf, Paul S. Albert, Martha Slattery, Brenda Brewer, Bette Caan, Electra Paskett, Frank Iber, Walt Kikendall, James Marshall, Moshe Shike, Joel Weissfeld, Kirk Snyder, Arthur Schatzkin, Elaine Lanza, . (2004) Carotenoids, vitamin A and risk of adenomatous polyp recurrence in the polyp prevention trial. International Journal of Cancer 112:2, 295-305
CrossRef73
I. T. Johnson. (2004) Micronutrients and cancer. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63:04, 587-595
CrossRef74
Jane Higdon, Balz Frei. 2004. Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and b-Carotene in Cancer Chemoprevention. .
CrossRef75
Goran Bjelakovic, Dimitrinka Nikolova, Rosa G Simonetti, Christian Gluud. (2004) Antioxidant supplements for prevention of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet 364:9441, 1219-1228
CrossRef76
Christopher D. Lao, Dean E. Brenner. (2004) Strategies for prevention of colorectal cancer: Pharmaceutical and nutritional interventions. Current Treatment Options in Oncology 5:5, 417-426
CrossRef77
Wilhelm Stahl, Michael Danilenko, Yoav Sharoni, Joseph Levy. 2004. Anticancer Activity of Carotenoids. , 165-196.
CrossRef78
Cheryl Rock. 2004. Relationship of Carotenoids to Cancer. , 373-407.
CrossRef79
Margaret Wright, Demetrius Albanes. 2004. Potential Adverse Effects of beta-Carotene Supplementation in Cigarette Smokers and Heavier Drinkers. , 531-545.
CrossRef80
Kaoru Hirose, Kazuo Tajima. (2004) Evidence in favour of lifestyle intervention for cancer prevention with special reference to colorectal cancer. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 9:4, 130-136
CrossRef81
JOYE K. WILLCOX, SARAH L. ASH, GEORGE L. CATIGNANI. (2004) Antioxidants and Prevention of Chronic Disease. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 44:4, 275-295
CrossRef82
I.T Johnson. (2004) New approaches to the role of diet in the prevention of cancers of the alimentary tract. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 551:1-2, 9-28
CrossRef83
A. D. Dangour, V. L. Sibson, A. E. Fletcher. (2004) Hormones and Supplements: Do They Work?: Micronutrient Supplementation in Later Life: Limited Evidence for Benefit. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 59:7, B659-B673
CrossRef84
Ronald Eitenmiller. 2004. Nutrition and Health Implications of Vitamin E. , 39-88.
CrossRef85
SA Stanner, J Hughes, CNM Kelly, J Buttriss. (2004) A review of the epidemiological evidence for the ‘antioxidant hypothesis’. Public Health Nutrition 7:03,
CrossRef86
Ernest T. Hawk, Asad Umar, Jaye L. Viner. (2004) Colorectal cancer chemoprevention—an overview of the science1 1This article was prepared in our capacity as employees of the U.S. Federal Government.. Gastroenterology 126:5, 1423-1447
CrossRef87
Morten Grønbæk. (2004) Epidemiologic evidence for the cardioprotective effects associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages. Pathophysiology 10:2, 83-92
CrossRef88
David A. Sass, Robert E. Schoen, Joel L. Weissfeld, Lisa Weissfeld, F. Leland Thaete, Lewis H. Kuller, Mary McAdams, Elaine Lanza, Arthur Schatzkin. (2004) Relationship of Visceral Adipose Tissue to Recurrence of Adenomatous Polyps. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 99:4, 687-693
CrossRef89
Paul J Limburg, Joseph C Kolars. (2004) Colorectal cancer chemoprevention. Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases 5:1, 7-11
CrossRef90
Alexandra Lavy, Yehezkel Naveh, Raymond Coleman, Shoshana Mokady, Moshe J. Werman. (2003) Dietary Dunaliella bardawil, a ??-Carotene???Rich Alga, Protects Against Acetic Acid???Induced Small Bowel Inflammation in Rats. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 9:6, 372-379
CrossRef91
S.Mitchell Harman, Lynn Liang, Panayiotis D Tsitouras, Frank Gucciardo, Christopher B Heward, Peter D Reaven, Wei Ping, Alaa Ahmed, Richard G Cutler. (2003) Urinary excretion of three nucleic acid oxidation adducts and isoprostane F2α measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 35:10, 1301-1309
CrossRef92
William B. Armstrong, X. Steven Wan, Ann R. Kennedy, Thomas H. Taylor, Frank L. Meyskens. (2003) Development of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor for oral cancer chemoprevention and analysis of neu immunohistochemical staining intensity with Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate treatment. The Laryngoscope 113:10, 1687-1702
CrossRef93
Sharon Campbell, William Stone, Sarah Whaley, Koyamangalath Krishnan. (2003) Development of gamma (γ)-tocopherol as a colorectal cancer chemopreventive agent. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 47:3, 249-259
CrossRef94
J. A. Baron, B. F. Cole, L. Mott, R. Haile, M. Grau, T. R. Church, G. J. Beck, E. R. Greenberg. (2003) Neoplastic and Antineoplastic Effects of -Carotene on Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence: Results of a Randomized Trial. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95:10, 717-722
CrossRef95
B. Levin. (2003) Potential Pitfalls in the Use of Surrogate Endpoints in Colorectal Adenoma Chemoprevention. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95:10, 697-699
CrossRef96
David Gatof, Dennis Ahnen. (2003) Primary prevention of colorectal cancer: diet and drugs. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 17:2, 575-610
CrossRef97
(2003) Effect of Lycopene on the Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor Signaling Pathway in Human Colon Cancer HT-29 Cells. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 32:3, 437-443
CrossRef98
Sandler, Robert S., Halabi, Susan, Baron, John A., Budinger, Susan, Paskett, Electra, Keresztes, Roger, Petrelli, Nicholas, Pipas, J. Marc, Karp, Daniel D., Loprinzi, Charles L., Steinbach, Gideon, Schilsky, Richard, . (2003) A Randomized Trial of Aspirin to Prevent Colorectal Adenomas in Patients with Previous Colorectal Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 348:10, 883-890
Full Text99
Edward Giovannucci. (2003) Diet, Body Weight, and Colorectal Cancer: A Summary of the Epidemiologic Evidence. Journal of Women's Health 12:2, 173-182
CrossRef100
Alberto Redaelli, Carole W Cranor, Gary J Okano, Pat Ray Reese. (2003) Screening, Prevention and Socioeconomic Costs Associated with the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. PharmacoEconomics 21:17, 1213-1238
CrossRef101
I. Johnson. 2003. Phytochemicals and cancer: an overview. , 18-44.
CrossRef102
Edward Giovannucci. (2002) Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 31:4, 925-943
CrossRef103
Jaye L Viner, Asad Umar, Ernest T Hawk. (2002) Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: problems, progress, and prospects. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 31:4, 971-999
CrossRef104
G Rennert. (2002) Dietary intervention studies and cancer prevention. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 11:5, 419-425
CrossRef105
Ernest T. Hawk, Paul J. Limburg, Jaye L. Viner. (2002) Epidemiology and prevention of colorectal cancer. Surgical Clinics of North America 82:5, 905-941
CrossRef106
David Gatof, Dennis Ahnen. (2002) Primary prevention of colorectal cancer: diet and drugs. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 31:2, 587-623
CrossRef107
A. V. Anstey. (2002) Systemic photoprotection with alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) and beta-carotene. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 27:3, 170-176
CrossRef108
David S. Alberts. (2002) Reducing the Risk of Colorectal Cancer by Intervening in the Process of Carcinogenesis. The Cancer Journal 8:3, 208-221
CrossRef109
Nachum Vaisman, Nadir Arber. (2002) The role of nutrition and chemoprevention in colorectal cancer: from observations to expectations. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 16:2, 201-217
CrossRef110
Ha Won Kim, Akira Murakami, Yoshimasa Nakamura, Hajime Ohigashi. (2002) Screening of edible Japanese plants for suppressive effects on phorbol ester-induced superoxide generation in differentiated HL-60 cells and AS52 cells. Cancer Letters 176:1, 7-16
CrossRef111
S. Mahabir, D. Coit, L. Liebes, M. S. Brady, J. J. Lewis, G. Roush, M. Nestle, D. Fry, M. Berwick. (2002) Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of dietary supplementation of α-tocopherol on mutagen sensitivity levels in melanoma patients: a pilot trial. Melanoma Research 12:1, 83-90
CrossRef112
M. Ponz de Leon. (2002) Prevention and chemoprevention of colorectal neoplasms. Digestive and Liver Disease 34:1, 59-69
CrossRef113
Kenneth Miller, Jerome D. Waye. (2002) Colorectal Polyps in the Elderly. Drugs & Aging 19:6, 393-404
CrossRef114
Young-In Kim. (2001) Vegetables, Fruits, and Colorectal Cancer Risk: What Should We Believe?. Nutrition Reviews 59:12, 394-398
CrossRef115
Lester Packer, Anthony Diplock, Sharon Landvik. 2001. Efficacy of Vitamin E in Human Health and Disease. .
CrossRef116
James Enstrom. 2001. Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Ascorbate and Cancer. .
CrossRef117
Charanjit Kaur, Harish C. Kapoor. (2001) Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables - the millennium’s health. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 36:7, 703-725
CrossRef118
Charanjit Kaur, Harish C. Kapoor. (2001) Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables - the millennium's health. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 36:7, 703-725
CrossRef119
M. GRONBAEK. (2001) Factors influencing the relation between alcohol and mortality - with focus on wine. Journal of Internal Medicine 250:4, 291-308
CrossRef120
Mack T. Ruffin, Cheryl L. Rock. (2001) Do antioxidants still have a role in the prevention of human cancer?. Current Oncology Reports 3:4, 306-313
CrossRef121
Margie L. Clapper, Wen-Chi L. Chang, Neal J. Meropol. (2001) Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. Current Opinion in Oncology 13:4, 307-313
CrossRef122
P Greenwald. (2001) Diet and cancer prevention. European Journal of Cancer 37:8, 948-965
CrossRef123
María Elena Martínez, Richard Sampliner, James R. Marshall, Achyut K. Bhattacharyya, Mary E. Reid, David S. Alberts. (2001) Adenoma characteristics as risk factors for recurrence of advanced adenomas. Gastroenterology 120:5, 1077-1083
CrossRef124
I. Dove-Edwin, H. J. W. Thomas. (2001) The prevention of colorectal cancer. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 15:3, 323-336
CrossRef125
Robert S. Sandler, Susan Halabi, Ellen B. Kaplan, John A. Baron, Elektra Paskett, Nicholas J. Petrelli. (2001) Use of vitamins, minerals, and nutritional supplements by participants in a chemoprevention trial. Cancer 91:5, 1040-1045
CrossRef126
Roberto Marchioli, Carlo Schweiger, Giacomo Levantesi, Luigi Tavazzi, Franco Valagussa. (2001) Antioxidant vitamins and prevention of cardiovascular disease: Epidemiological and clinical trial data. Lipids 36:S1, S53-S63
CrossRef127
I. T. Johnson. 2001. Antioxidants and antitumour properties. , 100-123.
CrossRef128
J Mcneil. (2000) Prevention of colonic neoplasms? Is it for real or just a hoax?. Current Surgery 57:6, 532-538
CrossRef129
Iman Hakim. 2000. Some Aspects of the Mediterranean Diet. .
CrossRef130
John H. Bond. (2000) COLORECTAL CANCER UPDATE. Medical Clinics of North America 84:5, 1163-1182
CrossRef131
Teresa Bermejo Vicedo, Francisco Jose Hidalgo Correas. 2000. Antioxidants as Therapies of Diseases of Old Age. , 343-357.
CrossRef132
Marvin Cohen, Hemmi Bhagavan. 2000. Vitamin C in Health and Diseases of the Elderly. , 13-41.
CrossRef133
Ernest T. Hawk, Scott M. Lippman. (2000) PRIMARY CANCER PREVENTION TRIALS. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 14:4, 809-830
CrossRef134
Yoav Sharoni, Michael Danilenko, Joseph Levy. (2000) Molecular mechanisms for the anticancer activity of the carotenoid lycopene. Drug Development Research 50:3-4, 448-456
CrossRef135
Jänne, Pasi A., Mayer, Robert J., . (2000) Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 342:26, 1960-1968
Full Text136
Vibeke Breinholt, Søren T Lauridsen, Bahram Daneshvar, Jette Jakobsen. (2000) Dose-response effects of lycopene on selected drug-metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes in the rat. Cancer Letters 154:2, 201-210
CrossRef137
M. Ponz de Leon, L. Roncucci. (2000) The cause of colorectal cancer. Digestive and Liver Disease 32:5, 426-439
CrossRef138
F Meyskens Jr. (2000) Cancer population genetics and tumour prevention an unfulfilled paradigm. European Journal of Cancer 36:10, 1189-1192
CrossRef139
P?M Bramley, I Elmadfa, A Kafatos, F?J Kelly, Y Manios, H?E Roxborough, W Schuch, P?J?A Sheehy, K-H Wagner. (2000) Vitamin E. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 80:7, 913-938
CrossRef140
Patrick Lynch. (2000) If aggressive surveillance in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer is now state of the art, are there any challenges left?. Gastroenterology 118:5, 969-971
CrossRef141
Schatzkin, Arthur, Lanza, Elaine, Corle, Donald, Lance, Peter, Iber, Frank, Caan, Bette, Shike, Moshe, Weissfeld, Joel, Burt, Randall, Cooper, M. Robert, Kikendall, J. Walter, Cahill, Jack, Freedman, LaurenceMarshall, JamesSchoen, Robert E.Slattery, Marthathe Polyp Prevention Trial Study Group. (2000) Lack of Effect of a Low-Fat, High-Fiber Diet on the Recurrence of Colorectal Adenomas. New England Journal of Medicine 342:16, 1149-1155
Full Text142
A Decensi. (2000) Recent advances in cancer chemoprevention, with emphasis on breast and colorectal cancer. European Journal of Cancer 36:6, 694-709
CrossRef143
C Bestwick. (2000) Effects of β-carotene on antioxidant enzyme activity, intracellular reactive oxygen and membrane integrity within post confluent Caco-2 intestinal cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1474:1, 47-55
CrossRef144
Koyamangalath Krishnan, Mack T Ruffin, Dean E Brenner. (2000) Chemoprevention for colorectal cancer. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 33:3, 199-219
CrossRef145
Piero Dolara, Giovanna Caderni, Cristina Luceri. (2000) Surrogate endpoint biomarkers for human colon carcinogenesis. Toxicology Letters 112-113, 415-420
CrossRef146
William A. Pryor, Wilhelm Stahl, Cheryl L. Rock. (2000) Beta Carotene: From Biochemistry to Clinical Trials. Nutrition Reviews 58:2, 39-53
CrossRef147
Brian Ratcliffe, Andrew R. Collins, Helen J. Glass, Kevin Hillman, Rebecca J.T. Kemble. 2000. The Effect of Cooking on the Protective Effect of Broccoli Against Damage to DNA in Colonocytes. , 161-164.
CrossRef148
Stefano Cascinu, Marco Ligi, Elena Del Ferro, Gianpaolo Foglietti, Paolo Cioccolini, Maria Pia Staccioli, Andrea Carnevali, Marco Bruno Luigi Rocchi, Paolo Alessandroni, Paolo Giordani, Vincenzo Catalano, Vincenzo Polizzi, Romina Agostinelli, Pietro Muretto, Giuseppina Catalano. (2000) Effects of Calcium and Vitamin Supplementation on Colon Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Investigation 18:5, 411-416
CrossRef149
I. T. Johnson. 2000. Anti-tumour properties. , 141-166.
CrossRef150
Ernest Hawk, Ron Lubet, Paul Limburg. (1999) Chemoprevention in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes. Cancer 86:S11, 2551-2563
CrossRef151
Steven P Bensen, Bernard F Cole, Leila A Mott, John A Baron, Robert S Sandler, Robert Haile. (1999) Colorectal hyperplastic polyps and risk of recurrence of adenomas and hyperplastic polyps. The Lancet 354:9193, 1873-1874
CrossRef152
JR Evans, K Henshaw, Jennifer Evans. 1999. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration. .
CrossRef153
Ernest Hawk, Ron Lubet, Paul Limburg. (1999) Chemoprevention in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes. Cancer 86:S8, 1731-1743
CrossRef154
Tomio Narisawa, Yoko Fukaura, Shunji Oshima, Takahiro Inakuma, Masamichi Yano, Hoyoku Nishino. (1999) Chemoprevention by the Oxygenated Carotenoid beta-Cryptoxanthin of N-Methylnitrosourea-induced Colon Carcinogenesis in F344 Rats. Cancer Science 90:10, 1061-1065
CrossRef155
Mark L Wahlqvist, Bridget H-H Hsu-Hage, Widjaja Lukito. (1999) Clinical trials in nutrition. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 8:3, 231-241
CrossRef156
M Antonia Murcia, Magdalena Mart
CrossRef157
Joel B. Mason, Young-in Kim. (1999) Nutritional strategies in the prevention of colorectal cancer. Current Gastroenterology Reports 1:4, 341-353
CrossRef158
Dale A. Cooper, Alison L. Eldridge, John C. Peters. (1999) Dietary Carotenoids and Certain Cancers, Heart Disease, and Age-related Macular Degeneration: A Review of Recent Research. Nutrition Reviews 57:7, 201-214
CrossRef159
Richard L. Nelson, Victoria Persky, Mary Turyk. (1999) Determination of factors responsible for the declining incidence of colorectal cancer. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 42:6, 741-752
CrossRef160
Dale A. Cooper, Alison L. Eldridge, John C. Peters. (1999) Dietary Carotenoids and Lung Cancer: A Review of Recent Research. Nutrition Reviews 57:5, 133-145
CrossRef161
David I. Thurnham, Christine A. Northrop-Clewes. (1999) Optimal nutrition: vitamin A and the carotenoids. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58:02, 449-457
CrossRef162
Fumio Furukawa, Akiyoshi Nishikawa, Ken-ichiro Kasahara, In-Seon Lee, Keiji Wakabayashi, Michihito Takahashi, Masao Hirose. (1999) Inhibition by beta-Carotene of Upper Respiratory Tumorigenesis in Hamsters Receiving Diethylnitrosamine Followed by Cigarette Smoke Exposure. Cancer Science 90:2, 154-161
CrossRef163
Richard L. Whelan, Karen D. Horvath, Neil R. Gleason, Kenneth A. Forde, Michael D. Treat, Susan L. Teitelbaum, Andrea Bertram, Alfred I. Neugut. (1999) Vitamin and calcium supplement use is associated with decreased adenoma recurrence in patients with a previous history of neoplasia. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 42:2, 212-217
CrossRef164
Joel Faintuch, PatriciaB. Aguilar, Wladimir Nadalin. (1999) Relevance of N-acetylcysteine in clinical practice: fact, myth or consequence?. Nutrition 15:2, 177-179
CrossRef165
Joseph Levy, Michael Danilenko, Michael Karas, Hadar Amir, Amit Nahum, Yudit Giat, Yoav Sharoni. 1999. Mechanisms of Action of the Antioxidant Lycopene in Cancer. , 377-384.
CrossRef166
I-Min Lee. (1999) Antioxidant Vitamins in the Prevention of Cancer. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians 111:1, 10-15
CrossRef167
Hadar Amir, Michael Karas, Judith Giat, Michael Danilenko, Rachel Levy, Tikva Yermiahu, Joseph Levy, Yoav Sharoni. (1999) Lycopene and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin d 3 cooperate in the inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction of differentiation in hl‐60 leukemic cells. Nutrition and Cancer 33:1, 105-112
CrossRef168
Brian Ratcliffe, Andrew R. Collins, Helen J. Glass, Kevin Hillman. 1999. The Effect of Physical Processing on the Protective Effect of Broccoli in Relation to Damage to DNA in Colonocytes. , 440-442.
CrossRef169
Dean E. Brenner. (1999) Cancer chemoprevention. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 15:1, 9
CrossRef170
Luigina Bonelli, Annalisa Camoriano, Paolo Ravelli, Guido Missale, Paolo Bruzzi, Hugo Aste. 1999. Reduction of the Incidence of Metachronous Adenomas of the Large Bowel by Means of Antioxidants: A Double Blind Randomized Trial. , 451-455.
CrossRef171
GILBERT S OMENN. (1998) An Assessment of the Scientific Basis for Attempting to Define the Dietary Reference Intake for Beta Carotene. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 98:12, 1406-1409
CrossRef172
Michael D. Winters, Tiffany L. Schlinke, Wendy A. Joyce, Stephen R. Glore, Mark M. Huycke. (1998) Prospective case-cohort study of intestinal colonization with enterococci that produce extracellular superoxide and the risk for colorectal adenomas or cancer. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 93:12, 2491-2500
CrossRef173
David S. Alberts, Martha L. Slattery, Edward Giovannucci, Moshe Shike, Dava J. Garcia. (1998) Primary prevention of colon cancer with dietary and micronutrient interventions. Cancer 83:S8, 1734-1739
CrossRef174
Koyamangalath Krishnan, Mack T. Ruffin, Dean E. Brenner. (1998) CLINICAL MODELS OF CHEMOPREVENTION FOR COLON CANCER. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 12:5, 1079-1113
CrossRef175
Cheryl L. Rock. (1998) NUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN CANCER PREVENTION. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 12:5, 975-991
CrossRef176
S. Salminen, C. Bouley, M.-C. Boutron, J. H. Cummings, A. Franck, G. R. Gibson, E. Isolauri, M.-C. Moreau, M. Roberfroid, I. Rowland. (1998) Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function. British Journal of Nutrition 80:S1, S147
CrossRef177
A. T. Diplock, J.-L. Charuleux, G. Crozier-Willi, F. J. Kok, C. Rice-Evans, M. Roberfroid, W. Stahl, J. Viña-Ribes. (1998) Functional food science and defence against reactive oxidative species. British Journal of Nutrition 80:S1, S77
CrossRef178
Rosalind U. van Stolk, Gerald J. Beck, John A. Baron, Robert Haile, Robert Summers. (1998) Adenoma characteristics at first colonoscopy as predictors of adenoma recurrence and characteristics at follow-up. Gastroenterology 115:1, 13-18
CrossRef179
Donald D. Hensrud, Douglas C. Heimburger. (1998) DIET, NUTRIENTS, AND GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 27:2, 325-346
CrossRef180
Eileen M. Bulger, W. Scott Helton. (1998) NUTRIENT ANTIOXIDANTS IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 27:2, 403-419
CrossRef181
Gilbert S. Omenn. (1998) CHEMOPREVENTION OF LUNG CANCER: The Rise and Demise of Beta-Carotene. Annual Review of Public Health 19:1, 73-99
CrossRef182
Oe Kyung Kim, Akira Murakami, Yoshimasa Nakamura, Hajime Ohigashi. (1998) Screening of edible Japanese plants for nitric oxide generation inhibitory activities in RAW 264.7 cells. Cancer Letters 125:1-2, 199-207
CrossRef183
Okezie I. Aruoma. (1998) Free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants in human health and disease. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 75:2, 199-212
CrossRef184
Elke Konings, E.Robert Greenberg. (1998) Antioxidant supplements and colorectal cancer. Nutrition 14:2, 245-247
CrossRef185
Steven K. Clinton. (1998) Lycopene: Chemistry, Biology, and Implications for Human Health and Disease. Nutrition Reviews 56:2, 35-51
CrossRef186
Kedar N. Prasad, William Cole, Peter Hovland. (1998) Cancer prevention studies: Past, present, and future directions. Nutrition 14:2, 197-210
CrossRef187
Martha L. Slattery, Sandra L. Edwards, Kristin Anderson, Bette Caan. (1998) Vitamin E and colon cancer: Is there an association?. Nutrition and Cancer 30:3, 201-206
CrossRef188
K. Fred Gey. (1998) Vitamins E plus C and interacting conutrients required for optimal health. BioFactors 7:1-2, 113-174
CrossRef189
Stephen D. Ryder, Meron R. Jacyna, A.Jonathon Levi, Paolo M. Rizzi, Jonathan M. Rhodes. (1998) Peanut ingestion increases rectal proliferation in individuals with mucosal expression of peanut lectin receptor. Gastroenterology 114:1, 44-49
CrossRef190
Kyle E Brown, Christie A Knudsen. (1998) Oxidized Heme Proteins in an Animal Model of Hemochromatosis. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 24:2, 239-244
CrossRef191
Richard B. White. (1997) Alternatives: Where's the data?. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 14:5, 319-321
CrossRef192
Cheryl L. Rock. (1997) Carotenoids: Biology and treatment. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 75:3, 185-197
CrossRef193
Joyann A. Kroser, Dale R. Bachwich, Gary R. Lichtenstein. (1997) RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMA AND THEIR MODIFICATION. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 11:4, 547-577
CrossRef194
Peter Weber, Adrianne Bendich, Lawrence J. Machlin. (1997) Vitamin E and human health: Rationale for determining recommended intake levels. Nutrition 13:5, 450-460
CrossRef195
CHERYL L. ROCK, ROBERTA. JACOB, PHYLLIS E. BOWEN. (1997) Authors' Reply. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 97:4, 375-376
CrossRef196
John D. Potter. (1997) β-Carotene and the role of intervention studies. Cancer Letters 114:1-2, 329-331
CrossRef197
Ann G. Zauber, Sidney J. Winawer. (1997) INITIAL MANAGEMENT AND FOLLOW-UP SURVEILLANCE OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL ADENOMAS. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 26:1, 85-101
CrossRef198
Simon RJ Maxwell. (1997) Anti-oxidant therapy: does it have a role in the treatment of human disease?. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 6:3, 211-236
CrossRef199
S. Bingham. (1997) Meat, starch and non-starch polysaccharides, are epidemiological and experimental findings consistent with acquired genetic alterations in sporadic colorectal cancer?. Cancer Letters 114:1-2, 25-34
CrossRef200
B. Ratcliffe, A.R. Collins, H.J. Glass, K. Hillman, R.J.T. Kemble. (1997) A proposed mechanism for the role of fermentation in protecting against colonic cancer. Cancer Letters 114:1-2, 57-58
CrossRef201
Geert van Poppel, Henk van den Berg. (1997) Vitamins and cancer. Cancer Letters 114:1-2, 195-202
CrossRef202
Galit Levin, Michal Yeshurun, Shoshana Mokady. (1997) In vivo antiperoxidative effect of 9‐cis β‐carotene compared with that of the all ‐trans isomer. Nutrition and Cancer 27:3, 293-297
CrossRef203
Cheryl L. Rock, Vicky Newman, Shirley W. Flatt, Susan Faerber, Fred A. Wright, John P. Pierce. (1997) Nutrient intakes from foods and dietary supplements in women at risk for breast cancer recurrence. Nutrition and Cancer 29:2, 133-139
CrossRef204
Nadeem Kazi, Ruta Radvany, Todd Oldham, Ali Keshavarzian, Thomas O. Frommel, Claudia Libertin, Sohrab Mobarhan. (1997) Immunomodulatory effect of β‐carotene on T lymphocyte subsets in patients with resected colonic polyps and cancer. Nutrition and Cancer 28:2, 140-145
CrossRef205
Niloofar Koohestani, Thien T. Tran, Winnie Lee, Thomas M. S. Wolever, W. Robert Bruce. (1997) Insulin resistance and promotion of aberrant crypt foci in the colons of rats on a high‐fat diet. Nutrition and Cancer 29:1, 69-76
CrossRef206
Koyamangalath Krishnan, Dean E. Brenner. (1996) CHEMOPREVENTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 25:4, 821-858
CrossRef207
Harvey E. Finkel. (1996) Wine and health: a review and perspective. Journal of Wine Research 7:3, 157-196
CrossRef208
Robert S. Sandler. (1996) EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS FOR COLORECTAL CANCER. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 25:4, 717-735
CrossRef209
Peter Fürst. (1996) The role of antioxidants in nutritional support. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55:03, 945-961
CrossRef210
Tomio Narisawa, Yoko Fukaura, Makiko Hasebe, Michiko Ito, Rika Aizawa, Michiaki Murakoshi, Shingo Uemura, Frederick Khachik, Hoyoku Nishino. (1996) Inhibitory effects of natural carotenoids, α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene and lutein, on colonic aberrant crypt foci formation in rats. Cancer Letters 107:1, 137-142
CrossRef211
Young-In Kim, Joel B. Mason. (1996) Nutrition Chemoprevention of Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Critical Review. Nutrition Reviews 54:9, 259-279
CrossRef212
Alfred I. Neugut, Karen Horvath, Richard L. Whelan, Mary Beth Terry, Gail C. Garbowski, Andrea Bertram, Kenneth A. Forde, Michael R. Treat, Jerome Waye. (1996) The effect of calcium and vitamin supplements on the incidence and recurrence of colorectal adenomatous polyps. Cancer 78:4, 723-728
CrossRef213
Venkatasiva Peram, Shaukat Iftikhar, Helen Lietz, Sohrab Mobarhan, Thomas O. Frommel. (1996) Cytotoxic effect of β-carotene in vitro is dependent on serum concentration and source. Cancer Letters 106:1, 133-138
CrossRef214
Harpreet S Wasan, Robert A Goodlad. (1996) Fibre-supplemented foods may damage your health. The Lancet 348:9023, 319-320
CrossRef215
Muto, Yasutoshi, Moriwaki, Hisataka, Ninomiya, Mitsuo, Adachi, Sadashi, Saito, Akiko, Takasaki, Ken Takeshi, Tanaka, Takuji, Tsurumi, Kaito, Okuno, Masataka, Tomita, Eiichi, Nakamura, Toshiyuki, Kojima, Takao, . (1996) Prevention of Second Primary Tumors by an Acyclic Retinoid, Polyprenoic Acid, in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine 334:24, 1561-1568
Full Text216
Aurel Lupulescu. (1996) The role of hormones, growth factors and vitamins in carcinogenesis. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 23:2, 95-130
CrossRef217
Hennekens, Charles H., Buring, Julie E., Manson, JoAnn E., Stampfer, Meir, Rosner, Bernard, Cook, Nancy R., Belanger, Charlene, LaMotte, Frances, Gaziano, J. Michael, Ridker, Paul M., Willett, Walter, Peto, Richard, . (1996) Lack of Effect of Long-Term Supplementation with Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Malignant Neoplasms and Cardiovascular Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 334:18, 1145-1149
Full Text218
Greenberg, E. Robert, Sporn, Michael B., . (1996) Antioxidant Vitamins, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 334:18, 1189-1190
Full Text219
Clement Ip, James R. Marshall. (1996) Trans Fatty Acids and Cancer. Nutrition Reviews 54:5, 138-145
CrossRef220
David S. Alberts, Martin Lipkin, Bernard Levin. (1996) Genetic screening for colorectal cancer and intervention. International Journal of Cancer 69:1, 62-63
CrossRef221
(1996) Aspirin and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women. New England Journal of Medicine 334:2, 119-122
Full Text222
Sheila A. Bingham. (1996) Epidemiology and Mechanisms Relating Diet to Risk of Colorectal Cancer. Nutrition Research Reviews 9:01, 197
CrossRef223
John A. Baron. (1996) Large bowel adenomas: Markers of risk and endpoints. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 63:S25, 142-148
CrossRef224
I. F. F. Benzie. (1996) Lipid peroxidation: A review of causes, consequences, measurement and dietary influences. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 47:3, 233-261
CrossRef225
Shaukat Iftikhar, Helen Lietz, Sohrab Mobarhan, Thomas O. Frommel. (1996) In vitro β‐carotene toxicity for human colon cancer cells. Nutrition and Cancer 25:3, 221-230
CrossRef226
Kedar N. Prasad, Rita Kumar. (1996) Effect of individual and multiple antioxidant vitamins on growth and morphology of human nontumorigenic and tumorigenic parotid acinar cells in culture. Nutrition and Cancer 26:1, 11-19
CrossRef227
Robert Lev, Robin Davies, Marius Lee. (1995) Establishment of a colonic polyp registry in Rhode Island. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 40:12, 2526-2531
CrossRef228
Jürgen Windeler. (1995) Grundlagen und Stellenwert kontrollierter Interventionsstudien. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft 84:4, 553-564
CrossRef229
Weiqun Wang, Carl M. Higuchi. (1995) Induction of NAD(P)H: quinone reductase by vitamins A, E and C in Colo205 colon cancer cells. Cancer Letters 98:1, 63-69
CrossRef230
Hiroko Oka, Sukeo Yamamoto, Tetsuo Kuroki, Shigeyoshi Harihara, Toshiaki Marumo, Soo Ryan Kim, Takeyuki Monna, Kenzo Kobayashi, Toshiro Tango. (1995) Prospective study of chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma with sho-saiko-to (TJ-9). Cancer 76:5, 743-749
CrossRef231
E. ROCCHI, A. M. STELLA, M. CASSANELLI, A. BORGHI, N. NARDELLA, Y. SEIUM, G. CASALGRANDI. (1995) Liposoluble vitamins and naturally occurring carotenoids in porphyria cutanea tarda. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 25:7, 510-514
CrossRef232
A. J. M. WATSON. (1995) manipulation of cell death - the development of novel strategies for the treatment of gastrointestinal disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 9:3, 215-226
CrossRef233
Abby Bloch, Cynthia A Thomson. (1995) Position of the American Dietetic Association. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95:4, 493-496
CrossRef234
Denham Harman. (1995) Role of antioxidant nutrients in aging: Overview. AGE 18:2, 51-62
CrossRef235
Dorothy Kroll. (1995) Update on Vitamins : Vitamin D. Alternative and Complementary Therapies 1:3, 172-176
CrossRef236
M. Meydani. (1995) Vitamin E. The Lancet 345:8943, 170-175
CrossRef237
Joseph Levy, Emili Bosin, Bianca Feldman, Yudit Giat, Anat Miinster, Michael Danilenko, Yoav Sharoni. (1995) Lycopene is a more potent inhibitor of human cancer cell proliferation than either α‐carotene or β‐carotene. Nutrition and Cancer 24:3, 257-266
CrossRef238
Giuseppe Maiani, Giuseppe Pappalardo, Anna Ferro‐Luzzi, A. Raguzzini, E. Azzini, A. Guadalaxara, M. Trifero, Thomas Frommel, Sohrab Mobarhan. (1995) Accumulation of β‐carotene in normal colorectal mucosa and colonic neoplastic lesions in humans. Nutrition and Cancer 24:1, 23-31
CrossRef239
Margaret Ashwell. (1995) Is there planned obsolescence in research?. Nutrition Bulletin 20:1, 86-88
CrossRef240
(1994) Antioxidant Vitamins and Colorectal Adenoma. New England Journal of Medicine 331:25, 1720-1721
Full Text241
Michael L. Burr. (1994) Antioxidants and cancer. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 7:6, 409-416
CrossRef242
(1994) Literature Watch. Alternative and Complementary Therapies 1:1, 57-59
CrossRef243
Denham Harman. (1994) Aging: Prospects for further increases in the functional life span. AGE 17:4, 119-146
CrossRef244
(1994) Clinical Research-What Should the Public Believe?. Nutrition Reviews 52:9, 320-322
CrossRef245
Angell, Marcia, Kassirer, Jerome P., . (1994) Clinical Research -- What Should the Public Believe?. New England Journal of Medicine 331:3, 189-190
Full Text246
(1994) Clinical development plan: Vitamin E. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 56:S20, 282-299
CrossRef247
(1994) Clinical development plan: β-Carotene and other carotenoids. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 56:S20, 110-140
CrossRef
- Letters
