Original Article
Malignant Tumors Occurring after Treatment of Aplastic Anemia
N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1152-1157October 14, 1993
- Abstract
Background and Methods
Recent studies have shown that long-term survivors of acquired aplastic anemia may be at high risk for malignant diseases. We assessed the risk of cancer after aplastic anemia was treated with immunosuppression or bone marrow transplantation and sought to identify risk factors according to treatment. The study population consisted of 860 patients treated by immunosuppression and 748 patients who had received bone marrow transplants for the treatment of severe aplastic anemia. The risk of cancer was analyzed overall and according to treatment relative to the risk in the general population. In calculating relative risk, we excluded patients with myelodysplastic syndromes or acute leukemias arising less than 6 months after treatment, and solid cancers arising less than 12 months after treatment, because of a possible association with aplastic anemia itself rather than with the treatment received.
Results
Forty-two malignant conditions were reported in the 860 patients who received immunosuppressive therapy: 19 cases of myelodysplastic syndrome, 15 cases of acute leukemia, 1 case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and 7 solid tumors. Nine were reported in the 748 patients who received bone marrow transplants: two cases of acute leukemia and seven solid tumors. After the exclusions listed above, the overall relative risk of cancer was 5.50 (P<0.001) as compared with that in the general European population; the risk was 5.15 (P<0.001) after immunosuppressive therapy and 6.67 (P<0.001) after transplantation. The 10-year cumulative incidence rate of cancer was 18.8 percent after immunosuppressive therapy and 3.1 percent after transplantation. The risk factors for myelodysplastic syndrome or acute leukemia after immunosuppressive therapy included the addition of androgens to the immunosuppressive treatment (relative risk = 0.28), older age (relative risk = 1.03), treatment in 1982 or later, as compared with 1981 or earlier (relative risk = 3.01), splenectomy (relative risk = 3.65), and treatment with multiple courses of immunosuppression (relative risk = 2.26). Risk factors for solid tumors after bone marrow transplantation were age (relative risk = 1.11 per year) and the use of radiation as a conditioning regimen before transplantation (relative risk = 9.56); such tumors occurred only in male patients.
Conclusions
Survivors of aplastic anemia are at high risk for subsequent malignant conditions. Myelodysplastic syndrome and acute leukemia tend to follow immunosuppressive therapy, whereas the incidence of solid tumors is similar after immunosuppression and after bone marrow transplantation.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Cumulative Incidence of Observed Cancers in 860 Patients with Aplastic Anemia Who Received Immunosuppressive Therapy and 748 Patients Who Underwent Bone Marrow Transplantation.Table 1
Type of Initial Treatment According to Treatment Group.Article Activity
- Article
Acquired aplastic anemia is a rare1 hematopoietic disease of stem cells2 that can be treated by bone marrow transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy3-6. Survival is better after bone marrow transplantation than after immunosuppressive therapy in younger patients and patients with very low neutrophil counts4. Nevertheless, both forms of treatment now yield long-term survival rates of more than 60 percent7. Since the proportion of long-term survivors of aplastic anemia is expected to increase, the complications of therapy, especially malignant diseases, are a major issue.
Several studies3,8,9 have suggested that long-term survivors of aplastic anemia treated with immunosuppressive therapy are prone to hematologic cancers. More recent studies suggested an increased incidence of solid cancers after bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia10,11. To examine these complications in a large cohort of patients, we studied the cases reported to the European Bone Marrow Transplantation-Severe Aplastic Anaemia (EBMT-SAA) Working Party.
Methods
Patients' Characteristics
From July 1971 to December 1991, 1608 patients with nonconstitutional aplastic anemia who were treated at 73 institutions (see Appendix) were registered. Basic information on file on these patients includes demographic information, pretreatment biologic data, treatment characteristics, data on short-term and long-term toxicity, and vital status. By agreement among the participating centers, registration was intended to be complete, but we did not attempt to verify the completeness of the patient list. Seventy percent of the patients (n = 1122) presented with acquired idiopathic aplastic anemia. The diagnosis of acquired aplastic anemia was based on established criteria12. A list of all patients registered in the EBMT-SAA Working Party data base was sent to each contributing center, together with a questionnaire requesting information about the type of tumor each patient had, the date of its occurrence, the date of the last examination, and current status. Patients were identified by a unique patient number in the data base. The data were updated in April 1992, and all but nine centers, each with fewer than 10 patients registered, had replied by that date. No patient whose tumor occurred before the receipt of his or her initial registration information was included in the study. Two mutually exclusive therapeutic groups were studied. The first group consisted of the 860 patients treated with immunosuppressive therapy only, and the second consisted of the 748 patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation. The mean age at diagnosis was 29 years (range, 3 months to 83 years) in the immunosuppressive-therapy group and 18 years (range, 1 month to 59 years) in the transplantation group. The ratio of male to female patients was 1.3 in the immunosuppressive-therapy group and 1.6 in the transplantation group. According to international criteria,13 70 percent of the patients in the immunosuppressive-therapy group and 80 percent of those in the transplantation group were classified as having severe disease. Six hundred seventy (90 percent) of the patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation received marrow from an HLA-identical sibling donor, 14 from a twin donor, and 64 from an alternative donor. First-line immunosuppressive therapy and the conditioning regimen used before transplantation are summarized in Table 1Table 1
Type of Initial Treatment According to Treatment Group.. Prophylaxis against graft-versus-host disease consisted of methotrexate for 277 patients (37 percent), cyclosporine for 346 patients (46 percent), or both drugs for 68 patients (9 percent), as described previously14 or with slight modifications. The remaining 57 patients either received no prophylaxis (those receiving marrow from a twin) or followed other regimens.Statistical Analysis
Follow-up began on the day immunosuppressive therapy or the process of bone marrow transplantation was begun and continued until death, the last examination, or April 1, 1992, whichever came first. The cancers observed were classified by site and histologic type according to the oncology section of the International Classification of Diseases15. The diagnoses used were those provided by the centers where patients were originally treated. No attempt was made to review the histologic material.
Three approaches were used to analyze the risk of cancer after the treatment for severe aplastic anemia. In the first, the cumulative incidence rates of cancer were calculated with Kaplan-Meier estimates. The Greenwood method was used to calculate the confidence intervals of the rates. In the second method, the excess number of cancers diagnosed after treatment for aplastic anemia was calculated as the ratio of observed cancers to those expected in the general European population. The numbers expected were calculated, country by country, with the use of cancer incidence rates specific for age, sex, and year that have been published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer16. These numbers were then pooled and compared with the number of cases observed. The numbers observed included only the cases of acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and solid tumors diagnosed, since no incidence data were available for myelodysplastic syndrome. The confidence intervals of the ratios of observed to expected cases were calculated, and the equality of the numbers observed and numbers expected was tested by assuming the Poisson distribution for observed numbers. A two-sided test was used. In these two approaches, the length of time at risk for the development of a cancer was defined as the time in months from the date immunosuppressive therapy or bone marrow transplantation was begun (even if immunosuppressive therapy was given before bone marrow transplantation) to the date of the diagnosis of the tumor, the date of the last examination, or April 1, 1992, whichever came first.
In the third method, the relation between the time of the occurrence of cancer and concomitant variables was calculated with the Cox proportional-hazards model,17 with a backward, stepwise regression. The first analysis compared the cumulative risk of cancers in the two treatment groups. The variables tested for the risk of cancer after immunosuppressive therapy were age, sex, time of treatment, heterogeneity of treatment center, cause of cancer, severity of the disease,13 need for previous therapy, type of immunosuppressive therapy used, use of a second type of immunosuppressive therapy, occurrence of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and previous splenectomy. Two separate analyses were performed to assess the risk of hematologic cancer after immunosuppressive therapy. In the first one, acute leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes were combined, whereas in the second one only myelodysplastic syndromes were considered. The variables tested for the risk of a solid tumor after bone marrow transplantation were age, sex, time of treatment, heterogeneity of treatment center, cause of cancer, severity of the disease, previous type of immunosuppressive therapy used (if any), use of radiation-based conditioning, prophylactic regimen used against graft-versus-host disease, occurrence and severity of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease, and previous splenectomy. In both treatment groups, the potential heterogeneity of the centers was taken into account in the regression model by subgrouping the centers in which fewer than 50, 50 to 99, and 100 or more patients were registered. The time of treatment was also included in the regression model: patients treated before 1981 were compared with those treated after. An age-adjusted analysis of the cumulative risk of a solid cancer in the two treatment groups combined was performed with the same regression model in which the time of treatment and heterogeneity of center were included as covariates. To avoid any tumor synchronous with aplastic anemia but likely to be unrelated to treatment for aplastic anemia, cases of myelodysplastic syndrome and acute leukemia developing less than 6 months after treatment for aplastic anemia and solid cancers developing less than 12 months after treatment were excluded from the analysis. In Cox regression analyses, the time at risk for the development of a malignant condition was defined as above, minus 6 or 12 months as appropriate.
Patients were considered lost to follow-up if the time between the date of their last examination and April 1, 1992, exceeded 36 months. The STATA statistical package was used18.
Results
As of April 1992, the mean follow-up was 39 months (range, 1 month to 14 years) in the immunosuppressive-therapy group and 47 months (range, 1 month to 16 years) in the group that underwent bone marrow transplantation. Overall, 60 events were recorded in 51 patients (30 male and 21 female patients) (Table 2Table 2
Observed Cancers According to Treatment Group.).All 28 cases of myelodysplastic syndrome and 15 of 17 cases of acute leukemia occurred in the immunosuppressive-therapy group. Twenty-two of the 28 cases of myelodysplastic syndrome were categorized according to the French-American-British (FAB) classification19 (Table 2). Acute leukemia developed in 15 patients, 9 of whom had preexisting myelodysplastic syndrome. On the basis of morphology, 14 of these 15 acute leukemias were classified as acute myeloid leukemias; 5 were categorized according to the FAB classification20 (Table 2). Of the two cases of acute leukemia that occurred after bone marrow transplantation, one was an acute, T-lineage L2 lymphoblastic leukemia shown to be of recipient origin21 and the other was an acute myeloid leukemia, M5a type, shown to be of donor origin22.
A single case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was reported, classified as nodular, large-cell type, of intermediate grade23. Fourteen solid cancers were reported (six head and neck epidermoid carcinomas, two adenocarcinomas of the stomach, four hepatocarcinomas, and two breast cancers). Seven cases occurred after immunosuppressive therapy alone, and seven cases after bone marrow transplantation (Table 2).
The cumulative incidence of all observed cancers according to treatment group is shown in Figure 1Figure 1
Cumulative Incidence of Observed Cancers in 860 Patients with Aplastic Anemia Who Received Immunosuppressive Therapy and 748 Patients Who Underwent Bone Marrow Transplantation.. Overall, the 10-year cumulative incidence rate was 18.8 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 12.6 to 27.4) after immunosuppressive therapy and 3.1 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 6.2) after bone marrow transplantation. The 10-year cumulative incidence rates were 9.6 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 5.5 to 16.5) for myelodysplastic syndrome not followed by an acute leukemia; 6.6 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 3.6 to 11.8) and 0.4 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 1.8) for acute leukemia occurring after immunosuppressive therapy and bone marrow transplantation, respectively; and 2.2 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 4.5) and 2.9 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 6.2) for solid tumors occurring after immunosuppressive therapy and bone marrow transplantation, respectively.Comparison of Patients with the General Population
The ratio of cancers observed in the patients relative to those expected in the general population was 5.50 (P<0.001), for a total of 32 observed cancers (excluding the 19 cases of myelodysplastic syndrome not followed by acute leukemia) (Table 3Table 3
A Comparison of the Number of Cancers Observed in the Study Population with the Number Expected in the General European Population.). The overall ratio was 85 (P<0.001) for acute leukemia and 2.57 (P = 0.001) for solid tumors. When analyzed according to the type of solid tumor present, the ratio was significantly increased for head and neck cancers (P<0.001), liver carcinomas (P<0.001), and stomach adenocarcinomas (P = 0.02).General comparisons were also made according to treatment group: the ratio of the number of cases of acute leukemia observed to the number expected after immunosuppressive therapy was 115 (P<0.001), which was four times higher than that after bone marrow transplantation (ratio of observed to expected cancers, 28.6; P<0.001). In contrast, only patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation had a significant excess of solid tumors (ratio of observed to expected cancers, 5.74; P<0.001).
Age-Adjusted Analysis of Cumulative Risk in the Two Groups
Three comparisons were made with the Cox model with three end points: the number of acute leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes, and solid tumors as a whole; the number of acute leukemias; and the number of solid tumors. When all cases of cancer were considered as the end point, the risk in the immunosuppressive-therapy group relative to that in the transplantation group was 2.63 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.21 to 5.72; P = 0.01). When only cases of leukemia were considered, the relative risk was 7.57 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.72 to 33.35; P = 0.007). In contrast, no statistically significant difference between groups was observed when the number of solid tumors was considered as the end point.
Analysis of Risk Factors
In the analyses of risk factors, the time at risk for the development of a cancer was defined as in the Methods section minus 6 to 12 months as appropriate. Thus, the number of patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy who were eligible for the analysis of the risk of myelodysplastic syndrome or acute leukemia was 619, for a total of 31 events. The number of patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy who were eligible for the analysis of the risk of a solid tumor was 528, for a total of six events. The number of patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation and were eligible for the analysis of the risk of a solid tumor was 408, for a total of six events.
In multivariate analysis, five factors significantly affected the risk that myelodysplastic syndrome or acute leukemia would develop after immunosuppressive therapy: the addition of androgens to a regimen of antithymocyte globulin plus methylprednisolone (relative risk = 0.28, P = 0.02); age at diagnosis (relative risk = 1.03, P = 0.02), with age considered as a continuous variable and with the risk increasing with age; treatment in 1982 or later, as compared with 1981 or earlier (relative risk = 3.01, P = 0.02); splenectomy (relative risk = 3.65, P = 0.03); and treatment with two or more courses of immunosuppressive therapy (relative risk = 2.26, P = 0.03). When myelodysplastic syndrome was used as the end point, the same factors remained significant. In this analysis, however, splenectomy emerged as the most prognostic factor (relative risk = 5.56, P = 0.005), followed by time of treatment (relative risk = 4.11, P = 0.01), treatment with two or more courses of immunosuppressive therapy (relative risk = 2.77, P = 0.02), the addition of androgens to a regimen of antithymocyte globulin plus methylprednisolone (relative risk = 0.25, P = 0.02), and older age at diagnosis (relative risk = 1.03, P = 0.02).
In multivariate analysis, none of the factors tested were significantly related to an increased risk that solid tumors would develop after immunosuppressive therapy. In contrast, in addition to male sex (all the solid tumors developed in male patients), two factors were significantly correlated with an increased risk of solid tumors after bone marrow transplantation: age at diagnosis (relative risk = 1.11, P = 0.03), with risk increasing with age; and the use of a radiation-based conditioning regimen (relative risk = 9.56, P = 0.05).
Discussion
Our study focuses on the risk of cancer after treatment for severe acquired aplastic anemia in 1608 patients in the EBMT-SAA Working Party data base over a 20-year period. Sixty events occurred in 51 patients, leading to 10-year cumulative incidence rates of 18.8 percent and 3.1 percent after immunosuppressive therapy and bone marrow transplantation, respectively. Though malignant diseases have been reported to occur after both therapeutic options,5,6,10,11,24,25 no quantification of the excess cases of cancers observed and no multivariate analysis of risk factors have been undertaken, mainly because of the rarity of the disease.
This series includes 36 patients in whom hematologic cancers developed; most cases (34 of 36) occurred after immunosuppressive therapy, leading to a 10-year cumulative incidence rate of 9.6 percent for myelodysplastic syndrome and 6.6 percent for acute leukemia. These results are consistent with those of single-institution studies,8,9,26,27 an earlier EBMT report,4 and a study that reported five cases of acute leukemia due to monotherapy with androgens among 156 patients28. Since the criteria used to distinguish hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndrome from aplastic anemia have changed over the 20-year period of the survey, we cannot be certain that some patients in whom a hematologic cancer developed would not be classified as having hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndrome today29. In particular, cytogenetic analyses may discriminate between these two diseases in some cases30. Whether aplastic anemia is a preleukemic syndrome remains unresolved2,24,31. In contrast, acute leukemia after bone marrow transplantation is very unusual32,33 -- a result confirmed in the present study, in which only two cases were observed among 748 patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation.
The risk of acute leukemia after treatment for aplastic anemia was highly increased relative to that in the general European population, after both immunosuppressive therapy and bone marrow transplantation. Among the factors studied, older age at diagnosis, treatment in 1982 or later, treatment with multiple courses of immunosuppressive therapy, and splenectomy were found to correlate with an increased risk of hematologic cancer, and the addition of androgens to immunosuppressive therapy to a decreased risk. When the analysis was restricted to myelodysplastic syndrome, these five risk factors remained significant, with splenectomy being the most statistically significant one. In published series of patients with aplastic anemia in whom hematologic cancers developed, age was generally not analyzed, preventing any comparison with our data. Age has been shown to increase the risk of secondary acute leukemia after treatment for Hodgkin's disease34. Retreatment of patients after immunosuppressive therapy generally leads to a hematologic response in 20 to 40 percent6 -- a result that should be balanced against the increased risk of malignant hematologic complications. Myelodysplastic syndrome developed in at least three patients who relapsed and were retreated with cyclosporine, hematopoietic growth factors, or both5. Splenectomy is correlated with an increased risk of subsequent hematologic cancer9 and is a recognized risk factor for secondary acute leukemia after the treatment of Hodgkin's disease36. Finally, the time of treatment has been shown to be an independent risk factor for hematologic cancer, perhaps because myelodysplastic syndrome has recently become a more widely recognized complication of immunosuppressive therapy.
Mucosal squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck was the most frequently observed tumor in our series, as has been reported after renal transplantation37 but not after Hodgkin's disease38 or childhood cancer,39 in which sarcomas and adenocarcinomas are more common. Other histologic types occurring in our study included adenocarcinoma of the stomach, hepatocarcinoma, and breast carcinoma. Breast cancer has also been reported to occur in excess after Hodgkin's disease38,40. The 10-year cumulative incidence rate of solid tumors was 2.9 percent in patients who had undergone bone marrow transplantation, which is consistent with the rate reported by Witherspoon et al.11. The overall risk of a malignant solid tumor after immunosuppressive therapy and bone marrow transplantation relative to that in the general European population was increased, mainly because of an excess of head and neck cancers. Though the observed numbers of solid tumors and the mean follow-up time were similar in the two groups, the number of cases expected was four times lower in the group that underwent bone marrow transplantation than in the immunosuppressive-therapy group because of the younger age of the patients in the former group. In addition to sex, two other factors were significantly correlated with an increased risk: the use of a radiation-based conditioning regimen and older age. Our results clearly confirm that the use of radiation is a strong risk factor for the development of malignant solid tumors after bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia.
Though our study is based on large numbers, there are still relatively few patients with very long follow-ups and a high risk of secondary cancers. Only prolonged follow-up of large cohorts of patients and a willingness of referring physicians to report such rare cases systematically to registries will allow a more precise analysis of risk factors to be performed.
Supported by a grant (MR4-0216-S) from the European Communities.
Source Information
From the Hopital Saint Louis, Paris (G.S., E.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (M.H.-A.); Ospedale S. Martino, Genoa, Italy (A.B.); Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom (J.H.); Kantonsspital, Basel, Switzerland (A.T.); Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden (P.L.); St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (S.R.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitat Ulm, Germany (N.F.); and Academisch Ziekenhuis, Leiden, the Netherlands (E.V.V.-K.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Socie at the Service de Greffe de Moelle et Unite de Recherche sur la Biologie des Cellules Souches (Laboratoire LEI-CEA/DSV), Hopital Saint Louis, 1 Ave. Claude Vellefaux, 75475 Paris CEDEX 10, France.
Members of the European Bone Marrow Transplantation-Severe Aplastic Anaemia Working Party are listed in the Appendix.
Appendix
The following centers and persons participated in the European Bone Marrow Transplantation-Severe Aplastic Anaemia Working Party: University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria (D. Niederwieser); University Hospital, Vienna, Austria (W. Hinterberger); Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium (P. Stryckmans); University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (M. Boogaerts); University Hospital, Budapest, Hungary (A. Poros); Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (V. Faber); University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (I. Ruutu); University Hospital, Turku, Finland (A. Toivanen); Hopital Universitaire, Grenoble, France (D. Hollard); Hopital E. Herriot, Lyon, France (J.L. Touraine); Institut Jean Paoli-Irene Calmettes, Marseille, France (D. Maraninchi); Centre Hospitalier Regional, Nancy, France (P. Bordigoni); Hopital Cimiez, Nice, France (N. Gratecos); Hopital Cochin, Paris (B. Varet); Hotel-Dieu, Paris (R. Zittoun); Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris (P. Debre); Hopital Saint Louis, Paris (E. Gluckman and G. Socie); Hopital Universitaire, Pessac, France (J. Reiffers); Hopital Nord, St. Etienne, France (D. Frappaz); University Hospital, Tubingen, Germany (G. Ehninger); University Hospital, Ulm, Germany (N. Frickhofen); University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel (S. Slavin); Ospedale di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy (T. Barbini); Clinica S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy (S. Tura); Ospedale S. Maurizio, Bolzano, Italy (P. Coser); Ospedale Businco, Cagliari, Italy (G. Broccia); Ospedale Civile, Cuneo, Italy (Gallamini); Universita di Firenze, Florence, Italy (P. Rossi Ferrini); Istituto Gaslini, Genoa, Italy (G. Dini); Ospedale S. Martino, Genoa, Italy (A. Bacigalupo); Universita di Genova, Genoa, Italy (Ghio); Ospedale Niguarda, Milan, Italy (F. de Cataldo); Ospedale di Modena, Modena, Italy (Silingardi); Ospedale di Monza, Monza, Italy (G. Masera); Ospedale Pausillipo, Naples, Italy (Pinta); Ospedale di Nuoro, Nuoro, Italy (Gabbas); Ospedale Cevello, Palermo, Italy (S. Mirto); Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy (G.R. Burgio); Ospedale di Pesaro, Pesaro, Italy (G. Lucarelli); Ospedale di Pescara, Pescara, Italy (G. Torlontano); Universita di Roma, Rome (F. Mandelli); Ospedale Regionale S. Giovanni, Rotondo, Italy (Carotenuto); Universita di Torino, Torino, Italy (L. Risegotti); Ospedale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy (Battista); St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (S.R. McCann); University Hospital, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.M. Vossen and F.E. Zwann); Postgraduate School of Haematology, Barcelona, Spain (A. Granena); Huddinge Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden, (P. Ljungman); Kantonsspital, Basel, Switzerland (C. Nissen, B. Speck, A. Gratwohl, and A. Tichelli); Hopital Cantonal, Geneva (M. Jeannet); University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (J. Gmur); University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey (Korkut); East Birmingham Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.W. Milligan); the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, Scotland (A.C. Parker); Charing Cross Hospital, London (J. Barrett); Hammersmith Hospital, London (J. Hows); Royal Free Hospital, London (S. Cleaver and H.G. Prentice); Royal Marsden Hospital, London (R. Powles); and Westminster Hospital, London (J.R. Hobbs).
- References
References
1
Mary JY ,Baumelou E ,Guiguet M . Epidemiology of aplastic anemia in France: a prospective multicentric study. Blood 1990;75:1646-1653
Web of Science | Medline2
Nissen C . The pathophysiology of aplastic anemia. Semin Hematol 1991;28:313-318
Web of Science | Medline3
Speck B ,Gratwohl A ,Nissen C , et al. Treatment of severe aplastic anemia. Exp Hematol 1986;14:126-132
Web of Science | Medline4
de Planque MM ,Bacigalupo A ,Wursch A , et al. Long-term follow-up of severe aplastic anaemia patients treated with antithymocyte globulin. Br J Haematol 1989;73:121-126
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Loughran TP Jr ,Storb R . Treatment of aplastic anemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1990;4:559-575
Web of Science | Medline6
Camitta BM ,Doney K . Immunosuppressive therapy for aplastic anemia: indications, agents, mechanisms, and results. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1990;12:411-424
CrossRef | Medline7
Bacigalupo A . Treatment of severe aplastic anaemia. Baillieres Clin Haematol 1989;2:19-35
CrossRef | Medline8
de Planque MM ,Kluin-Nelemans HC ,van Krieken HJ , et al. Evolution of acquired severe aplastic anaemia to myelodysplasia and subsequent leukaemia in adults. Br J Haematol 1988;70:55-62
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Tichelli A ,Gratwohl A ,Wursch A ,Nissen C ,Speck B . Late haematological complications in severe aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 1988;69:413-418
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Socie G ,Henry-Amar M ,Cosset JM ,Devergie A ,Girinski T ,Gluckman E . Increased incidence of solid malignant tumors after bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia. Blood 1991;78:277-279
Web of Science | Medline11
Witherspoon RP ,Storb R ,Pepe M ,Longton G ,Sullivan KM . Cumulative incidence of secondary solid malignant tumors in aplastic anemia patients given marrow grafts after conditioning with chemotherapy alone. Blood 1992;79:289-291
Web of Science | Medline12
International Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia Study
Web of Science | Medline13
Camitta BM ,Thomas ED ,Nathan DG , et al. Severe aplastic anemia: a prospective study of the effect of early marrow transplantation on acute mortality. Blood 1976;48:63-70
Web of Science | Medline14
Storb R ,Deeg HJ ,Pepe M , et al. Graft-versus-host disease prevention by methotrexate combined with cyclosporin compared to methotrexate alone in patients given marrow grafts for severe aplastic anaemia: long-term follow-up of a controlled trial. Br J Haematol 1989;72:567-572
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
World Health Organization. Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death: based on the recommendations of the Ninth Revision Conference, 1975, and adopted by the Twenty-ninth World Health Assembly. Vol. 1. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1977.
16
Muir C, Waterhouse J, Mack T, Powell J, Whelan S, eds. Cancer incidence in five continents. Vol. V. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1987. (IARC scientific publications no. 88.)
17
Cox DR . Regression models and life-tables. J R Stat Soc [B] 1972;33:187-22018
STATA reference manual: release 3. 5th ed. Santa Monica, Calif.: Computing Resource Center, 1992.
19
Bennett JM ,Catovsky D ,Daniel MT , et al. Proposals for the classification of the myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol 1982;51:189-199
Web of Science | Medline20
Bennett JM ,Catovsky D ,Daniel MT , et al. Proposals for the classification of the acute leukaemias. Br J Haematol 1976;33:451-458
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Socie G ,Landman J ,Gluckman E , et al. Short-term study of chimaerism after bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 1992;80:391-398
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Browne PV ,Lawler M ,Humphries P ,McCann SR . Donor-cell leukemia after bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia. N Engl J Med 1991;325:710-713
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline23
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Pathologic Classification Project
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Marsh JC ,Geary CG . Is aplastic anaemia a pre-leukaemic disorder? Br J Haematol 1991;77:447-452
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Socie G ,Kolb HJ ,Ljungman P . Malignant diseases after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: the case for assessment of risk factors. Br J Haematol 1992;80:427-430
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Doney K, Kopecky K, Storb R, et al. Long term comparison of immunosuppressive therapy with antithymocyte globulin to bone marrow transplantation in aplastic anemia. In: Shahidi NT, ed. Aplastic anemia and other bone marrow failure syndromes. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990:104-14.
27
Doney K ,Pepe M ,Storb R , et al. Immunosuppressive therapy of aplastic anemia: results of a prospective, randomized trial of antithymocyte globulin (ATG), methylprednisolone, and oxymetholone to ATG, very high-dose methylprednisolone, and oxymetholone. Blood 1992;79:2566-2571
Web of Science | Medline28
Najean Y ,Haguenauer O . Long-term (5 to 20 years) evolution of nongrafted aplastic anemias. Blood 1990;76:2222-2228
Web of Science | Medline29
Aplasia leukaemia syndromeLancet 1989;1:1425-1427
Web of Science | Medline30
Appelbaum FR ,Barrall J ,Storb R , et al. Clonal cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with otherwise typical aplastic anemia. Exp Hematol 1987;15:1134-1139
Web of Science | Medline31
Young NS . The problem of clonality in aplastic anemia: Dr. Dameshek's riddle, restated. Blood 1992;79:1385-1392
Web of Science | Medline32
Klingemann HG ,Storb R ,Sanders J ,Deeg HJ ,Appelbaum FR ,Thomas ED . Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after bone marrow transplantation of aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 1986;63:47-50
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline33
Hughes RT ,Milligan DW ,Smith GM ,Leyland MJ ,Gordon-Smith EC . A second bone marrow transplant for acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation for aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 1988;68:391-391
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline34
Henry-Amar M ,Dietrich PY . Acute leukemia after the treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1993;7:369-387
Web of Science | Medline35
Kojima S ,Tsuchida M ,Matsuyama T . Myelodysplasia and leukemia after treatment of aplastic anemia with G-CSF. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1294-1295
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline36
Kaldor JM ,Day NE ,Clark EA , et al. Leukemia following Hodgkin's disease. N Engl J Med 1990;322:7-13
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline37
Blohme I ,Brynger H . Malignant disease in renal transplant patients. Transplantation 1985;39:23-25
Web of Science | Medline38
Henry-Amar M . Second cancer after treatment for Hodgkin's disease: a report from the International Data Base on Hodgkin's Disease. Ann Oncol 1992;3:Suppl 4:S117-S128
Web of Science | Medline39
Mike V ,Meadows AT ,D'Angio GJ . Incidence of second malignant neoplasms in children: results of an international study. Lancet 1982;2:1326-1331
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline40
Kaldor JM ,Day NE ,Band P , et al. Second malignancies following testicular cancer, ovarian cancer and Hodgkin's disease: an international collaborative study among cancer registries. Int J Cancer 1987;39:571-585
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (143)
Citing Articles
1
M. G. Afable, R. V. Tiu, J. P. Maciejewski. (2011) Clonal Evolution in Aplastic Anemia. Hematology 2011:1, 90-95
CrossRef2
M. Eapen, J. Le Rademacher, J. H. Antin, R. E. Champlin, J. Carreras, J. Fay, J. R. Passweg, J. Tolar, M. M. Horowitz, J. C. W. Marsh, H. J. Deeg. (2011) Effect of stem cell source on outcomes after unrelated donor transplantation in severe aplastic anemia. Blood 118:9, 2618-2621
CrossRef3
Rebecca J. Deyell, Evan B. Shereck, Ruth A. Milner, Kirk R. Schultz. (2011) Immunosuppressive Therapy Without Hematopoietic Growth Factor Exposure in Pediatric Acquired Aplastic Anemia. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology 28:6, 469-478
CrossRef4
H Mawardi, S Elad, M E Correa, K Stevenson, S-B Woo, S Almazrooa, R Haddad, J H Antin, R Soiffer, N Treister. (2011) Oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: clinical presentation and treatment outcomes. Bone Marrow Transplantation 46:6, 884-891
CrossRef5
Montserrat López Rubio, Marta Morado, Ana Gaya, Dora Alonso Rosa, Emilio Ojeda, Juan Antonio Muñoz, Begoña Pérez de Mendiguren, María Dolores Monteagudo, José María Durán, Rosa María Fisac, Damián Moreno, Ana María Villegas. (2011) Tratamiento de la hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna con eculizumab: experiencia en España. Medicina Clínica 137:1, 8-13
CrossRef6
Yingmei Li, Xingxin Li, Meili Ge, Jun Shi, Linsheng Qian, Yizhou Zheng, Jianxiang Wang. (2011) Long-term follow-up of clonal evolutions in 802 aplastic anemia patients: a single-center experience. Annals of Hematology 90:5, 529-537
CrossRef7
Amy E DeZern, Robert A Brodsky. (2011) Clinical management of aplastic anemia. Expert Review of Hematology 4:2, 221-230
CrossRef8
Michael A. Pulsipher, Neal S. Young, Jakub Tolar, Antonio M. Risitano, H. Joachim Deeg, Paolo Anderlini, Rodrigo Calado, Seiji Kojima, Mary Eapen, Richard Harris, Phillip Scheinberg, Sharon Savage, Jaroslaw P. Maciejewski, Ramon V. Tiu, Nancy DiFronzo, Mary M. Horowitz, Joseph H. Antin. (2011) Optimization of Therapy for Severe Aplastic Anemia Based on Clinical, Biologic, and Treatment Response Parameters: Conclusions of an International Working Group on Severe Aplastic Anemia Convened by the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network, March 2010. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 17:3, 291-299
CrossRef9
Philip Lanzkowsky. 2011. Bone Marrow Failure. , 123-167.
CrossRef10
Nebojsa Antonijevic, Nada Suvajdzic, Tatjana Terzic, Branko Jakovljevic, Gradimir Jankovic, Ivo Elezovic, Rajko Milosevic, Milica Colovic. (2011) Favourable prognostic factors in therapy related acute myeloid leukaemia. Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 139:5-6, 347-352
CrossRef11
M. Eapen, M. M. Horowitz. (2010) Alternative Donor Transplantation for Aplastic Anemia. Hematology 2010:1, 43-46
CrossRef12
Chris Pepper, Duncan M Baird. (2010) Shortened telomeres: a driving force behind leukemia?. Future Oncology 6:11, 1681-1686
CrossRef13
Hyoung Jin Kang, Hee Young Shin, Jun Eun Park, Nak Gyun Chung, Bin Cho, Hack Ki Kim, Sun Young Kim, Young Ho Lee, Young Tak Lim, Keon Hee Yoo, Ki Woong Sung, Hong Hoe Koo, Ho Joon Im, Jong Jin Seo, Sang Kyu Park, Hyo Seop Ahn. (2010) Successful Engraftment with Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide, and Thymoglobulin Conditioning Regimen in Unrelated Transplantation for Severe Aplastic Anemia: A Phase II Prospective Multicenter Study. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 16:11, 1582-1588
CrossRef14
Judith CW Marsh, Neal S Young. 2010. Acquired Aplastic Anaemia. , 206-225.
CrossRef15
Duncan M. Baird. (2010) Variation at the TERT locus and predisposition for cancer. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 12,
CrossRef16
Ic S. Choi, Hoon Kook, Dong Y. Kim, Dong K. Han, Hee J. Baek, Kyung W. Suh, Young J. Kim, Jae H. Lee, Tai J. Hwang. (2010) Disseminated colon cancer in a 15-year-old boy after immunosuppression for aplastic anemia. Pediatrics International 52:2, 307-309
CrossRef17
R. A. Brodsky, A. R. Chen, D. Dorr, E. J. Fuchs, C. A. Huff, L. Luznik, B. D. Smith, W. H. Matsui, S. N. Goodman, R. F. Ambinder, R. J. Jones. (2010) High-dose cyclophosphamide for severe aplastic anemia: long-term follow-up. Blood 115:11, 2136-2141
CrossRef18
Jeffrey E. Rubnitz, Brenda Gibson, Franklin O. Smith. (2010) Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 24:1, 35-63
CrossRef19
Judith C. W. Marsh, Sarah E. Ball, Jamie Cavenagh, Phil Darbyshire, Inderjeet Dokal, Edward C. Gordon-Smith, Jane Keidan, Andrew Laurie, Anna Martin, Jane Mercieca, Sally B. Killick, Rhona Stewart, John A. L. Yin, . (2009) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aplastic anaemia. British Journal of Haematology 147:1, 43-70
CrossRef20
Andrea Bacigalupo, Jakob Passweg. (2009) Diagnosis and Treatment of Acquired Aplastic Anemia. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 23:2, 159-170
CrossRef21
Grover C. Bagby, Gabrielle Meyers. (2009) Myelodysplasia and Acute Leukemia as Late Complications of Marrow Failure: Future Prospects for Leukemia Prevention. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 23:2, 361-376
CrossRef22
Carlo Dufour, Raffaella Giacchino, Pietro Ghezzi, Rossella Tonelli, Elisa Ferretti, A. Pitto, Vito Pistoia, Tiziana Lanza, Johanna Svahn. (2009) Etanercept as a salvage treatment for refractory aplastic anemia. Pediatric Blood & Cancer 52:4, 522-525
CrossRef23
Mark Lawler, Shaun R. McCann, Judith C. W. Marsh, Per Ljungman, Jill Hows, Elisabeth Vandenberghe, Joan O’Riordan, Anna Locasciulli, Gérard Socié, Alan Kelly, Hubert Schrezenmeier, Pedro Marin, André Tichelli, Jakob R. Passweg, Anne Dickenson, Jacqueline Ryan, Andrea Bacigalupo, . (2009) Serial chimerism analyses indicate that mixed haemopoietic chimerism influences the probability of graft rejection and disease recurrence following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA): indication for routine assessment of chimerism post SCT for SAA. British Journal of Haematology 144:6, 933-945
CrossRef24
A. Janin, H. Murata, C. Leboeuf, J.-M. Cayuela, E. Gluckman, L. Legres, A. Desveaux, M. Varna, P. Ratajczak, J. Soulier, H. de The, P. Bertheau, G. Socie. (2009) Donor-derived oral squamous cell carcinoma after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 113:8, 1834-1840
CrossRef25
Mehmet Ertem, Talia Ileri, Fatih Azik, Zumrut Uysal, Sevgi Gozdasoglu. (2009) Related donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for Fanconi anemia without radiation: A single center experience in Turkey. Pediatric Transplantation 13:1, 88-95
CrossRef26
Caroline Masserot, Régis Peffault de Latour, Vanderson Rocha, Thierry Leblanc, Arnaud Rigolet, Francis Pascal, Anne Janin, Jean Soulier, Eliane Gluckman, Gérard Socié. (2008) Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in 13 patients with Fanconi anemia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer 113:12, 3315-3322
CrossRef27
M Führer. (2008) Risk-adapted procedures for HSCT from alternative donor in children with severe aplastic anaemia. Bone Marrow Transplantation 42, S97-S100
CrossRef28
Evelio D. Perez-Albuerne, Mary Eapen, John Klein, Thomas J. Gross, Jeffery M. Lipton, K. Scott Baker, Anne Woolfrey, Naynesh Kamani. (2008) Outcome of unrelated donor stem cell transplantation for children with severe aplastic anemia. British Journal of Haematology 141:2, 216-223
CrossRef29
Jagdish Chandra, Rahul Naithani, Rakesh Ravi, Varinder Singh, Shashi Narayan, Sunita Sharma, Harish Pemde, A. K. Dutta. (2008) Antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporin in children with acquired aplastic anemia. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 75:3, 229-233
CrossRef30
Jeffrey E. Rubnitz, Brenda Gibson, Franklin O. Smith. (2008) Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Pediatric Clinics of North America 55:1, 21-51
CrossRef31
Mary Eapen, Norma K. C. Ramsay, Ann C. Mertens, Leslie L. Robison, Todd DeFor, Stella M. Davies. (2008) Late outcomes after bone marrow transplant for aplastic anaemia. British Journal of Haematology 111:3, 754
CrossRef32
Yoshihiro Inamoto, Ritsuro Suzuki, Yachiyo Kuwatsuka, Takahiko Yasuda, Taro Takahashi, Akane Tsujimura, Kyoko Sugimoto, Taku Oba, Seitaro Terakura, Yoshiko Atsuta, Makoto Murata, Masafumi Ito, Yoshihisa Kodera, Koichi Miyamura. (2008) Long-Term Outcome after Bone Marrow Transplantation for Aplastic Anemia Using Cyclophosphamide and Total Lymphoid Irradiation as Conditioning Regimen. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 14:1, 43-49
CrossRef33
Masataka Ishimura, Shouichi Ohga, Yoshihisa Nagatoshi, Jun Okamura, Tatsuro Tajiri, Kenichi Kohashi, Yoshinao Oda, Hidetoshi Takada, Toshiro Hara. (2007) Malignant hepatic tumor occurring 10 yrs after a histocompatible sibling donor bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia. Pediatric Transplantation 11:8, 945-949
CrossRef34
Yumiko Shioi, Hideto Tamura, Norio Yokose, Chikako Satoh, Kazuo Dan, Kiyoyuki Ogata. (2007) Increased apoptosis of circulating T cells in myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia Research 31:12, 1641-1648
CrossRef35
S. Bhatia, L. Francisco, A. Carter, C.-L. Sun, K. S. Baker, J. G. Gurney, P. B. McGlave, A. Nademanee, M. O'Donnell, N. K. C. Ramsay, L. L. Robison, D. Snyder, A. Stein, S. J. Forman, D. J. Weisdorf. (2007) Late mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and functional status of long-term survivors: report from the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study. Blood 110:10, 3784-3792
CrossRef36
N M Reddy, M A Sullivan, T E Hahn, M Battiwalla, S L Smiley, P L McCarthy. (2007) Association of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplantation 40:9, 907-909
CrossRef37
Y. Kosaka, H. Yagasaki, K. Sano, R. Kobayashi, H. Ayukawa, T. Kaneko, H. Yabe, M. Tsuchida, H. Mugishima, A. Ohara, A. Morimoto, Y. Otsuka, S. Ohga, F. Bessho, T. Nakahata, I. Tsukimoto, S. Kojima, . (2007) Prospective multicenter trial comparing repeated immunosuppressive therapy with stem-cell transplantation from an alternative donor as second-line treatment for children with severe and very severe aplastic anemia. Blood 111:3, 1054-1059
CrossRef38
Sergej Konoplev, L. Jeffrey Medeiros, Patrick A. Lennon, Sapana Prajapati, Anuradha Kanungo, Pei Lin. (2007) Therapy may unmask hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndrome that mimics aplastic anemia. Cancer 110:7, 1520-1526
CrossRef39
M. Teramura, A. Kimura, S. Iwase, Y. Yonemura, S. Nakao, A. Urabe, M. Omine, H. Mizoguchi. (2007) Treatment of severe aplastic anemia with antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporin A with or without G-CSF in adults: a multicenter randomized study in Japan. Blood 110:6, 1756-1761
CrossRef40
Günçağ Dinçol, Melih Aktan, Reyhan Diz-Küçükkaya, Selim Yavuz, Meliha Nalçacı, Şükrü Öztürk, Şükrü Palanduz, Öner Doğan, Mehmet Ağan. (2007) Treatment of acquired severe aplastic anemia with antilymphocyte globulin, cyclosporin A, methyprednisolone, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. American Journal of Hematology 82:9, 783-786
CrossRef41
Martin Stern, Andreas S. Buser, Andreas Lohri, André Tichelli, Catherine Nissen-Druey. (2007) Autoimmunity and malignancy in hematology—More than an association. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 63:2, 100-110
CrossRef42
Sung-Yong Kim, Jong-Wook Lee, Jihyang Lim, Byung-Sik Cho, Ki-Seong Eom, Yoo-Jin Kim, Hee-Je Kim, Seok Lee, Chang-Ki Min, Seok-Goo Cho, Dong-Wook Kim, Woo-Sung Min, Chun-Choo Kim. (2007) Unrelated Donor Bone Marrow Transplants for Severe Aplastic Anemia with Conditioning Using Total Body Irradiation and Cyclophosphamide. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 13:7, 863-870
CrossRef43
Judith C.W. Marsh, Arnold Ganser, Michael Stadler. (2007) Hematopoietic Growth Factors in the Treatment of Acquired Bone Marrow Failure States. Seminars in Hematology 44:3, 138-147
CrossRef44
Philippe Armand, Joseph H. Antin. (2007) Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for Aplastic Anemia. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 13:5, 505-516
CrossRef45
Jiro Inagaki, Yoshihisa Nagatoshi, Yoshifumi Kawano, Yusuke Saito, Daijiro Takahashi, Jun Nagayama, Yuichi Shinkoda, Hideki Hirata, Jun Okamura. (2007) Bone marrow transplantation in children with severe aplastic anemia using a conditioning regimen containing 3 Gy of total body irradiation, cyclophosphamide with or without antithymocyte globulin. Pediatric Transplantation 11:2, 180-186
CrossRef46
G. C. Bagby, G. Meyers. (2007) Bone Marrow Failure as a Risk Factor for Clonal Evolution: Prospects for Leukemia Prevention. Hematology 2007:1, 40-46
CrossRef47
Genevieve Gallagher, Donna L. Forrest. (2007) Second solid cancers after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer 109:1, 84-92
CrossRef48
A. Bacigalupo. (2007) Aplastic Anemia: Pathogenesis and Treatment. Hematology 2007:1, 23-28
CrossRef49
Seth J Orlow. (2007) Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors in Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis. Pediatric Drugs 9:5, 289-299
CrossRef50
Sameer Bakhshi, Ajay Gupta, Lalit Kumar. (2006) Acute myeloid leukemia with severe aplastic anemia following immunosuppressive therapy. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 73:11, 1033-1035
CrossRef51
Julian Sevilla, Sergio Querol, Antonio Molines, Marta Gonzalez-Vicent, Antonio Balas, Ana Carrio, Jesus Estella, Miguel Angel Diaz, Luis Madero. (2006) Transient donor cell-derived myelodysplastic syndrome with monosomy 7 after unrelated cord blood transplantation. European Journal of Haematology 77:3, 259-263
CrossRef52
Yizhou Zheng, Yongze Liu, Yulin Chu. (2006) Immunosuppressive therapy for acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA): A prospective comparison of four different regimens. Experimental Hematology 34:7, 826-831
CrossRef53
David Gómez-Almaguer, Jorge Vela-Ojeda, José C. Jaime-Pérez, César H. Gutiérrez-Aguirre, Olga G. Cantú-Rodríguez, Pedro Sobrevilla-Calvo, Silvia Rivas-Vera, J. David Gómez-Rangel, Guillermo J. Ruiz-Argüelles. (2006) Allografting in patients with severe, refractory aplastic anemia using peripheral blood stem cells and a fludarabine-based conditioning regimen: The Mexican experience. American Journal of Hematology 81:3, 157-161
CrossRef54
W H Matsui, R A Brodsky, B D Smith, M J Borowitz, R J Jones. (2006) Quantitative analysis of bone marrow CD34 cells in aplastic anemia and hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia 20:3, 458-462
CrossRef55
Kiyoyuki Ogata. (2006) Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Recent Progress in Diagnosis and Understanding of Their Pathophysiology. Journal of Nippon Medical School 73:6, 300-307
CrossRef56
Hyoung Il Kim, Seung Hee Baik, Jun Hwan Yoo, Dai Yeol Joe, Jung Il Park, Hyun Woo Lee, Seok Yun Kang, Jun Ho Jang, Joon Seong Park, Jin Hyuk Choi, Hugh Chul Kim. (2006) Outcome of Severe Aplastic Anemia Treated with Immunosuppressive Therapy Compared with Bone Marrow Transplantation. The Korean Journal of Hematology 41:4, 259
CrossRef57
J.-C. Fricain, V. Sibaud, H. Hafian, C. Deminière, A. Taiëb, J.-M. Boiron. (2005) Les manifestations buccales de la réaction du greffon contre l’hôte. Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 132:12, 1017-1025
CrossRef58
Peter Kurre, F. Leonard Johnson, H. Joachim Deeg. (2005) Diagnosis and treatment of children with aplastic anemia. Pediatric Blood & Cancer 45:6, 770-780
CrossRef59
Dipak Ghelani, Rima Saliba, Marcos de Lima. (2005) Secondary malignancies after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 56:1, 115-126
CrossRef60
Federica Demarosi, Giovanni Lodi, Antonio Carrassi, Davide Soligo, Andrea Sardella. (2005) Oral malignancies following HSCT: Graft versus host disease and other risk factors. Oral Oncology 41:9, 865-877
CrossRef61
Christoph Kahl, Wendy Leisenring, H. Joachim Deeg, Thomas R. Chauncey, Mary E. D. Flowers, Paul J. Martin, Jean E. Sanders, Rainer Storb. (2005) Cyclophosphamide and antithymocyte globulin as a conditioning regimen for allogeneic marrow transplantation in patients with aplastic anaemia: a long-term follow-up. British Journal of Haematology 130:5, 747-751
CrossRef62
I.B. Resnick, M.Y. Shapira, S. Slavin. (2005) Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation and cell therapy for malignant and non-malignant diseases. Transplant Immunology 14:3-4, 207-219
CrossRef63
Judith C.W. Marsh. (2005) Management of acquired aplastic anaemia. Blood Reviews 19:3, 143-151
CrossRef64
Robert A Brodsky, Richard J Jones. (2005) Aplastic anaemia. The Lancet 365:9471, 1647-1656
CrossRef65
Vikas Gupta, Edward C. Gordon-Smith, Gordon Cook, Anne Parker, Jennifer K.M. Duguid, Keith M.O. Wilson, Qi-Long Yi, Judith C.W. Marsh. (2005) A third course of anti-thymocyte globulin in aplastic anaemia is only beneficial in previous responders. British Journal of Haematology 129:1, 110-117
CrossRef66
Romaine Viollier, Jakob Passweg, Michael Gregor, Genevi
ve Favre, Thomas K
CrossRef67
Robin G Veidt, Ali Ansari-Lari, Robert A Brodsky. (2005) Severe aplastic anemia associated with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Leukemia & Lymphoma 46:8, 1243-1246
CrossRef68
Vikas Gupta, Sarah E. Ball, Qi-long Yi, Dedorah Sage, Shaun R. McCann, Mark Lawler, Miguel Ortin, Mylene Freires, Geoff Hale, Hermann Waldmann, Edward C. Gordon-Smith, Judith C.W. Marsh. (2004) Favorable effect on acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease with cyclophosphamide and in vivo anti-CD52 monoclonal antibodies for marrow transplantation from HLA-identical sibling donors for acquired aplastic anemia. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 10:12, 867-876
CrossRef69
Axelle Menu-Branthomme, Carole Rubino, Akhtar Shamsaldin, Michael M. Hawkins, Emmanuel Grimaud, Marie-Gabrielle Dondon, Claire Hardiman, Gilles Vassal, Sarah Campbell, Xavier Panis, Nicolas Daly-Schveitzer, Jean-Leon Lagrange, Jean-Michel Zucker, Jean Chavaudra, Olivier Hartman, Florent de Vathaire. (2004) Radiation dose, chemotherapy and risk of soft tissue sarcoma after solid tumours during childhood. International Journal of Cancer 110:1, 87-93
CrossRef70
Robert A Brodsky, Allen R Chen, Isadore Brodsky, Richard J Jones. (2004) High-dose cyclophosphamide as salvage therapy for severe aplastic anemia. Experimental Hematology 32:5, 435-440
CrossRef71
Jaroslaw P Maciejewski, Carmine Selleri. (2004) Evolution Of Clonal Cytogenetic Abnormalities in Aplastic Anemia. Leukemia & Lymphoma 45:3, 433-440
CrossRef72
Myung-Ju Ahn, Jung-Hye Choi, Young-Yeul Lee, Il-Young Choi, In-Soon Kim, Sung-Soo Yoon, Sun-Yang Park, Byung-Kook Kim, Cheolwon Suh, Hee Jeong Son, Cheol-Won Jung, Jae Hoon Lee, Ju-Myung Sung, Suck-Ah Im, Doyeun Oh, So-Young Jung, Hwi-Joong Yoon, Kyung-Sam Cho, Jung-Ae Lee, Young-Jin Yuh, Sung-Rok Kim, Moran Ki. (2003) Outcome of Adult Severe or Very Severe Aplastic Anemia Treated with Immunosuppressive Therapy Compared with Bone Marrow Transplantation: Multicenter Trial. International Journal of Hematology 78:2, 133-138
CrossRef73
T. Nebe, J. Schubert, K. Gutensohn, H. Schrezenmeier. (2003) Flow Cytometric Analysis of GPI-deficient Cells for the Diagnosis of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)/Durchflußzytometrische Analyse GPI-defizienter Zellen zur Diagnose der paroxysmalen nächtlichen Hämoglobinurie (PNH). LaboratoriumsMedizin 27:7-8, 257-265
CrossRef74
Atsushi Satoh, Hiroshi Miwa, Osami Daimaru, Norikazu Imai, Akihito Hiramatsu, Hidesuke Yamamoto, Masato Shikami, Akira Imamura, Hidetsugu Mihara, Masakazu Nitta. (2003) Aplastic anaemia associated with a Philadelphia chromosome and monosomy 7 during immunosuppressive therapy. European Journal of Haematology 71:2, 130-132
CrossRef75
Akihiko Taguchi, Takayuki Tominaga, Yoshitaka Nakamori, Mutsuko Miyazaki, Kenji Shinohara. (2003) Two Cases of Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia Evolving from Aplastic Anemia. International Journal of Hematology 77:5, 471-475
CrossRef76
Maki Takabayashi, Rika Sakai, Hiroshi Sakamoto, Youichi Iemoto, Heiwa Kanamori, Yoshiaki Inayama, Yoshiaki Ishigatsubo. (2003) Merkel cell carcinoma developing after antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine therapy for aplastic anemia. Anti-Cancer Drugs 14:3, 251-253
CrossRef77
Akira Matsuda, Kuniya Kishimoto, Katsuhiko Yoshida, Fumiharu Yagasaki, Yoshihiro Ito, Tohru Sakata, Nobutaka Kawai, Hirohide Ino, Kunitake Hirashima, Masami Bessho. (2002) Long-term Follow-up of Patients with Aplastic Anemia and Refractory Anemia Responding to Combination Therapy with Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Erythropoietin. International Journal of Hematology 76:3, 244-250
CrossRef78
Alison D. Leiper. (2002) Non-endocrine late complications of bone marrow transplantation in childhood: part II. British Journal of Haematology 118:1, 23-43
CrossRef79
Shouichi Ohga, Akira Ohara, Shigeyoshi Hibi, Seiji Kojima, Fumio Bessho, Shigeru Tsuchiya, Yukio Ohshima, Nobuyuki Yoshida, Yoshifumi Kashii, Shinichiro Nishimura, Kiyoshi Kawakami, Kenichi Nishikawa, Ichiro Tsukimoto for the Aplastic Anaemia. (2002) Treatment responses of childhood aplastic anaemia with chromosomal aberrations at diagnosis. British Journal of Haematology 118:1, 313-319
CrossRef80
Neal S. Young. (2002) Immunosuppressive Treatment of Acquired Aplastic Anemia and Immune-Mediated Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes. International Journal of Hematology 75:2, 129-140
CrossRef81
Galina L. Mukhina, J. Thomas Buckley, James P. Barber, Richard J. Jones, Robert A. Brodsky. (2001) Multilineage glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor-deficient haematopoiesis in untreated aplastic anaemia. British Journal of Haematology 115:2, 476-482
CrossRef82
G. S. Vassiliou, D. K. H. Webb, D. Pamphilon, S. Knapper, P. A. Veys. (2001) Improved outcome of alternative donor bone marrow transplantation in children with severe aplastic anaemia using a conditioning regimen containing low-dose total body irradiation, cyclophosphamide and Campath. British Journal of Haematology 114:3, 701-705
CrossRef83
P. Mollee, N. Woodward, S. Durrant, L. Lockwood, E. A. Gillett, J. Morton, J. Rowell. (2001) Single institution outcomes of treatment of severe aplastic anaemia. Internal Medicine Journal 31:6, 337-342
CrossRef84
Bing Han, Yongji Wu, Zhaojiang Lu, Zhinan Zhang. (2001) Proliferative Capacity of Single Isolated CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria. International Journal of Hematology 74:1, 42-52
CrossRef85
John Moppett, Anthony Oakhill, Andrew W. Duncan. (2001) Second malignancies in children: the usual suspects?. European Journal of Radiology 38:3, 235-248
CrossRef86
Robert A Brodsky, Richard J Jones. (2001) High-dose cyclophosphamide in aplastic anaemia. The Lancet 357:9262, 1128-1129
CrossRef87
Hongbo Wang, Tatsuya Chuhjo, Hirohito Yamazaki, Shintaro Shiobara, Masanao Teramura, Hideaki Mizoguchi, Shinji Nakao. (2001) Relative increase of granulocytes with a paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria phenotype in aplastic anaemia patients: the high prevalence at diagnosis. European Journal of Haematology 66:3, 200-205
CrossRef88
Yi-Kong Keung, Mark J. Pettenati, Julia M. Cruz, Bayard L. Powell, Ralph D. Woodruff, David H. Buss. (2001) Bone marrow cytogenetic abnormalities of aplastic anemia. American Journal of Hematology 66:3, 167-171
CrossRef89
Je-Jung Lee, Hoon Kook, Ik-Joo Chung, Jeung-A Na, Moo-Rim Park, Tai-Ju Hwang, Jae-Yong Kwak, Sang-Kyun Sohn, Hyeoung-Joon Kim. (2001) Telomere length changes in patients with aplastic anaemia. British Journal of Haematology 112:4, 1025-1030
CrossRef90
F. Suzan, C. Terre, I. Garcia, J. N. Bastie, E. Baumelou, E. Gluckman, S. Castaigne. (2001) Three cases of typical aplastic anaemia associated with a Philadelphia chromosome. British Journal of Haematology 112:2, 385-387
CrossRef91
John Moppett, Anthony Oakhill, Andrew W. Duncan. (2001) Second malignancies in children: the usual suspects?. European Journal of Radiology 37:2, 95-108
CrossRef92
Yuko Hirose, Yasufumi Masaki, Kazumi Ebata, Jun Okada, Chang gi Kim, Noriyoshi Ogawa, Yuji Wano, Susumu Sugai. (2001) T-Cell Type Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Following Cyclosporin A Therapy for Aplastic Anemia. International Journal of Hematology 73:2, 226-229
CrossRef93
Ryoji Kobayashi, Hideki Arioka, Makoto Yoshida, Yuko Cho, Akihiro Iguchi, Makoto Kaneda, Takaaki Shikano. (2001) Prolonged Bone Marrow Failure With Monosomy 7 After Engraftment Failure Following Bone Marrow Transplantation. International Journal of Hematology 73:2, 258-261
CrossRef94
Ruben A. Mesa, Ayalew Tefferi. (2001) Palliative Splenectomy in Myelofibrosis with Myeloid Metaplasia. Leukemia & Lymphoma 42:5, 901-911
CrossRef95
Jeffrey M. Lipton, Noah Federman, Youssef Khabbaze, Cindy L. Schwartz, Lee M. Hilliard, Joseph I. Clark, Adrianna Vlachos. (2001) Osteogenic Sarcoma Associated With Diamond???Blackfan Anemia: A Report From the Diamond???Blackfan Anemia Registry. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 23:1, 39-44
CrossRef96
Mary Eapen, Norma K. C. Ramsay, Ann C. Mertens, Leslie L. Robison, Todd DeFor, Stella M. Davies. (2000) Late outcomes after bone marrow transplant for aplastic anaemia. British Journal of Haematology 111:3, 754-760
CrossRef97
Kazuko Kudo, Hirokazu Nagai, Shin-ichiro Numata, Masatoshi Ichihara, Tomohiro Kinoshita, Keizo Horibe, Koji Kato, Takaharu Matsuyama, Yoshihisa Kodera, Seiji Kojima. (2000) Absence of mutations in the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptor gene in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloblastic leukaemia occurring after treatment of aplastic anaemia with G-CSF. British Journal of Haematology 111:2, 656-658
CrossRef98
Teruyuki Kishida, Masaoki Yonezawa, Yoshiaki Shibata, Shu Tanaka, Isao Shinozawa, Tetsuo Hoshino, Atsushi Tatsuguchi, Li Feng, Jun Sato, Shunji Fujimori, Yutaka Yoshida, Choitsu Sakamoto, Masafumi Kobayashi. (2000) Risk of colorectal cancer in patients with hematologic disease. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 15:11, 1272-1276
CrossRef99
Kazuko Kudo, Hirokazu Nagai, Shin-ichiro Numata, Masatoshi Ichihara, Tomohiro Kinoshita, Keizo Horibe, Koji Kato, Takaharu Matsuyama, Yoshihisa Kodera, Seiji Kojima. (2000) Absence of mutations in the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptor gene in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloblastic leukaemia occurring after treatment of aplastic anaemia with G-CSF. SHORT REPORT. British Journal of Haematology 111:2, 656-658
CrossRef100
Seiji Kojima, Keizo Horibe, Jun Inaba, Ayami Yoshimi, Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Kazuko Kudo, Koji Kato, Takaharu Matsuyama. (2000) Long-term outcome of acquired aplastic anaemia in children: comparison between immunosuppressive therapy and bone marrow transplantation. British Journal of Haematology 111:1, 321-328
CrossRef101
Peter Hillmen, Stephen Richards. (2000) Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria- the Selection of a Clone. Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Hematology 4:3, 216-235
CrossRef102
R.A. Mesa, M.A. Elliott, A. Tefferi. (2000) Splenectomy in chronic myeloid leukemia and myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood Reviews 14:3, 121-129
CrossRef103
E. C. Gordon-Smith, J. C. W. Marsh. (2000) Management of Acquired Aplastic Anemia. Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Hematology 4:3, 260-278
CrossRef104
S.B. Killick, J.C.W. Marsh. (2000) Aplastic anaemia: Management. Blood Reviews 14:3, 157-171
CrossRef105
S. E. Ball. (2000) The modern management of severe aplastic anaemia. Review. British Journal of Haematology 110:1, 41-53
CrossRef106
Vinod A. Pullarkat, Hyan Rho, Joyce L. Murata-Collins, Howard A. Liebman. (2000) Ticlopidine-induced aplastic anemia: Development of chromosomal abnormalities and response to immunosuppressive therapy. American Journal of Hematology 63:3, 141-144
CrossRef107
John F Tisdale, Daniel E Dunn, Jaroslaw Maciejewski. (2000) Cyclophosphamide and other new agents for the treatment of severe aplastic anemia. Seminars in Hematology 37:1, 102-109
CrossRef108
E. Di Bona, F. Rodeghiero, B. Bruno, A. Gabbas, P. Foa, A. Locasciulli, C. Rosanelli, L. Camba, P. Saracco, A. Lippi, A. P. Iori, F. Porta, V. De Rossi, B. Comotti, P. Iacopino, C. Dufour, A. Bacigalupo. (1999) Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (r-ATG) plus cyclosporine and granulocyte colony stimulating factor is an effective treatment for aplastic anaemia patients unresponsive to a first course of intensive immunosuppressive therapy. British Journal of Haematology 107:2, 330-334
CrossRef109
J. N. Sarangi, R. Kashyap, V. P. Choudhry, D. K. Mishra, R. Saxena, S. Gurbaxani, M. Bhargava. (1999) Severe aplastic anemia evolving into T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. European Journal of Haematology 63:4, 269-271
CrossRef110
Nobuko Kanai, Theresa M. Vreeke, Charles J. Parker. (1999) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: Analysis of the effects of mutantPIG-A on gene expression. American Journal of Hematology 61:4, 221-231
CrossRef111
Fumio Bessho, Hiroaki Ohnishi, Ken Tabuchi, Miyuki Kobayashi, Yasuhide Hayashi. (1999) Significance of electron-dense deposits in the mitochondrial matrix of erythroid precursors in aplastic anaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. British Journal of Haematology 105:1, 149-154
CrossRef112
A Gratwohl. (1999) From autoimmunity to stem cell transplantation. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 30:2, 159-172
CrossRef113
Nico Wulffraat, Annet van Royen, Marc Bierings, Jaak Vossen, Wietse Kuis. (1999) Autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation in four patients with refractory juvenile chronic arthritis. The Lancet 353:9152, 550-553
CrossRef114
C. G. Geary, C. J. Harrison, N. J. Philpott, J. M. Hows, E. C. Gordon-Smith, J. C. W. Marsh. (1999) Abnormal cytogenetic clones in patients with aplastic anaemia: response to immunosuppressive therapy. British Journal of Haematology 104:2, 271-274
CrossRef115
Ken Kaito, Masayuki Kobayashi, Toshio Katayama, Hidekazu Masuoka, Takaki Shimada, Kaichi Nishiwaki, Toru Sekita, Hiroko Otsubo, Yoji Ogasawara, Tatsuo Hosoya. (1998) Long-term administration of G-CSF for aplastic anaemia is closely related to the early evolution of monosomy 7 MDS in adults. British Journal of Haematology 103:2, 297-303
CrossRef116
G??rard Soci??, Catherine Scieux, Eliane Gluckman, Thierry Soussi, Christine Clavel, Patrick Saulnier, Philippe Birembault, Jacques Bosq, Fr??d??ric Morinet, Anne Janin. (1998) SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS AFTER ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FOR APLASTIC ANEMIA. Transplantation 66:5, 667-670
CrossRef117
Béatrice Le Vu, Florent de Vathaire, Akhtar Shamsaldin, Michael M. Hawkins, Emmanuel Grimaud, Claire Hardiman, Ibrahima Diallo, Gilles Vassal, Elhadie Bessa, Sarah Campbell, Xavier Panis, Nicolas Daly-Schveitzer, Jean-Léon Lagrange, Jean-Michel Zucker, François Eschwège, Jean Chavaudra, Jean Lemerle. (1998) Radiation dose, chemotherapy and risk of osteosarcoma after solid tumours during childhood. International Journal of Cancer 77:3, 370-377
CrossRef118
W. Y. Au, A. K. W. Lie, Y. L. Kwong, T. K. Chan, C. S. Chim, C. K. Lee, E. K. W. Chiu, R. Liang. (1998) Allogeneic bone marrow transplantasion for severe aplastic anemia: the Hong Kong scenario. Hematological Oncology 16:2, 41-46
CrossRef119
Judith CW Marsh, EC Gordon-Smith. (1998) Treatment options in severe aplastic anaemia. The Lancet 351:9119, 1830-1831
CrossRef120
André Tichelli, Jakob Passweg, Catherine Nissen, Mario Bargetzi, Till Hoffmann, Aleksandra Wodnar-Filipowicz, Erich Signer, Bruno Speck, Alois Gratwohl. (1998) Repeated treatment with horse antilymphocyte globulin for severe aplastic anaemia. British Journal of Haematology 100:2, 393-400
CrossRef121
Eva C. Guinan. (1997) CLINICAL ASPECTS OF APLASTIC ANEMIA. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 11:6, 1025-1044
CrossRef122
Hartmut Link, Hans-Jochem Kolb, Wolfram Ebell, Dieter Kurt Hossfeld, Axel Zander, Dietrich Niethammer, Hannes Wandt, Hans Grosse-Wilde, Ulrich W. Schaefer. (1997) Die Transplantation hämatopoetischer Stammzellen. Medizinische Klinik 92:9, 534-545
CrossRef123
Etsuko Yamazaki, Heiwa Kanamori, Jun Taguchi, Hiroshi Harano, Hiroshi Mohri, Takao Okubo. (1997) The Evidence of Clonal Evolution with Monosomy 7 in Aplastic Anemia Following Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases 23:2, 213-218
CrossRef124
Epstein, Franklin H., , Young, Neal S., Maciejewski, Jaroslaw, . (1997) The Pathophysiology of Acquired Aplastic Anemia. New England Journal of Medicine 336:19, 1365-1372
Full Text125
Masami Bessho, Kunitake Hirashima, Shigetaka Asano, Yasuo Ikeda, Nobuya Ogawa, Masao Tomonaga, Keisuke Toyama, Tatsutoshi Nakahata, Takeo Nomura, Hideaki Mizoguchi, Yataro Yoshida, Yoshiro Niitsu, Yutaka Kohgo, . (1997) Treatment of the anemia of aplastic anemia patients with recombinant human erythropoietin in combination with granulocyte colony - stimulating factor: a multicenter randomized controlled study. European Journal of Haematology 58:4, 265-272
CrossRef126
Curtis, Rochelle E., Rowlings, Philip A., Deeg, H. Joachim, Shriner, Donna A., Socié, Gérard, Travis, Lois B., Horowitz, Mary M., Witherspoon, Robert P., Hoover, Robert N., Sobocinski, Kathleen A., Fraumeni, Joseph F. Jr., Boice, John D. Jr., Schoch, H. Gary, Sale, George E., Storb, Rainer, Travis, William D., Kolb, Hans-Jochem, Gale, Robert Peter, Passweg, Jakob R., . (1997) Solid Cancers after Bone Marrow Transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine 336:13, 897-904
Full Text127
Rafael Fonseca, Ayalew Tefferi. (1997) Practical Aspects in the Diagnosis and Management of Aplastic Anemia. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 313:3, 159-169
CrossRef128
Y. H. Matloub, C. Smith, B. Bostrom, M. A. Koerper, M. O'Leary, S. Khuder, W. A. Smithson, H. J. Nickerson, T. Silberman, J. Hilden, C. L. Moertel, S. Month, P. Monteleone, N. K. C. Ramsay. (1997) One Course Versus Two Courses of Antithymocyte Globulin for the Treatment of Severe Aplastic Anemia in Children. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 19:2, 110-114
CrossRef129
Elizabeth R. Lawlor, Ronald A. Anderson, Jeffrey H. Davis, Christopher J. H. Fryer, Sheila L. Pritchard, Paul C. J. Rogers, John K. Wu, Kirk R. Schultz. (1997) Immunosuppressive Therapy: A Potential Alternative to Bone Marrow Transplantation as Initial Therapy for Acquired Severe Aplastic Anemia in Childhood?. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 19:2, 115-123
CrossRef130
Mark Lawler. (1997) Leukaemogenesis, gene interplay, and the role of the haemopoietic environment. Radiation Oncology Investigations 5:3, 154-157
CrossRef131
G. Socié. (1996) Could aplastic anaemia be considered a pre-pre-leukaemic disorder?. European Journal of Haematology 57:S60, 60-63
CrossRef132
Y Keung. (1996) Development of minimally differentiated acute myeloblastic leukemia with novel isochromosome 18p and antecedent aplastic anemia. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 92:1, 1-3
CrossRef133
Chantal Y. Manz, Catherine Nissen, Alexandra Wodnar-Filipowicz. (1996) Deficiency of CD34+c-kit+ and CD34+38- hematopoietic precursors in aplastic anemia after immunosuppressive treatment. American Journal of Hematology 52:4, 264-274
CrossRef134
S. Hashino, M. Imamura, J. Tanaka, S. Kobayashi, M. Musashi, M. Kasai, M. Asaka. (1996) Transformation of severe aplastic anemia into acute myeloblastic leukemia with monosomy 7. Annals of Hematology 72:5, 337-339
CrossRef135
Thomas D. Miale, Suebsuk Sirithorn, Syed Ahmed. (1996) Efficacy and toxicity of radiation in preparative regimens for pediatric stem cell transplantation. II: Deleterious consequences. Medical Oncology 13:1, 43-61
CrossRef136
C. Nissen, A. Wodnar-Filipowicz, M. Slanicka Krieger, A. Gratwohl, A. Tichelli, B. Speck. (1995) Persistent growth impairment of bone marrow stroma after antilymphocyte globulin treatment for severe aplastic anaemia and its association with relapse. European Journal of Haematology 55:4, 255-261
CrossRef137
G. Socie, M. Lawler, E. Gluckman, S.R. McCann, O. Brison. (1995) Studies on hemopoietic chimerism following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in the molecular biology era. Leukemia Research 19:8, 497-504
CrossRef138
N.S. Young. (1995) Aplastic anaemia. The Lancet 346:8969, 228-232
CrossRef139
David C. Dale. (1995) Hematopoietic growth factors for the treatment of severe chronic neutropenia. Stem Cells 13:2, 94-100
CrossRef140
H Joenje. (1995) Fanconi anaemia research: Current status and prospects. European Journal of Cancer 31:2, 268-272
CrossRef141
Masaya Uwai, Nobuyuki Kanai, Kiyohiko Hatake, Ken Saito, Yasusada Miura, AnnabelB.M. Foot, MichaelN. Potter, MartinG. Mott, Anthony Oakhill. (1994) Effects of haemopoietic growth factors for aplastic anaemia. The Lancet 344:8924, 756-757
CrossRef142
M. N. Narayanan, C. G. Geary, A. J. Freemont, J. R. Kendra. (1994) Long-term follow-up of aplastic anaemia. British Journal of Haematology 86:4, 837-843
CrossRef143
A. Gratwohl. (1994) Bone marrow transplantation today. Supportive Care in Cancer 2:1, 27-34
CrossRef
