Original Article
The Effect of Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy on Bone Density in Elderly Women
N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1141-1146October 14, 1993
- Abstract
Background
Estrogen therapy prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women who take it early in the postmenopausal period. The risk of fracture is highest much later in life, however. We studied whether bone mass in elderly women was affected by earlier estrogen use and how long women needed to take estrogen for it to have a beneficial effect on bone density later in life.
Methods
In 1988 and 1989, we measured bone mineral density at the femur, spine, shaft of the radius, and ultradistal radius in 670 white women in the Framingham Study cohort (mean age, 76 years; range, 68 to 96). These women had been followed prospectively through menopause and had been asked repeatedly about estrogen therapy. After excluding women who began taking estrogen after a fracture, we investigated whether postmenopausal estrogen therapy affected bone density; in these analyses we adjusted for age, weight, height, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and age at menopause.
Results
A total of 212 women (31.6 percent) had received estrogen therapy (mean estimated duration of treatment, 5 years). Only women who had taken estrogen for 7 to 9 years or for 10 or more years had significantly higher bone mineral density than women who had not taken estrogen (7 to 9 years of treatment, P<0.05 at sites in the femur and the spine; ≥ 10 years, P<0.05 at all sites except the spine).
In the women less than 75 years of age who had taken estrogen for seven or more years, the bone density was, averaging all sites, 11.2 percent greater than in women who had never received estrogen. Among women 75 years of age and older in whom the duration of therapy was comparable, bone density was only 3.2 percent higher than in women who had never taken estrogen.
Conclusions
For long-term preservation of bone mineral density, women should take estrogen for at least seven years after menopause. Even this duration of therapy may have little residual effect on bone density among women 75 years of age and older, who have the highest risk of fracture.
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Bone Mineral Density in the Radius, According to the Duration of Estrogen Therapy in Postmenopausal Women in the Framingham Study.Figure 2
Bone Mineral Density at the Proximal Femur, According to the Duration of Estrogen Therapy in Postmenopausal Women in the Framingham Study.Article Activity
- Article
Estrogen therapy is most often received by women soon after the menopause, and the prevalence of use declines as women reach their 60s. On the other hand, the incidence of fractures related to bone fragility increases with age. The rate of hip fracture, for example, doubles with each 10-year increase in age1,2. The median age at hip fracture among women is either late in the eighth decade2,3 or in the ninth decade1 of life, and rates of mortality after hip fracture are highest among elderly women4,5. The incidence of vertebral fractures6 and fractures of the proximal humerus7 also increases with age.
Estrogen therapy begun soon after the menopause slows or even reverses the loss of bone that occurs normally during those years8,9. The long-term effect of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on bone density, however, is not known. Epidemiologic studies10-12 have reported that postmenopausal estrogen therapy protects women against later hip fracture, suggesting a residual effect of estrogen on bone density, but there are few data on the effects of early postmenopausal estrogen therapy on bone density in elderly women.
How long should women take estrogen to obtain a prolonged effect on bone density? Although five years of estrogen therapy has been suggested, on the basis of epidemiologic studies of estrogen therapy and hip fracture in which women who had taken estrogen for different periods of time were grouped together,11-13 there are insufficient data to support this recommendation8. Women considering estrogen therapy and their physicians may wish to know the minimal duration of therapy necessary to achieve a prolonged effect on bone density.
The long-term effect of estrogen on bone may be modified by other factors. Age, independent of estrogen loss, may contribute to bone loss in elderly women14; estrogen therapy may become increasingly irrelevant as women approach the age at which the risk of fracture is highest. Other factors such as smoking15-18 may affect the benefit conferred by long-term estrogen therapy.
In previous studies of women in Framingham, Massachusetts,10 we documented that estrogen therapy protected women against hip fracture. In this study, we examined whether postmenopausal estrogen therapy affected bone density in elderly women in the same cohort.
Methods
The Framingham Study began in 1948 with the primary goal of evaluating risk factors for heart disease. The participants have been examined every two years since that time, and by 1988, over half the original cohort had died. The Framingham Osteoporosis Study, a component of the biennial examination performed in 1988 and 1989, involved 1164 surviving subjects (448 men and 716 women), all of whom were white.
Bone-Mineral-Density Measurements
The bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, femur (neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle), shaft of the radius, and ultradistal radius were measured during the 20th biennial examination in 1988 or 1989. The bone density of the lumbar spine (L2 through L4) and femur was measured by dual-photon absorptiometry (LUNAR DP3) and the bone density of the shaft of the radius and the ultradistal radius by single-photon absorptiometry (LUNAR SP2). The density of the shaft of the radius was measured at the junction of the proximal two thirds and the distal one third of the radius, and the density of the ultradistal radius near the wrist where the radius and ulna meet. The coefficients of variation for these measurements in young normal subjects ranged from 2.6 percent at the femoral neck to 5.7 percent at the ultradistal radius19.
Estrogen Therapy
From the 7th biennial examination (performed in 1960 through 1963) through the 16th examination (1979 through 1981), all women were asked about hormone use since the previous examination. Starting with the 17th examination (1981 through 1983), the women were asked specifically about estrogen therapy. We characterized therapy received for less than one year as one year of therapy and therapy for one year or more as two years of therapy. Menopause was defined as occurring one year after the last menstrual period or at the time of ovariectomy. Total estrogen therapy included the two years before menopause because symptoms of estrogen deficiency leading to the initiation of estrogen therapy may begin at that time. Restricting the analyses to therapy received after menopause did not alter the results.
To confirm that hormone use referred to estrogen therapy, to verify the women's reports that they were taking estrogen, to verify that at least one year of therapy usually reflected two years of therapy, and to identify women who started estrogen therapy after being given a diagnosis of osteoporosis, we reviewed the charts of all the women in the cohort who were identified by computer as having taken estrogen for three or more years. These reviews led to the exclusion of three women in whom hormone use was identified as corticosteroid therapy. Almost all estrogen therapy was confirmed by the appearance of the medication name in the medical records. If the name of the medication was not recorded, we accepted an appropriate time of therapy (for example, therapy for several years just after menopause), an appropriate indication (such as hot flashes), or the report of estrogen therapy at the 17th examination or later as evidence that the women had taken estrogen. All women who took estrogen for at least five years had at least one examination during which it was noted that they had had two years of therapy. All those who had taken estrogen for at least seven years had at least two examinations during which two years of therapy were noted, and most had taken it continuously.
With respect to the type and dose of estrogen, almost all women took oral conjugated estrogens at a dose of 0.625 mg or more daily, without concomitant progestin therapy.
Other Variables
Other variables that affect bone density were also assessed. They included age, weight at the 20th examination, and height at the first examination. Age at menopause was ascertained prospectively, and it was documented by a review of the operative notes in the cases of women who had undergone ovariectomy. Cigarette smoking was measured as the mean number of cigarettes smoked per day after menopause. Habitual physical activity was assessed with use of the Framingham Physical Activity Index20 at the 4th and 12th examinations, and the results were averaged.
Statistical Analysis
We used multiple regression analysis to assess the effect of estrogen therapy on bone mineral density at different sites, adjusting for confounding factors including age (modeled as a quadratic function), age at menopause, weight, height, and cigarette smoking. Physical-activity assessments were missing for some women, so that analyses reported here did not include this variable; analyses including this variable did not change the estimates of the effect of estrogen on bone. The least-squares means from these linear models and their 95 percent confidence intervals were used to measure the association between estrogen therapy and bone mineral density. These least-squares means, calculated with the PROC GLM program in SAS software, represent the mean bone mineral density for each estrogen-exposure group, assuming mean values for all other covariates (weight, height, and so on). All P values are two-tailed.
We tested the length of time since estrogen therapy was discontinued as an independent factor predicting bone density at all sites. The analyses were limited by the strong inverse correlation (r = -0.60) between the duration of estrogen therapy and the years since therapy was discontinued. Therefore, we analyzed the time since therapy was discontinued as an independent variable in equations in which bone mineral density was the dependent variable and other independent variables (such as age) were included, but without terms for the duration of estrogen therapy. For the women who had taken estrogen for at least seven years, among whom the length of time since the discontinuation of therapy was more weakly correlated with the duration of therapy (r = -0.36), we carried out regression analyses including the duration of estrogen therapy.
To test whether age or other factors (such as smoking) affected a woman's response to estrogen, we added interaction terms to the regression models. In addition, we assessed the effect of perimenopausal and postmenopausal estrogen therapy in women above and below the age of 75 years, the median age of the study subjects at the 20th examination.
We reviewed the records of women who had clinically recognized fractures of the forearm, humerus, pelvis, hip, and vertebral bodies to determine whether estrogen therapy was begun after the fracture, suggesting preexisting osteoporosis. We also identified women with a diagnosis of osteoporosis by chart reviews. We excluded from the analyses women in whom fractures or a diagnosis of osteoporosis preceded estrogen therapy.
Results
Of the 684 women in whom bone mineral density was measured and for whom information about estrogen therapy was available, 14 had fractures or had been given a diagnosis of osteoporosis at one of the two examinations before they began estrogen therapy and were therefore excluded. The mean age of the remaining 670 women was 76 years (range, 68 to 96). The 212 women (31.6 percent) who had been treated with estrogen were younger than the rest of the group and, since many started estrogen therapy after surgical menopause, they had a younger average age at menopause (Table 1Table 1
Characteristics of the Women According to the Duration of Estrogen Therapy.). The mean duration of therapy was five years.Bone Mineral Density and Duration of Estrogen Therapy
The density of the shaft of the radius and the ultradistal radius increased with an increasing duration of estrogen therapy and was significantly higher among women who had taken estrogen for at least 10 years than among those who had never taken estrogen (Figure 1Figure 1
Bone Mineral Density in the Radius, According to the Duration of Estrogen Therapy in Postmenopausal Women in the Framingham Study.). The women who had taken estrogen for 7 to 9 years or 10 or more years generally had higher values for femoral bone density than the untreated women (Figure 2Figure 2Bone Mineral Density at the Proximal Femur, According to the Duration of Estrogen Therapy in Postmenopausal Women in the Framingham Study.). The results were similar for the spine (Figure 3Figure 3
Bone Mineral Density in the Lumbar Spine, According to the Duration of Estrogen Therapy in Postmenopausal Women in the Framingham Study.), where the bone mineral density was significantly increased only among women who had taken estrogen for seven to nine years.Among the women treated for three to four years, the mean bone mineral density was similar to that of untreated women at every site. Among the women treated for five to six years, the mean bone density was marginally, but not significantly, higher at most sites (Figure 1, 2, and 3).
More than two thirds of the women who had taken estrogen (67.5 percent) had not been treated long enough (at least seven years) to have long-term preservation of bone density. Of the entire cohort, only 69 women (10.3 percent) had been treated for at least seven years.
Bone Mineral Density and Age
Among the women less than 75 years old, the 45 who had taken estrogen for at least 7 years (mean [±SD], 11 ±3) had significantly higher bone mineral density than the 209 women who had never taken estrogen, after adjustment for age, weight, and other factors that might affect bone mineral density (Table 2Table 2
Adjusted Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women, According to the Presence or Absence and Duration of Estrogen Therapy.). The bone-mineral-density values among women with seven or more years of treatment were higher at every site; the mean bone-density values were 7.6 to 18.8 percent higher than in the never-treated women.Among women 75 years of age or older, the differences in bone density between the 24 women who had taken estrogen for at least 7 years (mean, 11 ±3) and the 249 women who had never taken estrogen ranged from 0.1 percent to 8.5 percent (Table 2). The only site at which the former group had significantly higher bone mineral density was the shaft of the radius. The results were similar when the 16 women who had taken estrogen for at least 10 years were compared with those who were never treated. Most women in the cohort had begun estrogen therapy around the time of menopause, and even those who had taken estrogen for 10 years had often ceased therapy by the time they were 60 to 65 years old. Thus, of the 24 women 75 years old or older who had taken estrogen for at least 7 years, only 2 had begun therapy at 60 years of age or later and only 3 were still taking estrogen when their bone density was measured. The majority of these women had discontinued estrogen therapy many years before the bone assessment. In regression analyses evaluating all women, the statistical significance (or near-significance) of age-estrogen interaction terms corroborated the different effect of estrogen depending on a woman's age, as follows: ultradistal radius (P = 0.02), trochanter (P = 0.04), and femoral neck (P = 0.07).
Among women less than 75 years old, the bone mineral density was positively correlated with the duration of estrogen therapy. Considering the mean values at all sites, the mean bone density was 5.3 percent higher among the women treated for five to six years than among the women who had never taken estrogen. The comparable values for the women treated for 7 to 9 years and the women treated for 10 or more years were 8.0 percent and 13.4 percent, respectively. Among the women 75 years old and older, the effect of prolonged therapy was slight. As compared with the women who were never treated, the mean bone density among the women treated for 5 to 6 years was 3.8 percent higher, that among the women treated for 7 to 9 years was 8.0 percent higher, and that among women treated for 10 years or more was 2.7 percent higher. Among the women who received estrogen for at least 7 years, therapy was discontinued 10 ±4 years before this study began in the women less than 75 years old and 12 ±6 years before the study began in those 75 years old or older (P = 0.04). After adjustment for variables affecting bone density, the length of time since the discontinuation of therapy was not an independent predictor of bone density at any site either among all women or among those treated for at least seven years. Nonetheless, among the women who had taken estrogen for at least 10 years, those in the highest third of the group in terms of the time since therapy was discontinued ( ≥ 14 years) had a lower average bone density than the women in the lowest third, a group of women who had discontinued therapy less than 9 years earlier. The differences in mean bone density between these groups ranged from 13.0 percent at the femoral neck to 23.0 percent at the ultradistal radius.
Effects of Smoking
Among the nonsmokers, the average difference in bone density between estrogen-treated women and women who had never received estrogen was 9.1 to 24.5 percent, depending on the site; the women treated with estrogen had higher bone density at all sites. Among smokers the differences ranged from only 5.6 percent to 14.3 percent, with the estrogen-treated women again having higher bone densities. Although these results suggest a weaker effect of estrogen among smokers, the interaction between smoking and estrogen was not statistically significant at any site.
Discussion
The results of this cross-sectional study of bone density in postmenopausal women suggest that at least seven years of estrogen therapy is necessary for a persistent long-term effect on bone density. Only 10.3 percent of all the women we studied and only 32.5 percent of those treated with estrogen actually took estrogen this long. Thus, for many women treatment may be too short to have a long-term effect on bone mineral density. The long-term benefit of at least seven years of estrogen therapy extended to the age of 75 years, but it may not persist after that age. A strength of this study is that information about estrogen therapy was obtained repeatedly and prospectively, minimizing the likelihood of recall bias.
Nordin et al.14. have suggested that there are estrogen-dependent and age-dependent components of bone loss and that, by the age of 70, the age-dependent component predominates. Even so, one could theoretically prevent the estrogen-dependent component of bone loss if women took estrogen for long enough after the menopause. In one study,13 women whose average age was 73 years who had taken estrogen almost continuously since menopause had higher bone-mineral-density values than those who were never treated, suggesting that the estrogen-dependent component of bone loss may be delayed as long as estrogen is taken. Unfortunately, the effect of estrogen does not persist long after the discontinuation of therapy. Even 10 or more years of past estrogen therapy among women 75 years old or older did not have a significant effect on bone density. Our findings confirm the predictions of Heaney,21 who suggested that 5 or even 10 years of early postmenopausal estrogen therapy would have a trivial residual effect on bone mineral density at age 75. It is also possible that women may be able to reverse some of their estrogen-dependent bone loss or prevent further loss by starting estrogen therapy late in life22.
These results extend and confirm our previous findings that estrogen therapy protects against hip fracture10. Our earlier study was structured differently from this one and involved women whose mean age was in the lower 70s; in it we examined the effect of recent and past estrogen therapy on the risk of hip fracture in the subsequent two years. We found a stronger protective effect against hip fracture among women less than 75 years of age than among those 75 or older. Other studies that found that estrogen therapy protects against hip fracture included only women 75 years of age or younger11 or women up to the age of 8012,23,24. Among women older than 75 or 80, the protective effect of estrogen (usually taken earlier in life) is negligible25,26.
In our study, among women under the age of 75, bone density was higher in the women treated with estrogen. How is that likely to affect the risk of fracture? Cummings et al.27. reported that the risk of hip fracture was 2.6 times higher for every decrease of 1 SD in the density of the femoral neck and 2.7 times higher for every decrease of 1 SD in the density of the trochanter. On the basis of these results, women less than 75 years old in the Framingham Study who took estrogen for 10 or more years would have an approximate reduction of 44 percent in the risk of hip fracture at the femoral neck or of 52 percent at the trochanter. This reduction in risk is similar to that reported in epidemiologic studies of the effect of estrogen in protecting against hip fracture. Because the precision of the measurements obtained by dual-photon absorptiometry in this study was less than the precision of currently used machines for dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, our estimate of the risk reduction is conservative.
We had difficulty distinguishing the effect of the duration of estrogen therapy from that of the number of years since therapy was discontinued, because the two were strongly inversely correlated. Although our multivariate analyses did not reveal an independent effect on bone density of the length of time since therapy was discontinued, a small number of women who had received long-term estrogen therapy but discontinued it many years earlier had much lower average bone density than women who had taken estrogen recently.
In conclusion, at least seven years of estrogen therapy after menopause are necessary for a long-term protective effect on bone mineral density. Even therapy of this duration may be insufficient to protect women 75 years old and older from fracture.
Supported by grants (Multipurpose Arthritis Center grant AR20613 and R01AG09300) from the National Institutes of Health.
We are indebted to Ms. Gaynell Walker, Ms. Nilsa Carrasquillo, and Ms. Karen Neuhauser for their assistance and to Ms. Cherlyn Mercier and Ms. Mimi Brodsky for the measurements of bone density.
Source Information
From the Boston University Arthritis Center, Boston (D.T.F., Y.Z., M.T.H., J.J.A.); the Departments of Medicine, Boston City Hospital and University Hospital, Boston (D.T.F.); Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged, Boston (D.P.K.); and the Framingham Study, Framingham, Mass. (P.W.F.W.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Felson at A203, Boston University School of Medicine, Arthritis Center, 80 E. Concord St., Boston, MA 02118.
- References
References
1
Farmer ME ,White LR ,Brody JA ,Bailey KR . Race and sex differences in hip fracture incidence. Am J Public Health 1984;74:1374-1380
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline2
Melton LJ III ,O'Fallon WM ,Riggs BL . Secular trends in the incidence of hip fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 1987;41:57-64
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Sernbo I ,Johnell O ,Andersson T . Differences in the incidence of hip fracture: comparison of an urban and a rural population in southern Sweden. Acta Orthop Scand 1988;59:382-385
CrossRef | Medline4
Petitti DB ,Sidney S . Hip fracture in women: incidence, in-hospital mortality, and five-year survival probabilities in members of a prepaid health plan. Clin Orthop 1989;246:150-155
Web of Science | Medline5
Jensen JS ,Tondevold E . Mortality after hip fractures. Acta Orthop Scand 1979;40:161-1676
Melton LJ III ,Kan SH ,Frye MA ,Wahner HW ,O'Fallon WM ,Riggs BL . Epidemiology of vertebral fractures in women. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:1000-1011
Web of Science | Medline7
Bengner U ,Johnell O ,Redlund-Johnell I . Changes in the incidence of fracture of the upper end of the humerus during a 30-year period: a study of 2125 fractures. Clin Orthop 1988;231:179-182
Web of Science | Medline8
Barzel US . Estrogens in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a review. Am J Med 1988;85:847-850
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline9
Lindsay R . Why do oestrogens prevent bone loss? Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1991;5:837-852
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline10
Kiel DP ,Felson DT ,Anderson JJ ,Wilson PWF ,Moskowitz MA . Hip fracture and the use of estrogens in postmenopausal women: the Framingham Study. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1169-1174
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline11
Weiss NS ,Ure CL ,Ballard JH ,Williams AR ,Daling JR . Decreased risk of fractures of the hip and lower forearm with postmenopausal use of estrogen. N Engl J Med 1980;303:1195-1198
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline12
Paganini-Hill A ,Ross RK ,Gerkins VR ,Henderson BE ,Arthur M ,Mack TM . Menopausal estrogen therapy and hip fractures. Ann Intern Med 1981;95:28-31
Web of Science | Medline13
Ettinger B ,Genant HK ,Cann CE . Long-term estrogen replacement therapy prevents bone loss and fractures. Ann Intern Med 1985;102:319-324
Web of Science | Medline14
Nordin BE ,Need AG ,Chatterton BE ,Horowitz M ,Morris HA . The relative contributions of age and years since menopause to postmenopausal bone loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70:83-88
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Michnovicz JJ ,Hershcopf RJ ,Naganuma H ,Bradlow HL ,Fishman J . Increased 2-hydroxylation of estradiol as a possible mechanism for the anti-estrogenic effect of cigarette smoking. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1305-1309
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline16
Key TJ ,Pike MC ,Baron JA , et al. Cigarette smoking and steroid hormones in women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1991;39:529-534
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline17
Jensen J ,Christiansen C ,Rodbro P . Cigarette smoking, serum estrogens, and bone loss during hormone-replacement therapy early after menopause. N Engl J Med 1985;313:973-975
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline18
Kiel DP ,Baron JA ,Anderson JJ ,Hannan MT ,Felson DT . Smoking eliminates the protective effect of oral estrogens on the risk for hip fracture among women. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:716-721
Web of Science | Medline19
Hannan MT ,Felson DT ,Anderson JJ . Bone mineral density in elderly men and women: results from the Framingham osteoporosis study. J Bone Miner Res 1992;7:547-553
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline20
Kannel WB ,Sorlie PD . Some health benefits of physical activity: the Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 1979;139:857-861
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Heaney RP . Estrogen-calcium interactions in the postmenopause: a quantitative description. Bone Miner 1990;11:67-84
CrossRef | Medline22
Jensen GF ,Christiansen C ,Transbol I . Treatment of post menopausal osteoporosis: a controlled therapeutic trial comparing oestrogen/gestagen, 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 and calcium. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1982;16:515-524
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Johnson RE ,Specht EE . The risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal females with or without estrogen drug exposure. Am J Public Health 1981;71:138-144
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Hutchinson TA ,Polansky SM ,Feinstein AR . Post-menopausal oestrogens protect against fractures of hip and distal radius: a case-control study. Lancet 1979;2:705-709
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Kanis JA ,Johnell O ,Gullberg B , et al. Evidence for efficacy of drugs affecting bone metabolism in preventing hip fracture. BMJ 1992;305:1124-1128
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Paganini-Hill A ,Chao A ,Ross RK ,Henderson BE . Exercise and other factors in the prevention of hip fracture: the Leisure World study. Epidemiology 1991;2:16-25
CrossRef | Medline27
Cummings SR ,Black DM ,Nevitt MC , et al. Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. Lancet 1993;341:72-75
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (211)
Citing Articles
1
M. Komrakova, S. Sehmisch, M. Tezval, U. Schmelz, H. Frauendorf, T. Grueger, T. Wessling, C. Klein, M. Birth, K. M. Stuermer, E. K. Stuermer. (2011) Impact of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, daidzein, and estrogen on intact and osteotomized bone in osteopenic rats. Journal of Endocrinology 211:2, 157-168
CrossRef2
Jacques P Brown, David W Dempster, Beiying Ding, Ricardo Dent-Acosta, Javier San Martin, Andreas Grauer, Rachel B Wagman, Jose Zanchetta. (2011) Bone remodeling in postmenopausal women who discontinued denosumab treatment: Off-treatment biopsy study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26:11, 2737-2744
CrossRef3
Hiromichi Suzuki, Kazuoki Kondo. (2011) Chronic kidney disease in postmenopausal women. Hypertension Research
CrossRef4
Andrew J. Laster, S. Bobo Tanner. (2011) Duration of Treatment in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: How Long to Treat and What are the Consequences of Cessation of Treatment?. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 37:3, 323-336
CrossRef5
Vanessa Yong, Yasuhiko Saito, Angelique Chan. (2011) Gender Differences in Health and Health Expectancies of Older Adults in Singapore: An Examination of Diseases, Impairments, and Functional Disabilities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 26:2, 189-203
CrossRef6
Vassiliki Papagianni, Efthimios Deligeoroglou, Evangelos Makrakis, Dimitrios Botsis, George Creatsas. (2011) Response to hormonal treatment of young females with primary or very premature ovarian failure. Gynecological Endocrinology 27:5, 291-299
CrossRef7
Sandrine Marchais-Oberwinkler, Claudia Henn, Gabriele Möller, Tobias Klein, Matthias Negri, Alexander Oster, Alessandro Spadaro, Ruth Werth, Marie Wetzel, Kuiying Xu, Martin Frotscher, Rolf W. Hartmann, Jerzy Adamski. (2011) 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) as therapeutic targets: Protein structures, functions, and recent progress in inhibitor development. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 125:1-2, 66-82
CrossRef8
Debjani Grenier, Andrew L. Cooke, Lisa Lix, Colleen Metge, Huimin Lu, William D. Leslie. (2011) Bone mineral density and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 126:3, 679-686
CrossRef9
Wen-Feng Li, Shu-Xun Hou, Bin Yu, Dan Jin, Claude Férec, Jian-Min Chen. (2010) Genetics of osteoporosis: perspectives for personalized medicine. Personalized Medicine 7:6, 655-668
CrossRef10
Wen-Feng Li, Shu-Xun Hou, Bin Yu, Meng-Meng Li, Claude Férec, Jian-Min Chen. (2010) Genetics of osteoporosis: accelerating pace in gene identification and validation. Human Genetics 127:3, 249-285
CrossRef11
Nagla A. El-Shitany, Sahar Hegazy, Karema El-desoky. (2010) Evidences for antiosteoporotic and selective estrogen receptor modulator activity of silymarin compared with ethinylestradiol in ovariectomized rats. Phytomedicine 17:2, 116-125
CrossRef12
Yasuhiro Miki, Takashi Suzuki, Shuji Nagasaki, Shuko Hata, Jun-ichi Akahira, Hironobu Sasano. (2009) Comparative effects of raloxifene, tamoxifen and estradiol on human osteoblasts in vitro: Estrogen receptor dependent or independent pathways of raloxifene. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 113:3-5, 281-289
CrossRef13
Leon. Lenchik. 2009. Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry. , 81-88.
CrossRef14
Alexander C. Allori, Alexander M. Sailon, Stephen M. Warren. (2008) Biological Basis of Bone Formation, Remodeling, and Repair—Part I: Biochemical Signaling Molecules. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews 14:3, 259-273
CrossRef15
Seung Min Oh, Ha Ryong Kim, Kyu Hyuck Chung. (2008) Effects of ginkgo biloba on in vitro osteoblast cells and ovariectomized rat osteoclast cells. Archives of Pharmacal Research 31:2, 216-224
CrossRef16
Giovanni Corrao, Antonella Zambon, Federica Nicotra, Valentino Conti, Rossella E. Nappi, Luca Merlino. (2008) Issues concerning the use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of fracture: a population-based, nested case-control study. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 65:1, 123-129
CrossRef17
Hiroyuki SUMINO, Shuichi ICHIKAWA, Shu KASAMA, Takashi TAKAHASHI, Hironosuke SAKAMOTO, Hisao KUMAKURA, Yoshiaki TAKAYAMA, Tsugiyasu KANDA, Masami MURAKAMI, Masahiko KURABAYASHI. (2008) Relationship between Carotid Atherosclerosis and Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women. Hypertension Research 31:6, 1191-1197
CrossRef18
R Gómez, JJ Magaña, B Cisneros, E Pérez-Salazar, S Faugeron, D Véliz, C Castro, J Rubio, L Casas, M Valdés-Flores. (2007) Association of the estrogen receptor α gene polymorphisms with osteoporosis in the Mexican population. Clinical Genetics 72:6, 574-581
CrossRef19
Dominik Rachoń, Dana Seidlová-Wuttke, Tina Vortherms, Wolfgang Wuttke. (2007) Effects of dietary equol administration on ovariectomy induced bone loss in Sprague–Dawley rats. Maturitas 58:3, 308-315
CrossRef20
Robbie Chan, Man-sau Wong. (2007) Differential regulation of cyclic AMP synthesis by estrogen in MCF7 cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 363:3, 616-620
CrossRef21
Gianni F. Maddalozzo, Jeffrey J. Widrick, Bradley J. Cardinal, Kerri M. Winters-Stone, Mark A. Hoffman, Christine M. Snow. (2007) The effects of hormone replacement therapy and resistance training on spine bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women. Bone 40:5, 1244-1251
CrossRef22
Yasuhiro Miki, Takashi Suzuki, Masahito Hatori, Katsuhide Igarashi, Ken-ich Aisaki, Jun Kanno, Yasuhiro Nakamura, Miwa Uzuki, Takashi Sawai, Hironobu Sasano. (2007) Effects of aromatase inhibitors on human osteoblast and osteoblast-like cells: A possible androgenic bone protective effects induced by exemestane. Bone 40:4, 876-887
CrossRef23
P. Hadji, M. Gottschalk, V. Ziller, M. Kalder, C. Jackisch, U. Wagner. (2007) Bone mass and the risk of breast cancer: The influence of cumulative exposure to oestrogen and reproductive correlates. Results of the Marburg breast cancer and osteoporosis trial (MABOT). Maturitas 56:3, 312-321
CrossRef24
Lee S. Simon. (2007) Osteoporosis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 33:1, 149-176
CrossRef25
Hiroyuki Sumino, Shuichi Ichikawa, Shu Kasama, Takashi Takahashi, Hironosuke Sakamoto, Hisao Kumakura, Yoshiaki Takayama, Tsugiyasu Kanda, Masami Murakami, Masahiko Kurabayashi. (2007) Relationship Between Brachial Arterial Endothelial Function and Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women. Circulation Journal 71:10, 1555-1559
CrossRef26
H. Sumino, S. Ichikawa, S. Kasama, T. Takahashi, H. Kumakura, Y. Takayama, T. Kanda, T. Sakamaki, M. Kurabayashi. (2006) Elevated arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Maturitas 55:3, 212-218
CrossRef27
Kuniyoshi Shimizu, Maiko Yamanaka, Mayumi Gyokusen, Shuhei Kaneko, Mototake Tsutsui, Junichi Sato, Ikuo Sato, Masao Sato, Ryuichiro Kondo. (2006) Estrogen-like activity and prevention effect of bone loss in calcium deficient ovariectomized rats by the extract ofPleurotus eryngii. Phytotherapy Research 20:8, 659-664
CrossRef28
Li-Nien Tseng, Wayne Huey-Herng Sheu, Esther Shih-Chu Ho, Howard Haw-Chang Lan, Chung-Chieh Hu, Chia-Hung Kao. (2006) Effects of alendronate combined with hormone replacement therapy on osteoporotic postmenopausal Chinese women. Metabolism 55:6, 741-747
CrossRef29
Jean-Yves Reginster, Jean-Pierre Devogelaer. (2006) Raloxifene Reduces Fractures in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 443::, 48-54
CrossRef30
Albrecht W.E. Popp, Christine Bodmer, Christoph Senn, Gaby Fuchs, Marius E. Kraenzlin, H. Wyss, Martin H. Birkhaeuser, Kurt Lippuner. (2006) Prevention of postmenopausal bone loss with long-cycle hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 53:2, 191-200
CrossRef31
Volker Viereck, Carsten Gründker, Stephanie C Friess, Karl-Heinz Frosch, Dirk Raddatz, Michael Schoppet, Thomas Nisslein, Günter Emons, Lorenz C Hofbauer. (2005) Isopropanolic Extract of Black Cohosh Stimulates Osteoprotegerin Production by Human Osteoblasts. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 20:11, 2036-2043
CrossRef32
Martha Hickey, Susan R Davis, David W Sturdee. (2005) Treatment of menopausal symptoms: what shall we do now?. The Lancet 366:9483, 409-421
CrossRef33
Fernando Commodari, George Sclavos, Sanae Ibrahimi, Abdesslem Khiat, Yvan Boulanger. (2005) Comparison of 17β-estradiol structures from x-ray diffraction and solution NMR. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 43:6, 444-450
CrossRef34
Leon Speroff. (2005) Clinical appraisal of the Women's Health Initiative. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 31:2, 80-93
CrossRef35
Gönül Simsek, Hafize Uzun, Seval Aydin, Yesari Karter, Ali Benian, Nuran Dariyerli, Safiye Kaya, Günnur Yigit. (2005) The role of nitric oxide on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats following chronic ethanol intake. Life Sciences 76:17, 1965-1974
CrossRef36
M. Perno Goldie. (2005) Diabetes in women. International Journal of Dental Hygiene 3:1, 45-47
CrossRef37
Katherine L Tucker, Marian T Hannan, Ning Qiao, Paul F Jacques, Jacob Selhub, L Adrienne Cupples, Douglas P Kiel. (2005) Low Plasma Vitamin B12 Is Associated With Lower BMD: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 20:1, 152-158
CrossRef38
J. A. Kanis, F. Borgstr
m, O. Johnell, A. Oden, D. Sykes, B. J
CrossRef39
Katherine L Tucker, Marian T Hannan, Ning Qiao, Paul F Jacques, Jacob Selhub, L Adrienne Cupples, Douglas P Kiel. (2005) Low Plasma Vitamin B12 Is Associated With Lower BMD: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 20:1, 152
CrossRef40
John Eisman, Sharon Clapham, Linda Kehoe. (2004) Osteoporosis Prevalence and Levels of Treatment in Primary Care: The Australian BoneCare Study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19:12, 1969-1975
CrossRef41
A. Tamborini, J.-C. Ruiz. (2004) Place actuelle du traitement hormonal substitutif dans la prévention de l'ostéoporose postménopausique : le point de vue du gynecologue. La Revue de Médecine Interne 25, S580-S587
CrossRef42
Florent Richy, Olivier Ethgen, Olivier Bruyere, Audrey Mawet, Jean-Yves Reginster. (2004) Primary Prevention of Osteoporosis: Mass Screening Scenario or Prescreening With Questionnaires? An Economic Perspective. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19:12, 1955-1960
CrossRef43
Hyon K. Choi, Gary Curhan. (2004) Prospective cohorts and rheumatic disease research. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 30:4, 799-817
CrossRef44
Mitsuhiro Sanada, Akira Taguchi, Yukihito Higashi, Mikio Tsuda, Ichiro Kodama, Masao Yoshizumi, Koso Ohama. (2004) Forearm endothelial function and bone mineral loss in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 176:2, 387-392
CrossRef45
Kjersti Bakken, Anne Elise Eggen, Eiliv Lund. (2004) Side-effects of hormone replacement therapy and influence on pattern of use among women aged 45-64 years. The Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) study 1997. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 83:9, 850-856
CrossRef46
ZhiQi Peng, XiangDong Li, Sari Mäkelä, H Kalervo Väänänen, Matti Poutanen. (2004) Skeletal Changes in Transgenic Male Mice Expressing Human Cytochrome P450 Aromatase. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19:8, 1320-1328
CrossRef47
Pierre D Delmas, Longin Marianowski, Antonio de Castro Perez, Claude Ribot, Bruno Pornel, Santiago Palacios, Patrice Lopes. (2004) Prevention of postmenopausal bone loss by pulsed estrogen therapy: comparison with transdermal route. Maturitas 48:2, 85-96
CrossRef48
Lisa A. Boothby, Paul L. Doering, Simon Kipersztok. (2004) Bioidentical hormone therapy: a review. Menopause 11:3, 356-367
CrossRef49
Yu Z Bagger, László B Tankó, Peter Alexandersen, Henrik Bo Hansen, Anette Møllgaard, Pernille Ravn, Per Qvist, John A Kanis, Claus Christiansen. (2004) Two to three years of hormone replacement treatment in healthy women have long-term preventive effects on bone mass and osteoporotic fractures: the PERF study. Bone 34:4, 728-735
CrossRef50
Jean-Pierre Devogelaer. (2004) A review of the effects of tibolone on the skeleton. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 5:4, 941-949
CrossRef51
Henrik G. Ahlborg, Olof Johnell, Magnus K. Karlsson. (2004) Long term effects of oestrogen therapy on bone loss in postmenopausal women: a 23 year prospective study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 111:4, 335-339
CrossRef52
L. M. Rivera-Woll, S. R. Davis. (2004) Postmenopausal hormone therapy: the pros and cons. Internal Medicine Journal 34:3, 109-114
CrossRef53
Ravin Jugdaohsingh, Katherine L Tucker, Ning Qiao, L Adrienne Cupples, Douglas P Kiel, Jonathan J Powell. (2004) Dietary Silicon Intake Is Positively Associated With Bone Mineral Density in Men and Premenopausal Women of the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19:2, 297-307
CrossRef54
Fredrik Borgstr??m, Olof Johnell, John A Kanis, Anders Oden, David Sykes, Bengt J??nsson. (2004) Cost Effectiveness of Raloxifene in the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Sweden. PharmacoEconomics 22:17, 1153-1165
CrossRef55
Jos H.H Thijssen. (2003) Overview on the effects of progestins on bone. Maturitas 46, 77-87
CrossRef56
Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, Lois E. Wehren, Ethel S. Siris, Paul Miller, Ya-Ting Chen, Thomas A. Abbott, Marc L. Berger, Arthur C. Santora, Louis M. Sherwood. (2003) Recency and duration of postmenopausal hormone therapy: effects on bone mineral density and fracture risk in the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA) study. Menopause 10:5, 412-419
CrossRef57
Elisabeth Sornay-Rendu, Patrick Garnero, Françoise Munoz, François Duboeuf, Pierre D Delmas. (2003) Effect of withdrawal of hormone replacement therapy on bone mass and bone turnover: the OFELY study. Bone 33:1, 159-166
CrossRef58
Elizabeth B. Lamont, Nicholas A. Christakis, Diane S. Lauderdale. (2003) Favorable cardiac risk among elderly breast carcinoma survivors. Cancer 98:1, 2-10
CrossRef59
Joan M. Neuner, Ellen P. McCarthy, Roger B. Davis, Russell S. Phillips. (2003) Physician Counseling on Hormone Replacement Therapy and Bone Loss: Do Socioeconomic and Racial Characteristics of Women Influence Counseling?. Journal of Women's Health 12:5, 495-504
CrossRef60
Holly Mattix Kramer, Gary Curhan, Ajay Singh. (2003) Hemodialysis and estrogen levels in postmenopausal (HELP) patients: the multicenter HELP study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 41:6, 1240-1246
CrossRef61
P. M. Jehle. (2003) Steroid-induced osteoporosis: how can it be avoided?. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 18:5, 861-864
CrossRef62
Aurelie Fontana, Pierre D Delmas. (2003) Selective estrogen receptors modulators in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 32:1, 219-232
CrossRef63
Hironori Iwasaki, Mitsuru Emi, Yoichi Ezura, Ryota Ishida, Mitsuko Kajita, Mina Kodaira, Hideyo Yoshida, Takao Suzuki, Takayuki Hosoi, Satoshi Inoue, Masataka Shiraki, Jeff Swensen, Hajime Orimo. (2003) Association of a Trp16Ser variation in the gonadotropin releasing hormone signal peptide with bone mineral density, revealed by SNP-dependent PCR typing. Bone 32:2, 185-190
CrossRef64
Gabrielle Dezarnaulds, Ian S Fraser. (2003) Vaginal ring delivery of hormone replacement therapy – a review. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 4:2, 201-212
CrossRef65
Masaki MIYAKE, Norie ARAI, Shimpei USHIO, Kanso IWAKI, Masao IKEDA, Masashi KURIMOTO. (2003) Promoting Effect of Kaempferol on the Differentiation and Mineralization of Murine Pre-osteoblastic Cell Line MC3T3-E1. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 67:6, 1199-1205
CrossRef66
C. Boyle, K. Moizer, T. Barlow, B. Jeffrey, S. Paul. 2003. Phytoestrogens and health. , 65-87.
CrossRef67
Yong Zhang, Kiyoshi Aoyagi, Sumihisa Honda, Yuichiro Yahata, Itsuro Yoshimi, Yosuke Kusano, Noboru Takamura, Minatsu Kobayashi, Kazuhiko Moji, Tai-ichiro Takemoto. (2003) Effects of Lifestyle Factors on Stiffness Index of Calcaneus Measured by Quantitative Ultrasound Systemamong Japanese Women Aged 40 Years and Over: The Hizen-Oshima Study. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 201:2, 97-107
CrossRef68
Morris Notelovitz, Vivian A. John, William R. Good. (2002) Effectiveness of Alora estradiol matrix transdermal delivery system in improving lumbar bone mineral density in healthy, postmenopausal women. Menopause 9:5, 343-353
CrossRef69
Leon Lenchik, Gary M. Kiebzak, Barbara A. Blunt. (2002) What Is the Role of Serial Bone Mineral Density Measurements in Patient Management?. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 5:3, s29-s38
CrossRef70
R SAYEGH. (2002) Bone metabolism and the perimenopauseOverview, risk factors, screening, and osteoporosis preventive measures. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 29:3, 495-510
CrossRef71
Anita S.Y Sit, Francesmary Modugno, Joel L Weissfeld, Sarah L Berga, Roberta B Ness. (2002) Hormone Replacement Therapy Formulations and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma. Gynecologic Oncology 86:2, 118-123
CrossRef72
L.M Chiechi, G Secreto, M D'Amore, M Fanelli, E Venturelli, F Cantatore, T Valerio, G Laselva, P Loizzi. (2002) Efficacy of a soy rich diet in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis: the Menfis randomized trial. Maturitas 42:4, 295-300
CrossRef73
Martina Dören. (2002) Estrogen therapy for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Maturitas 43, 53-56
CrossRef74
J.A Kanis, O Johnell, A Oden, C De Laet, A Oglesby, B Jönsson. (2002) Intervention thresholds for osteoporosis. Bone 31:1, 26-31
CrossRef75
Pierre D Delmas. (2002) Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The Lancet 359:9322, 2018-2026
CrossRef76
Daphne J. Theodorou, Stavroula J. Theodorou, David J. Sartoris. (2002) Treatment of osteoporosis: Current status and recent advances. Comprehensive Therapy 28:2, 109-122
CrossRef77
Ian R Reid. (2002) Pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: focus on safety. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 1:1, 93-107
CrossRef78
F Caulin, J.A Kanis, O Johnell, A Oden. (2002) Optimal age for preventing osteoporosis after menopause depends on effects of stopping treatment. Bone 30:5, 754-758
CrossRef79
Valerie A. McKeon. (2002) Exploring HRT. AWHONN Lifelines 6:1, 24-31
CrossRef80
S. H. Gehlbach, M. Fournier, C. Bigelow. (2002) Recognition of Osteoporosis by Primary Care Physicians. American Journal of Public Health 92:2, 271-273
CrossRef81
D. J. Murphy, G. J. Gahm, S. Santilli, P. North, S. C.N. Oliver, H. Shapiro. (2002) Seniors' Preferences for Cancer Screening and Medication Use Based on Absolute Risk Reduction. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 57:2, M100-M105
CrossRef82
Alan Cook, Gena Pennington. (2002) Phytoestrogen and Multiple Vitamin/Mineral Effects on Bone Mineral Density in Early Postmenopausal Women: A Pilot Study. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 11:1, 53-60
CrossRef83
Susan McClennan Reece. (2002) WEIGHING THE CONS AND PROS: WOMEN'S REASONS FOR DISCONTINUING HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY. Health Care for Women International 23:1, 19-32
CrossRef84
Sandra Bellantonio, Richard Fortinsky, Karen Prestwood. (2001) How Well Are Community-Living Women Treated for Osteoporosis after Hip Fracture?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 49:9, 1197-1204
CrossRef85
Ming Chen, Song-Nan Chow. (2001) Additive effect of alfacalcidol on bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in Taiwanese postmenopausal women treated with hormone replacement therapy and calcium supplementation: a randomized 2-year study. Clinical Endocrinology 55:2, 253-258
CrossRef86
Aurélie Fontana, Pierre D. Delmas. (2001) Clinical use of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 13:4, 333-339
CrossRef87
Russell T. Turner, Glenda L. Evans, Minzhi Zhang, Jean D. Sibonga. (2001) Effects of Parathyroid Hormone on Bone Formation in a Rat Model for Chronic Alcohol Abuse. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25:5, 667-671
CrossRef88
O Johnell, J.A Kanis, A Oden, I Redlund-Johnell, R Hasserius, I Sernbo, F Caulin. (2001) Targeting of hormone replacement therapy immediately after menopause. Bone 28:4, 440-445
CrossRef89
Sujatha Rajaram, Michelle Wien. 2001. Vegetarian Diets in the Prevention of Osteoporosis, Diabetes, and Neurological Disorders. , 109-134.
CrossRef90
R. T. Turner, L. S. Kidder, A. Kennedy, G. L. Evans, J. D. Sibonga. (2001) Moderate Alcohol Consumption Suppresses Bone Turnover in Adult Female Rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 16:3, 589-594
CrossRef91
Hosam K. Kamel, Horace M. Perry, John E. Morley. (2001) Hormone Replacement Therapy and Fractures in Older Adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 49:2, 179-187
CrossRef92
Madelon L. Finkel, Maurice Cohen, Heather Mahoney. (2001) Treatment Options for the Menopausal Woman. The Nurse Practitioner5-7, 11-15
CrossRef93
J. Christopher Gallagher. (2001) Role of Estrogens in the Management of Postmenopausal Bone Loss. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 27:1, 143-162
CrossRef94
Anastasia M. Snelling, Carlos J. Crespo, Marc Schaeffer, Stephanie Smith, Leah Walbourn. (2001) Modifiable and Nonmodifiable Factors Associated with Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 10:1, 57-65
CrossRef95
Marian T. Hannan, Katherine L. Tucker, Bess Dawson-Hughes, L. Adrienne Cupples, David T. Felson, Douglas P. Kiel. (2000) Effect of Dietary Protein on Bone Loss in Elderly Men and Women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 15:12, 2504-2512
CrossRef96
Christian Marcelli. (2000) Reasonable osteoporosis prevention: hormone replacement therapy, SERM, or bisphosphonate?. Joint Bone Spine 67:6, 579-581
CrossRef97
D.J.M van der Voort, G.J Dinant, P.E.L.M Rinkens, C.J.M van der Voort-Duindam, J.W.J van Wersch, P.P Geusens. (2000) Construction of an algorithm for quick detection of patients with low bone mineral density and its applicability in daily general practice. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 53:11, 1095-1103
CrossRef98
Hubert H. Fernandez, Kate L. Lapane. (2000) Estrogen use among nursing home residents with a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 15:6, 1119-1124
CrossRef99
Russell T. Turner. (2000) Skeletal Response to Alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24:11, 1693-1701
CrossRef100
Aedin Cassidy, Marian Faughnan. (2000) Phyto-oestrogens through the life cycle. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59:03, 489-496
CrossRef101
Maureen T. Connelly, Marcie Richardson, Richard Platt. (2000) Prevalence and Duration of Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Use in a Managed Care Organization, 1990-1995. Journal of General Internal Medicine 15:8, 542-550
CrossRef102
Ingrid B Meeuwsen, Monique M Samson, Harald J Verhaar. (2000) Evaluation of the applicability of HRT as a preservative of muscle strength in women. Maturitas 36:1, 49-61
CrossRef103
Benson, Kjell, Hartz, Arthur J., . (2000) A Comparison of Observational Studies and Randomized, Controlled Trials. New England Journal of Medicine 342:25, 1878-1886
Full Text104
Jennifer Layne, Miriam Nelson. 2000. Osteoporosis. , 371-394.
CrossRef105
Marian T. Hannan, David T. Felson, Bess Dawson-Hughes, Katherine L. Tucker, L. Adrienne Cupples, Peter W. F. Wilson, Douglas P. Kiel. (2000) Risk Factors for Longitudinal Bone Loss in Elderly Men and Women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 15:4, 710-720
CrossRef106
Sumito Ogawa, Takayuki Hosoi, Masataka Shiraki, Hajime Orimo, Mitsuru Emi, Masami Muramatsu, Yasuyoshi Ouchi, Satoshi Inoue. (2000) Association of Estrogen Receptor β Gene Polymorphism with Bone Mineral Density. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 269:2, 537-541
CrossRef107
Julie A. Pasco, Mark A. Kotowicz, Margaret J. Henry, Soheila Panahi, Ego Seeman, Geoffrey C. Nicholson. (2000) Oral contraceptives and bone mineral density: A population-based study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 182:2, 265-269
CrossRef108
J.C Gallagher. (1999) Moderation of the daily dose of HRT: prevention of osteoporosis. Maturitas 33, 57-63
CrossRef109
E Barrett-Connor, D.A Cox, P.W Anderson. (1999) The Potential of SERMs for Reducing the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 10:8, 320-325
CrossRef110
D.P McDonnell. (1999) The Molecular Pharmacology of SERMs. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 10:8, 301-311
CrossRef111
Craig D. Rubin. (1999) Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 318:3, 158
CrossRef112
K Yoshitake, K Yokota, Y Kasugai, M Kagawa, T Sukamoto, T Nakamura. (1999) Effects of 16 weeks of treatment with tibolone on bone mass and bone mechanical and histomorphometric indices in mature ovariectomized rats with established osteopenia on a low-calcium diet. Bone 25:3, 311-319
CrossRef113
Satoshi Inoue, Tomohiko Urano, Sumito Ogawa, Tomoyuki Saito, Akira Orimo, Takayuki Hosoi, Yasuyoshi Ouchi, Masami Muramatsu. (1999) Molecular Cloning of Rat efp: Expression and Regulation in Primary Osteoblasts. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 261:2, 412-418
CrossRef114
Carlo La Vecchia, Alessandra Tavani, Silvano Gallus. (1999) Oral contraceptives and risk of hip fractures. The Lancet 354:9175, 335-336
CrossRef115
D Hochner-Celnikier. (1999) Pharmacokinetics of raloxifene and its clinical application. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 85:1, 23-29
CrossRef116
ARLINE D. BOHANNON. (1999) Osteoporosis and African American Women. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 8:5, 609-615
CrossRef117
S. Zecchi-Orlandini, L. Formigli, A. Tani, S. Benvenuti, G. Fiorelli, L. Papucci, S. Capaccioli, G.E. Orlandini, M.L. Brandi. (1999) 17β-Estradiol Induces Apoptosis in the Preosteoclastic FLG 29.1 Cell Line. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 255:3, 680-685
CrossRef118
Mary Beth O’Connell. (1999) Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis in the Elderly. Pharmacotherapy 19:1 Part 2, 7S-20S
CrossRef119
Raja A Sayegh, Linda Kelly, Judith Wurtman, Alison Deitch, David Chelmow. (1999) Impact of Hormone Replacement Therapy on the Body Mass and Fat Compositions of Menopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Menopause 6:4, 312-315
CrossRef120
Bernd Berning, Cornelis v. Kuijk, Jan W Kuiper, Herjan J.T Coelingh Bennink, Bart C.J.M Fauser. (1999) Increased loss of trabecular but not cortical bone density, 1 year after discontinuation of 2 years hormone replacement therapy with Tibolone. Maturitas 31:2, 151-159
CrossRef121
Elizabeth S. Ginsburg, Brian Walsh, Louise Greenberg, Deborah Price, Glenn M. Chertow, William F. Owen. (1998) Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on the lipoprotein profile in postmenopausal women with ESRD. Kidney International 54:4, 1344-1350
CrossRef122
M.J. Jayo, T.C. Register, C.S. Carlson. (1998) Effects on bone of oral hormone replacement therapy initiated 2 years after ovariectomy in young adult monkeys. Bone 23:4, 361-366
CrossRef123
Tomotaka Akatsu. (1998) Sex steroids, bone turnover and bone mineral density in pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal women. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 3:3, 123-129
CrossRef124
Yuqing Zhang, Timothy E. McAlindon, Marian T. Hannan, Christine E. Chaisson, Ray Klein, Peter W. F. Wilson, David T. Felson. (1998) Estrogen replacement therapy and worsening of radiographic knee osteoarthritis: The Framingham study. Arthritis & Rheumatism 41:10, 1867-1873
CrossRef125
Vishnudutt Purohit. (1998) Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Estrogen Levels in Postmenopausal Women: A Review. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 22:5, 994-997
CrossRef126
Lori W. Turner, Judith E. Taylor, Sharon Hunt. (1998) Predictors for Osteoporosis Diagnosis Among Postmenopausal Women: Results from a National Survey. Journal of Women & Aging 10:3, 79-96
CrossRef127
SREENIVAS KOKA, THOMAS M. PETRO, RICHARD A. REINHARDT. (1998) Estrogen Inhibits Interleukin-lβ-Induced Interleukin-6 Production by Human Osteoblast-like Cells. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research 18:7, 479-483
CrossRef128
M.K. Jeffcoat. (1998) Osteoporosis: A Possible Modifying Factor in Oral Bone Loss. Annals of Periodontology 3:1, 312-321
CrossRef129
Kevin C.R. Baynes, Juliet E. Compston. (1998) Selective oestrogen receptor modulators: a new paradigm for HRT. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 10:3, 189-192
CrossRef130
S. A. Bingham, C. Atkinson, J. Liggins, L. Bluck, A. Coward. (1998) Phyto-oestrogens: where are we now?. British Journal of Nutrition 79:05, 393
CrossRef131
Y Yamamoto, T Kurabayashi, Y Tojo, T Yahata, A Honda, M Tomita, K Tanaka. (1998) Effects of Progestins on the Metabolism of Cancellous Bone in Aged Oophorectomized Rats. Bone 22:5, 533-537
CrossRef132
Brian D. Golden. (1998) The prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arthritis Care & Research 11:2, 124-134
CrossRef133
Wood, Alastair J.J., , Eastell, Richard, . (1998) Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine 338:11, 736-746
Full Text134
Paul van Kesteren, Paul Lips, Louis J. G. Gooren, Henk Asscheman, Jos Megens. (1998) Long-term follow-up of bone mineral density and bone metabolism in transsexuals treated with cross-sex hormones. Clinical Endocrinology 48:3, 347-354
CrossRef135
Susan R. Johnson. (1998) MENOPAUSE AND HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY. Medical Clinics of North America 82:2, 297-320
CrossRef136
David Hailey, Laura Sampietro-colom, Deborah Marshall, Rosa Rico, Alicia Granados, José Asua. (1998) The Effectiveness of Bone Density Measurement and Associated Treatments for Prevention of Fractures: An International Collaborative Review. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 14:02, 237
CrossRef137
R. P. Hesley, K. A. Shepard, D. K. Jenkins, B. L. Riggs. (1998) Monitoring estrogen replacement therapy and identifying rapid bone losers with an immunoassay for deoxypyridinoline. Osteoporosis International 8:2, 159-164
CrossRef138
(1998) Design of the Womenʼs Health Initiative Clinical Trial and Observational Study. Controlled Clinical Trials 19:1, 61-109
CrossRef139
R. M. Francis. (1998) Management of established osteoporosis. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 45:2, 95-99
CrossRef140
Elizabeth L. Cobbs, Anuradha N. Ralapati. (1998) HEALTH OF OLDER WOMEN. Medical Clinics of North America 82:1, 127-144
CrossRef141
I. R. Reid. (1997) Osteoporosis - emerging consensus. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 27:6, 643-647
CrossRef142
GRAHAM A. COLDITZ. (1997) Hormone Replacement Therapy Increases the Risk of Breast Cancer. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 833:1 Cancer, 129-136
CrossRef143
Mark H. Schwartz, Richard E. Ward, Cynthia Macwilliam, James J. Verner. (1997) Using Neural Networks to Identify Patients Unlikely to Achieve a Reduction in Bodily Pain After Total Hip Replacement Surgery. Medical Care 35:10, 1020-1030
CrossRef144
THORWALD HOL, MARTHA B. COX, HENRY U. BRYANT, MICHAEL W. DRAPER. (1997) Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Postmenopausal Women's Health. Journal of Women's Health 6:5, 523-531
CrossRef145
Hironobu Sasano, Miwa Uzuki, Takashi Sawai, Hiroshi Nagura, Gen Matsunaga, Osamu Kashimoto, Nobuhiro Harada. (1997) Aromatase in Human Bone Tissue. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 12:9, 1416-1423
CrossRef146
Brenda Breuer, Gita Subramaniam, Vincent Marchello, Vincent Giambanco. (1997) A Study of the Effects of Tamoxifen in the Frail Elderly: Difficulties Encountered in Nursing Home Research. Women & Health 25:1, 37-51
CrossRef147
P. Eiken, S. Pors Nielsen, N. Kolthoff. (1997) Effects on bone mass after eight years of hormonal replacement therapy. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 104:6, 702-707
CrossRef148
Clifford J. Rosen, Cathy R. Kessenich. (1997) THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 26:2, 295-311
CrossRef149
Susan R. Johnson. (1997) THE CLINICAL DECISION REGARDING HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 26:2, 413-435
CrossRef150
J. M. Pouilles, F. Tremollieres, C. Roux, J. L. Sebert, C. Alexandra, D. Goldberg, R. Treves, P. Khalifa, P. Duntze, S. Horlait, P. Delmas, D. Kuntz. (1997) Effects of cyclical etidronate therapy on bone loss in early postmenopausal women who are not undergoing hormonal replacement therapy. Osteoporosis International 7:3, 213-218
CrossRef151
Kurt Lippuner, Willy Haenggi, Martin H. Birkhaeuser, Jean-Paul Casez, Philippe Jaeger. (1997) Prevention of Postmenopausal Bone Loss Using Tibolone or Conventional Peroral or Transdermal Hormone Replacement Therapy with 17β-Estradiol and Dydrogesterone. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 12:5, 806-812
CrossRef152
Masahiko Takada, Stephan Grampp, Xiaolong Ouyang, Klaus Engelke, Harry K. Genant. (1997) A New Trabecular Region of Interest for Femoral Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry: Short-Term Precision, Age-Related Bone Loss, and Fracture Discrimination Compared with Current Femoral Regions of Interest. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 12:5, 832-838
CrossRef153
Pierantonio Visentin, Rossana Ciravegna, Fabrizio Fabris. (1997) Estimating the cost per avoided hip fracture by osteoporosis treatment in Italy. Maturitas 26:3, 185-192
CrossRef154
Robert Marcus. (1997) Use of estrogen for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocrine 6:2, 207-211
CrossRef155
Jeffrey A. Dodge, Charles W. Lugar, Stephen Cho, Lorri L. Short, Masahiko Sato, Na N. Yang, Larry A. Spangle, Michael J. Martin, David L. Phillips, Andrew L. Glasebrook, John J. Osborne, Charles A. Frolik, Henry U. Bryant. (1997) Evaluation of the major metabolites of raloxifene as modulators of tissue selectivity. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 61:1-2, 97-106
CrossRef156
S. Gonnelli, C. Cepollaro, C. Pondrelli, S. Martini, R. Monaco, C. Gennari. (1997) The Usefulness of Bone Turnover in Predicting the Response to Transdermal Estrogen Therapy in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 12:4, 624-631
CrossRef157
J LITHERLAND, A EVANS, A WILSON. (1997) The effect of hormone replacement therapy on recall rate in the national health service breast screening programme. Clinical Radiology 52:4, 276-279
CrossRef158
Philip J. Disaia. (1997) Estrogen replacement therapy for the breast cancer survivor: A reappraisal. Journal of Surgical Oncology 64:3, 175-180
CrossRef159
Loran M. Salamone, Jane A. Cauley. (1997) COHORT STUDIES AND RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDIES IN ENDOCRINOLOGY. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 26:1, 17-29
CrossRef160
Göran Samsioe. (1997) Osteoporosis - an update. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 76:3, 189-199
CrossRef161
Zhang, Yuqing, Kiel, Douglas P., Kreger, Bernard E., Cupples, L. Adrienne, Ellison, R. Curtis, Dorgan, Joanne F., Schatzkin, Arthur, Levy, Daniel, Felson, David T., . (1997) Bone Mass and the Risk of Breast Cancer among Postmenopausal Women. New England Journal of Medicine 336:9, 611-617
Full Text162
Mark J. Garton, Cyrus Cooper, David Reid. (1997) Perimenopausal bone density screening—will it help prevent osteoporosis?. Maturitas 26:1, 35-43
CrossRef163
P. D. Delmas. (1997) Hormone replacement therapy in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 7:S1, 3-7
CrossRef164
Morris Notelovitz. (1997) Estrogen Therapy and Osteoporosis: Principles & Practice. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 313:1, 2-12
CrossRef165
KAREN L. MILLER. (1996) Hormone Replacement Therapy in the Elderly. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 39:4, 912-932
CrossRef166
Marian T. Hannan. (1996) Epidemiologic perspectives on women and arthritis: An overview. Arthritis Care & Research 9:6, 424-434
CrossRef167
Louis V. Avioli. (1996) Salmon calcitonin nasal spray. Endocrine 5:2, 115-127
CrossRef168
F. Bauss, A. Esswein, K. Reiff, G. Sponer, B. Müller-Beckmann. (1996) Effect of 17β-estradiol-bisphosphonate conjugates, potential bone-seeking estrogen pro-drugs, on 17β-estradiol serum kinetics and bone mass in rats. Calcified Tissue International 59:3, 168-173
CrossRef169
A. Ankjaer-Jensen, O. Johnell. (1996) Prevention of osteoporosis: Cost-effectiveness of different pharmaceutical treatments. Osteoporosis International 6:4, 265-275
CrossRef170
D. P. Kiel, Y. Zhang, M. T. Hannan, J.J Anderson, J. A. Baron, D. T. Felson. (1996) The effect of smoking at different life stages on bone mineral density in elderly men and women. Osteoporosis International 6:3, 240-248
CrossRef171
J. C. Stevenson. (1996) Late prevention of hip fractures with hormone replacement therapy. Osteoporosis International 6:S3, 64-67
CrossRef172
P. Burckhardt. (1996) Are hip fractures preventable with nutritional measures and exercise in the elderly?. Osteoporosis International 6:S3, 56-59
CrossRef173
C. Cooper. (1996) Femoral neck bone density and fracture risk. Osteoporosis International 6:S3, 24-26
CrossRef174
John D. Wark. (1996) Osteoporotic fractures: background and prevention strategies. Maturitas 23:2, 193-207
CrossRef175
R. W. Keen, T. D. Spector. (1996) Role and evolution of therapeutic options. Osteoporosis International 6:S2, 16-20
CrossRef176
P. Lips. (1996) Prevention of hip fractures: Drug therapy. Bone 18:3, S159-S163
CrossRef177
C. Cooper. (1996) Rationale and clinical indications for bone density measurements. Osteoporosis International 6:S2, 6-8
CrossRef178
E. Daly, M.P. Vessey, D. Barlow, A. Gray, K. McPherson, M. Roche. (1996) Hormone replacement therapy in a risk-benefit perspective. Maturitas 23:2, 247-259
CrossRef179
Lars Bjørn Jensen, Jørgen Hilden. (1996) Sociological and behavioural characteristics of perimenopausal women with an express attitude to hormone substitution therapy. Maturitas 23:1, 73-83
CrossRef180
P. Kannus, J. Parkkari, H. Sievänen, A. Heinonen, I. Vuori, M. Järvinen. (1996) Epidemiology of hip fractures. Bone 18:1, S57-S63
CrossRef181
Donna B Jeffe, Michael Freiman, Edwin B Fisher. (1996) Womenʼs Reasons for Using Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy: Preventive Medicine or Therapeutic Aid?. Menopause 3:2, 106-116
CrossRef182
W.C. Hayes, E.R. Myers, S.N. Robinovitch, A. Van Den Kroonenberg, A.C. Courtney, T.A. McMahon. (1996) Etiology and prevention of age-related hip fractures. Bone 18:1, S77-S86
CrossRef183
Olof Johnell, Bo Gullberg, John A. Kanis, Erik Allander, Lars Elffors, Jan Dequeker, Guzin Dilsen, Carlo Gennari, Lopes Antonio Vaz, George Lyritis, Gianfranco Mazzuoli, Livia Miravet, Mario Passeri, Perez Ramon Cano, Aurelio Rapado, Claude Ribot. (1995) Risk factors for hip fracture in european women: The MEDOS study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 10:11, 1802-1815
CrossRef184
Kristine E. Ensrud, Lisa Palermo, Dennis M. Black, Jane Cauley, Michael Jergas, Eric S. Orwoll, Michael C. Nevitt, Kathleen M. Fox, Steven R. Cummings. (1995) Hip and calcaneal bone loss increase with advancing age: Longitudinal results from the study of osteoporotic fractures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 10:11, 1778-1787
CrossRef185
D. Agnusdei, C. Gennari, L. Bufalino. (1995) Prevention of early postmenopausal bone loss using low doses of conjugated estrogens and the non-hormonal, bone-active drug ipriflavone. Osteoporosis International 5:6, 462-466
CrossRef186
J.W. Davis, P.D. Ross, N.E. Johnson, R.D. Wasnich. (1995) Estrogen and calcium supplement use among Japanese-American women: Effects upon bone loss when used singly and in combination. Bone 17:4, 369-373
CrossRef187
Colditz, Graham A., Hankinson, Susan E., Hunter, David J., Willett, Walter C., Manson, JoAnn E., Stampfer, Meir J., Hennekens, Charles, Rosner, Bernard, Speizer, Frank E., . (1995) The Use of Estrogens and Progestins and the Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women. New England Journal of Medicine 332:24, 1589-1593
Full Text188
Hajime Nawata, Seiichi Tanaka, Seiko Tanaka, Ryoichi Takayanagi, Yoshiyuki Sakai, Toshihiko Yanase, Shoichiro Ikuyama, Masafumi Haji. (1995) Aromatase in bone cell: Association with osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 53:1-6, 165-174
CrossRef189
J. E. COMPSTON. (1995) osteoporosis, corticosteroids and inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 9:3, 237-250
CrossRef190
C.J. Haines, T.K.H. Chung, P.C. Leung, S.Y.C. Hsu, D.H.Y. Leung. (1995) Calcium supplementation and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women using estrogen replacement therapy. Bone 16:5, 529-531
CrossRef191
Edward G. Lufkin, Steven J. Ory. (1995) Postmenopausal estrogen therapy, 1995. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 6:2, 50-54
CrossRef192
C. L. Benhamou, D. Tourliere, J. B. Gauvain, G. Picaper, M. Audran, P. Jallet. (1995) Calciotropic hormones in elderly people with and without hip fracture. Osteoporosis International 5:2, 103-107
CrossRef193
Beatty Denise, Finn Susan Calvert. (1995) Position of the American Dietetic Association and the Canadian Dietetic Association. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95:3, 362-366
CrossRef194
John A. Eisman. (1995) Efficacy of treatment of osteoporotic fractures. The American Journal of Medicine 98:2, 17S-23S
CrossRef195
Dennis M. Black. (1995) Why elderly women should be screened and treated to prevent osteoporosis. The American Journal of Medicine 98:2, 67S-75S
CrossRef196
P. Maxim, B. Ettinger, G. M. Spitalny. (1995) Fracture protection provided by long-term estrogen treatment. Osteoporosis International 5:1, 23-29
CrossRef197
Olof Johnell. (1995) Prevention of fractures in the elderly: A review. Acta Orthopaedica 66:1, 90-98
CrossRef198
JE Compston. (1994) Hormone replacement therapy for osteoporosis: clinical and pathophysiological aspects. Reproductive Medicine Review 3:03, 209
CrossRef199
Barbara A. Blunt, Melville R. Klauber, Elizabeth L. Barrett-Connor, Sharon L. Edelstein. (1994) Sex differences in bone mineral density in 1653 men and women in the sixth through tenth decades of life: The rancho bernardo study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 9:9, 1333-1338
CrossRef200
Kirsten Overgaard, Bente Juel Riis. (1994) Nasal salmon calcitonin in osteoporosis. Calcified Tissue International 55:2, 79-81
CrossRef201
JOHN P. BILEZIKIAN. (1994) Major Issues Regarding Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women. Journal of Women's Health 3:4, 273-282
CrossRef202
A. C. Courtney, E. F. Wachtel, E. R. Myers, W. C. Hayes. (1994) Effects of loading rate on strength of the proximal femur. Calcified Tissue International 55:1, 53-58
CrossRef203
Grisso, Jeane AnnKelsey, Jennifer L.Strom, Brian L.O'Brien, Linda A.Maislin, GregLaPann, KarinSamelson, LisaHoffman, Susiethe Northeast Hip Fracture Study Group. (1994) Risk Factors for Hip Fracture in Black Women. New England Journal of Medicine 330:22, 1555-1559
Full Text204
Louis V. Avioli. (1994) Impact of the menopause on skeletal metabolism and osteoporotic syndromes. Experimental Gerontology 29:3-4, 391-415
CrossRef205
(1994) Effect of Estrogen Therapy on Bone Density in Elderly Women. New England Journal of Medicine 330:10, 715-716
Full Text206
E.R. te Velde, H.A.I.M. van Leusden. (1994) Hormonal treatment for the climacteric: alleviation of symptoms and prevention of postmenopausal disease. The Lancet 343:8898, 654-658
CrossRef207
Juhani Mäenpää, Michael W. Degregorio. (1994) Breast Cancer Chemoprevention: Is Tamoxifen a Rational Choice?. Annals of Medicine 26:6, 381-382
CrossRef208
G. A. Rodan. (1994) Good hope for making osteoporosis a disease of the past. Osteoporosis International 4:S1, S5-S6
CrossRef209
P. J. Meunier, M. C. Chapuy, M. E. Arlot, P. D. Delmas, F. Duboeuf. (1994) Can we stop bone loss and prevent hip fractures in the elderly?. Osteoporosis International 4:S1, S71-S76
CrossRef210
Marian T. Hannan, Jennifer J. Anderson, Yuqing Zhang, Daniel Levy, David T. Felson. (1993) Bone mineral density and knee osteoarthritis in elderly men and women. the framingham study. Arthritis & Rheumatism 36:12, 1671-1680
CrossRef211
Ettinger, Bruce, , Grady, Deborah, . (1993) The Waning Effect of Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy on Osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine 329:16, 1192-1193
Full Text
- Letters
