Original Article

A Prospective Study of Dietary Calcium and Other Nutrients and the Risk of Symptomatic Kidney Stones

Gary C. Curhan, Walter C. Willett, Eric B. Rimm, and Meir J. Stampfer

N Engl J Med 1993; 328:833-838March 25, 1993

Abstract

Background

A high dietary calcium intake is strongly suspected of increasing the risk of kidney stones. However, a high intake of calcium can reduce the urinary excretion of oxalate, which is thought to lower the risk. The concept that a higher dietary calcium intake increases the risk of kidney stones therefore requires examination.

Full Text of Background...

Methods

We conducted a prospective study of the relation between dietary calcium intake and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones in a cohort of 45,619 men, 40 to 75 years of age, who had no history of kidney stones. Dietary calcium was measured by means of a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire in 1986. During four years of follow-up, 505 cases of kidney stones were documented.

Full Text of Methods...

Results

After adjustment for age, dietary calcium intake was inversely associated with the risk of kidney stones; the relative risk of kidney stones for men in the highest as compared with the lowest quintile group for calcium intake was 0.56 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.43 to 0.73; P for trend, <0.001). This reduction in risk decreased only slightly (relative risk, 0.66; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.49 to 0.90) after further adjustment for other potential risk factors, including alcohol consumption and dietary intake of animal protein, potassium, and fluid. Intake of animal protein was directly associated with the risk of stone formation (relative risk for men with the highest intake as compared with those with the lowest, 1.33; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.77); potassium intake (relative risk, 0.49; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.35 to 0.68) and fluid intake (relative risk, 0.71; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.52 to 0.97) were inversely related to the risk of kidney stones.

Full Text of Results...

Conclusions

A high dietary calcium intake decreases the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. .

Full Text of Discussion...

Read the Full Article...

Media in This Article

Table 1Characteristics of the 505 Men with Kidney Stones.

Table 2Incidence of Kidney Stones among 45,510 Men, According to Five-Year Age Groups.

Article Activity

281 articles have cited this article

Article

Among disorders of the urinary tract, kidney stones are a major cause of morbidity. Approximately 12 percent of the U.S. population will have a kidney stone at some time,1,2 and the incidence is rising not only in the United States1,2 but also in Sweden3 and Japan4. Kidney stones cause considerable suffering and have a substantial economic impact. In 1986, more than $2 billion was spent on the treatment of kidney stones, mostly for removal and fragmentation,5 even before widespread use of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy6.

A high dietary calcium intake is strongly suspected of raising the risk that a kidney stone will form. Consequently, patients with calcium-containing stones are often advised to decrease their calcium intake7. However, no prospective data demonstrate that lowering calcium intake decreases the risk of kidney stones.

More than 85 percent of stones in men contain calcium; among these, calcium oxalate stones are the most common2,8. The hypothesis that a high calcium intake increases the risk of stone formation is based largely on the finding that 20 to 40 percent of patients with recurrent stones have hypercalciuria9. The majority of patients with calcium oxalate stones and elevated urinary calcium excretion have idiopathic hypercalciuria; other causes of hypercalciuria, such as hyperparathyroidism or sarcoidosis, are much less common8. With similar levels of calcium ingestion, patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria excrete more calcium than normal subjects10. Although dietary calcium restriction can decrease urinary calcium excretion in patients with and without idiopathic hypercalciuria,10,11 little is known about the effect of calcium restriction or other dietary modifications on the rates of recurrence of kidney stones.

In case-control studies, no difference in mean calcium intake was found between patients with kidney stones and control subjects12-15. However, these studies failed to control for other risk factors, such as age, urine volume, and the intake of animal protein,16 sodium,17 sucrose,18 and magnesium19.

To address further the association between the intake of calcium and other nutrients and the incidence of kidney stones, we examined this relation in a cohort of 45,619 men with no history of kidney stones.

Methods

Study Population

The Health Professionals Follow-up Study is a longitudinal study of cardiovascular disease and cancer among 51,529 male dentists, optometrists, osteopaths, pharmacists, podiatrists, and veterinarians who were 40 to 75 years of age in 1986. The participants returned a mailed questionnaire in 1986 concerning diet, medical history, and medications. Of the 49,976 men who provided complete information on diet and age, 4357 (8.7 percent) reported a history of kidney stones. These men were excluded from this analysis because of the possibility that they had changed their diet as a consequence of having a kidney stone.

Assessment of Diet

To assess the men's diet we used a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire that inquired about the average use of 131 foods and beverages during the previous year. Nutrient intake was computed from the reported frequency of consumption of each specified unit of food or beverage and from published data on the nutrient content of the specified portions20. Information was also collected on the amount of supplemental calcium (such as calcium carbonate) ingested, either alone or in multivitamin preparations.

We have previously reported on the reproducibility and validity of this dietary questionnaire in this cohort21. Briefly, 127 participants in the Boston area weighed and recorded all foods and beverages they consumed during two one-week periods six to eight months apart. The mean daily intake of dietary calcium based on the dietary records was 796 mg and that calculated from the questionnaire was 804 mg. The Pearson correlation coefficient for energy-adjusted dietary calcium intake between the dietary records and the questionnaire was 0.53. After adjustment for the week-to-week variation in calcium intake assessed by the two dietary records, the correlation was 0.60. A similar questionnaire has been validated in women20,22.

To obtain additional details on the typical pattern of calcium-supplement use, we mailed a questionnaire to a random sample of 100 men who took a supplement, of whom 93 responded. The questionnaire inquired about the specific calcium salt ingested and whether the supplement was taken alone or with particular meals.

Nutrient values were adjusted for total energy intake with use of a regression model, with total caloric intake as the independent variable and absolute nutrient intake as the dependent variable22,23. Because total energy intake for a given person tends to be fixed within a very narrow range, changes in nutrient intake must be made primarily by altering the composition of the diet, not the total amount of food consumed. Energy-adjusted values reflect the nutrient composition of the diet independent of the total amount of food consumed. In addition, energy adjustment reduces any variation introduced by underreporting or overreporting of intake on the food-frequency questionnaire, thus improving the accuracy of nutrient measurements21,22.

Assessment of Nondietary Factors

In 1986 the men provided information on their state of residence, weight, height, and use of thiazide diuretics. The level of physical activity in metabolic equivalents per week was computed on the basis of the reported frequency and duration of various forms of exercise.

Follow-up and Ascertainment of Cases

We sent follow-up questionnaires in 1988 and in early 1990, asking the men whether a kidney stone had been diagnosed since January 1986. After up to six mailings for each follow-up period,24 the response rate was 96 percent in 1988 and 93 percent in 1990.

When a kidney stone was reported on a follow-up questionnaire, we mailed the subject a supplementary questionnaire to confirm the report and to ascertain the date of occurrence, symptoms, and any family history of kidney stones. The rate of response to the supplementary questionnaire was 96 percent. The primary end point was a new kidney stone accompanied by pain or hematuria. To confirm the validity of the subjects' reports, we obtained the medical records from a random sample of 60 of the men who had reported having a kidney stone. The records confirmed the diagnosis in 97 percent of the cases; the other 3 percent were bladder stones.

We considered only cases that occurred during the first four years of follow-up -- between the return of the 1986 base-line questionnaire and January 31, 1990. After we excluded 97 men for whom the date of occurrence of the kidney stone could not be confirmed or fell outside the study period and 12 men with asymptomatic stones, 45,510 men with no history of kidney stones at base line remained in the study group.

Statistical Analysis

For each participant, person-months of follow-up were counted from the date of return of the 1986 questionnaire to the date of a kidney stone or death or to January 31, 1990, whichever came first. We allocated person-months of follow-up according to exposure status in 1986 (as indicated by the quintile of calcium intake and other variables) and calculated incidence as the number of events divided by the number of person-years of follow-up. Incidence rates were adjusted for age by direct standardization to the whole cohort according to five-year age groups.

The relative risk -- the incidence among the men in a particular category of exposure divided by the corresponding rate in the comparison category -- was used as the measure of association25. Age-adjusted relative risks were calculated after stratification according to five-year age categories25. The Mantel extension test was used to evaluate linear trends across categories of calcium intake. In addition, relative risks were adjusted simultaneously for potentially confounding variables by multiple logistic-regression analysis26. The variables considered in these models were age (in five-year categories), body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters; considered in quintile groups), physical-activity level (quartile groups), geographic region (seven categories), specific health profession, use of thiazide diuretics (yes or no), alcohol intake (eight categories), intake of sugared cola (four categories), coffee intake (four categories), and dietary intake of calcium, animal protein, sucrose, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, vitamin D, and total fluid (quintile groups). For all relative risks, we calculated 95 percent confidence intervals. All P values are two-tailed.

Results

During 165,090 person-years of follow-up over a four-year period, we documented 505 cases of new symptomatic kidney stones (Table 1Table 1Characteristics of the 505 Men with Kidney Stones.). A family history of kidney-stone disease (through first cousins) was reported by 130 of the 505 men (25.7 percent). Pain was the most common presenting symptom (90.5 percent). Of the 221 men who provided information on stone composition, 71.5 percent reported that it contained calcium. The incidence was highest on average among men in the age groups from 40 to 59 years old, declined among men from 60 to 69 years of age, and was markedly lower among men 70 years of age and older (Table 2Table 2Incidence of Kidney Stones among 45,510 Men, According to Five-Year Age Groups.).

Dietary Calcium Intake

The characteristics of the cohort according to quintile values for energy-adjusted dietary calcium intake are shown in Table 3Table 3Characteristics of the Men According to Energy-Adjusted Dietary Calcium Intake.. The mean daily intake of animal protein, magnesium, vitamin D, phosphorus, potassium, and total fluid increased with increasing dietary calcium intake. The average daily alcohol intake decreased with increasing calcium intake. The mean daily intake of sodium was similar in all quintile groups, as were the percentages of men who took calcium supplements or a thiazide diuretic.

The mean (±SD) daily dietary calcium intake was significantly lower among the men in whom kidney stones later developed than among those who remained free of stones (797 ±280 vs. 851 ±307 mg, P<0.001). After adjustment for age and energy intake, a higher intake of dietary calcium was strongly associated with a reduced risk of kidney stones (P for trend, <0.001) (Table 4Table 4Age-Standardized Incidence and Relative Risk of Symptomatic Kidney Stones, According to Dietary Calcium Intake.). The relative risk for men in the highest as compared with the lowest quintile group was 0.56 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.43 to 0.73; P<0.001).

Adjustment for age, profession, thiazide use, and intake of animal protein, potassium, alcohol, and fluid slightly attenuated the apparent protective effect of dietary calcium, but it remained significant (Table 4). The adjusted relative risk for men in the highest quintile group for dietary calcium intake, as compared with those in the lowest quintile group, was 0.66 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.49 to 0.90), a 34 percent reduction in risk. Further control for geographic region, quartile group for physical-activity level, quintile group for body-mass index, and intake of sodium, magnesium, vitamin D, phosphorus, coffee, sucrose, and sugared cola did not alter the results. There was no significant interaction between calcium intake and other variables. In a multivariate analysis including only the 158 men who reported a calcium stone (Table 1), the relative risk for the men with the highest dietary calcium intake as compared with those with the lowest intake (0.64; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.37 to 1.10) was similar to the corresponding relative risk of 0.66 for the whole group.

We also examined the relation of specific foods that are high in calcium content to the risk of kidney stones in order to determine whether a single food was responsible for the observed relation. Skim or low-fat milk and cottage cheese or ricotta cheese had the strongest inverse associations with risk. Men who drank two or more 8-oz (240 ml) glasses of skim milk per day had a relative risk of kidney stones of 0.58 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.42 to 0.79; P for trend, 0.002) as compared with men who drank less than one glass per month. The consumption of two or more half-cup (120 ml) servings of cottage cheese or ricotta cheese per week was associated with a relative risk of 0.70 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.52 to 0.95; P for trend, 0.002) as compared with the consumption of less than one serving per month. Inverse trends were also found for yogurt (P = 0.10) and sherbet (P = 0.15). Nondairy sources of calcium, such as oranges and broccoli, also appeared to be protective (P for trend, 0.03 for both foods).

Calcium from Supplements

We also examined the effect of calcium from supplements and found no significant association between the use of supplements and the risk of kidney stones (data not shown). After we controlled for potential confounders, the relative risk among men who took more than 500 mg of supplemental calcium per day, as compared with the men who took no supplements, was 1.23 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.84 to 1.79; P for trend, 0.29).

Other Factors

Intake of animal protein was directly associated with the risk of kidney stones, whereas potassium intake and fluid intake were inversely related to risk (Table 5Table 5Age-Standardized Incidence and Relative Risk of Symptomatic Kidney Stones, According to Dietary Consumption of Animal Protein, Potassium Intake, and Fluid Intake.). In the multivariate model, the relative risks for the men in the highest as compared with the lowest quintile group were 1.33 for animal-protein intake, 0.49 for potassium intake, and 0.71 for fluid intake. Sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sucrose, fiber, and sugared cola were not associated with risk when we controlled for potential confounders. Simultaneous adjustment for these nutrients did not materially alter the protective effect of dietary calcium. After we controlled for potential confounders, the relative risk for men taking a thiazide diuretic, as compared with those not taking such a drug, was 0.55 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.36 to 0.83).

Discussion

These prospective data provide no support for the belief that higher consumption of calcium from dietary sources increases the risk of symptomatic kidney stones; in fact, the data suggest that the relation may actually be inverse. In previous case-control studies of diet and kidney stones, the calcium intake in case patients and controls was similar,12-15 but the patients with kidney stones had higher rates of urinary calcium excretion14,15. Because the majority of stones contain calcium2,8 and because hypercalciuria has been associated with the formation of stones, calcium restriction has been routinely recommended for patients who have kidney stones. However, we are unaware of any data that demonstrate that restriction of calcium intake reduces the recurrence of kidney stones. Indeed, in a prospective study of patients with hypercalciuria, restriction of dietary calcium intake was associated with a 10 percent higher probability of stone formation, as determined on the basis of the urinary excretion of lithogenic factors11. In addition, in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria dietary calcium restriction may lead to negative calcium balance and bone loss27.

The apparent protective effect of dietary calcium is intriguing and perhaps counterintuitive. Since 20 to 40 percent of men with recurrent kidney stones have idiopathic hypercalciuria and excrete more calcium with increasing intake, an increased risk of stone formation might have been expected with higher calcium consumption. One possible explanation for these findings involves the role of oxalate, as suggested by indirect experimental evidence28-30. Calcium restriction increases the absorption of oxalate in the gastrointestinal tract in normal subjects11,31,32 and in patients with kidney stones,29 leading to an increase of 16 percent33 to 56 percent29 in urinary oxalate excretion. Among patients with malabsorption, even with a normal calcium intake, binding of calcium by fat in the gastrointestinal tract increases the absorption and urinary excretion of oxalate,34 suggesting that the inverse relation between dietary calcium and kidney stones may be due to increased binding of oxalate by calcium in the gastrointestinal tract. Urinary oxalate may be more important than urinary calcium for stone formation, because calcium oxalate saturation of urine increases rapidly with small increases in the oxalate concentration30. Therefore, calcium restriction could actually be harmful in that it may lead to increased urinary oxalate excretion35.

Oxalate is found in many foods, but the content is typically low36. Ingestion of foods high in oxalate can lead to hyperoxaluria and to the formation of calcium oxalate stones28. Oxalate values are not available for the full range of foods on our questionnaire; thus, total intake could not be calculated. However, our questionnaire included several foods with relatively high oxalate content. When we controlled for potentially confounding variables, the consumption of these foods (chocolate, nuts, tea, and spinach) was not associated with the risk of kidney stones (data not shown).

The association between higher calcium intake and a reduced risk of kidney stones was consistent when we assessed the intake of specific foods that are high in calcium. Thus, it is likely that calcium itself, rather than a single food or food group, accounted for the inverse association.

Calcium supplements did not have the apparent protective effect of dietary calcium, perhaps because of the timing of ingestion of the supplements. Calcium given with oral oxalate loads decreases urinary oxalate excretion by 50 percent in patients with ileal disease and in those who have kidney stones and hypercalciuria31. The supplements were typically not taken with a meal in our population (51 percent) or were taken only with breakfast (38 percent), when the oxalate content of the meal was likely to be low. Hence, the supplements could provide little or no protection from oxalate absorption. If the supplements are not taken with food, the absorption of calcium may be higher, leading to increased urinary calcium excretion and higher risk.

Dietary intake of animal protein was directly associated with the risk of stone formation, and the intake of potassium and the intake of fluid were inversely related to risk. Animal-protein intake increases the excretion of uric acid37 and calcium38 and lowers urinary citrate excretion,38 all of which predispose a person to the formation of calcium stones. Potassium supplementation reduces calcium excretion in healthy adults, an effect that would decrease the risk of stone formation39. The beneficial effect of increased fluid intake and the subsequent dilution of urine is well known.

Biased recall of diet was avoided in this study because the intake data were collected before the diagnosis of kidney stones was made. However, nondietary risk factors for kidney stones could have influenced our results if they were strongly associated with the intake of calcium. We controlled for physical activity, geographic region, and profession, but data on family history were collected only for the men with kidney stones. In an analysis limited to men who reported a family history of kidney stones, there was also an inverse association of risk with calcium intake (data not shown).

Selection bias cannot be completely excluded as an explanation for our results. The men who were most susceptible to the effects of higher calcium intake may have had their first kidney stone before 1986; they would thus have been excluded from the analysis. The exclusion of such men is unlikely to explain our findings, however. A large proportion of first kidney stones occur after 40 years of age. The incidence in this cohort was highest (and was stable) between the ages of 40 and 59. Similarly, Johnson et al. found that 68 percent of men who had kidney stones had their first stone after the age of 39,2 and Hiatt et al. reported peak incidence among men from 40 to 59 years old40. Moreover, if prolonged high calcium intake selected out those most susceptible to stone formation earlier in life, then the relative risk associated with dietary calcium would be expected to decrease with increasing age. We found no change in the effect of calcium with increasing age. Finally, in this cohort, among 4357 men who had a kidney stone before 1986, the same inverse association with calcium intake was found in a retrospective analysis (relative risk for the highest vs. the lowest quintile group, 0.63; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.56 to 0.71).

Although the validity of the dietary questionnaire has been carefully documented,21 we recognize that calcium intake was not perfectly assessed in this study. Because of the prospective design, any misclassification would be random with respect to case status, however, and hence would tend to result in an underestimation of the protective effect of calcium.

Our findings are most directly generalizable to men 40 years old and older with no history of kidney stones. Whether these findings apply to women, younger men, or men with a previous kidney stone is not known. We have no reason to believe, however, that the relations we observed would be different in the other groups. These results probably also apply to recurrence among most patients who have calcium oxalate stones, because the physiologic principles are unchanged by the fact that a patient has already had one stone. The protective effect of a high-calcium diet may be mediated through decreased oxalate absorption and excretion or through some other unknown mechanism. However, a prospective study of diet in patients with recurrent kidney stones is necessary to clarify the possible beneficial role of calcium.

Our findings provide no support for the belief that a diet low in calcium reduces the risk of kidney stones. In contrast, they suggest that a higher dietary calcium intake may decrease the incidence of symptomatic kidney stones. The general policy of calcium restriction for patients who have had kidney stones containing calcium should be reexamined.

Supported by research grants (CA55075 and HL35464) from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Curhan is an American Kidney Fund Clinical Scientist.

We are indebted to the participants in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study for their continuing cooperation; to Drs. Graham Colditz, Edward Giovannucci, and Alberto Ascherio for advice; and to Ms. Mary Johnson, Ms. Betsy Frost-Hawes, Mitzi Wolff, Ms. Cindy Dyer, Ms. Jan Vomacka, and Mrs. Mira Koyfman for their expert help.

Source Information

From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.C.W., E.B.R., M.J.S.) and Nutrition (W.C.W.), Harvard School of Public Health; the Medical Service, Renal Division, Brockton-West Roxbury Veterans Affairs Medical Center (G.C.C.); and the Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital (G.C.C., W.C.W., M.J.S.) -- all in Boston.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Curhan at the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115.

References

References

1. 1

   Sierakowski R, Finlayson B, Landes RR, Finlayson CD, Sierakowski N. The frequency of urolithiasis in hospital discharge diagnoses in the United States. Invest Urol 1978;15:438-441
   Medline

2. 2

   Johnson CM, Wilson DM, O'Fallon WM, Malek RS, Kurland LT. Renal stone epidemiology: a 25-year study in Rochester, Minnesota. Kidney Int 1979;16:624-631
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

3. 3

   Norlin A, Lindell B, Granberg P-O, Lindvall N. Urolithiasis: a study of its frequency. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1976;10:150-153
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

4. 4

   Yoshida O, Okada Y. Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Japan: a chronological and geographical study. Urol Int 1990;45:104-111
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

5. 5

   Lingeman JE, Smith LH, Woods JR, Newman DM. Urinary calculi: ESWL, endourology and medical therapy. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1989.
   

6. 6

   Lingeman JE, Saywell RM Jr, Woods JR, Newman DM. Cost analysis of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy relative to other surgical and nonsurgical treatment alternatives for urolithiasis. Med Care 1986;24:1151-1160
   CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

7. 7

   Drach GW. Urinary lithiasis. In: Walsh PC, Gittes RF, Perlmutter AD, Stamey TA, eds. Campbell's urology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1986:1094-190.
   

8. 8

   Coe FL, Parks JH, eds. Nephrolithiasis: pathogenesis and treatment. Chicago: Year Book Medical, 1988.
   

9. 9

   Pak CYC. Medical management of nephrolithiasis in Dallas: update 1987. J Urol 1988;140:461-467
   Web of Science | Medline

10. 10

    Lemann J Jr, Adams ND, Gray RW. Urinary calcium excretion in human beings. N Engl J Med 1979;301:535-541
    Full Text | Web of Science | Medline

11. 11

    Bataille P, Charransol G, Gregoire I, et al. Effect of calcium restriction on renal excretion of oxalate and the probability of stones in the various pathophysiological groups with calcium stones. J Urol 1983;130:218-223
    Web of Science | Medline

12. 12

    Griffith HM, O'Shea B, Kevany JP, McCormick JS. A control study of dietary factors in renal stone formation. Br J Urol 1981;53:416-420
    CrossRef | Medline

13. 13

    Power C, Barker DJP, Nelson M, Winter PD. Diet and renal stones: a case-control study. Br J Urol 1984;56:456-459
    Medline

14. 14

    Fellstrom B, Danielson BG, Karlstrom B, Lithell H, Ljunghall S, Vessby B. Dietary habits in renal stone patients compared with healthy subjects. Br J Urol 1989;63:575-580
    CrossRef | Medline

15. 15

    Trinchieri A, Mandressi A, Luongo P, Longo G, Pisani E. The influence of diet on urinary risk factors for stones in healthy subjects and idiopathic renal calcium stone formers. Br J Urol 1991;67:230-236
    CrossRef | Medline

16. 16

    Robertson WG, Peacock M, Hodgkinson A. Dietary changes and the incidence of urinary calculi in the U.K. between 1958 and 1976. J Chronic Dis 1979;32:469-476
    CrossRef | Medline

17. 17

    Muldowney FP, Freaney R, Moloney MF. Importance of dietary sodium in the hypercalciuria syndrome. Kidney Int 1982;22:292-296
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

18. 18

    Lemann J Jr, Piering WF, Lennon EJ. Possible role of carbohydrate-induced calciuria in calcium oxalate kidney-stone formation. N Engl J Med 1969;280:232-237
    Full Text | Web of Science | Medline

19. 19

    Johansson G, Backman U, Danielson BG, Fellstrom B, Ljunghall S, Wikstrom B. Biochemical and clinical effects of the prophylactic treatment of renal calcium stones with magnesium hydroxide. J Urol 1980;124:770-774
    Web of Science | Medline

20. 20

    Willett WC, Sampson L, Stampfer MJ, et al. Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:51-65
    Web of Science | Medline

21. 21

    Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Litin LB, Willett WC. Reproducibility and validity of an expanded self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire among male health professionals. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:1114-1126
    Web of Science | Medline

22. 22

    Willett WC. Nutritional epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
    

23. 23

    Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. Total energy intake: implications for epidemiologic analyses. Am J Epidemiol 1986;124:17-27
    Web of Science | Medline

24. 24

    Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC. Effectiveness of various mailing strategies among nonrespondents in a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 1990;131:1068-1071
    Web of Science | Medline

25. 25

    Rothman KJ. Modern epidemiology. Boston: Little, Brown, 1986.
    

26. 26

    Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Muller KE. Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods. Boston: PWS-KENT Publishing, 1988.
    

27. 27

    Coe FL, Favus MJ, Crockett T, et al. Effects of low-calcium diet on urine calcium excretion, parathyroid function and serum 1,25(OH)₂D₃ levels in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria and in normal subjects. Am J Med 1982;72:25-32
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

28. 28

    Larsson L, Tiselius H-G. Hyperoxaluria. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1987;13:242-250
    Medline

29. 29

    Zarembski PM, Hodgkinson A. Some factors influencing the urinary excretion of oxalic acid in man. Clin Chim Acta 1969;25:1-10
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

30. 30

    Borsatti A. Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: defective oxalate transport. Kidney Int 1991;39:1283-1298
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

31. 31

    Barilla DE, Notz C, Kennedy D, Pak CYC. Renal oxalate excretion following oral oxalate loads in patients with ileal disease and with renal and absorptive hypercalciurias: effect of calcium and magnesium. Am J Med 1978;64:579-585
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

32. 32

    Marshall RW, Cochran M, Hodgkinson A. Relationships between calcium and oxalic acid intake in the diet and their excretion in the urine of normal and renal-stone-forming subjects.Clin Sci 1972;43:91-9.
    

33. 33

    Rao PN, Prendiville V, Buxton A, Moss DG, Blacklock NJ. Dietary management of urinary risk factors in renal stone formers. Br J Urol 1982;54:578-583
    CrossRef | Medline

34. 34

    Earnest DL, Johnson G, Williams HE, Admirand WH. Hyperoxaluria in patients with ileal resection: an abnormality in dietary oxalate absorption. Gastroenterology 1974;66:1114-1122
    Web of Science | Medline

35. 35

    Goldfarb S. Dietary factors in the pathogenesis and prophylaxis of calcium nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 1988;34:544-555
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

36. 36

    Kasidas GP, Rose GA. Oxalate content of some common foods: determination by an enzymatic method. J Hum Nutr 1980;34:255-266
    Medline

37. 37

    Coe FL, Moran E, Kavalich AG. The contribution of dietary purine over-consumption to hyperuricosuria in calcium oxalate stone formers. J Chronic Dis 1976;29:793-800
    CrossRef | Medline

38. 38

    Breslau NA, Brinkley L, Hill KD, Pak CYC. Relationship of animal protein-rich diet to kidney stone formation and calcium metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:140-146
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

39. 39

    Lemann J Jr, Pleuss JA, Gray RW, Hoffman RG. Potassium administration increases and potassium deprivation reduces urinary calcium excretion in healthy adults. Kidney Int 1991;39:973-983
    CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

40. 40

    Hiatt RA, Dales LG, Friedman GD, Hunkeler EM. Frequency of urolithiasis in a prepaid medical care program. Am J Epidemiol 1982;115:255-265
    Web of Science | Medline

Citing Articles (281)

Citing Articles

1. 1

   Funda Baştuğ, Ruhan Düşünsel. (2012) Pediatric urolithiasis: causative factors, diagnosis and medical management. Nature Reviews Urology
   CrossRef

2. 2

   J.-J. Body, P. Bergmann, S. Boonen, J.-P. Devogelaer, E. Gielen, S. Goemaere, J.-M. Kaufman, S. Rozenberg, J.-Y. Reginster. (2012) Extraskeletal benefits and risks of calcium, vitamin D and anti-osteoporosis medications. Osteoporosis International 23:S1, 1-23
   CrossRef

3. 3

   Katrin Schütte, Heiner Boeing, Andy Hart, Walther Heeschen, Ernst Reimerdes, Dace Santare, Kerstin Skog, Alessandro Chiodini. (2012) Application of the BRAFO tiered approach for benefit-risk assessment to case studies on heat processing contaminants. Food and Chemical Toxicology
   CrossRef

4. 4

   Amar K Chandra, Pallav Sengupta, Haimanti Goswami, Mahitosh Sarkar. (2012) Excessive dietary calcium in the disruption of structural and functional status of adult male reproductive system in rat with possible mechanism. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
   CrossRef

5. 5

   Jessica N. Lange, Patrick W. Mufarrij, Kyle D. Wood, Ross P. Holmes, Dean G. Assimos. (2012) The association of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome with nephrolithiasis. Current Opinion in Urology1
   CrossRef

6. 6

   E. Michael Lewiecki, John P. Bilezikian, Lawrence G. Jankowski, Eugene V. McCloskey, Paul D. Miller, Sarah L. Morgan, Eric S. Orwoll, John T. Potts. (2012) Proceedings of the 2011 Santa Fe Bone Symposium. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 15:1, 1-20
   CrossRef

7. 7

   J Calvez, N Poupin, C Chesneau, C Lassale, D Tomé. (2011) Protein intake, calcium balance and health consequences. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
   CrossRef

8. 8

   Viktoria Kharlamb, Jennifer Schelker, Fritz Francois, Juquan Jiang, Ross P. Holmes, David S. Goldfarb. (2011) Oral Antibiotic Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Leads to Persistently Reduced Intestinal Colonization Rates with Oxalobacter formigenes. Journal of Endourology 25:11, 1781-1785
   CrossRef

9. 9

   Naim M. Maalouf. (2011) Approach to the Adult Kidney Stone Former. Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism
   CrossRef

10. 10

    Daniel Stewart Robertson. (2011) The function of oxalic acid in the human metabolism. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 49:9, 1405-1412
    CrossRef

11. 11

    Miguel Angel Arrabal-Polo, Miguel Arrabal-Martin, Tomas de Haro-Muñoz, Antonio Poyatos-Andujar, Francisco Palæo-Yago, Armando Zuluaga-Gomez. (2011) Biochemical Determinants of Severe Lithogenic Activity in Patients With Idiopathic Calcium Nephrolithiasis. Urology
    CrossRef

12. 12

    Peter A. Holoch, Chad R. Tracy. (2011) Antioxidants and Self-Reported History of Kidney Stones: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of Endourology110824065927007
    CrossRef

13. 13

    Yair Lotan, Margaret S. Pearle. (2011) Cost-Effectiveness of Primary Prevention Strategies for Nephrolithiasis. The Journal of Urology 186:2, 550-555
    CrossRef

14. 14

    Tiziana Meschi, Antonio Nouvenne, Loris Borghi. (2011) Lifestyle Recommendations to Reduce the Risk of Kidney Stones. Urologic Clinics of North America 38:3, 313-320
    CrossRef

15. 15

    Antonio C. Westphalen, Renee Y. Hsia, Judith H. Maselli, Ralph Wang, Ralph Gonzales. (2011) Radiological Imaging of Patients With Suspected Urinary Tract Stones: National Trends, Diagnoses, and Predictors. Academic Emergency Medicine 18:7, 699-707
    CrossRef

16. 16

    Alan G. Wasserstein. (2011) Epidemiology and Natural History of Nephrolithiasis. Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism
    CrossRef

17. 17

    Venkataraman Krishnamurthy, Aman Sharma, Amita Aggarwal, Uma Kumar, Sanjiv Amin, Uppuluri Ramakrishna Rao, Gumdal Narsimulu, Rohini Handa, Ambrish Mithal, Shashank Joshi. (2011) Indian rheumatology association guidelines for management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Indian Journal of Rheumatology 6:2, 68-75
    CrossRef

18. 18

    I. Sola Galarza, C. Martínez-Ballesteros, D. Vázquez Alba, J. Carballido Rodríguez. (2011) Litiasis urinaria. Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado 10:83, 5601-5611
    CrossRef

19. 19

    Anna L Zisman, Fredric L Coe, Elaine M Worcester. (2011) Evaluation and management of nephrolithiasis in the aging population with chronic kidney disease. Aging Health 7:3, 423-433
    CrossRef

20. 20

    J. C. Dijcker, E. A. Plantinga, J. van Baal, W. H. Hendriks. (2011) Influence of nutrition on feline calcium oxalate urolithiasis with emphasis on endogenous oxalate synthesis. Nutrition Research Reviews 24:01, 96-110
    CrossRef

21. 21

    Yong-June Kim, Moon Seon Park, Won-Tae Kim, Seok-Joong Yun, Wun-Jae Kim, Sang-Cheol Lee. (2011) Hypertension Influences Recurrent Stone Formation in Nonobese Stone Formers. Urology 77:5, 1059-1063
    CrossRef

22. 22

    Jiang Jun Yi, Li Jin Yi, Gao Zhi Xiang, Wang Wu Qing, Liu Ji Yong, Liu Jun Jiang. (2011) Re: the Association of Increasing Body Mass Index and Kidney Stone Disease. The Journal of Urology 185:5, 1984-1985
    CrossRef

23. 23

    Judith Parsells Kelly, Gary C. Curhan, David R. Cave, Theresa E. Anderson, David W. Kaufman. (2011) Factors Related to Colonization with Oxalobacter formigenes in U.S. Adults. Journal of Endourology 25:4, 673-679
    CrossRef

24. 24

    Omar Ortiz-Alvarado, Ricardo Miyaoka, Carly Kriedberg, Angela Moeding, Michelle Stessman, James K. Anderson, Manoj Monga. (2011) Impact of Dietary Counseling on Urinary Stone Risk Parameters in Recurrent Stone Formers. Journal of Endourology 25:3, 535-540
    CrossRef

25. 25

    Akshay Sood, Sasmit Sarangi, Ambarish Pandey, Karthik Murugiah. (2011) YouTube as a Source of Information on Kidney Stone Disease. Urology 77:3, 558-562
    CrossRef

26. 26

    Shrawan K. Singh, Mayank Mohan Agarwal, Sumit Sharma. (2011) Medical therapy for calculus disease. BJU International 107:3, 356-368
    CrossRef

27. 27

    Ryosuke Ando, Sadao Suzuki, Teruo Nagaya, Tamaki Yamada, Atsushi Okada, Takahiro Yasui, Keiichi Tozawa, Shinkan Tokudome, Kenjiro Kohri. (2011) Impact of insulin resistance, insulin and adiponectin on kidney stones in the Japanese population. International Journal of Urology 18:2, 131-138
    CrossRef

28. 28

    Timothy Y. Tseng, Marshall L. Stoller. (2011) Medical and Medical/Urologic Approaches in Acute and Chronic Urologic Stone Disease. Medical Clinics of North America 95:1, 169-177
    CrossRef

29. 29

    Nasser Shakhssalim, Bahram Kazemi, Abbas Basiri, Massoud Houshmand, Hamid Pakmanesh, Banafsheh Golestan, Abolfazl Faraji Eilanjegh, Amir Hossein Kashi, Mahboobeh Kilani, Mohaddeseh Azadvari. (2010) Association between calcium-sensing receptor gene polymorphisms and recurrent calcium kidney stone disease: A comprehensive gene analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 44:6, 406-412
    CrossRef

30. 30

    Saloua Akoudad, Moyses Szklo, Mara A. McAdams, Tibor Fulop, Cheryl A.M. Anderson, Josef Coresh, Anna Köttgen. (2010) Correlates of kidney stone disease differ by race in a multi-ethnic middle-aged population: The ARIC study. Preventive Medicine 51:5, 416-420
    CrossRef

31. 31

    Aditya Bagrodia, John B. Malcolm, Christopher J. DiBlasio, Reza Mehrazin, Anthony L. Patterson, Robert W. Wake, Jim Y. Wan, Ithaar H. Derweesh. (2010) Variation in the incidence of and risk factors for the development of nephrolithiasis after radical or partial nephrectomy. BJU International 106:8, 1200-1204
    CrossRef

32. 32

    Seok Joong Yun, Yun-Sok Ha, Won Tae Kim, Yong-June Kim, Sang-Cheol Lee, Wun-Jae Kim. (2010) Sodium Restriction as Initial Conservative Treatment for Urinary Stone Disease. The Journal of Urology 184:4, 1372-1376
    CrossRef

33. 33

    George R. Schade, Gary J. Faerber. (2010) Urinary Tract Stones. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 37:3, 565-581
    CrossRef

34. 34

    Jonathan C. Routh, Dionne A. Graham, Caleb P. Nelson. (2010) Epidemiological Trends in Pediatric Urolithiasis at United States Freestanding Pediatric Hospitals. The Journal of Urology 184:3, 1100-1105
    CrossRef

35. 35

    David J. Sas, Thomas C. Hulsey, Ibrahim F. Shatat, John K. Orak. (2010) Increasing Incidence of Kidney Stones in Children Evaluated in the Emergency Department. The Journal of Pediatrics 157:1, 132-137
    CrossRef

36. 36

    Susan Willis, Kay Thomas. (2010) DO ORAL CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS INCREASE THE RISK OF UROLITHIASIS?. BJU International 106:2, 155-157
    CrossRef

37. 37

    Sum Sum Lo, Richard Johnston, Ahmed Al Sameraaii, Patricia A. Metcalf, Michael L. Rice, Jonathan G. Masters. (2010) Seasonal variation in the acute presentation of urinary calculi over 8 years in Auckland, New Zealand. BJU International 106:1, 96-101
    CrossRef

38. 38

    Anna K Surdykowski, Anne M Kenny, Karl L Insogna, Jane E Kerstetter. (2010) Optimizing bone health in older adults: the importance of dietary protein. Aging Health 6:3, 345-357
    CrossRef

39. 39

    Anthony Fardet. (2010) New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre?. Nutrition Research Reviews 23:01, 65-134
    CrossRef

40. 40

    John A. Sayer, Shabbir H. Moochhala, David J. Thomas. (2010) The medical management of urolithiasis. British Journal of Medical and Surgical Urology 3:3, 87-95
    CrossRef

41. 41

    Seth A. Strope, J. Stuart Wolf, Brent K. Hollenbeck. (2010) Changes in Gender Distribution of Urinary Stone Disease. Urology 75:3, 543-546.e1
    CrossRef

42. 42

    C. Weikert, S. Weikert, M. B. Schulze, T. Pischon, A. Fritsche, M. M. Bergmann, S. N. Willich, H. Boeing. (2010) Presence of Gallstones or Kidney Stones and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. American Journal of Epidemiology 171:4, 447-454
    CrossRef

43. 43

    Ying Bao, Donna Spiegelman, Ruifeng Li, Edward Giovannucci, Charles S. Fuchs, Dominique S. Michaud. (2010) History of Peptic Ulcer Disease and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Men. Gastroenterology 138:2, 541-549
    CrossRef

44. 44

    Michelle López, Bernd Hoppe. (2010) History, epidemiology and regional diversities of urolithiasis. Pediatric Nephrology 25:1, 49-59
    CrossRef

45. 45

    H. Bishop MacDonald. 2010. The role of milk in the diet. , 3-27.
    CrossRef

46. 46

    Sae Woong Kim, Sung Dae Kim, Je Mo Yoo, Yong-Hyun Cho, Dong Wan Sohn. (2010) Urolithiasis in Patients Suffering from Malignant Hematologic Diseases. Yonsei Medical Journal 51:2, 244
    CrossRef

47. 47

    Pilar Peris Bernal. (2010) Osteoporosis in young individuals. Reumatolog ía Cl ínica (English Edition) 6:4, 217-223
    CrossRef

48. 48

    Michael J. Stechman, Nellie Y. Loh, Rajesh V. Thakker. (2009) Genetic causes of hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis. Pediatric Nephrology 24:12, 2321-2332
    CrossRef

49. 49

    Fatih Yıldız. 2009. Overview of Yogurt and Other Fermented Dairy Products. , 1-45.
    CrossRef

50. 50

    Uri S. Alon. (2009) Medical treatment of pediatric urolithiasis. Pediatric Nephrology 24:11, 2129-2135
    CrossRef

51. 51

    Brian H. Eisner, Michael L. Eisenberg, Marshall L. Stoller. (2009) Impact of Urine Sodium on Urine Risk Factors for Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis. The Journal of Urology 182:5, 2330-2333
    CrossRef

52. 52

    Abbas Basiri, Nasser Shakhssalim, Ali Reza Khoshdel, Mohammad Hadi Radfar, Hamid Pakmanesh. (2009) Influential Nutrient in Urolithiasis Incidence: Protein or Meat?. Journal of Renal Nutrition 19:5, 396-400
    CrossRef

53. 53

    Andrea Tasca, Luca Dalle Carbonare, Filippo Nigro, Sandro Giannini. (2009) Bone Disease in Patients With Primary Hypercalciuria and Calcium Nephrolithiasis. Urology 74:1, 22-27
    CrossRef

54. 54

    Hans-Göran Tiselius. (2009) Editorial Comment on: Diet, Fluid, or Supplements for Secondary Prevention of Nephrolithiasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. European Urology 56:1, 80
    CrossRef

55. 55

    Howard A. Fink, Joseph W. Akornor, Pranav S. Garimella, Rod MacDonald, Andrea Cutting, Indulis R. Rutks, Manoj Monga, Timothy J. Wilt. (2009) Diet, Fluid, or Supplements for Secondary Prevention of Nephrolithiasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. European Urology 56:1, 72-80
    CrossRef

56. 56

    2009. Bone and Parathyroid Glands. , 317-361.
    CrossRef

57. 57

    Viviane Barcellos Menon, Alessandra Calábria Baxmann, Leila Froeder, Lígia Araújo Martini, Ita Pfeferman Heilberg. (2009) Effects of calcium supplementation on body weight reduction in overweight calcium stone formers. Urological Research 37:3, 133-139
    CrossRef

58. 58

    Renato Ribeiro Nogueira Ferraz, Natália Cristina Marques, Leila Froeder, Viviane Barcellos Menon, Priscila Reina Siliano, Alessandra Calábria Baxmann, Ita Pfeferman Heilberg. (2009) Effects of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium breve on urinary oxalate excretion in nephrolithiasis patients. Urological Research 37:2, 95-100
    CrossRef

59. 59

    Corey M. Passman, Ross P. Holmes, John Knight, Linda Easter, Vernon Pais, Dean G. Assimos. (2009) Effect of Soda Consumption on Urinary Stone Risk Parameters. Journal of Endourology 23:3, 347-350
    CrossRef

60. 60

    Robert W. Lash, Jane M. Nicholson, Lourdes Velez, R. Van Harrison, Jane McCort. (2009) Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 36:1, 181-198
    CrossRef

61. 61

    Marshall L. Stoller, Thomas Chi, Brian H. Eisner, Gina Shami, Donald L. Gentle. (2009) Changes in Urinary Stone Risk Factors in Hypocitraturic Calcium Oxalate Stone Formers Treated With Dietary Sodium Supplementation. The Journal of Urology 181:3, 1140-1144
    CrossRef

62. 62

    Kristina L. Penniston, Stephen Y. Nakada. (2009) Effect of Dietary Changes on Urinary Oxalate Excretion and Calcium Oxalate Supersaturation in Patients With Hyperoxaluric Stone Formation. Urology 73:3, 484-489
    CrossRef

63. 63

    Laura Flagg, Rebecca Roedersheimer. 2009. Renal Calculi. .
    CrossRef

64. 64

    Aliasghar Yarmohamadi, Mahmood Molaei, Samira Yaghoobi, Fatemeh Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadi. (2009) Analysis of Bone Density Among Patients with Urolithiasis: The Role of Hypercalciuria in Bone Loss. UroToday International Journal 02:03,
    CrossRef

65. 65

    Young-Won Kim, Yun-Sok Ha, Yong-June Kim, Seok-Joong Yun, Sang-Cheol Lee, Wun-Jae Kim. (2009) Comparison of Clinico-Metabolic Characteristics between Calcium Oxalate and Uric Acid Stone Formers. Korean Journal of Urology 50:9, 897
    CrossRef

66. 66

    David S. Goldfarb. (2009) Prospects for Dietary Therapy of Recurrent Nephrolithiasis. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 16:1, 21-29
    CrossRef

67. 67

    S C Kaste, N A Thomas, S N Rai, K Cheon, E McCammon, R Chesney, D Jones, C-H Pui, M M Hudson. (2009) Asymptomatic kidney stones in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 23:1, 104-108
    CrossRef

68. 68

    Irene Hamrick, Sandra H. Counts. (2008) Vitamin and Mineral Supplements. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 35:4, 729-747
    CrossRef

69. 69

    Joseph E. Zerwekh. (2008) Bone Disease and Idiopathic Hypercalciuria. Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism 6:3-4, 82-94
    CrossRef

70. 70

    Albert Balaguer, Joaquin Escribano, Albert Feliu, Marta Roqué i Figuls, Joaquin Escribano. 2008. Dietary interventions for preventing complications in idiopathic hypercalciuria. .
    CrossRef

71. 71

    Iyad Ahmed Abboud. (2008) Mineralogy and chemistry of urinary stones: patients from North Jordan. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 30:5, 445-463
    CrossRef

72. 72

    Carolina Ciacci, Giuliano Spagnuolo, Raffaella Tortora, Cristina Bucci, Domenica Franzese, Fabiana Zingone, Massimo Cirillo. (2008) Urinary Stone Disease in Adults With Celiac Disease: Prevalence, Incidence and Urinary Determinants. The Journal of Urology 180:3, 974-979
    CrossRef

73. 73

    Nurcan Buduneli, Buket Han Saygan, Ural Karaduman, Fulden Saraç, Musa Karaduman, Necmettin Ayçelik. (2008) Calcium, vitamin D supplements with or without alendronate and supragingival calculus formation in osteoporotic women: a preliminary study. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 9:12, 2015-2020
    CrossRef

74. 74

    Feng J. He, Graham A. MacGregor. (2008) Beneficial effects of potassium on human health. Physiologia Plantarum 133:4, 725-735
    CrossRef

75. 75

    Helen Bishop MacDonald. (2008) Dairy nutrition: What we knew then to what we know now. International Dairy Journal 18:7, 774-777
    CrossRef

76. 76

    Elaine M. Worcester, Fredric L. Coe. (2008) Nephrolithiasis. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 35:2, 369-391
    CrossRef

77. 77

    Charles YC Pak. (2008) Pharmacotherapy of kidney stones. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 9:9, 1509-1518
    CrossRef

78. 78

    Bradford West, Amy Luke, Ramon A. Durazo-Arvizu, Guichan Cao, David Shoham, Holly Kramer. (2008) Metabolic Syndrome and Self-Reported History of Kidney Stones: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1988-1994. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 51:5, 741-747
    CrossRef

79. 79

    Giuseppe Vezzoli, Laura Soldati, Giovanni Gambaro. (2008) Hypercalciuria revisited: one or many conditions?. Pediatric Nephrology 23:4, 503-506
    CrossRef

80. 80

    John R. Asplin. (2008) Evaluation of the Kidney Stone Patient. Seminars in Nephrology 28:2, 99-110
    CrossRef

81. 81

    Sergio H. Obligado, David S. Goldfarb. (2008) The Association of Nephrolithiasis With Hypertension and Obesity: A Review. American Journal of Hypertension 21:3, 257-264
    CrossRef

82. 82

    Cesare Polito, Angela La Manna, Giuseppe Signoriello, Giuliana Lama. (2008) Differing urinary urea excretion among children with idiopathic hypercalciuria and/or hyperuricosuria. Journal of Pediatric Urology 4:1, 55-59
    CrossRef

83. 83

    F Pagone, A Balaguer, J Escribano, A Feliu, i Figuls M Roqué, Filomena Pagone. 2008. Dietary interventions for preventing complications in idiopathic hypercalciuria. .
    CrossRef

84. 84

    Eric N. Taylor, Gary C. Curhan. 2008. Evaluation and Management of Kidney Stone Disease. , 429-436.
    CrossRef

85. 85

    Shoma Berkemeyer, Anupam Bhargava, Usha Bhargava. (2007) Urinary phosphorus rather than urinary calcium possibly increases renal stone formation in a sample of Asian Indian, male stone-formers. British Journal of Nutrition 98:06,
    CrossRef

86. 86

    K. Rafferty, G. Walters, R.P. Heaney. (2007) Calcium Fortificants: Overview and Strategies for Improving Calcium Nutriture of the U.S. Population. Journal of Food Science 72:9, R152-R158
    CrossRef

87. 87

    Sangtae Park, Margaret S. Pearle. (2007) Pathophysiology and Management of Calcium Stones. Urologic Clinics of North America 34:3, 323-334
    CrossRef

88. 88

    Paramjit S. Chandhoke. (2007) Evaluation of the Recurrent Stone Former. Urologic Clinics of North America 34:3, 315-322
    CrossRef

89. 89

    Gary C. Curhan. (2007) Epidemiology of Stone Disease. Urologic Clinics of North America 34:3, 287-293
    CrossRef

90. 90

    Sangtae Park. (2007) Medical management of urinary stone disease. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 8:8, 1117-1125
    CrossRef

91. 91

    Julie Glowacki. (2007) Impact of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis on the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Patient. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 19:2, 187-198
    CrossRef

92. 92

    Georg Schlieper, Ralf Westenfeld, Vincent Brandenburg, Markus Ketteler. (2007) VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE: Inhibitors of Calcification in Blood and Urine. Seminars in Dialysis 20:2, 113-121
    CrossRef

93. 93

    Peter Hughes. (2007) Kidney stones epidemiology. Nephrology 12:s1, S26-S30
    CrossRef

94. 94

    Lukas Kairaitis. (2007) Prevention of recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis. Nephrology 12:s1, S11-S20
    CrossRef

95. 95

    P. Ferrari, R. Piazza, N. Ghidini, M. Bisi, G. Galizia, G. Ferrari. (2007) Lithiasis and Risk Factors. Urologia Internationalis 79:1, 8-15
    CrossRef

96. 96

    Moon-Seon Park, Sang-Cheol Lee, Wun-Jae Kim. (2007) Efficacy of Standard Diet Therapy for Patients with Urolithiasis. Korean Journal of Urology 48:6, 608
    CrossRef

97. 97

    M. Porena, P. Guiggi, C. Micheli. (2007) Prevention of Stone Disease. Urologia Internationalis 79:1, 37-46
    CrossRef

98. 98

    2006. Dairy Foods and Bone Health. , 181-244.
    CrossRef

99. 99

    2006. The Importance of Milk and Milk Products in the Diet. , 1-53.
    CrossRef

100. 100

     John C. Lieske, Lourdes S. Peña de la Vega, Matthew T. Gettman, Jeffrey M. Slezak, Eric J. Bergstralh, L. Joseph Melton, Cynthia L. Leibson. (2006) Diabetes Mellitus and the Risk of Urinary Tract Stones: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 48:6, 897-904
     CrossRef

101. 101

     E N Taylor, G C Curhan. (2006) Diet and fluid prescription in stone disease. Kidney International 70:5, 835-839
     CrossRef

102. 102

     Pallavoor S. Anandaram, Alan R. Bolla, Peter R. Hudson, Gareth K. Davies, Purnendu Majumdar, Clive P. Williams. (2006) Problems in the metabolic evaluation of renal stone disease: audit of intra-individual variation in urine metabolites. Urological Research 34:4, 249-254
     CrossRef

103. 103

     Ita P Heilberg, José R Weisinger. (2006) Bone disease in idiopathic hypercalciuria. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 15:4, 394-402
     CrossRef

104. 104

     Edward D. Matsumoto, Howard J. Heller, Beverley Adams-Huet, Linda J. Brinkley, Charles Y.C. Pak, Margaret S. Pearle. (2006) Effect of High and Low Calcium Diets on Stone Forming Risk During Liberal Oxalate Intake. The Journal of Urology 176:1, 132-136
     CrossRef

105. 105

     Loris Borghi, Tiziana Meschi, Umberto Maggiore, Beatrice Prati. (2006) Dietary Therapy in Idiopathic Nephrolithiasis. Nutrition Reviews 64:7, 301-312
     CrossRef

106. 106

     Chin Lee, Darcy S. Majka. (2006) Is Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation Overrated?. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 106:7, 1032-1034
     CrossRef

107. 107

     Makoto Morozumi, Rayhan Zubair Hossain, Ken-ichi Yamakawa, Sanehiro Hokama, Saori Nishijima, Yoshinori Oshiro, Atsushi Uchida, Kimio Sugaya, Yoshihide Ogawa. (2006) Gastrointestinal oxalic acid absorption in calcium-treated rats. Urological Research 34:3, 168-172
     CrossRef

108. 108

     KATHERINE P. KENNEDY, JAIMIN R. BHATT, RUARAIDH P. MACDONAGH. (2006) Dietary advice for patients with renal stones: are we practising evidence-based medicine?. BJU International 97:5, 903-904
     CrossRef

109. 109

     Charles Y. C. Pak, Clarita V. Odvina. (2006) Medical Management of Recurrent Idiopathic Nephrolithiasis. The Endocrinologist 16:3, 150-154
     CrossRef

110. 110

     Byong Chang Jeong, Bong Sub Kim, Jung In Kim, Hyeon Hoe Kim. (2006) Effects of Green Tea on Urinary Stone Formation: An in Vivo and in Vitro Study. Journal of Endourology 20:5, 356-361
     CrossRef

111. 111

     Roswitha Siener. (2006) Impact of dietary habits on stone incidence. Urological Research 34:2, 131-133
     CrossRef

112. 112

     Alberto Trinchieri. (2006) Epidemiological trends in urolithiasis: impact on our health care systems. Urological Research 34:2, 151-156
     CrossRef

113. 113

     Robert Kleta. (2006) A key stone cop regulates oxalate homeostasis. Nature Genetics 38:4, 403-404
     CrossRef

114. 114

     Bertrand Dussol, Jean-Michel Verdier, Jean-Marc Le Goff, Patrice Berthezene, Yvon Berland. (2006) Artificial neural networks for assessing the risk of urinary calcium stone among men. Urological Research 34:1, 17-25
     CrossRef

115. 115

     Alberto Trinchieri, Renata Lizzano, Federica Marchesotti, Giampaolo Zanetti. (2006) Effect of potential renal acid load of foods on urinary citrate excretion in calcium renal stone formers. Urological Research 34:1, 1-7
     CrossRef

116. 116

     J C Lieske, L S Peña de la Vega, J M Slezak, E J Bergstralh, C L Leibson, K-L Ho, M T Gettman. (2006) Renal stone epidemiology in Rochester, Minnesota: An update. Kidney International 69:4, 760-764
     CrossRef

117. 117

     Orson W Moe. (2006) Kidney stones: pathophysiology and medical management. The Lancet 367:9507, 333-344
     CrossRef

118. 118

     C. F. Garland. (2005) The Role of Vitamin D in Cancer Prevention. American Journal of Public Health 96:2, 252-261
     CrossRef

119. 119

     M. Straub, W. L. Strohmaier, W. Berg, B. Beck, B. Hoppe, N. Laube, S. Lahme, M. Schmidt, A. Hesse, K. U. Koehrmann. (2005) Diagnosis and metaphylaxis of stone disease. World Journal of Urology 23:5, 309-323
     CrossRef

120. 120

     CHARLES Y C PAK, CLARITA V ODVINA, MARGARET S PEARLE, KHASHAYAR SAKHAEE, ROY D PETERSON, JOHN R POINDEXTER, LINDA J BRINKLEY. (2005) Effect of dietary modification on urinary stone risk factors. Kidney International 68:5, 2264-2273
     CrossRef

121. 121

     P. Bataille. (2005) Quelle est la ration calcique optimale chez le sujet souffrant de lithiase calcique ?. Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique 40, 50-53
     CrossRef

122. 122

     Michel Daudon, Carole Hennequin, Ghazi Boujelben, Bernard Lacour, Paul Jungers. (2005) Serial crystalluria determination and the risk of recurrence in calcium stone formers. Kidney International 67:5, 1934-1943
     CrossRef

123. 123

     R SIENER, N SCHADE, C NICOLAY, G VONUNRUH, A HESSE. (2005) THE EFFICACY OF DIETARY INTERVENTION ON URINARY RISK FACTORS FOR STONE FORMATION IN RECURRENT CALCIUM OXALATE STONE PATIENTS. The Journal of Urology 173:5, 1601-1605
     CrossRef

124. 124

     M. T. F. Wolf. (2005) Mapping a new suggestive gene locus for autosomal dominant nephrolithiasis to chromosome 9q33.2-q34.2 by total genome search for linkage. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 20:5, 909-914
     CrossRef

125. 125

     HIDENORI TSUJI, TOHRU UMEKAWA, TAKASHI KURITA, HIROTSUGU UEMURA, MASANORI IGUCHI, KOKAI KIN, KAZUHIRO KUSHIDA. (2005) Analysis of bone mineral density in urolithiasis patients. International Journal of Urology 12:4, 335-339
     CrossRef

126. 126

     David S. Goldfarb, Mary E. Fischer, Yona Keich, Jack Goldberg. (2005) A twin study of genetic and dietary influences on nephrolithiasis: A report from the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry. Kidney International 67:3, 1053-1061
     CrossRef

127. 127

     L MASSEY, R SUTTON. (2005) RE: ACUTE CAFFEINE EFFECTS ON URINE COMPOSITION AND CALCIUM KIDNEY STONE RISK IN CALCIUM STONE FORMERS. The Journal of Urology 173:3, 1048-1048
     CrossRef

128. 128

     Michael Straub, Richard E Hautmann. (2005) Developments in stone prevention. Current Opinion in Urology 15:2, 119-126
     CrossRef

129. 129

     Paul J. Toren, Richard W. Norman. (2005) Is 24-hour urinary calcium a surrogate marker for dietary calcium intake?. Urology 65:3, 459-462
     CrossRef

130. 130

     Marguerite Hatch, Robert W. Freel. (2005) Intestinal transport of an obdurate anion: oxalate. Urological Research 33:1, 1-16
     CrossRef

131. 131

     Eric N. Taylor, Meir J. Stampfer, Gary C. Curhan. (2005) Fatty acid intake and incident nephrolithiasis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 45:2, 267-274
     CrossRef

132. 132

     R. Sakly, M. Bardaoui, F. Neffati, A. Moussa, A. Zakhama, M.F. Najjar, M. Hammami. (2005) Effect of Hyperprotidic Diet Associated or Not with Hypercalcic Diet on Calcium Oxalate Stone Formation in Rat. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 49:2, 132-138
     CrossRef

133. 133

     Hemant Kumar Bid, Ajay Kumar, Rakesh Kapoor, Rama D. Mittal. (2005) Association of Vitamin D Receptor-Gene ( FokI ) Polymorphism with Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis. Journal of Endourology 19:1, 111-115
     CrossRef

134. 134

     Giovanni Gambaro, Giuseppe Vezzoli, Giorgio Casari, Luca Rampoldi, Angela D’Angelo, Loris Borghi. (2004) Genetics of hypercalciuria and calcium nephrolithiasis: From the rare monogenic to the common polygenic forms. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 44:6, 963-986
     CrossRef

135. 135

     Tiziana Meschi, Umberto Maggiore, Enrico Fiaccadori, Tania Schianchi, Simone Bosi, Giuditta Adorni, Erminia Ridolo, Angela Guerra, Franca Allegri, Almerico Novarini, Loris Borghi. (2004) The effect of fruits and vegetables on urinary stone risk factors. Kidney International 66:6, 2402-2410
     CrossRef

136. 136

     Allon N. Friedman. (2004) High-protein diets: Potential effects on the kidney in renal health and disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 44:6, 950-962
     CrossRef

137. 137

     Robert Benamouzig, Stanislas Chaussade. (2004) Calcium supplementation for preventing colorectal cancer: where do we stand?. The Lancet 364:9441, 1197-1199
     CrossRef

138. 138

     Ross P. Holmes, Dean G. Assimos. (2004) The impact of dietary oxalate on kidney stone formation. Urological Research 32:5, 311-316
     CrossRef

139. 139

     2004. Calcium. .
     CrossRef

140. 140

     KHASHAYAR SAKHAEE, JOHN R. POINDEXTER, CAROLYN S. GRIFFITH, CHARLES Y.C. PAK. (2004) STONE FORMING RISK OF CALCIUM CITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HEALTHY POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN. The Journal of Urology 172:3, 958-961
     CrossRef

141. 141

     Zhang Ke, Qiang Wei, Qiang Wei. 2004. Water for preventing urinary calculi. .
     CrossRef

142. 142

     Sonja Lewandowski, Allen L. Rodgers. (2004) Idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis: risk factors and conservative treatment. Clinica Chimica Acta 345:1-2, 17-34
     CrossRef

143. 143

     S LEWANDOWSKI, A RODGERS. (2004) Renal response to lithogenic and anti-lithogenic supplement challenges in a stone-free population group. Journal of Renal Nutrition 14:3, 170-179
     CrossRef

144. 144

     Giovanni Gambaro, Josè M. Reis-Santos, Nagaraja Rao. (2004) Nephrolithiasis: Why Doesn’t Our “Learning” Progress?. European Urology 45:5, 547-556
     CrossRef

145. 145

     Somnuek Domrongkitchaiporn, Wichai Sopassathit, Wasana Stitchantrakul, Surasing Prapaipanich, Atiporn Ingsathit, Rajata Rajatanavin. (2004) Schedule of taking calcium supplement and the risk of nephrolithiasis. Kidney International 65:5, 1835-1841
     CrossRef

146. 146

     Lori Hoolihan. (2004) Beyond Calcium. Nutrition Today 39:2, 69-77
     CrossRef

147. 147

     Robert E Gerstenbluth, Martin I Resnick. (2004) Medical management of calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Medical Clinics of North America 88:2, 431-442
     CrossRef

148. 148

     Teichman, Joel M.H., . (2004) Acute Renal Colic from Ureteral Calculus. New England Journal of Medicine 350:7, 684-693
     Full Text

149. 149

     Charles Y.C. Pak. (2004) Medical Management of Urinary Stone Disease. Nephron Clinical Practice 98:2, c49-c53
     CrossRef

150. 150

     Eric N. Taylor, Gary C. Curhan. (2004) Role of Nutrition in the Formation of Calcium-Containing Kidney Stones. Nephron Physiology 98:2, p55-p63
     CrossRef

151. 151

     Holly J. Kramer, Hyon K. Choi, Karen Atkinson, Meir Stampfer, Gary C. Curhan. (2003) The association between gout and nephrolithiasis in men: The Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study. Kidney International 64:3, 1022-1026
     CrossRef

152. 152

     Mark A Moyad. (2003) The potential benefits of dietary and/or supplemental calcium and vitamin D. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations 21:5, 384-391
     CrossRef

153. 153

     G. N. Tytgat, R. C. Heading, S. Muller-Lissner, M. A. Kamm, J. Scholmerich, A. Berstad, M. Fried, S. Chaussade, D. Jewell, A. Briggs. (2003) Contemporary understanding and management of reflux and constipation in the general population and pregnancy: a consensus meeting. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 18:3, 291-301
     CrossRef

154. 154

     Massimo Cirillo, Davide Stellato, Paolo Panarelli, Martino Laurenzi, Natale G. De Santo, . (2003) Cross-sectional and prospective data on urinary calcium and urinary stone disease. Kidney International 63:6, 2200-2206
     CrossRef

155. 155

     Fernando C. Delvecchio, Glenn M. Preminger. (2003) Medical management of stone disease. Current Opinion in Urology 13:3, 229-233
     CrossRef

156. 156

     Kiriaki K Stamatelou, Mildred E Francis, Camille A Jones, Leroy M Nyberg, Gary C Curhan. (2003) Time trends in reported prevalence of kidney stones in the United States: 1976–19941. Kidney International 63:5, 1817-1823
     CrossRef

157. 157

     David S Goldfarb. (2003) Increasing prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Kidney International 63:5, 1951-1952
     CrossRef

158. 158

     Kamran Tassaduqe ., Muhammad Ali ., Abdus Salam ., Lubna Kanwal ., Nazish Afroze ., Samrah Masood Muhammad Latif ., Soban Umar .. (2003) Studies on the Chemical Composition and Presentation of Urinary Stones in relation to Sex and Age among Human Population of Multan, Pakistan. Journal of Medical Sciences(Faisalabad) 3:5, 401-410
     CrossRef

159. 159

     Roswitha Siener, Dagmar Ebert, Claudia Nicolay, Albrecht Hesse. (2003) Dietary risk factors for hyperoxaluria in calcium oxalate stone formers. Kidney International 63:3, 1037-1043
     CrossRef

160. 160

     HOWARD J. HELLER, MARK F. DOERNER, LINDA J. BRINKLEY, BEVERLEY ADAMS-HUET, CHARLES Y.C. PAK. (2003) Effect of Dietary Calcium on Stone Forming Propensity. The Journal of Urology 169:2, 470-474
     CrossRef

161. 161

     CHARLES Y.C. PAK, HOWARD J. HELLER, MARGARET S. PEARLE, CLARITA V. ODVINA, JOHN R. POINDEXTER, ROY D. PETERSON. (2003) Prevention of Stone Formation and Bone Loss In Absorptive Hypercalciuria by Combined Dietary and Pharmacological Interventions. The Journal of Urology 169:2, 465-469
     CrossRef

162. 162

     John R Asplin, Kimberly A Bauer, Jennifer Kinder, Georg Müller, Brian J Coe, Joan H Parks, Fredric L Coe. (2003) Bone mineral density and urine calcium excretion among subjects with and without nephrolithiasis. Kidney International 63:2, 662-669
     CrossRef

163. 163

     Clarita V Odvina, Glenn M Preminger, Jill S Lindberg, Orson W Moe, Charles YC Pak. (2003) Long-term combined treatment with thiazide and potassium citrate in nephrolithiasis does not lead to hypokalemia or hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. Kidney International 63:1, 240-247
     CrossRef

164. 164

     Shameez Allie, Allen Rodgers. (2003) Effects of Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Oxide and Sodium Citrate Bicarbonate Health Supplements on the Urinary Risk Factors for Kidney Stone Formation. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 41:1, 39-45
     CrossRef

165. 165

     Bernhard Hess. (2002) Nutritional aspects of stone disease. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 31:4, 1017-1030
     CrossRef

166. 166

     Joseph E Zerwekh, Berenice Y Reed-Gitomer, Charles Y.C Pak. (2002) Pathogenesis of hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 31:4, 869-884
     CrossRef

167. 167

     Dirk J Kok. (2002) Clinical implications of physicochemistry of stone formation. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 31:4, 855-867
     CrossRef

168. 168

     Loris Borghi, Tiziana Meschi, Tania Schianchi, Franca Allegri, Angela Guerra, Umberto Maggiore, Almerico Novarini. (2002) Medical treatment of nephrolithiasis. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 31:4, 1051-1064
     CrossRef

169. 169

     John R Asplin. (2002) Hyperoxaluric calcium nephrolithiasis. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 31:4, 927-949
     CrossRef

170. 170

     Joseph E Zerwekh. (2002) Nutrition and renal stone disease in space. Nutrition 18:10, 857-863
     CrossRef

171. 171

     ALLEN L. RODGERS, SONJA LEWANDOWSKI. (2002) Effects of 5 Different Diets On Urinary Risk Factors For Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Formation: Evidence of Different Renal Handling Mechanisms in Different Race Groups. The Journal of Urology931-936
     CrossRef

172. 172

     Allen L. Rodgers, Sonja Lewandowski. (2002) Effects of 5 Different Diets On Urinary Risk Factors For Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Formation: Evidence of Different Renal Handling Mechanisms in Different Race Groups. The Journal of Urology 168:3, 931-936
     CrossRef

173. 173

     Bradley F Schwartz, Noah S Schenkman, Jeremy E Bruce, Stephen W Leslie, Marshall L Stoller. (2002) Calcium nephrolithiasis: effect of water hardness on urinary electrolytes. Urology 60:1, 23-27
     CrossRef

174. 174

     H.-G. Tiselius, D. Ackermann, B. Hess, E. Boevé. (2002) Stone disease: Diagnosis and medical management. European Urology 41:5, I-XI
     CrossRef

175. 175

     JENNIFER M. KINDER, CYNDI D. CLARK, BRIAN J. COE, JOHN R. ASPLIN, JOAN H. PARKS, FREDRIC L. COE. (2002) Urinary Stone Risk Factors in the Siblings of Patients With Calcium Renal Stones. The Journal of Urology 167:5, 1965-1967
     CrossRef

176. 176

     JENNIFER M. KINDER, CYNDI D. CLARK, BRIAN J. COE, JOHN R. ASPLIN, JOAN H. PARKS, FREDRIC L. COE. (2002) Urinary Stone Risk Factors in the Siblings of Patients With Calcium Renal Stones. The Journal of Urology1965-1967
     CrossRef

177. 177

     S Cvijetic. (2002) Bone Mineral Density Loss in Patients with Urolithiasis A Follow-Up Study. Archives of Medical Research 33:2, 152-157
     CrossRef

178. 178

     Chalermpol Lekcharoensuk, Carl A. Osborne, Jody P. Lulich, Rosama Pusoonthornthum, Claudia A. Kirk, Lisa K. Ulrich, Lori A. Koehler, Kathleen A. Carpenter, Laurie L. Swanson. (2002) Associations between dry dietary factors and canine calcium oxalate uroliths. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63:3, 330-337
     CrossRef

179. 179

     Chalermpol Lekcharoensuk, Carl A. Osborne, Jody P. Lulich, Rosama Pusoonthornthum, Claudia A. Kirk, Lisa K. Ulrich, Lori A. Koehler, Kathleen A. Carpenter, Laurie L. Swanson. (2002) Associations between dietary factors in canned food and formation of calcium oxalate uroliths in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63:2, 163-169
     CrossRef

180. 180

     Somnuek Domrongkitchaiporn, Boonsong Ongphiphadhanakul, Wasana Stitchantrakul, Sirinthorn Chansirikarn, Gobchai Puavilai, Rajata Rajatanavin. (2002) Risk of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium or combined calcium and estrogen. Maturitas 41:2, 149-156
     CrossRef

181. 181

     Bushinsky, David A., . (2002) Recurrent Hypercalciuric Nephrolithiasis — Does Diet Help?. New England Journal of Medicine 346:2, 124-125
     Full Text

182. 182

     Borghi, Loris, Schianchi, Tania, Meschi, Tiziana, Guerra, Angela, Allegri, Franca, Maggiore, Umberto, Novarini, Almerico, . (2002) Comparison of Two Diets for the Prevention of Recurrent Stones in Idiopathic Hypercalciuria. New England Journal of Medicine 346:2, 77-84
     Full Text

183. 183

     Edward S. Rosenbluh. (2001) Behavior, Emotions, and the Law of Parsimony. Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations 1:2, 73-125
     CrossRef

184. 184

     Chalermpol Lekcharoensuk, Carl A. Osborne, Jody P. Lulich, Rosama Pusoonthornthum, Claudia A. Kirk, Lisa K. Ulrich, Lori A. Koehler, Kathleen A. Carpenter, Laurie L. Swanson. (2001) Association between dietary factors and calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 219:9, 1228-1237
     CrossRef

185. 185

     Josee Tessier, Martin Petrucci, Marie-Lucie Trouve, Luc Valiquette, Gerald Guay, Denis Ouimet, Alain Bonnardeaux. (2001) A family-based study of metabolic phenotypes in calcium urolithiasis. Kidney International 60:3, 1141-1147
     CrossRef

186. 186

     Ralph V. Clayman. (2001) UROLITHIASIS, ENDOUROLOGY AND LAPAROSCOPY. The Journal of Urology 166:2, 778-784
     CrossRef

187. 187

     A Pierratos, N Dharamsi, L. K Carr, D Ibanez, M. A. S Jewett, R. J. D???A Honey. (2001) RE: HIGHER URINARY POTASSIUM IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED STONE GROWTH AFTER SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY. THE JOURNAL OF UROLOGY219
     CrossRef

188. 188

     DAVID S. GOLDFARB, JOHN R. ASPLIN. (2001) EFFECT OF GRAPEFRUIT JUICE ON URINARY LITHOGENICITY. THE JOURNAL OF UROLOGY263-267
     CrossRef

189. 189

     A. Pierratos, N. Dharamsi, L.K. Carr, D. Ibanez, M.A.S Jewett, R.J. D'A Honey. (2001) RE: HIGHER URINARY POTASSIUM IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED STONE GROWTH AFTER SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY. The Journal of Urology 166:1, 219
     CrossRef

190. 190

     H.G. Tiselius. (2001) Possibilities for preventing recurrent calcium stone formation: principles for the metabolic evaluation of patients with calcium stone disease. BJU International 88:2, 158-168
     CrossRef

191. 191

     W. Dallas Hall, Mary Pettinger, Al Oberman, Nelson B. Watts, Karen C. Johnson, Electra D. Paskett, Marian C. Limacher, Jennifer Hays. (2001) Risk Factors for Kidney Stones in Older Women in the Southern United States. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 322:1, 12-18
     CrossRef

192. 192

     DAVID S. GOLDFARB, JOHN R. ASPLIN. (2001) EFFECT OF GRAPEFRUIT JUICE ON URINARY LITHOGENICITY. The Journal of Urology 166:1, 263-267
     CrossRef

193. 193

     Gary C. Curhan, Walter C. Willett, Frank E. Speizer, Meir J. Stampfer. (2001) Twenty-four-hour urine chemistries and the risk of kidney stones among women and men. Kidney International 59:6, 2290-2298
     CrossRef

194. 194

     Quan-Vinh Nguyen, Agnes Kalin, Uschi Drouve, Jean-Paul Casez, Philippe Jaeger. (2001) Sensitivity to meat protein intake and hyperoxaluria in idiopathic calcium stone formers. Kidney International 59:6, 2273-2281
     CrossRef

195. 195

     J.P. Kavanagh. (2001) A critical appraisal of the hypothesis that urine is a saturated equilibrium with respect to stone-forming calcium salts. BJU International 87:7, 589-598
     CrossRef

196. 196

     LINDA K. MASSEY, SUSAN A. KYNAST-GALES. (2001) Diets With Either Beef or Plant Proteins Reduce Risk of Calcium Oxalate Precipitation in Patients With a History of Calcium Kidney Stones. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 101:3, 326-331
     CrossRef

197. 197

     Margaret S Pearle. (2001) Prevention of nephrolithiasis. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 10:2, 203-209
     CrossRef

198. 198

     Wen-Chi Chen, Huey-Yi Chen, Cheng-Der Hsu, Jer-Yuarn Wu, Fuu-Jen Tsai. (2001) No Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Bsm I Polymorphisms with Calcium Oxalate Stone Formation. Molecular Urology 5:1, 7-10
     CrossRef

199. 199

     W.-C. Chen, H.-Y. Chen, H.-F. Lu, C.-D. Hsu, F.-J. Tsai. (2001) Association of the vitamin D receptor gene start codon Fok I polymorphism with calcium oxalate stone disease. BJU International 87:3, 168-171
     CrossRef

200. 200

     Ross P Holmes, Harold O Goodman, Dean G Assimos. (2001) Contribution of dietary oxalate to urinary oxalate excretion. Kidney International 59:1, 270-276
     CrossRef

201. 201

     ANDREAS PIERRATOS, NAFISA DHARAMSI, LESLEY K. CARR, DOMINIQUE IBANEZ, MICHAEL A. S. JEWETT, R. JOHN D???A. HONEY. (2000) HIGHER URINARY POTASSIUM IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED STONE GROWTH AFTER SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY. The Journal of Urology1486-1489
     CrossRef

202. 202

     ANDREAS PIERRATOS, NAFISA DHARAMSI, LESLEY K. CARR, DOMINIQUE IBANEZ, MICHAEL A.S. JEWETT, R. JOHN D’A. HONEY. (2000) HIGHER URINARY POTASSIUM IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED STONE GROWTH AFTER SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY. The Journal of Urology 164:5, 1486-1489
     CrossRef

203. 203

     Martin Petrucci, Patrick Scott, Denis Ouimet, Marie-Lucie Trouve, Yanick Proulx, Luc Valiquette, Gerald Guay, Alain Bonnardeaux. (2000) Evaluation of the calcium-sensing receptor gene in idiopathic hypercalciuria and calcium nephrolithiasis. Kidney International 58:1, 38-42
     CrossRef

204. 204

     Greg G Bailly, Richard W Norman, Carole Thompson. (2000) Effects of dietary fat on the urinary risk factors of calcium stone disease. Urology 56:1, 40-44
     CrossRef

205. 205

     YU-YING CHEN, JEFFREY M. ROSEMAN, MICHAEL J. DEVIVO, CHI-TSOU HUANG. (2000) GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR THE INCIDENCE OF INITIAL KIDNEY STONES IN PATIENTS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY. The Journal of Urology21-26
     CrossRef

206. 206

     YU-YING CHEN, JEFFREY M. ROSEMAN, MICHAEL J. DEVIVO, CHI-TSOU HUANG. (2000) GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR THE INCIDENCE OF INITIAL KIDNEY STONES IN PATIENTS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY. The Journal of Urology 164:1, 21-26
     CrossRef

207. 207

     Kandis Rivers, Sugandh Shetty, Mani Menon. (2000) WHEN AND HOW TO EVALUATE A PATIENT WITH NEPHROLITHIASIS. Urologic Clinics of North America 27:2, 203-213
     CrossRef

208. 208

     Dean G. Assimos, Ross P. Holmes. (2000) ROLE OF DIET IN THE THERAPY OF UROLITHIASIS. Urologic Clinics of North America 27:2, 255-268
     CrossRef

209. 209

     Ligia A. Martini, Richard J. Wood. (2000) Should Dietary Calcium and Protein Be Restricted in Patients with Nephrolithiasis?. Nutrition Reviews 58:4, 111-117
     CrossRef

210. 210

     H. Al Zahrani, R.W. Norman, C. Thompson, S. Weerasinghe. (2000) The dietary habits of idiopathic calcium stone-formers and normal control subjects. BJU International 85:6, 616-620
     CrossRef

211. 211

     Neil Oakley. (2000) A prospective study of nonmedical prophylaxis after a first kidney stone. Current Opinion in Urology 10:2, 157
     CrossRef

212. 212

     Bryan Blair, Michael Fabrizio. (2000) Pharmacology for renal calculi. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 1:3, 435-441
     CrossRef

213. 213

     Michel Rotily, Françoise Léonetti, Cecilia Iovanna, Patrice Berthezene, Patricia Dupuy, Alain Vazi, Yvon Berland. (2000) Effects of low animal protein or high-fiber diets on urine composition in calcium nephrolithiasis. Kidney International 57:3, 1115-1123
     CrossRef

214. 214

     Michael L. Power, Robert P. Heaney, Heidi J. Kalkwarf, Roy M. Pitkin, John T. Repke, Reginald C. Tsang, Jay Schulkin. (1999) The role of calcium in health and disease. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 181:6, 1560-1569
     CrossRef

215. 215

     DAVID A. LIFSHITZ, ARIEH L. SHALHAV, JAMES E. LINGEMAN, ANDREW P. EVAN. (1999) Metabolic Evaluation of Stone Disease Patients: A Practical Approach. Journal of Endourology 13:9, 669-678
     CrossRef

216. 216

     C.A. TONY BUFFINGTON, DENNIS J. CHEW. (1999) Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis in Cats. Journal of Endourology 13:9, 659-663
     CrossRef

217. 217

     GARY C. CURHAN. (1999) Epidemiologic Evidence for the Role of Oxalate in Idiopathic Nephrolithiasis. Journal of Endourology 13:9, 629-631
     CrossRef

218. 218

     PETER R. HOLT. (1999) Studies of Calcium in Food Supplements in Humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 889:1 CANCER PREVEN, 128-137
     CrossRef

219. 219

     1999. Dairy Foods and Osteoporosis. .
     CrossRef

220. 220

     Kočvara, Plasgura, Petřík, Louženský, Bartoníčková, Dvořáček. (1999) A prospective study of nonmedical prophylaxis after a first kidney stone. BJU International 84:4, 393-398
     CrossRef

221. 221

     Andreas W. Krautschick. (1999) Metabolic evaluation and medical therapy for stone formation. Current Opinion in Urology 9:4, 335-338
     CrossRef

222. 222

     Loris Borghi, Tiziana Meschi, Angela Guerra, Angelo Briganti, Tania Schianchi, Franca Allegri, Almerico Novarini. (1999) Essential arterial hypertension and stone disease. Kidney International 55:6, 2397-2406
     CrossRef

223. 223

     U. Herrmann, P.O. Schwille, A. Schmiedl, J. Fan, M. Manoharan. (1999) Acute effects of calcium sodium citrate supplementation of a test meal on mineral homeostasis, oxalate, and calcium oxalate crystallization in the urine of healthy humans — Preliminary results in patients with idiopathic calcium urolithiasis+. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 53:5-6, 264-273
     CrossRef

224. 224

     TAKASHI YAGISAWA, PARAMJIT S. CHANDHOKE, JIE FAN. (1999) COMPARISON OF COMPREHENSIVE AND LIMITED METABOLIC EVALUATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT CALCIUM UROLITHIASIS. The Journal of Urology1449-1452
     CrossRef

225. 225

     TAKASHI YAGISAWA, PARAMJIT S. CHANDHOKE, JIE FAN. (1999) COMPARISON OF COMPREHENSIVE AND LIMITED METABOLIC EVALUATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT CALCIUM UROLITHIASIS. The Journal of Urology 161:5, 1449-1452
     CrossRef

226. 226

     Gary C. Curhan, Meir J. Stampfer. (1999) Authors' reply:. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 33:2, 401-403
     CrossRef

227. 227

     M. N. Hassapidou, S. TH. Paraskevopoulos, P. A. Karakoltsidis, D. Petridis, E. Fotiadou. (1999) Dietary habits of patients with renal stone disease in Greece. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 12:1, 47-51
     CrossRef

228. 228

     José R. Weisinger. (1999) Bone loss in hypercalciuria: Cause or consequence?. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 33:1, xlvi-xlviii
     CrossRef

229. 229

     Stephen P. Dretler. (1998) THE PHYSIOLOGIC APPROACH TO THE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF STONE DISEASE. Urologic Clinics of North America 25:4, 613-623
     CrossRef

230. 230

     Rosemary L. Ryall, Villis R. Marshall. (1998) Minerals in animals and vegetables. Current Opinion in Urology 8:4, 297-300
     CrossRef

231. 231

     Roger A.L. Sutton. (1998) Stones and bones: bone resorption and metabolism in stoneformers. Current Opinion in Urology 8:4, 309-313
     CrossRef

232. 232

     L MARTINI, L CUPPARI, M CUNHA, N SCHOR, I HEILBERG. (1998) Potassium and sodium intake and excretion in calcium stone forming patients. Journal of Renal Nutrition 8:3, 127-131
     CrossRef

233. 233

     Charles YC Pak. (1998) Kidney stones. The Lancet 351:9118, 1797-1801
     CrossRef

234. 234

     LINDA K MASSEY, SUSAN A KYNAST-GALES. (1998) Substituting Milk for Apple Juice Does Not Increase Kidney Stone Risk in Most Normocalciuric Adults Who Form Calcium Oxalate Stones. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 98:3, 303-308
     CrossRef

235. 235

     L Joseph Melton, Cynthia S Crowson, Sundeep Khosla, David M Wilson, W Michael O'Fallon. (1998) Fracture risk among patients with urolithiasis: A population-based cohort study. Kidney International 53:2, 459-464
     CrossRef

236. 236

     (1998) Design of the Womenʼs Health Initiative Clinical Trial and Observational Study. Controlled Clinical Trials 19:1, 61-109
     CrossRef

237. 237

     D. K. Ackermann. (1997) Prospective therapeutic studies in nephrolithiasis. World Journal of Urology 15:3, 172-175
     CrossRef

238. 238

     Harold O. Goodman, Robert Brommage, Dean G. Assimos, Ross P. Holmes. (1997) Genes in idiopathic calcium oxalate stone disease. World Journal of Urology 15:3, 186-194
     CrossRef

239. 239

     A. Hesse, R. Siener. (1997) Current aspects of epidemiology and nutrition in urinary stone disease. World Journal of Urology 15:3, 165-171
     CrossRef

240. 240

     D Feskanich, W C Willett, M J Stampfer, G A Colditz. (1997) Milk, dietary calcium, and bone fractures in women: a 12-year prospective study.. American Journal of Public Health 87:6, 992-997
     CrossRef

241. 241

     Mohammad G. Saklayen. (1997) MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF NEPHROLITHIASIS. Medical Clinics of North America 81:3, 785-799
     CrossRef

242. 242

     Charles Y.C. Pak. (1997) Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Medical Management of Nephrolithiasis—A New, Simplified Approach for General Practice. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 313:4, 215-219
     CrossRef

243. 243

     Susan J. Whiting, Richard Wood, Katherine Kim. (1997) Calcium Supplementation. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 9:4, 187-192
     CrossRef

244. 244

     Gilles Dumoulin, Bernard Hory, Nhu Uyen Nguyen, Marie-Thérèse Henriet, Catherine Bresson, Hugues Bittard, Yves Saint-Hillier, Jacques Regnard. (1997) Lack of increased urinary calcium-oxalate supersaturation in long-term kidney transplant recipients. Kidney International 51:3, 804-810
     CrossRef

245. 245

     Richard A. Kronmal, John N. Krieger, Valerie Coxon, Pascal Wortley, Lester Thompson, Donald J. Sherrard. (1997) Vasectomy is associated with an increased risk for urolithiasis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 29:2, 207-213
     CrossRef

246. 246

     C. Paluszkiewicz, M. Gałka, W. Kwiatek, A. Parczewski, S. Walas. (1997) Renal stone studies using vibrational spectroscopy and trace element analysis. Biospectroscopy 3:5, 403-407
     CrossRef

247. 247

     Susan J. Whiting, Richard J. Wood. (1997) Adverse Effects of High-Calcium Diets in Humans. Nutrition Reviews 55:1, 1-9
     CrossRef

248. 248

     Manorama Purwar, Hemant Kulkarni, Vijay Motghare, Sangita Dhole. (1996) Calcium Supplementation and Prevention of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension. Asia-Oceania Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 22:5, 425-430
     CrossRef

249. 249

     Pascal Houillier, Michel Normand, Marc Froissart, Anne Blanchard, Paul Jungers, Michel Paillard. (1996) Calciuric response to an acute acid load in healthy subjects and hypercalciuric calcium stone formers. Kidney International 50:3, 987-997
     CrossRef

250. 250

     John N. Krieger, Richard A. Kronmal, Valerie Coxon, Pascal Wortley, Lester Thompson, Donald J. Sherrard. (1996) Dietary and behavioral risk factors for urolithiasis: potential implications for prevention. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 28:2, 195-201
     CrossRef

251. 251

     Kimberly O. O'Brien, Steven A. Abrams, Janice E. Stuff, Lily K. Liang, Thomas R. Welch. (1996) Variables Related to Urinary Calcium Excretion in Young Girls. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology &amp Nutrition 23:1, 8-12
     CrossRef

252. 252

     Brigitte Schlehofer, Wolfgang Pommer, Anders Mellemgaard, John H. Stewart, Margaret McCredie, Shelley Niwa, Per Lindblad, Jack S. Mandel, Joseph K. McLaughlin, Jürgen Wahrendorf. (1996) International renal-cell-cancer study. VI. The role of medical and family history. International Journal of Cancer 66:6, 723-726
     CrossRef

253. 253

     A. PEREZ, R. RAAB, T.C. CHEN, A. TURNER, M.F. HOLLCK. (1996) Safety and efficacy of oral calcitriol (1, 25 -dihydroxyvitamin D ₃ ) for the treatment of psoriasis. British Journal of Dermatology 134:6, 1070-1078
     CrossRef

254. 254

     Stephen Holt, Larisa Likver, Igor Muntyan. (1996) The Vegetarian Way to a Healthy Urinary Tract. Alternative and Complementary Therapies 2:3, 168-172
     CrossRef

255. 255

     José R Weisinger. (1996) New insights into the pathogenesis of idiopathic hypercalciuria: The role of bone. Kidney International 49:5, 1507-1518
     CrossRef

256. 256

     Farhad Parivar, Roger K. Low, Marshall L. Stoller. (1996) The Influence of Diet on Urinary Stone Disease. The Journal of Urology432-440
     CrossRef

257. 257

     Farhad Parivar, Roger K. Low, Marshall L. Stoller. (1996) The Influence of Diet on Urinary Stone Disease. The Journal of Urology 155:2, 432-440
     CrossRef

258. 258

     José R Weisinger, Evelyn Alonzo, Ezequiel Bellorín-Font, Ana M Blasini, Martin A Rodriguez, Virgilio Paz-Martínez, Ruby Martinis. (1996) Possible role of cytokines on the bone mineral loss in idiopathic hypercalciuria. Kidney International 49:1, 244-250
     CrossRef

259. 259

     Jacob Lemann, Joan A Pleuss, Elaine M Worcester, Laurel Hornick, Debra Schrab, Raymond G Hoffmann. (1996) Urinary oxalate excretion increases with body size and decreases with increasing dietary calcium intake among healthy adults. Kidney International 49:1, 200-208
     CrossRef

260. 260

     Maeve C. Brady. (1996) Addition of nutrients: current practice in the UK. British Food Journal 98:9, 12-18
     CrossRef

261. 261

     Jin R. Zhou, John W. Erdman. (1995) Phytic acid in health and disease. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 35:6, 495-508
     CrossRef

262. 262

     Wolfgang Achilles, Rainer Freitag, Bela Kiss, Hubertus Riedmiller. (1995) Quantification of Crystal Growth of Calcium Oxalate in Gel and its Modification by Urinary Constituents in a New Flow Model of Crystallization. The Journal of Urology 154:4, 1552-1556
     CrossRef

263. 263

     C.R.V. TOMSON. (1995) Prevention of recurrent calcium stones: a rational approach. British Journal of Urology 76:4, 419-424
     CrossRef

264. 264

     Wolfgang Achilles, Rainer Freitag, Bela Kiss, Hubertus Riedmiller. (1995) Quantification of Crystal Growth of Calcium Oxalate in Gel and its Modification by Urinary Constituents in a New Flow Model of Crystallization. The Journal of Urology1552-1556
     CrossRef

265. 265

     KAZUSHI NOMURA, HARUO ITO, MOTOYUKI MASAI, KOICHIRO AKAKURA, JUN SHIMAZAKI. (1995) Reduction of Urinary Stone Recurrence by Dietary Counseling After SWL. Journal of Endourology 9:4, 305-312
     CrossRef

266. 266

     D MCCARRON, W BENNETT, M REUSSER. (1995) Adverse effects of sodium restriction with concurrent medication use. Journal of Renal Nutrition 5:3, 108-115
     CrossRef

267. 267

     Maureen A. Murtaugh, Julie Weingart. (1995) Individual nutrient effects on length of gestation and pregnancy outcome. Seminars in Perinatology 19:3, 197-210
     CrossRef

268. 268

     Linda K. Massey. (1995) Dietary Salt, Urinary Calcium, and Kidney Stone Risk. Nutrition Reviews 53:5, 131-134
     CrossRef

269. 269

     Harold O. Goodman, Ross P. Holmes, Dean G. Assimos. (1995) Genetic Factors in Calcium Oxalate Stone Disease. The Journal of Urology 153:2, 301-307
     CrossRef

270. 270

     Massimo Cirillo, Martino Laurenzi, Walter Panarelli, Jeremiah Stamler. (1994) Urinary sodium to potassium ratio and urinary stone disease. Kidney International 46:4, 1133-1139
     CrossRef

271. 271

     Guillermo Carroll, Lelia Duley, Jose M. Belizan, Jose Villar. (1994) Calcium supplementation during pregnancy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101:9, 753-758
     CrossRef

272. 272

     J Michael Soucie, Michael J Thun, Ralph J Coates, William McClellan, Harland Austin. (1994) Demographic and geographic variability of kidney stones in the United States. Kidney International 46:3, 893-899
     CrossRef

273. 273

     David I. Levenson, Richard S. Bockman. (1994) A Review of Calcium Preparations. Nutrition Reviews 52:7, 221-232
     CrossRef

274. 274

     Joan H Parks, Fredric L Coe. (1994) An increasing number of calcium oxalate stone events worsens treatment outcome. Kidney International 45:6, 1722-1730
     CrossRef

275. 275

     Lois D McBean, Tab Forgac, Susan Calvert Finn. (1994) Osteoporosis: Visions for care and prevention — A conference report. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 94:6, 668-671
     CrossRef

276. 276

     Johanna Dwyer, Franklin M. Loew. (1994) Nutritional risks of vegan diets to women and children: Are they preventable?. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 7:1, 87-109
     CrossRef

277. 277

     Stanley Goldfarb, M.D. (1994) DIET AND NEPHROLITHIASIS. Annual Review of Medicine 45:1, 235-243
     CrossRef

278. 278

     Walter C Willett. (1994) Block vs Willett: A debate on the validity of food frequency questionnaires: Willett replies. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 94:1, 18
     CrossRef

279. 279

     (1993) Calcium and Kidney Stones. New England Journal of Medicine 329:7, 508-509
     Full Text

280. 280

     Linda K Massey, Helen Roman-Smith, Roger A.L Sutton. (1993) Effect of dietary oxalate and calcium on urinary oxalate and risk of formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 93:8, 901-906
     CrossRef

281. 281

     Lemann, Jacob Jr., . (1993) Composition of the Diet and Calcium Kidney Stones. New England Journal of Medicine 328:12, 880-882
     Full Text

Letters