Original Article
Physical Activity and Reduced Occurrence of Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
N Engl J Med 1991; 325:147-152July 18, 1991
- Abstract
Background.
Physical activity is recommended by physicians to patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), because it increases sensitivity to insulin. Whether physical activity is effective in preventing this disease is not known.
Methods.
We used questionnaires to examine patterns of physical activity and other personal characteristics in relation to the subsequent development of NIDDM in 5990 male alumni of the University of Pennsylvania. The disease developed in a total of 202 men during 98,524 man-years of follow-up from 1962 to 1976.
Results.
Leisure-time physical activity, expressed in kilocalories expended per week in walking, stair climbing, and sports, was inversely related to the development of NIDDM. The incidence rates declined as energy expenditure increased from less than 500 kcal to 3500 kcal. For each 500-kcal increment in energy expenditure, the age-adjusted risk of NIDDM was reduced by 6 percent (relative risk, 0.94; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.90 to 0.98). This association remained the same when the data were adjusted for obesity, hypertension, and a parental history of diabetes. The association was weaker when we considered weight gain between the time of college attendance and 1962 (relative risk, 0.95; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.90 to 1.00). The protective effect of physical activity was strongest in persons at highest risk for NIDDM, defined as those with a high body-mass index, a history of hypertension, or a parental history of diabetes. These factors, in addition to weight gain since college, were also independent predictors of the disease.
Conclusions.
Increased physical activity is effective in preventing NIDDM, and the protective benefit is especially pronounced in persons at the highest risk for the disease. (N Engl J Med 1991; 325:147–52.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Age-Adjusted Incidence Rates and Relative Risks of NIDDM among 5990 Men, Based on 1962 Data for the Physical-Activity Index in Relation to the Body-Mass Index (Panel A) and Any History of Hypertension (Panel B).Figure 2
Age-Adjusted Incidence Rates and Relative Risks of NIDDM among 5990 Men, According to High-Risk (Solid Line) and Low-Risk (Dashed Line) Subgroups and Physical-Activity Index.Article Activity
- Article
NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), which affects 10 to 12 million Americans over the age of 20 years,1 2 3 is a complex disorder characterized by increased resistance to insulin and impaired secretion of insulin4 and associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, kidney failure, and blindness. The strongest predisposing factors for NIDDM are obesity5 6 7 8 and a family history of diabetes.9 , 10
Along with proper diet and weight reduction, exercise has been advocated for the management of NIDDM.2 , 11 Whether physical activity is effective in preventing diabetes is unknown, but several indirect lines of evidence support the concept that increased physical activity has a protective effect. First, physically active societies have less NIDDM than less active societies,5 and as populations have become more sedentary the incidence of NIDDM has increased. Second, physical activity increases sensitivity to insulin,12 and regular endurance exercise induces weight loss and improves glucose tolerance.13 Third, greater physical activity has been associated inversely with the prevalence of NIDDM in several cross-sectional studies.14 , 15 Understanding the relation of physical activity to the occurrence of NIDDM is complicated further by the fact that high levels of physical activity are often associated with a low prevalence of other risk factors for the disease, particularly obesity.
We used data from the University of Pennsylvania Alumni Health Study9 , 16 to determine whether higher levels of physical activity are associated with a lower incidence of NIDDM.
Methods
The original study included men who matriculated at the University of Pennsylvania between 1928 and 1947. In 1962, 80 percent of the surviving alumni from this population responded to a questionnaire on lifestyle habits and health. Seventy-two percent responded to a similar questionnaire in 1976; 858 men had died between 1962 and 1976, leaving 65 percent who responded to both questionnaires. Here we report on the subgroup of 5990 men who answered both the 1962 and 1976 questionnaires and who had not been given a diagnosis of diabetes by a physician before 1962. Of the 5990 men who met these conditions, NIDDM developed in 202 during 98,524 man-years of follow-up, through the end of 1976. The sensitivity of the questionnaires in identifying patients with NIDDM was 85 percent, and the specificity was 97 percent, as estimated on the basis of mail or telephone surveys of the physicians of 2200 alumni.
Variables Examined
Information on lifestyle and personal characteristics that were considered possible risk factors for the development of NIDDM (such as body-mass index, parental history of diabetes, and hypertension) was obtained from the 1962 questionnaire. The physical-activity variable was an indicator of a person's weekly expenditure of energy, largely during leisure time. Using methods described elsewhere,17 , 18 we assigned a specific number of kilocalories of energy expenditure to each activity reported on the 1962 questionnaire in order to compute a physical-activity index. For example, walking seven city blocks (0.94 km or 7/12 mile) was assigned a value of 56 kcal, and climbing and descending 70 steps a value of 28 kcal; sports activity was classified as moderate (5 kcal per minute) or vigorous (10 kcal per minute). In addition to the index of total energy expenditure during leisure time, we computed separate indexes for vigorous sports, moderate sports, and the number of flights of stairs climbed and city blocks walked each week.
Body-mass index in 1962 was computed in metric units (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) from the men's reports of their own heights in inches and weights in pounds. For the stratified analyses, the body-mass index was divided into three categories (<24.00, 24.00 to 25.99, and ≥=26.00). Information from physical examinations during the college years (the period from 1928 through 1947) was available for 4965 alumni, and height and weight records from those examinations were used to determine changes in the body-mass index between college and 1962.
The presence of a history of hypertension that was diagnosed by a physician or a parental history of diabetes was determined from the responses to the 1962 questionnaire. Similarly, the men were asked on both the 1962 and 1976 questionnaires whether they had a history of diabetes. Men in whom diabetes had already developed by 1962 were excluded from the study. Since insulin-dependent diabetes rarely develops in adults,8 all cases of diabetes diagnosed after 1962 and reported on the 1976 questionnaire were considered to be cases of NIDDM. The men reporting this condition ranged from 45 through 68 years of age at the time of diagnosis.
Statistical Analysis
We determined the relation between the predictor variables (age, physical-activity index, body-mass index, parental history of diabetes, and hypertension) in 1962 and the incidence of diabetes during the 14-year follow-up period. For the descriptive analyses, we classified the men according to their 1962 levels of physical activity and suspected risk factors for diabetes, and we computed age-adjusted rates of diabetes per 10,000 man-years of observation for each level of the risk variables studied. Relative risks and significance values for linear trend were computed with the Mantel extension of the MantelHaenszel test.19
To test for the independence of the association between physical activity and the development of NIDDM, we used the proportional-hazards regression model.20 The number of years from the response to the questionnaire in 1962 to the reported year of diagnosis of diabetes was used as the time variable; age, body-mass index at base line (1962), history of hypertension, and parental history of diabetes were evaluated as potential confounding variables. Except for history of hypertension and parental history of diabetes, each potential predictor was entered into the model as a continuous variable. In a supplementary analysis, we added the change in weight from the time of the college physical examination to 1962. Statistical levels of probability were calculated with two-tailed tests.
Results
In 1962, the men in the study population were 39 to 68 years old, and their body-mass indexes ranged from 14.1 to 46.0. The scores on the physical-activity index ranged from 0 to 14,700 kcal per week, with a mean (±SD) score of 1950±1834; approximately half the men had scores under 1200 kcal per week.
Physical Activity and NIDDM
Table 1Table 1
Age-Adjusted Rates of NIDDM among 5990 Men, 1962 to 1976, According to Measures of Physical Activity in 1962. shows the age-adjusted incidence rates of NIDDM corresponding to the levels of physical activity in 1962. The incidence rate of diabetes decreased by nearly half (from 26.3 to 13.7 cases per 10,000 man-years of observation) as the total index of physical activity during leisure time increased from the lowest level (<500 kcal per week) to the highest level (≥3500 kcal per week) (P<0.01). The energy expenditure in kilocalories per week in both vigorous sports activity alone and all activities except vigorous sports was inversely associated with the incidence of NIDDM, with a somewhat stronger inverse association for vigorous sports.We also examined this relation by using vigorous and moderate sports as dichotomous variables (Table 2Table 2
Age-Adjusted Rates of NIDDM among 5990 Men, 1962 to 1976, According to Type of Physical Activity in 1962.). When we examined the continuum from no sports to moderate sports only, to vigorous sports only, and finally to a combination of moderate and vigorous sports, the associated rates of NIDDM decreased significantly, with relative risks of 1.00, 0.90, 0.69, and 0.65, respectively. For the number of flights of stairs climbed, there was a slight inverse association with the incidence of NIDDM, but the incidence of the disease was not related to the number of city blocks walked.Other Risk Factors and NIDDM
Both age and body-mass index were positively associated with the development of NIDDM (Table 3Table 3
Age-Specific and Age-Adjusted Rates of NIDDM among 5990 Men, 1962 to 1976, According to Selected Risk Factors in 1962.). The risk of diabetes in men 55 years old or older was more than twice that in men under 45 years of age. For men in the highest category of body-mass index, the risk of diabetes was more than three times that for men in the lowest category.A history of hypertension before 1962 and a parental history of diabetes were also significant predictors of NIDDM. Men with physician-diagnosed hypertension had almost twice the incidence of diabetes during the 14-year follow-up period, as compared with the normotensive men. For men with a history of diabetes in one or both parents, the risk of having the disease was almost three time higher than in men whose parents did not have diabetes.
Physical Activity in Relation to Body-Mass Index and History of Hypertension
Figure 1Figure 1
Age-Adjusted Incidence Rates and Relative Risks of NIDDM among 5990 Men, Based on 1962 Data for the Physical-Activity Index in Relation to the Body-Mass Index (Panel A) and Any History of Hypertension (Panel B). is a stereographic presentation of cross-tabulations of the physical-activity index with the body-mass index and the history of hypertension of the alumni in 1962. In the two highest categories of body-mass index (Fig. 1A), the most active men had a risk of NIDDM that was two thirds that of the least active men. Among the men in the lowest category of body-mass index, the risks were similar among the levels of activity and were one quarter to one third the risks for men in the group with the highest body-mass index. Thus, the protective effect of an increased energy expenditure during leisure time in lowering the risk of NIDDM was both strong and independent of the even stronger influence of the body-mass index.There was a steady decline in the risk of NIDDM with increasing levels of energy expenditure, whether or not the men had a history of hypertension (Fig. 1B). Conversely, at each level of physical activity, the normotensive men had a substantially lower risk (by approximately half) than the hypertensive men. These data indicate that physical activity and hypertension contribute independently to the incidence of diabetes.
Predictor Variables and NIDDM
The proportional-hazards model20 was used to estimate the relative risk (estimated from the relative hazard) of NIDDM for each variable, and the model was standardized to reflect a specified increment for that variable. Table 4Table 4
Relative Risks of NIDDM among 5990 Men, 1962 to 1976, According to Selected Risk Factors in 1962.* shows that the physical-activity index had a significant inverse association with NIDDM after adjustment for age, body-mass index, history of hypertension as reported in 1962, and parental history of diabetes. An increment of 500 kcal per week in the physical-activity index was associated with a relative risk of 0.94; stated otherwise, each increase of 500 kcal in the physical-activity index was associated with a 6 percent decrease in the risk of NIDDM. Moderate and vigorous sports activity were then entered into the model as separate variables. Each had marginal statistical significance, but the protective effect of vigorous activity was greater than that of moderate activity.For body-mass index, each two-unit increment was associated with a relative risk of 1.21, or a 21 percent increase in the risk of NIDDM. Men who had hypertension in 1962 had a relative risk for NIDDM of 1.75, as compared with those with no such history. The adjusted relative risk of NIDDM that was associated with having at least one parent with a history of diabetes was 3.10.
Physical Activity, Gain in Body-Mass Index, and NIDDM
To search for a mechanism whereby physical activity may protect against NIDDM, we added another variable to the model: gain in the body-mass index since college. The addition of this variable, an independent predictor of NIDDM (relative risk, 1.18; P = 0.03), changed the relative risk associated with an increase in physical activity of 500 kcal per week from 0.94 to 0.95, indicating that some of the association between physical activity and diabetes was accounted for by the association of smaller gain in the body-mass index with greater physical activity. However, active men continued to have a reduced risk even after the change in body mass was taken into account.
Physical Activity and NIDDM in Subgroups at High and Low Risk
We classified the men as being at high or low risk on the basis of three risk factors identified in this study. Men at high risk were defined as those with a body-mass index of 25 or more, a history of hypertension, a positive parental history of diabetes, or any combination of these factors. We analyzed the association between the physical-activity index (divided into the three categories of <500, 500 to 1999, and ≥2000 kcal per week) and NIDDM for the high- and low-risk subgroups (Fig. 2Figure 2
Age-Adjusted Incidence Rates and Relative Risks of NIDDM among 5990 Men, According to High-Risk (Solid Line) and Low-Risk (Dashed Line) Subgroups and Physical-Activity Index.). Of 2634 men in the high-risk subgroup, 135 had diabetes, representing 67 percent of the cases of diabetes. Among the men at high risk, the incidence of NIDDM declined by 41 percent from the lowest to the highest levels of energy expenditure (P = 0.03). In contrast, the incidence rates in the low-risk group were not altered by the level of physical activity (P = 0.97).Discussion
Total expenditure of energy during leisure time had a protective effect against the development of NIDDM in middle-aged men. This effect was independent of obesity, age, history of hypertension, and parental history of diabetes. The occurrence of NIDDM was reduced by 6 percent for every increment of 500 kcal per week in leisure-time physical activity. For the average (75-kg) man, this energy expenditure can be achieved by engaging in regular, sustained body movement — jogging at approximately 5 miles per hour, bicycling at 10 miles per hour, swimming laps with light-to-moderate effort, or the like — for approximately one hour.21 Vigorous sports activity was most effective in decreasing the risk of NIDDM, but moderate sports activity was also effective.
Physical activity may protect against the development of NIDDM by helping to maintain a proper lean-to-fat balance with respect to body mass. Such a mechanism is plausible, since physical activity is associated with weight loss or the prevention of weight gain.22 The men's level of physical activity in 1962 was inversely correlated with their weight gain since matriculation at college (r = 0.1, P<0.001), and weight gain was a strong independent predictor of NIDDM. The inclusion of change in the body-mass index in the multivariate model slightly reduced the association between physical activity and NIDDM. Adipose tissue is a major site for insulin insensitivity, and most obese persons have increased insulin resistance, some degree of glucose intolerance, or both.7 , 8 In addition, approximately 80 percent of all patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes are obese.2
Alternatively, physical activity may influence glucose metabolism. Among patients with diabetes, short periods of exercise can lower plasma glucose levels by enhancing the effect of insulin,23 , 24 and more extended exercise training may improve the action of insulin and glucose tolerance.25 In healthy subjects, studies of the effects of exercise on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance have been limited to short periods of follow-up.23 , 24 However, long-distance runners and physically trained middle-aged men have lower plasma insulin levels than healthy sedentary men,26 and an increase in sensitivity to insulin is characteristic of well-trained athletes.27 , 28
The protective effect of physical activity was particularly apparent in the subjects at high risk for NIDDM. This protective effect was especially strong among the heaviest persons, a finding consistent with the improvement in glucose tolerance in obese subjects after physical training.29 , 30 In addition, glucose intolerance that is related to obesity diminishes with exercise, whether or not there are changes in body weight.30 , 31
Although this study was prospective, thus avoiding problems of interpretation associated with previous cross-sectional studies,14 , 15 , 32 , 33 physical activity may have appeared to prevent NIDDM because the healthier men were more able to exercise. However, an analysis excluding subjects with coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke before 1962, or a combination of these factors yielded virtually the same findings. Thus, activity would seem to provide protection from NIDDM independently of the subject's general health status.
Gains in the body-mass index before the base-line examination in 1962 may have played an important part in the development of NIDDM. One previous study found that obesity 10 years before the base line, but not more recent weight change, was an important predictor of NIDDM.34 It is likely that the biologic mechanism of weight gain is related to NIDDM, perhaps involving abnormalities of lipid metabolism or high levels of low-density lipoproteins. Whatever the mechanism, it appears to be partly mitigated by increased physical activity. If an increased body-mass index is a true predictor of NIDDM, then the protective effect of increased physical activity seen in this study may be partly due to its effect on body weight.
Many studies have examined hypertension in persons with diabetes in relation to coronary heart disease,35 36 37 but not specifically as a risk factor for diabetes itself. In this study we demonstrated that a history of hypertension increased the risk of NIDDM independently of other known risk factors, including obesity. An earlier study of the same alumni of the University of Pennsylvania showed that higher levels of blood pressure in college were associated with an increased risk of adult-onset diabetes.9 In addition, the higher rate of NIDDM among men with a parental history of diabetes is consistent with the results of previous studies.9 , 38 , 39 Whether a parental history of diabetes operates through genetic or environmental mechanisms is not known.
The data reported here support the concept that diabetes may be prevented by increasing overall activity and that vigorous activities, including swimming, tennis, and running, may have an even stronger protective effect than less vigorous activities. Furthermore, the data suggest that increased energy expenditure should be encouraged in subgroups of the population that are otherwise at high risk of diabetes, such as obese persons, persons with hypertension, and children of diabetics. We believe that exercise should be recommended as an adjunct to proper diet and weight control for the prevention of NIDDM.
Supported by grants (T32 HL07365 and R01 HL34174) from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and by a grant from the Diabetes Research and Education Foundation.
We are indebted to Drs. Joseph V. Selby, Richard A. Levine, Dexter L. Jung, Andrea M. Kriska, Lynn Rosenberg, Sally L. Glaser, Mary C. White, and S. Leonard Syme for their comments.
Source Information
From the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (S.P.H., D.R.R.), and the Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif. (R.W.L., R.S.P.). Address reprint requests to Dr. Paffenbarger at the Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.
- References
References
1
National Diabetes Data Group. Diabetes in America. Bethesda, Md.: Department of Health and Human Services, 1985. (NIH publication no. 85–1468.)
2
National Institutes of Health.
Web of Science | Medline3
Kovar
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline4
DeFronzo
CrossRef | Medline5
West KM. Epidemiology of diabetes and its vascular complications. New York: Elsevier, 1978.
6
Wilson
Web of Science | Medline7
Karan JH. Obesity and diabetes in humans. In: Brodoff BN, Bleicher SJ, eds. Diabetes mellitus and obesity. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1982:294–300.
8
Marble A, Krall LP, Bradley RF, Christlieb AR, Soeldner JS, eds. Joslin's diabetes mellitus. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1985.
9
Paffenbarger
Web of Science | Medline10
Barrett-Connor
Web of Science | Medline11
Horton
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Soman
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline13
Rauramaa
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Frisch
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Taylor
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline16
Thorne
Web of Science | Medline17
Passmore
Web of Science | Medline18
Paffenbarger
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline19
Mantel
CrossRef | Web of Science20
Cox 21
Ainsworth
Web of Science22
Blair
Web of Science | Medline23
Devlin
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Devlin
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Reitman
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline26
Lingarde
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline27
Koivisto
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline28
Lohmann
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline29
Krotkiewski
Medline30
Bjorntorp
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline31
Leon
Web of Science | Medline32
King
Web of Science | Medline33
Jarrett
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline34
Modan
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline35
Barrett-Connor
Web of Science | Medline36
Donahue
Web of Science | Medline37
Kannel WB. Diabetes as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In: Brodoff BN, Bleicher SJ, eds. Diabetes mellitus and obesity. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1982:734–40.
38
Kahn
CrossRef | Medline39
Beaty
Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (320)
Citing Articles
1
Meeke Hoedjes, Durk Berks, Ineke Vogel, Arie Franx, Anke Oenema, Johannes J. Duvekot, J. Dik F. Habbema, Eric A.P. Steegers, Hein Raat. (2012) Postpartum physical activity after preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health
CrossRef2
Anthony J.R. Hickey, Mia Jüllig, Jacqueline Aitken, Kerry Loomes, Mark E. Hauber, Anthony R.J. Phillips. (2011) Birds and longevity: Does flight driven aerobicity provide an oxidative sink?. Ageing Research Reviews
CrossRef3
Sutapa Agrawal, Shah Ebrahim. (2011) Prevalence and risk factors for self-reported diabetes among adult men and women in India: findings from a national cross-sectional survey. Public Health Nutrition1-13
CrossRef4
Mototsugu Nagao, Akira Asai, Momoyo Kawahara, Yasushi Nakajima, Yuki Sato, Kyoko Tanimura, Fumitaka Okajima, Makiyo Takaya, Mariko Sudo, Shuji Takemitsu, Taro Harada, Hitoshi Sugihara, Shinichi Oikawa. (2011) Selective breeding of mice for different susceptibilities to high fat diet-induced glucose intolerance: Development of two novel mouse lines, Selectively bred Diet-induced Glucose intolerance-Prone and -Resistant. Journal of Diabetes Investigationno-no
CrossRef5
Kara M. Goodrich, Shannon K. Crowley, Duck-chul Lee, Xuemei S. Sui, Steven P. Hooker, Steven N. Blair. (2011) Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and parental history of diabetes with risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
CrossRef6
John E. Lewis, John D. Clark, William G. LeBlanc, Lora E. Fleming, Alberto J. Cabán-Martinez, Kristopher L. Arheart, Stacey L. Tannenbaum, Manuel A. Ocasio, Evelyn P. Davila, Diana Kachan, Kathryn McCollister, Noella Dietz, Frank C. Bandiera, Tainya C. Clarke, David J. Lee. (2011) Cardiovascular Fitness Levels Among American Workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 53:10, 1115-1121
CrossRef7
Christopher S. Shaw, Natalie M. Cooper, Oliver Shaw, Paulo Salomao, Anton J. M. Wagenmakers. (2011) Acute high-fat feeding does not prevent the improvement in glucose tolerance after resistance exercise in lean individuals. European Journal of Applied Physiology 111:10, 2607-2613
CrossRef8
S. Vol, M. Bedouet, G. Gusto, C. Leglu, E. Beslin, P. Decou, E. Nègre, B. Planage, E. Chazelle, F. Mercier, O. Lantieri, J. Tichet. (2011) Evaluating physical activity: The AQAP questionnaire and its interpretation software. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
CrossRef9
Keith J. Zullig, Rebecca J. White. (2011) Physical Activity, Life Satisfaction, and Self-Rated Health of Middle School Students. Applied Research in Quality of Life 6:3, 277-289
CrossRef10
Raquel Villegas, Scott Williams, Yutang Gao, Qiuyin Cai, Honglan Li, Tom Elasy, Hui Cai, Todd Edwards, Yong-Bing Xiang, Wei Zheng, Jirong Long, Xiao Ou Shu. (2011) Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta (PPARD) Genetic Variation and Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged Chinese Women. Annals of Human Genetics 75:5, 621-629
CrossRef11
Corey A. Rynders, Siddhartha S. Angadi, Nathan Y. Weltman, Glenn A. Gaesser, Arthur Weltman. (2011) Oxygen uptake and ratings of perceived exertion at the lactate threshold and maximal fat oxidation rate in untrained adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology 111:9, 2063-2068
CrossRef12
Claudia C. Ma, Cecil M. Burchfiel, Desta Fekedulegn, Michael E. Andrew, Luenda E. Charles, Ja K. Gu, Anna Mnatsakanova, John M. Violanti. (2011) Association of Shift Work With Physical Activity Among Police Officers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 53:9, 1030-1036
CrossRef13
Glen E. Duncan, Jonathan Lester, Sean Migotsky, Jorming Goh, Lisa Higgins, Gaetano Borriello. (2011) Accuracy of a novel multi-sensor board for measuring physical activity and energy expenditure. European Journal of Applied Physiology 111:9, 2025-2032
CrossRef14
B Khan, W A Bauman, A K Sinha, N N Kahn. (2011) Non-conventional hemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease in individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 49:8, 858-866
CrossRef15
F.T. Filippidis, Ch. Tzavara, C. Dimitrakaki, Y. Tountas. (2011) Compliance with a healthy lifestyle in a representative sample of the Greek population: Preliminary results of the Hellas Health I study. Public Health 125:7, 436-441
CrossRef16
Véronique Vitton, Karine Baumstarck-Barrau, Sarah Brardjanian, Isabelle Caballe, Michel Bouvier, Jean-Charles Grimaud. (2011) Impact of High-Level Sport Practice on Anal Incontinence in a Healthy Young Female Population. Journal of Women's Health 20:5, 757-763
CrossRef17
Julie D. Lamb, Erica B. Johnstone, Julie-Anne Rousseau, Christopher L. Jones, Lauri A. Pasch, Marcelle I. Cedars, Heather G. Huddleston. (2011) Physical activity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: prevalence, predictors, and positive health associations. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 204:4, 352.e1-352.e6
CrossRef18
Enric Subirats Bayego, Gemma Subirats Vila, Iñigo Soteras Martínez. (2011) Prescripción de ejercicio físico: indicaciones, posología y efectos adversos. Medicina Clínica
CrossRef19
Sarah L. White, David W. Dunstan, Kevan R. Polkinghorne, Robert C. Atkins, Alan Cass, Steven J. Chadban. (2011) Physical inactivity and chronic kidney disease in Australian adults: The AusDiab study. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 21:2, 104-112
CrossRef20
Isabella Zhao, Fiona Bogossian, Sarah Song, Catherine Turner. (2011) The Association Between Shift Work and Unhealthy Weight. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 53:2, 153-158
CrossRef21
William J. Evans, Peter A. Farrell. 2011. The Aging Pancreas: Effects of Aging on Insulin Secretion and Action. .
CrossRef22
Tsvetan S. Stefanov, Anna M. Vekova, Dimo P. Kurktschiev, Theodora S. Temelkova-Kurktschiev. (2011) Relationship of Physical Activity and Eating Behaviour with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Sofia Lifestyle (SLS) Study. Folia Medica 53:1, 11-18
CrossRef23
Dominique A Cadilhac, Toby B Cumming, Lauren Sheppard, Dora C Pearce, Rob Carter, Anne Magnus. (2011) The economic benefits of reducing physical inactivity: an Australian example. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 8:1, 99
CrossRef24
Daniel C. Hughes, Daniel J. Lenihan, Carol A. Harrison, Karen M. Basen-Engquist. (2011) Exercise Intervention for Cancer Survivors With Heart Failure. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness 9:1, 65-73
CrossRef25
Karen Basen-Engquist, Cindy L. Carmack, Heidi Perkins, Daniel Hughes, Susan Serice, Stacie Scruggs, Bernardine Pinto, Andrew Waters. (2011) Design of the steps to health study of physical activity in survivors of endometrial cancer: Testing a social cognitive theory model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 12:1, 27-35
CrossRef26
John O. Holloszy, Wendy M. Kohrt. 2011. Exercise. .
CrossRef27
V. Nebes, J. Wall. 2011. Membrane Receptor-Linked Disease States. .
CrossRef28
K. Waller, J. Kaprio, M. Lehtovirta, K. Silventoinen, M. Koskenvuo, U. M. Kujala. (2010) Leisure-time physical activity and type 2 diabetes during a 28 year follow-up in twins. Diabetologia 53:12, 2531-2537
CrossRef29
&NA;. (2010) Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42:12, 2282-2303
CrossRef30
Joel A. Lardizabal, Prakash C. Deedwania. (2010) The Role of Renin-Angiotensin Agents in Altering the Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Current Cardiology Reports 12:6, 464-471
CrossRef31
Ivana Lukacova-Zib, Geetha Gopalakrishnan. (2010) Therapeutic Options for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Metabolic Syndrome. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine 77:5, 524-532
CrossRef32
Konstantinos Lois, Georgios Valsamakis, Georgio Mastorakos, Sudhesh Kumar. (2010) The impact of insulin resistance on woman's health and potential treatment options. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1205:1, 156-165
CrossRef33
J. W. Helge. (2010) Arm and leg substrate utilization and muscle adaptation after prolonged low-intensity training. Acta Physiologica 199:4, 519-528
CrossRef34
Hannele Yki-Järvinen. 2010. Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes. , 174-190.
CrossRef35
Jane E. Yardley, Angela Alberga, Glen P. Kenny, Ronald J. Sigal. 2010. Lifestyle Issues: Exercise. , 358-379.
CrossRef36
Anthony D. Okely, Louise L. Hardy, Michael L. Booth, Timothy A. Dobbins, Elizabeth A. Denney-Wilson, Baohui Yang. (2010) Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness among children and adolescents in Australia: 1997 and 2004. Journal of Sports Sciences 28:8, 851-857
CrossRef37
Sara N. Bleich, Mary Margaret Huizinga, Mary Catherine Beach, Lisa A. Cooper. (2010) Patient use of weight-management activities: A comparison of patient and physician assessments. Patient Education and Counseling 79:3, 344-350
CrossRef38
Merja Kataja-Tuomola, Jari Sundell, Satu Männistö, Mikko J. Virtanen, Jukka Kontto, Demetrius Albanes, Jarmo Virtamo. (2010) Short-term weight change and fluctuation as risk factors for type 2 diabetes in Finnish male smokers. European Journal of Epidemiology 25:5, 333-339
CrossRef39
Jorge H. Mestman. 2010. Long-Term Implications for the Mother with Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy. , 242-250.
CrossRef40
Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata, Hirofumi Tanaka, Keiji Nanbu, Toshiki Ohta. (2010) Beneficial effect of physical activity on blood pressure and blood glucose among Japanese male workers. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 87:3, 394-400
CrossRef41
Elodie Speyer, Anne Vuillemin, Aline Herbinet, Pascal Chastagner, Serge Briançon. (2010) Effect of adapted physical activity on health-related quality of life among hospitalized children and adolescents (the ACTIV'HOP randomized controlled trial): Design and methods. Contemporary Clinical Trials 31:2, 165-171
CrossRef42
Worku Abebe, Mahmood Mozaffari. (2010) Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes: potential application of circulating markers as advanced diagnostic and prognostic tools. The EPMA Journal 1:1, 32-45
CrossRef43
M. Fogelholm. (2010) Physical activity, fitness and fatness: relations to mortality, morbidity and disease risk factors. A systematic review. Obesity Reviews 11:3, 202-221
CrossRef44
S. Engberg, C. Glümer, D. R. Witte, T. Jørgensen, K. Borch-Johnsen. (2010) Differential relationship between physical activity and progression to diabetes by glucose tolerance status: the Inter99 Study. Diabetologia 53:1, 70-78
CrossRef45
Andreu Arquer, Roberto Elosua, Jaume Marrugat. (2010) Actividad física y estrés oxidativo. Apunts. Medicina de l'Esport 45:165, 31-40
CrossRef46
Robert Ross, Jean-Pierre Després. (2009) Abdominal Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and the Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution of Physical Activity/Exercise. Obesity 17:n3s, S1-S2
CrossRef47
B. Singh, S. Arora, B. Goswami, V. Mallika. (2009) Metabolic syndrome: A review of emerging markers and management. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews 3:4, 240-254
CrossRef48
Peter M. Janiszewski, Robert Ross. (2009) The Utility of Physical Activity in the Management of Global Cardiometabolic Risk. Obesity 17:n3s, S3-S14
CrossRef49
Edward S. Horton. (2009) Effects of Lifestyle Changes to Reduce Risks of Diabetes and Associated Cardiovascular Risks: Results from Large Scale Efficacy Trials. Obesity 17:n3s, S43-S48
CrossRef50
Eo Rin Cho, Aesun Shin, Jeongseon Kim, Sun Ha Jee, Joohon Sung. (2009) Leisure-Time Physical Activity is Associated with a Reduced Risk for Metabolic Syndrome. Annals of Epidemiology 19:11, 784-792
CrossRef51
Jacob R. Sattelmair, Jeremy H. Pertman, Daniel E. Forman. (2009) Effects of Physical Activity on Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Outcomes in Older Adults. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 25:4, 677-702
CrossRef52
Olalekan A. Uthman. (2009) Patterns, distribution, and determinants of under- and overnutrition among women in Nigeria: a population-based analysis. Journal of Public Health 17:5, 289-299
CrossRef53
WILLIAM A BAUMAN. (2009) The potential metabolic consequences of cerebral palsy: inferences from the general population and persons with spinal cord injury. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 51, 64-78
CrossRef54
Michelle C. Venables, Asker E. Jeukendrup. (2009) Physical inactivity and obesity: links with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 25:S1, S18-S23
CrossRef55
D A Galvão, D R Taaffe, N Spry, D Joseph, R U Newton. (2009) Cardiovascular and metabolic complications during androgen deprivation: exercise as a potential countermeasure. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 12:3, 233-240
CrossRef56
A. M. Fretts, B. V. Howard, A. M. Kriska, N. L. Smith, T. Lumley, E. T. Lee, M. Russell, D. Siscovick. (2009) Physical Activity and Incident Diabetes in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 170:5, 632-639
CrossRef57
Kiyoshi Sanada, Motohiko Miyachi, Izumi Tabata, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Kenta Yamamoto, Hiroshi Kawano, Chiyoko Usui, Mitsuru Higuchi. (2009) Differences in body composition and risk of lifestyle-related diseases between young and older male rowers and sedentary controls. Journal of Sports Sciences 27:10, 1027-1034
CrossRef58
Babak Roshanaei-Moghaddam, Wayne J. Katon, Joan Russo. (2009) The longitudinal effects of depression on physical activity. General Hospital Psychiatry 31:4, 306-315
CrossRef59
D.L. Christensen, H. Friis, D.L. Mwaniki, B. Kilonzo, I. Tetens, M.K. Boit, B. Omondi, L. Kaduka, K. Borch-Johnsen. (2009) Prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated risk factors in rural and urban populations of different ethnic groups in Kenya. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 84:3, 303-310
CrossRef60
Barbara Sternfeld, Clifford Block, Charles P. Quesenberry, Torin J. Block, Gail Husson, Jean C. Norris, Melissa Nelson, Gladys Block. (2009) Improving Diet and Physical Activity with ALIVE. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 36:6, 475-483
CrossRef61
Yin Hoon Chew, Yoke Lin Shia, Chew Tin Lee, Fadzilah Adibah Abdul Majid, Lee Suan Chua, Mohamad Roji Sarmidi, Ramlan Abdul Aziz. (2009) Modeling of glucose regulation and insulin-signaling pathways. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 303:1-2, 13-24
CrossRef62
Steven N. Blair, Jeremy N. Morris. (2009) Healthy Hearts—and the Universal Benefits of Being Physically Active: Physical Activity and Health. Annals of Epidemiology 19:4, 253-256
CrossRef63
R. Villegas, X.O. Shu, G. Yang, C.E. Matthews, H. Li, H. Cai, Y. Gao, W. Zheng. (2009) Energy balance and type 2 diabetes: A report from the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 19:3, 190-197
CrossRef64
PETER SCHANTZ, ERIK STIGELL. (2009) A Criterion Method for Measuring Route Distance in Physically Active Commuting. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41:2, 472-478
CrossRef65
C MOSTARDA, A ROGOW, I MORAESSILVA, R DELAFUENTE, L JORGE, B RODRIGUES, M HEEREN, E CALDINI, K DEANGELIS, M IRIGOYEN. (2009) Benefits of exercise training in diabetic rats persist after three weeks of detraining. Autonomic Neuroscience 145:1-2, 11-16
CrossRef66
Kanzo Okazaki, Hisao Suzuki, Masaru Kaga, Yoshikatsu Ohashi, Tatsuo Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki Kajitani, Minoru Adachi, Katsuhiro Amano, Shigeru Yamada, Takatsune Tsumiyama, Yumiko Inoue, Takashi Fukuda, Tadao Isaka, Hitoshi Yanagi, Katsuhiro Hirose, Takamasa Otani, Kunihiko Iwahashi, Tomoaki Inoue, Sakiya Yamasaki, Kazunari Ishihara, Kazunori Sagawa, Yukinori Shintaku, Kyosuke Hayashi, Kayo Takahashi. (2009) Physical activity and exercise levels, and their relationship with selected health factors in college students. Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences) 54:2, 425-436
CrossRef67
Hwi Ryun Kwon, Yun Hyi Ku, Hee Jung Ahn, Ji Yun Jeong, Sang Ryol Ryu, Bo Kyung Koo, Kyung Ah Han, Kyung Wan Min. (2009) Maximal Muscle Strength Deteriorates with Age in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Korean Diabetes Journal 33:5, 412
CrossRef68
Austin G. Stack, Bhamidipati Murthy. (2008) Exercise and Limitations in Physical Activity Levels among New Dialysis Patients in the United States: An Epidemiologic Study. Annals of Epidemiology 18:12, 880-888
CrossRef69
Robert Ross, Peter M Janiszewski. (2008) Is weight loss the optimal target for obesity-related cardiovascular disease risk reduction?. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 24, 25D-31D
CrossRef70
Leonardo J Orozco, Ana Maria Buchleitner, Gabriel Gimenez-Perez, Marta Roqué i Figuls, Bernd Richter, Didac Mauricio, Didac Mauricio. 2008. Exercise or exercise and diet for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus. .
CrossRef71
Lisa Chasan-Taber, Michael D. Schmidt, Penelope Pekow, Barbara Sternfeld, Joann E. Manson, Caren G. Solomon, Barry Braun, Glenn Markenson. (2008) Physical Activity and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Hispanic Women. Journal of Women's Health 17:6, 999-1008
CrossRef72
S E Crouter, J R Churilla, D R Bassett. (2008) Accuracy of the Actiheart for the assessment of energy expenditure in adults. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62:6, 704-711
CrossRef73
Nadia A. Khan, Brenda Hemmelgarn, Robert J. Herman, Simon W. Rabkin, Finlay A. McAlister, Chaim M. Bell, Rhian M. Touyz, Raj Padwal, Lawrence A. Leiter, Jeff L. Mahon, Michael D. Hill, Pierre Larochelle, Ross D. Feldman, Ernesto L. Schiffrin, Norman R.C. Campbell, Malcolm O. Arnold, Gordon Moe, Tavis S. Campbell, Alain Milot, James A. Stone, Charlotte Jones, Richard I. Ogilvie, Pavel Hamet, George Fodor, George Carruthers, Kevin D. Burns, Marcel Ruzicka, Jacques deChamplain, George Pylypchuk, Robert Petrella, Jean-Martin Boulanger, Luc Trudeau, Robert A. Hegele, Vincent Woo, Phil McFarlane, Michel Vallée, Jonathan Howlett, Peter Katzmarzyk, Sheldon Tobe, Richard Z. Lewanczuk. (2008) The 2008 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 2 – therapy. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 24:6, 465-475
CrossRef74
Araceli Boraita Pérez. (2008) Ejercicio, piedra angular de la prevención cardiovascular. Revista Española de Cardiología 61:5, 514-528
CrossRef75
Daniel A Galvão, Robert U Newton, Dennis R Taaffe, Nigel Spry. (2008) Can exercise ameliorate the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes associated with ADT?. Nature Clinical Practice Urology
CrossRef76
K T Ragnarsson. (2008) Functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury: current use, therapeutic effects and future directions. Spinal Cord 46:4, 255-274
CrossRef77
W. Shehab Eldin, M. Emara, A. Shoker. (2008) Prediabetes: a must to recognise disease state. International Journal of Clinical Practice 62:4, 642-648
CrossRef78
S. F. E. Praet, L. J. C. Loon. (2008) Exercise: the brittle cornerstone of type 2 diabetes treatment. Diabetologia 51:3, 398-401
CrossRef79
L. Miles. (2007) Physical activity and health. Nutrition Bulletin 32:4, 314-363
CrossRef80
Darren E.R. Warburton, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Ryan E. Rhodes, Roy J. Shephard. (2007) Evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for Canadian adultsThis article is part of a supplement entitled Advancing physical activity measurement and guidelines in Canada: a scientific review and evidence-based foundation for the future of Canadian physical activity guidelines co-published by Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism and the Canadian Journal of Public Health . It may be cited as Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32(Suppl. 2E) or as Can. J. Public Health 98(Suppl. 2).. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32:S2E, S16-S68
CrossRef81
Traci Tupper, Geetha Gopalakrishnan. (2007) Prevention of Diabetes Development in Those with the Metabolic Syndrome. Medical Clinics of North America 91:6, 1091-1105
CrossRef82
Wendy J. Brown, Nicola W. Burton, Paul J. Rowan. (2007) Updating the Evidence on Physical Activity and Health in Women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 33:5, 404-411.e25
CrossRef83
Nallini Gnanadesigan, Constance H. Fung. (2007) Quality Indicators for Screening and Prevention in Vulnerable Elders. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 55, S417-S423
CrossRef84
E. Fossum, G. W. Gleim, S. E. Kjeldsen, J. R. Kizer, S. Julius, R. B. Devereux, W. E. Brady, D. A. Hille, P. A. Lyle, B. Dahlöf. (2007) The effect of baseline physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes and new-onset diabetes in patients treated for hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. Journal of Internal Medicine 262:4, 439-448
CrossRef85
Anna Ferro-Luzzi, Laura Martino. 2007. Obesity and Physical Activity. , 207-227.
CrossRef86
A. Arai, K. Ishida, M. Tomimori, Y. Katsumata, J. S. Grove, H. Tamashiro. (2007) Association between lifestyle activity and depressed mood among home-dwelling older people: A community-based study in Japan. Aging & Mental Health 11:5, 547-555
CrossRef87
Michael LaMonte, William Cameron Chumlea, George Bray. 2007. Anthropometric Assessment. , 581-587.
CrossRef88
Bobbert, Joachim Spranger. 2007. Oligomeric Composition of Adiponectin and Obesity. , 167-176.
CrossRef89
P. Edouard, V. Gautheron, M.-C. D'Anjou, L. Pupier, X. Devillard. (2007) Réentraînement à l'effort chez l'enfant: revue de la littérature. Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique 50:6, 499-509
CrossRef90
P. Edouard, V. Gautheron, M.-C. D’Anjou, L. Pupier, X. Devillard. (2007) Training programs for children: literature review. Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique 50:6, 510-519
CrossRef91
N. Burns, F. M. Finucane, M. Hatunic, M. Gilman, M. Murphy, D. Gasparro, A. Mari, A. Gastaldelli, J. J. Nolan. (2007) Early-onset type 2 diabetes in obese white subjects is characterised by a marked defect in beta cell insulin secretion, severe insulin resistance and a lack of response to aerobic exercise training. Diabetologia 50:7, 1500-1508
CrossRef92
M. Halldin, M. Rosell, U. de Faire, M.-L. Hellénius. (2007) The metabolic syndrome: Prevalence and association to leisure-time and work-related physical activity in 60-year-old men and women. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 17:5, 349-357
CrossRef93
Claudio Maffeis, Marta Castellani. (2007) Physical activity: An effective way to control weight in children?. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 17:5, 394-408
CrossRef94
Siri L. Kjos. (2007) After Pregnancy Complicated by Diabetes: Postpartum Care and Education. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 34:2, 335-349
CrossRef95
Francesco Landi, Graziano Onder, Iain Carpenter, Matteo Cesari, Manuel Soldato, Roberto Bernabei. (2007) Physical activity prevented functional decline among frail community-living elderly subjects in an international observational study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 60:5, 518-524
CrossRef96
LJ Orozco, D Mauricio, G Gimenez-Perez, M Roque, Leonardo J Orozco. 2007. Exercise or exercise and diet for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus. .
CrossRef97
Gang Hu, Timo A. Lakka, Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen, Jaakko Tuomilehto. (2007) Epidemiological studies of exercise in diabetes prevention. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32:3, 583-595
CrossRef98
Jan Szewieczek, Jan Dulawa, Dorota Strzałkowska, Beata Hornik, Grzegorz Kawecki. (2007) Impact of the short-term, intense exercise on postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetic patients treated with gliclazide. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 21:2, 101-107
CrossRef99
Torben Østergård, Niels Jessen, Ole Schmitz, Lawrence J. Mandarino. (2007) The effect of exercise, training, and inactivity on insulin sensitivity in diabetics and their relatives: what is new?. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32:3, 541-548
CrossRef100
Timo A. Lakka, David E. Laaksonen. (2007) Physical activity in prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32:1, 76-88
CrossRef101
(2007) References. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 49:2, S160-S179
CrossRef102
E. Mollet. (2007) Attività fisica, diabete ed altri fattori di rischio cardiovascolare. EMC - AKOS - Trattato di Medicina 9:1, 1-6
CrossRef103
Nicola Joss, Christine E. Staatz, Alison H. Thomson, Alan G. Jardine. (2007) Predictors of new onset diabetes after renal transplantation. Clinical Transplantation 21:1, 136-143
CrossRef104
Karen Basen-Engquist, Cindy L. Carmack Taylor, Carol Rosenblum, Murray A. Smith, Eileen H. Shinn, Anthony Greisinger, Xylina Gregg, Pamela Massey, Vicente Valero, Edgardo Rivera. (2006) Randomized pilot test of a lifestyle physical activity intervention for breast cancer survivors. Patient Education and Counseling 64:1-3, 225-234
CrossRef105
G Hu, P Jousilahti, M Peltonen, S Bidel, J Tuomilehto. (2006) Joint association of coffee consumption and other factors to the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in Finland. International Journal of Obesity 30:12, 1742-1749
CrossRef106
Robyn J. Tapp, David W. Dunstan, Pat Phillips, Andrew Tonkin, Paul Z. Zimmet, Jonathan E. Shaw. (2006) Association between impaired glucose metabolism and quality of life: Results from the Australian diabetes obesity and lifestyle study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 74:2, 154-161
CrossRef107
Ai-Lun Yang, Chia-Ting Su, Ko-Long Lin, Jung-I Chao, Huei-Ping You, Shin-Da Lee. (2006) Exercise training improves insulin-induced and insulin-like growth factor-1-induced vasorelaxation in rat aortas. Life Sciences 79:21, 2017-2021
CrossRef108
Paul Araiza, Hilary Hewes, Carrie Gashetewa, Chantal A. Vella, Mark R. Burge. (2006) Efficacy of a pedometer-based physical activity program on parameters of diabetes control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 55:10, 1382-1387
CrossRef109
Charles Reasner. 2006. The Metabolic Syndrome: Identification and Management of the Patient at High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease. , 409-440.
CrossRef110
K. Borodulin, J. Tuomilehto, M. Peltonen, T. A. Lakka, J. Sundvall, P. Jousilahti. (2006) Association of leisure time physical activity and abdominal obesity with fasting serum insulin and 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose levels. Diabetic Medicine 23:9, 1025-1028
CrossRef111
Christian K. Roberts, Dean Won, Sandeep Pruthi, San San Lin, R. James Barnard. (2006) Effect of a diet and exercise intervention on oxidative stress, inflammation and monocyte adhesion in diabetic men. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 73:3, 249-259
CrossRef112
B. M. Popkin, S. Kim, E. R. Rusev, S. Du, C. Zizza. (2006) Measuring the full economic costs of diet, physical activity and obesity-related chronic diseases. Obesity Reviews 7:3, 271-293
CrossRef113
ROGER S. KIRBY, MIKE G. KIRBY, PETER AMOROSO, JOHN DEAN, DUNCAN GOULD. (2006) Steps by which better overall health for men could be achieved. BJU International 98:2, 285-288
CrossRef114
Dan Lender, Suzanne K Sysko. (2006) The Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiometabolic Risk: Scope of the Problem and Current Standard of Care. Pharmacotherapy 26:5part2, 3S-12S
CrossRef115
Anne-Helen Harding, Simon J. Griffin, Nicholas J. Wareham. (2006) Population impact of strategies for identifying groups at high risk of type 2 diabetes. Preventive Medicine 42:5, 364-368
CrossRef116
Raza H. Orakzai, Sarwar H. Orakzai, Khurram Nasir, Ariel Roguin, Izabel Pimentel, Jose A.M. Carvalho, Romeu Meneghello, Roger S. Blumenthal, Raul D. Santos. (2006) Association of Increased Cardiorespiratory Fitness with Low Risk for Clustering of Metabolic Syndrome Components in Asymptomatic Men. Archives of Medical Research 37:4, 522-528
CrossRef117
P. Peter, U. Martin, A. Sharma, F. Dunne. (2006) Effect of treatment with nebivolol on parameters of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetics with mild to moderate hypertension. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 31:2, 153-159
CrossRef118
Maria Penco, Renata Petroni, Francesca Pastori, Simona Fratini, Silvio Romano. (2006) Should sports activity be encouraged or contraindicated in hypertensive subjects?. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 7:4, 288-295
CrossRef119
LESLEE F. SANDERS, GLEN E. DUNCAN. (2006) Population-Based Reference Standards for Cardiovascular Fitness among U.S. Adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38:4, 701-707
CrossRef120
Angelo Tremblay, Fanny Therrien. (2006) Physical activity and body functionality: implications for obesity prevention and treatment. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 84:2, 149-156
CrossRef121
Kyung Wan Min, Sung Woo Park. (2006) Physical Activity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The Journal of Korean Diabetes Association 30:1, 1
CrossRef122
Jiyoong KIM, Satoshi NAKATANI, Kazuhiko HASHIMURA, Kazuo KOMAMURA, Hideaki KANZAKI, Masanori ASAKURA, Hiroshi ASANUMA, Yoshihiro KOKUBO, Hitonobu TOMOIKE, Masafumi KITAKAZE. (2006) Abnormal Glucose Tolerance Contributes to the Progression of Chronic Heart Failure in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Hypertension Research 29:10, 775-782
CrossRef123
Amy R. Weinstein, Howard D. Sesso. (2006) Joint Effects of Physical Activity and Body Weight on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 34:1, 10-15
CrossRef124
Laura Lewis Frank. 2005. Exercise and Insulin Resistance. , 131-155.
CrossRef125
Alpa Patel, Leslie Bernstein. 2005. Physical Activity and Cancer Incidence. , 49-74.
CrossRef126
Gary O’Donovan, Edward M. Kearney, Alan M. Nevill, Kate Woolf-May, Steve R. Bird. (2005) The effects of 24 weeks of moderate- or high-intensity exercise on insulin resistance. European Journal of Applied Physiology 95:5-6, 522-528
CrossRef127
Sai Yi Pan, Anne-Marie Ugnat, Yang Mao, . (2005) Physical activity and the risk of ovarian cancer: A case-control study in Canada. International Journal of Cancer 117:2, 300-307
CrossRef128
Roger S. Kirby, Michael Kirby. (2005) The urologist as an advocate of men’s health: 10 suggested steps toward helping patients achieve better overall health. Urology 66:5, 52-56
CrossRef129
D. W. Dunstan, J. Salmon, N. Owen, T. Armstrong, P. Z. Zimmet, T. A. Welborn, A. J. Cameron, T. Dwyer, D. Jolley, J. E. Shaw, . (2005) Associations of TV viewing and physical activity with the metabolic syndrome in Australian adults. Diabetologia 48:11, 2254-2261
CrossRef130
C. de Teresa Galván, M.aC. Vargas Corzo, C. Adamuz Ruiz. (2005) Corazón y ejercicio físico. Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado 9:44, 2895-2899
CrossRef131
2005. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure). .
CrossRef132
2005. Diabetes Mellitus. .
CrossRef133
Gail L. Daumit, Richard W. Goldberg, Christopher Anthony, Faith Dickerson, Clayton H. Brown, Julie Kreyenbuhl, Karen Wohlheiter, Lisa B. Dixon. (2005) Physical Activity Patterns in Adults With Severe Mental Illness. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 193:10, 641-646
CrossRef134
G O'Donovan, A Owen, E M Kearney, D W Jones, A M Nevill, K Woolf-May, S R Bird. (2005) Cardiovascular disease risk factors in habitual exercisers, lean sedentary men and abdominally obese sedentary men. International Journal of Obesity 29:9, 1063-1069
CrossRef135
Roland F. Dyck. (2005) Tracking ancient pathways to a modern epidemic: Diabetic end-stage renal disease in Saskatchewan aboriginal people. Kidney International 68:s97, S53-S57
CrossRef136
Susan B. Racette, Edward P. Weiss, Robert C. Hickner, John O. Holloszy. (2005) Modest weight loss improves insulin action in obese African Americans. Metabolism 54:7, 960-965
CrossRef137
M. Sacchetti, D. B. Olsen, B. Saltin, G. Hall. (2005) Heterogeneity in limb fatty acid kinetics in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 48:5, 938-945
CrossRef138
Matthias B. Schulze, Frank B. Hu. (2005) PRIMARY PREVENTION OF DIABETES: What Can Be Done and How Much Can Be Prevented?. Annual Review of Public Health 26:1, 445-467
CrossRef139
Marco Mensink. (2005) Lifestyle Intervention, Glucose Tolerance, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 3:1, 26-34
CrossRef140
Gang Hu, Timo A. Lakka, Noël C. Barengo, Jaakko Tuomilehto. (2005) Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 3:1, 35-44
CrossRef141
K. Waki, M. Noda, S. Sasaki, Y. Matsumura, Y. Takahashi, A. Isogawa, Y. Ohashi, T. Kadowaki, S. Tsugane, . (2005) Alcohol consumption and other risk factors for self-reported diabetes among middle-aged Japanese: a population-based prospective study in the JPHC study cohort I. Diabetic Medicine 22:3, 323-331
CrossRef142
A.K. Nyarko, L.K.N. Okine, R.K. Wedzi, P.A. Addo, M. Ofosuhene. (2005) Subchronic toxicity studies of the antidiabetic herbal preparation ADD-199 in the rat: absence of organ toxicity and modulation of cytochrome P450. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97:2, 319-325
CrossRef143
F.J. van Lenthe, J. Brug, J.P. Mackenbach. (2005) Neighbourhood inequalities in physical inactivity: the role of neighbourhood attractiveness, proximity to local facilities and safety in the Netherlands. Social Science & Medicine 60:4, 763-775
CrossRef144
Joseph E. Donnelly, Bryan Smith, Dennis J. Jacobsen, Erik Kirk, Katrina DuBose, Melissa Hyder, Bruce Bailey, Richard Washburn. (2004) The role of exercise for weight loss and maintenance. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 18:6, 1009-1029
CrossRef145
N. Nakanishi, T. Takatorige, K. Suzuki. (2004) Daily life activity and risk of developing impaired fasting glucose or Type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men. Diabetologia 47:10, 1768-1775
CrossRef146
Karl E. Friedl. (2004) Can You Be Large and Not Obese? The Distinction Between Body Weight, Body Fat, and Abdominal Fat in Occupational Standards. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 6:5, 732-749
CrossRef147
Nancy L. Keim, Cynthia A. Blanton, Mary J. Kretsch. (2004) America’s obesity epidemic: Measuring physical activity to promote an active lifestyle. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 104:9, 1398-1409
CrossRef148
F. Landi, M. Cesari, G. Onder, F. Lattanzio, E. M. Gravina, R. Bernabei, . (2004) Physical Activity and Mortality in Frail, Community-Living Elderly Patients. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 59:8, M833-M837
CrossRef149
J.A. Dzator, D. Hendrie, V. Burke, N. Gianguilio, H.F. Gillam, L.J. Beilin, S. Houghton. (2004) A randomized trial of interactive group sessions achieved greater improvements in nutrition and physical activity at a tiny increase in cost. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 57:6, 610-619
CrossRef150
M Nagano, Y Kai, B Zou, T Hatayama, M Suwa, H Sasaki, S Kumagai. (2004) The contribution of cardiorespiratory fitness and visceral fat to risk factors in Japanese patients with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 53:5, 644-649
CrossRef151
Qing Qiao, Desmond E. Williams, Giuseppina Imperatore, K.M. Venkat Narayan, Jaakko Tuomilehto. 2004. Epidemiology and Geography of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. .
CrossRef152
Henrik Galbo, Erik A. Richter. 2004. Exercise. .
CrossRef153
Noriyuki Nakanishi, Kazue Nishina, Mitsuharu Okamoto, Hiroshi Yoshida, Yoshio Matsuo, Kenji Suzuki, Kozo Tatara. (2004) Clustering of components of the metabolic syndrome and risk for development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese male office workers. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 63:3, 185-194
CrossRef154
J Deloumeaux, E Ninin, L Foucan. (2004) Anthropometric parameters and type 2 diabetes: a case-control study in a Guadeloupean population. Diabetes & Metabolism 30:1, 75-80
CrossRef155
Eric B Larson, Li Wang. (2004) Exercise, Aging, and Alzheimer Disease. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 18:2, 54-56
CrossRef156
C. W. Ahn, Y. D. Song, J. H. Nam, D. M. Kim, S. O. Woo, S. W. Park, B. S. Cha, S. K. Lim, K. R. Kim, J. H. Lee, H. C. Lee, K. B. Huh. (2004) Insulin sensitivity in physically fit and unfit children of parents with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 21:1, 59-63
CrossRef157
Ebenezer A. Nyenwe, Osaretin J. Odia, Anele E. Ihekwaba, Aaron Ojule, Seye Babatunde. (2003) Type 2 diabetes in adult Nigerians: a study of its prevalence and risk factors in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 62:3, 177-185
CrossRef158
Hunkyung Kim, Takao Suzuki, Hajime Iwasa, Hideyo Yoshida. (2003) A prospective study of the effects of regular sports practice on mortality among the elderly in a rural community in Japan: An 8-year follow-up study. Geriatrics and Gerontology International 3:s1, S15-S20
CrossRef159
Lorrene D. Ritchie, Sujatha Ganapathy, Gail Woodward-Lopez, Dana E. Gerstein, Sharon E. Fleming. (2003) Prevention of type 2 diabetes in youth: Etiology, promising interventions and recommendations. Pediatric Diabetes 4:4, 174-209
CrossRef160
Alpa V. Patel, Michael F. Press, Kathleen Meeske, Eugenia E. Calle, Leslie Bernstein. (2003) Lifetime recreational exercise activity and risk of breast carcinoma in situ. Cancer 98:10, 2161-2169
CrossRef161
Marie Seibaek, Henrik Vestergaard, Hans Burchardt, Carsten Sloth, Christian Torp-Pedersen, Steen Levin Nielsen, Per Hildebrandt, Oluf Pedersen. (2003) Insulin resistance and maximal oxygen uptake. Clinical Cardiology 26:11, 515-520
CrossRef162
Guntram Schernthaner. (2003) Fortschritte in der Prävention des Typ-2-Diabetes. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 115:21-22, 745-757
CrossRef163
Maureen F Kennedy, W.H Meeuwisse. (2003) Exercise counselling by family physicians in Canada. Preventive Medicine 37:3, 226-232
CrossRef164
Jeffrey A Potteiger, Dennis J Jacobsen, Joseph E Donnelly, James O Hill. (2003) Glucose and insulin responses following 16 months of exercise training in overweight adults: the midwest exercise trial. Metabolism 52:9, 1175-1181
CrossRef165
M. B. E. Livingstone, P. J. Robson, J. M. W. Wallace, M. C. McKinley. (2003) How active are we? Levels of routine physical activity in children and adults. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62:03, 681-701
CrossRef166
Patricia L Painter, Lisa Hector, Karen Ray, Liliana Lynes, Steven M Paul, Marylin Dodd, Stephen L Tomlanovich, Nancy L Ascher. (2003) Effects of exercise training on coronary heart disease risk factors in renal transplant recipients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 42:2, 362-369
CrossRef167
Samy I. McFarlane, John J. Shin, Tanja Rundek, J. Thomas Bigger. (2003) Prevention of type 2 diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports 3:3, 235-241
CrossRef168
Terry T-K. Huang, Michael I. Goran. (2003) Prevention of type 2 diabetes in young people: a theoretical perspective. Pediatric Diabetes 4:1, 38-56
CrossRef169
Frank B. Hu. (2003) Sedentary lifestyle and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Lipids 38:2, 103-108
CrossRef170
K M Venkat Narayan, Alka M Kanaya, Edward W Gregg. (2003) Lifestyle Intervention for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Treatments in Endocrinology 2:5, 315-320
CrossRef171
I. J. Perry. (2002) Healthy diet and lifestyle clustering and glucose intolerance. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61:04, 543-551
CrossRef172
Jeanette Gustat, Sathanur R Srinivasan, Abdalla Elkasabany, Gerald S Berenson. (2002) Relation of self-rated measures of physical activity to multiple risk factors of insulin resistance syndrome in young adults. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 55:10, 997-1006
CrossRef173
Makoto Watanabe, Federica Barzi, Bruce Neal, Hirotsugu Ueshima, Yuji Miyoshi, Akira Okayama, Sohel Reza Choudhury. (2002) Alcohol consumption and the risk of diabetes by body mass index levels in a cohort of 5,636 Japanese. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 57:3, 191-197
CrossRef174
Paul W. Franks, Man-Yu Wong, Jian'an Luan, Jo Mitchell, Susie Hennings, Nicholas J. Wareham. (2002) Non-esterified fatty acid levels and physical inactivity: the relative importance of low habitual energy expenditure and cardio-respiratory fitness. British Journal of Nutrition 88:03, 307
CrossRef175
(2002) Age, body mass index and glucose tolerance in 11 European population-based surveys. The DECODE Study Group, on behalf of the European Diabetes Epidemiology Group*. Diabetic Medicine 19:7, 558-565
CrossRef176
Grace Wyshak. (2002) Behavior, Heredity, and Diabetes in College Alumnae. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 11:6, 549-554
CrossRef177
TC Verheij. (2002) Meer bewegen Achtergronden, gevolgen en beleidhart- en vaatziekten morbiditeit mortaliteit preventie sport. Huisarts en Wetenschap 45:6, 481-486
CrossRef178
K. Miura. (2002) Invited Commentary: Height-Cardiovascular Disease Relation: Where to Go from Here?. American Journal of Epidemiology 155:8, 688-689
CrossRef179
Jack L. Leahy. (2002) The 2000s—decade of prevention. Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes 9:2, 127-129
CrossRef180
Theodore J. Angelopoulos, Rebecca M. Schultz, Julia C. Denton, Athanasios Z. Jamurtas. (2002) Significant Enhancements in Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Action in Centrally Obese Subjects Following Ten Days of Training. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 12:2, 113-118
CrossRef181
Sheri R Colberg, Kevin B Stansberry, Patricia M McNitt, Aaron I Vinik. (2002) Chronic exercise is associated with enhanced cutaneous blood flow in Type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 16:2, 139-145
CrossRef182
Thomas K. Welty, Dorothy A. Rhoades, Fawn Yeh, Elisa T. Lee, Linda D. Cowan, Richard R. Fabsitz, David C. Robbins, Richard B. Devereux, Jeffrey A. Henderson, Barbara V. Howard. (2002) Changes in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among American Indians. Annals of Epidemiology 12:2, 97-106
CrossRef183
A.K. Nyarko, H. Asare-Anane, M. Ofosuhene, M.E. Addy. (2002) Extract of Ocimum canum lowers blood glucose and facilitates insulin release by isolated pancreatic β-islet cells. Phytomedicine 9:4, 346-351
CrossRef184
Shirley Wong, Julia Wong, Lydia Makrides, Swarna Weerasinghe. (2002) A conceptual model for a culturally responsive community-based diabetes prevention programme. Leadership in Health Services 15:3, 1-11
CrossRef185
W G Thompson. (2001) Early recognition and treatment of glucose abnormalities to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease.. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 76:11, 1137-1143
CrossRef186
L. DiPietro. (2001) Physical Activity in Aging: Changes in Patterns and Their Relationship to Health and Function. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 56:Supplement 2, 13-22
CrossRef187
Hu, Frank B., Manson, JoAnn E., Stampfer, Meir J., Colditz, Graham, Liu, Simin, Solomon, Caren G., Willett, Walter C., . (2001) Diet, Lifestyle, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women. New England Journal of Medicine 345:11, 790-797
Full Text188
M Hillsdon, C Foster, M Thorogood. 2001. Interventions for promoting physical activity. .
CrossRef189
Deborah Fulton-Kehoe, Richard F Hamman, Judith Baxter, Julie Marshall. (2001) A Case-Control Study of Physical Activity and Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM). Annals of Epidemiology 11:5, 320-327
CrossRef190
J. J. Keysor, A. M. Jette. (2001) Have We Oversold the Benefit of Late-Life Exercise?. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 56:7, M412-M423
CrossRef191
Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis, Tina Costacou. (2001) Obesity and sedentary lifestyle: Modifiable risk factors for prevention of type 2 diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports 1:2, 170-176
CrossRef192
ROY J. SHEPHARD. (2001) Absolute versus relative intensity of physical activity in a dose-response context. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33:Supplement, S400-S418
CrossRef193
J. V. Bjornholt, G. Erikssen, K. Liestol, J. Jervell, J. Erikssen, E. Thaulow. (2001) Prediction of Type 2 diabetes in healthy middle-aged men with special emphasis on glucose homeostasis. Results from 22.5 years' follow-up. Diabetic Medicine 18:4, 261-267
CrossRef194
Ella Haddad. 2001. Vegetarian Diets and Dietary Guidelines for Chronic Disease Prevention. , 371-409.
CrossRef195
T. Drivsholm, H. Ibsen, M. Schroll, M. Davidsen, K. Borch-Johnsen. (2001) Increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance among 60-year-old Danes. Diabetic Medicine 18:2, 126-132
CrossRef196
A. Perez-Martin, E. Raynaud, J. Mercier. (2001) Insulin resistance and associated metabolic abnormalities in muscle: effects of exercise. Obesity Reviews 2:1, 47-59
CrossRef197
Gunilla Bjärås, Lotta Klinge Härberg, Jenny Sydhoff, Claes-Göran Östenson. (2001) Walking campaign: a model for developing participation in physical activity? Experiences from three campaign periods of the Stockholm Diabetes Prevention Program (SDPP). Patient Education and Counseling 42:1, 9-14
CrossRef198
Jos W.R. Twisk. (2001) Physical Activity Guidelines for Children and Adolescents. Sports Medicine 31:8, 617-627
CrossRef199
Jari Parkkari, Urho M. Kujala, Pekka Kannus. (2001) Is it Possible to Prevent Sports Injuries?. Sports Medicine 31:14, 985-995
CrossRef200
Kathi J. Lovelace, Christopher P. Neck, Charles C. Manz. 2001. Virtual team fitness: Enhancing team performance through team member health. , 215-237.
CrossRef201
Samantha J Thompson, Sandra M Gifford. (2000) Trying to keep a balance: the meaning of health and diabetes in an urban Aboriginal community. Social Science & Medicine 51:10, 1457-1472
CrossRef202
Luis B Sardinha, Pedro J Teixeira, Dartagnan P Guedes, Scott B Going, Timothy G Lohman. (2000) Subcutaneous central fat is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in men independently of total fatness and fitness. Metabolism 49:11, 1379-1385
CrossRef203
Carmen Castaneda. (2000) Type 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND EXERCISE. Nutrition in Clinical Care 3:6, 349-358
CrossRef204
Steven C. Elbein. (2000) Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes: An Overview for the Millennium. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2:3, 391-400
CrossRef205
W. W. Winder. (2000) AMP-Activated Protein Kinase: Possible Target for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2:3, 441-448
CrossRef206
Chih-Jen Chang, Feng-Hwa Lu, Yi-Ching Yang, Jin-Shang Wu, Ta-Jen Wu, Muh-Shy Chen, Lee-Ming Chuang, Tong-Yuan Tai. (2000) Epidemiologic study of type 2 diabetes in Taiwan. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 50, S49-S59
CrossRef207
Ming Wei, Harvey A. Schwertner, Steven N. Blair. (2000) The association between physical activity, physical fitness, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Comprehensive Therapy 26:3, 176-182
CrossRef208
S. Todd Callahan, M. Joan Mansfield. (2000) Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 12:4, 310-315
CrossRef209
William J. Evans. (2000) Exercise as the Standard of Care. Nutrition in Clinical Care 3:4, 189-191
CrossRef210
Mercedes Rigla, Jose L. Sánchez-Quesada, Jordi Ordóñez-Llanos, Teresa Prat, Assumpta Caixàs, Oscar Jorba, Josep R. Serra, Alberto de Leiva, Antonio Pérez. (2000) Effect of physical exercise on lipoprotein(a) and low-density lipoprotein modifications in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients. Metabolism 49:5, 640-647
CrossRef211
Maria Fiatarone Singh. 2000. The Exercise Prescription. , 37-104.
CrossRef212
Maria Fiatarone Singh. 2000. Diabetes. , 245-267.
CrossRef213
MARSHALL W. CARPENTER. (2000) The Role of Exercise in Pregnant Women With Diabetes Mellitus. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 43:1, 56-64
CrossRef214
SIRI L. KJOS. (2000) Postpartum Care of the Woman With Diabetes. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 43:1, 75-86
CrossRef215
Lawrence R. Brawley, W. Jack Rejeski, Lesley Lutes. (2000) A Group-Mediated Cognitive-Behavioral intervention for Increasing Adherence to Physical Activity in Older Adults. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research 5:1, 47-65
CrossRef216
K. Okada, T. Hayashi, K. Tsumura, C. Suematsu, G. Endo, S. Fujii. (2000) Leisure-time physical activity at weekends and the risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese men: the Osaka Health Survey. Diabetic Medicine 17:1, 53-58
CrossRef217
Alice S. Ryan. (2000) Insulin Resistance with Aging. Sports Medicine 30:5, 327-346
CrossRef218
J. David Branch, Russell R. Pate, Sharon P. Bourque. (2000) Moderate Intensity Exercise Training Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Women. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 9:1, 65-73
CrossRef219
Ben F. Hurley, Stephen M. Roth. (2000) Strength Training in the Elderly. Sports Medicine 30:4, 249-268
CrossRef220
Edith C. Kieffer. (2000) Maternal obesity and glucose intolerance during pregnancy among Mexican-Americans. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 14:1, 14-19
CrossRef221
L. S. Caplan, D. S. May, L. C. Richardson. (2000) Time to diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer: results from the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, 1991-1995. American Journal of Public Health 90:1, 130-134
CrossRef222
A. R. Folsom, L. H. Kushi, C. P. Hong. (2000) Physical activity and incident diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Public Health 90:1, 134-138
CrossRef223
William A. Bauman, Ann M. Spungen, Rodney H. Adkins, Bryan J. Kemp. (1999) Metabolic and Endocrine Changes in Persons Aging with Spinal Cord Injury. Assistive Technology 11:2, 88-96
CrossRef224
S. Uchimoto, K. Tsumura, T. Hayashi, C. Suematsu, G. Endo, S. Fujii, K. Okada. (1999) Impact of cigarette smoking on the incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men: the Osaka Health Survey. Diabetic Medicine 16:11, 951-955
CrossRef225
MARY-ELIZABETH PATTI. (1999) Nutrient Modulation of Cellular Insulin Action. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 892:1 THE METABOLIC, 187-203
CrossRef226
N. S. Levitt, K. Steyn, E. V. Lambert, G Reagon, C. J. Lombard, J. M. Fourie, K. Rossouw, M. Hoffman. (1999) Modifiable risk factors for Type 2 diabetes mellitus in a peri-urban community in South Africa. Diabetic Medicine 16:11, 946-950
CrossRef227
R. Wilks, C. Rotimi, F. Bennett, N. McFarlane-Anderson, J. S. Kaufman, S. G. Anderson, R. S. Cooper, J. K. Cruickshank, T. Forrester. (1999) Diabetes in the Caribbean: results of a population survey from Spanish Town, Jamaica. Diabetic Medicine 16:10, 875-883
CrossRef228
LOUISE POTVIN, SERGE DESROSIERS, MARY TRIFONOPOULOS, NICOLE LEDUC, MICHÈLE RIVARD, ANN C MACAULAY, GILLES PARADIS. (1999) Anthropometric Characteristics of Mohawk Children Aged 6 to 11 Years. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 99:8, 955-961
CrossRef229
Martin Halle, Aloys Berg, Ulrich Garwers, Manfred W. Baumstark, Werner Knisel, Dominik Grathwohl, Daniel König, Joseph Keul. (1999) Influence of 4 weeks' intervention by exercise and diet on low-density lipoprotein subfractions in obese men with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 48:5, 641-644
CrossRef230
Murphy, Simkins, Helowicz. (1999) Diabetes Exercise Project. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 12:s1, 79-90
CrossRef231
Martin, Woolf-May. (1999) The retrospective evaluation of a general practitioner exercise prescription programme. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 12:s1, 32-42
CrossRef232
Peter Clarkson, Hugh E Montgomery, Michael J Mullen, Ann E Donald, Amanda J Powe, Teresa Bull, Michael Jubb, Michael World, John E Deanfield. (1999) Exercise training enhances endothelial function in young men. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 33:5, 1379-1385
CrossRef233
Les C. Higgins, Brian Oldenburg. (1999) Desire as a determinant of physical activity: Evidence from a sample of young adult females. Psychology & Health 14:2, 309-321
CrossRef234
Hee-Sook Jun, Hak Yeon Bae, Byoung Rai Lee, Kwang Sam Koh, Young Soo Kim, Kwan Woo Lee, Hyun-man Kim, Ji-Won Yoon. (1999) Pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) – genetic predisposition and metabolic abnormalities. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 35:2-3, 157-177
CrossRef235
Richard P. Donahue, Paul Zimmet, Judy A. Bean, Maximilian Decourten, Rosemary A.Decarlo Donahue, Gregory Collier, Ronald B. Goldberg, Ronald J. Prineas, Jay Skyler, Neil Schneiderman. (1999) Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Use, and Physical Activity in Relation to Serum Leptin Levels in a Multiethnic Population. Annals of Epidemiology 9:2, 108-113
CrossRef236
J H O'Keefe, J M Miles, W H Harris, R M Moe, B D McCallister. (1999) Improving the adverse cardiovascular prognosis of type 2 diabetes.. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 74:2, 171-180
CrossRef237
Yousuke Takemura, Shogo Kikuchi, Yutaka Inaba, Hiroko Yasuda, Katsuya Nakagawa. (1999) The Protective Effect of Good Physical Fitness When Young on the Risk of Impaired Glucose Tolerance When Old. Preventive Medicine 28:1, 14-19
CrossRef238
Gretchen A. Brenes, Michael J. Strube, Martha Storandt. (1998) An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Exercise Among Older Adults1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 28:24, 2274-2290
CrossRef239
M. Barnekow-Bergkvist, G. Hedberg, U. Janlert, E. Jansson. (1998) Prediction of physical fitness and physical activity level in adulthood by physical performance and physical activity in adolescence - An 18-year follow-up study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 8:5, 299-308
CrossRef240
JAMES M RIPPE, STACEY HESS. (1998) The Role of Physical Activity in the Prevention and Management of Obesity. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 98:10, S31-S38
CrossRef241
MARION J FRANZ. (1998) Managing Obesity in Patients With Comorbidities. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 98:10, S39-S43
CrossRef242
Ronald B. Goldberg. (1998) PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES. Medical Clinics of North America 82:4, 805-821
CrossRef243
R Lehmann. (1998) The effects of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Practical Diabetes International 15:5, 151-156
CrossRef244
William J. Evans. (1998) Exercise and nutritional needs of elderly people: effects on muscle and bone. Gerodontology 15:1, 15-24
CrossRef245
D.W Dunstan, I.B Puddey, L.J Beilin, V Burke, A.R Morton, K.G Stanton. (1998) Effects of a short-term circuit weight training program on glycaemic control in NIDDM. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 40:1, 53-61
CrossRef246
SUSAN CALVERT FINN. (1998) All's Fair... but Not in Diabetes Women's Unique Vulnerability: Part I. Journal of Women's Health 7:2, 167-171
CrossRef247
Laurie J. Goodyear, PhD, Barbara B. Kahn, MD. (1998) EXERCISE, GLUCOSE TRANSPORT, AND INSULIN SENSITIVITY. Annual Review of Medicine 49:1, 235-261
CrossRef248
Clare Bradley, Afsane Riazi, Shalleen Barendse, Mary B. Pierce, Christel Hendrieckx. 1998. Diabetes Mellitus. , 277-304.
CrossRef249
P.A. Dyson, M.S. Hammersley, R.J. Morris, R.R. Holman, R.C. Turner. (1997) The fasting hyperglycaemia study: II. Randomized controlled trial of reinforced healthy-living advice in subjects with increased but not diabetic fasting plasma glucose. Metabolism 46, 50-55
CrossRef250
Tuomo Rankinen, Tiina Suomela-Markkanen, Sari Väisänen, Anneli Helminen, Iikka Penttilä, Aloys Berg, Claude Bouchard, Rainer Rauramaa. (1997) Relationship between changes in physical activity and plasma insulin during a 2.5-year follow-up study. Metabolism 46:12, 1418-1423
CrossRef251
Andrea L. Dunn, Bess H. Marcus, James B. Kampert, Melissa E. Garcia, Harold W. Kohl, Steven N. Blair. (1997) Reduction in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: 6-Month Results from ProjectActive. Preventive Medicine 26:6, 883-892
CrossRef252
Ann C. Macaulay, Gilles Paradis, Louise Potvin, Edward J. Cross, Chantal Saad-Haddad, Alex McComber, Serge Desrosiers, Rhonda Kirby, Louis T. Montour, Donna L. Lamping, Nicole Leduc, Michèle Rivard. (1997) The Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project: Intervention, Evaluation, and Baseline Results of a Diabetes Primary Prevention Program with a Native Community in Canada. Preventive Medicine 26:6, 779-790
CrossRef253
James R. Bindon, Paul T. Baker. (1997) Bergmann's rule and the thrifty genotype. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104:2, 201-210
CrossRef254
Adrianne E Hardman. (1997) Physical activity and health. Nutrition Bulletin 22:2, 100-110
CrossRef255
Marion J. Franz. (1997) LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS FOR DIABETES MANAGEMENT. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 26:3, 499-510
CrossRef256
(1997) Guidelines for School and Community Programs to Promote Lifelong Physical Activity Among Young People. Journal of School Health 67:6, 202-219
CrossRef257
Katie Schmitz, Simone A. French, Robert W. Jeffery. (1997) Correlates of Changes in Leisure Time Physical Activity over 2 Years: The Healthy Worker Project. Preventive Medicine 26:4, 570-579
CrossRef258
WILLIAM J EVANS, DEANNA CYR-CAMPBELL. (1997) Nutrition, Exercise, and Healthy Aging. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 97:6, 632-638
CrossRef259
L Cooper-Patrick, D E Ford, L A Mead, P P Chang, M J Klag. (1997) Exercise and depression in midlife: a prospective study.. American Journal of Public Health 87:4, 670-673
CrossRef260
Lynda B. Ransdell, Heather Shaw, Deborah Ostlund. (1997) Metabolic Syndrome X: A Postmenopausal Woman's Hidden Nemesis. Journal of Women & Aging 9:1-2, 53-75
CrossRef261
James H. Warram, Jan Kopczynski, Hans U. Janka, Andrzej S. Krolewski. (1997) EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS AND ITS MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 26:1, 165-188
CrossRef262
Patrick M. Bell. (1997) Dietary and lifestyle factors contributing to insulin resistance. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56:1B, 263-272
CrossRef263
Martha L. Slattery, Sandra L. Edwards, Khe-Ni MA, Gary D. Friedman, John D. Potter. (1997) Physical activity and colon cancer: A public health perspective. Annals of Epidemiology 7:2, 137-145
CrossRef264
Barbara L. Feuerstein, Ruth S. Weinstock. (1997) Diet and exercise in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition 13:2, 95-99
CrossRef265
AMY LUKE, KEVIN C. MAKI, NANETTE BARKEY, RICHARD COOPER, DANIEL McGEE. (1997) Simultaneous monitoring of heart rate and motion to assess energy expenditure. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 29:1, 144-148
CrossRef266
LeighAnn H. Forsyth, Virginia L. Goetsch. (1997) Perceived Threat of Illness and Health Protective Behaviors in Offspring of Adults With Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Behavioral Medicine 23:3, 112-121
CrossRef267
Allison M. Hodge, Janice Montgomery, Gary K. Dowse, Barnabas Mavo, Tahlia Watt, Michael P. Alpers, Paul Z. Zimmet. (1996) Diet in an urban Papua New Guinea population with high levels of cardiovascular risk factors. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 35:4, 311-324
CrossRef268
Josef Niebauer, John P. Cooke. (1996) Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise: Role of Endothelial Shear Stress. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 28:7, 1652-1660
CrossRef269
William H. Dietz. (1996) The role of lifestyle in health: the epidemiology and consequences of inactivity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55:03, 829-840
CrossRef270
S Franceschi. (1996) Response. European Journal of Cancer 32:12, 2181-2182
CrossRef271
Perseghin, Gianluca, Price, Thomas B., Petersen, Kitt Falk, Roden, Michael, Cline, Gary W., Gerow, Karynn, Rothman, Douglas L., Shulman, Gerald I., . (1996) Increased Glucose Transport–Phosphorylation and Muscle Glycogen Synthesis after Exercise Training in Insulin-Resistant Subjects. New England Journal of Medicine 335:18, 1357-1362
Full Text272
Dorothy Gohdes, Cynthia Schraer, Stephen Rith-Najarian. (1996) Diabetes prevention in American Indians and Alaska natives: where are we in 1994?. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 34, S95-S100
CrossRef273
B. Nyholm, A. Mengel, S. Nielsen, Ch. Skjærbæk, N. Møller, K. G. M. M. Alberti, O. Schmitz. (1996) Insulin resistance in relatives of NIDDM patients: The role of physical fitness and muscle metabolism. Diabetologia 39:7, 813-822
CrossRef274
Brenda S. Brownlow, Anne Petro, Mark N. Feinglos, Richard S. Surwit. (1996) The role of motor activity in diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice. Physiology & Behavior 60:1, 37-41
CrossRef275
Adrianne E. Hardman. (1996) Exercise in the prevention of atherosclerotic, metabolic and hypertensive diseases: A review. Journal of Sports Sciences 14:3, 201-218
CrossRef276
I. Smith, P.J. Franks, R.M. Greenhalgh, N.R. Poulter, J.T. Powell. (1996) The influence of smoking cessation and hypertriglyceridaemia on the progression of peripheral arterial disease and the onset of critical ischaemia. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 11:4, 402-408
CrossRef277
Kenji Shima, Keju Shi, Akira Mizuno, Toshiaki Sano, Kaori Ishida, Yoshihiko Noma. (1996) Exercise training has a long-lasting effect on prevention of non—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima fatty rats. Metabolism 45:4, 475-480
CrossRef278
STEVEN N. BLAIR, EDWARD HORTON, ARTHUR S. LEON, I-MIN LEE, BARBARA L. DRINKWATER, ROD K. DISHMAN, MAUREEN MACKEY, MICHELLE L. KIENHOLZ. (1996) Physical activity, nutrition, and chronic disease. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 28:3, 335-349
CrossRef279
Eberhard Ritz, Adam Stefanski. (1996) Diabetic nephropathy in type II diabetes. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 27:2, 167-194
CrossRef280
Matti I. J. Uusitupa. (1996) Early Lifestyle Intervention in Patients with Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus and Impaire Glucose Tolerance. Annals of Medicine 28:5, 445-449
CrossRef281
H. Yki-J
rvinen. (1995) Role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of NIDDM. Diabetologia 38:12, 1378-1388
CrossRef282
Bronner, Leslie L., Kanter, Daniel S., Manson, JoAnn E., . (1995) Primary Prevention of Stroke. New England Journal of Medicine 333:21, 1392-1400
Full Text283
G.S. Meneilly, D. Tessier. (1995) Diabetes in the Elderly. Diabetic Medicine 12:11, 949-960
CrossRef284
RB Paisey, P Harvey, S Rice, I Belka, L Bower, M Dunn, RM Paisey, J Frost, P Goldman, I Ash. (1995) Short-term results of an open trial of very low calorie diet or intensive conventional diet in Type 2 diabetes. Practical Diabetes International 12:6, 263-267
CrossRef285
Arend Bonen. (1995) Benefits of Exercise for Type II Diabetics: Convergence of Epidemiologic, Physiologic, and Molecular Evidence. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 20:3, 261-279
CrossRef286
Aldo Maldonato, Donatella Bloise, Massimo Ceci, Emanuele Fraticelli, Franco Fallucca. (1995) Diabetes mellitus: lessons from patient education. Patient Education and Counseling 26:1-3, 57-66
CrossRef287
Ralph R. Kazer. (1995) Insulin resistance, insulin-like growth factor I and breast cancer: A hypothesis. International Journal of Cancer 62:4, 403-406
CrossRef288
Arend Bonen, Susan M. Shaw. (1995) Recreational exercise participation and aerobic fitness in men and women: Analysis of data from a national survey. Journal of Sports Sciences 13:4, 297-303
CrossRef289
P. Meadows. (1995) Variation of Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence in General Practice and Its Relation to Deprivation. Diabetic Medicine 12:8, 696-700
CrossRef290
Abbas Shehadeh, Timothy J. Regan. (1995) Cardiac consequences of diabetes mellitus. Clinical Cardiology 18:6, 301-305
CrossRef291
M Daniel. (1995) Diabetes and Canada's aboriginal peoples: the need for primary prevention. International Journal of Nursing Studies 32:3, 243-259
CrossRef292
Peter Herbison, Don Wilson. (1995) Implications of gestational diabetes for the future health of the mother. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 102:5, 427-428
CrossRef293
Anne Dornborst. (1995) AUTHOR'S REPLY. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 102:5, 428-428
CrossRef294
G.A. Caplan, R. Colagiuri, S.R. Lord, S. Colagiuri, J.A. Ward. (1995) Exercise in Older People with Type II Diabetes Maintains Bone Density Despite Weight Loss. Australasian Journal on Ageing 14:2, 71-75
CrossRef295
ROY J. SHEPHARD. (1995) Review Essay A personal perspective on aging and productivity, with particular reference to physically demanding work. Ergonomics 38:4, 617-636
CrossRef296
Edward Giovannucci. (1995) Insulin and colon cancer. Cancer Causes and Control 6:2, 164-179
CrossRef297
M. Pierce, H. Keen, C. Bradley. (1995) Risk of Diabetes in Offspring of Parents with Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 12:1, 6-13
CrossRef298
Cecil M. Burchfiel, J.David Curb, Beatriz L. Rodriguez, Katsuhiko Yano, Lie-Ju Hwang, Ka-On Fong, Ellen B. Marcus. (1995) Incidence and predictors of diabetes in Japanese-American men the Honolulu Heart Program. Annals of Epidemiology 5:1, 33-43
CrossRef299
Urho M. Kujala, Jaakko Kaprio, Simo Taimela, Seppo Sarna. (1994) Prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease in former elite athletes. Metabolism 43:10, 1255-1260
CrossRef300
Wilfred Y. Fujimoto, Richard W. Bergstrom, Edward J. Boyko, James L. Kinyoun, Donna L. Leonetti, Laura L. Newell-Morris, Lawrence R. Robinson, William P. Shuman, Walter C. Stolov, Christine H. Tsunehara, Patricia W. Wahl. (1994) Diabetes and diabetes risk factors in second- and third-generation Japanese Americans in Seattle, Washington. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 24, S43-S52
CrossRef301
Isao Todoroki, Koichi Shinchi, Suminori Kong, Koji Imanishi. (1994) Lifestyle and glucose tolerance: A cross-sectional study of Japanese men. Annals of Epidemiology 4:5, 363-368
CrossRef302
Jean-Pierre Després, B. LAMARCHE. (1994) Low-intensity endurance exercise training, plasma lipoproteins and the risk of coronary heart disease. Journal of Internal Medicine 236:1, 7-22
CrossRef303
E J Perez-Stable, G Marin, B V Marin. (1994) Behavioral risk factors: a comparison of Latinos and non-Latino whites in San Francisco.. American Journal of Public Health 84:6, 971-976
CrossRef304
K. Shima, K. Shi, A. Mizuno, T. Sano, K. Ishida, S. Yoshimoto. (1994) Effects of difference in amount of exercise training on prevention of diabetes mellitus in the Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats, a model of spontaneous non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 23:3, 147-154
CrossRef305
G Williams. (1994) Management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Lancet 343:8889, 95-100
CrossRef306
C.M. Grilo. (1994) Physical activity and obesity. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 48:3-4, 127-136
CrossRef307
Thorkell Gudbrandsson, Stevo Julius, Kenneth Jamerson, Shawna Smith, Lisa Krause, Nicholas Schork. (1994) Recreational Exercise and Cardiovascular Status in the Rural Community of Tecumseh, Michigan. Blood Pressure 3:3, 178-184
CrossRef308
Hannele Yki-Järvinen. (1994) Pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Lancet 343:8889, 91-95
CrossRef309
A. Dornhorst, R.W. Beard. (1993) Gestational Diabetes: A Challenge For The Future. Diabetic Medicine 10:10, 897-905
CrossRef310
Barbara V. Howard, Neil Schneiderman, Bonita Falkner, Steven M. Haffner, Ami Laws. (1993) Insulin, health behaviors, and lipid metabolism. Metabolism 42:9, 25-35
CrossRef311
Kenji Shima, Keju Shi, Toshiaki Sano, Tamako Iwami, Akira Mizuno, Yoshihiko Noma. (1993) Is exercise training effective in preventing diabetes mellitus in the Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rat, a model of spontaneous non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?. Metabolism 42:8, 971-977
CrossRef312
Douglas M. Peterson. (1993) Exercise and physical activity in the adult population. Journal of General Internal Medicine 8:3, 149-159
CrossRef313
Richard F. Hamman. (1992) Genetic and environmental determinants of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Diabetes / Metabolism Reviews 8:4, 287-338
CrossRef314
Andrea M. Kriska, Peter H. Bennett. (1992) An epidemiological perspective of the relationship between physical activity and NIDDM: From activity assessment to intervention. Diabetes / Metabolism Reviews 8:4, 355-372
CrossRef315
Jaakko Tuomilehto, William C. Knowler, Paul Zimmet. (1992) Primary prevention of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes / Metabolism Reviews 8:4, 339-353
CrossRef316
Peter F. Bruning, Johannes M. G. Bonfrèr, Paul A. H. van Noord, Augustinus A. M. Hart, Maartje de Jong-Bakker, Wim J. Nooijen. (1992) Insulin resistance and breast-cancer risk. International Journal of Cancer 52:4, 511-516
CrossRef317
Manson, JoAnn E., Tosteson, Heather, Ridker, Paul M., Satterfield, Suzanne, Hebert, Patricia, O'Connor, Gerald T., Buring, Julie E., Hennekens, Charles H., . (1992) The Primary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 326:21, 1406-1416
Full Text318
(1991) Physical Activity and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine 325:26, 1887-1887
Full Text319
J.E. Manson, M.J. Stampfer, G.A. Colditz, W.C. Willett, B. Rosner, C.H. Hennekens, F.E. Speizer, E.B. Rimm, A.S. Krolewski. (1991) Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. The Lancet 338:8770, 774-778
CrossRef320
Horton, Edward S., . (1991) Exercise and Decreased Risk of NIDDM. New England Journal of Medicine 325:3, 196-198
Full Text
- Letters
