Original Article
Diagnostic Relevance of Clonal Cytogenetic Aberrations in Malignant Soft-Tissue Tumors
N Engl J Med 1991; 324:436-443February 14, 1991
- Abstract
- Abstract
Background.
Malignant soft-tissue tumors often present substantial diagnostic challenges. Chromosome aberrations that might be diagnostic have been identified in some types of soft-tissue tumors, but the overall frequency and diagnostic relevance of these aberrations have not been established.
Methods.
We attempted to determine the karyotypes of a series of 62 consecutive, unselected malignant spindle-cell or small round-cell soft-tissue tumors (from 46 adults and 16 children) after direct harvesting of cells or short-term culture. All tumors were examined independently by immunohistochemical staining in addition to routine light-microscopical evaluation, and all but two tumors were examined by electron microscopy.
Results.
Metaphases were obtained from 61 of the 62 tumors, and clonal chromosome aberrations were identified in 55 (89 percent). In the six tumors that yielded metaphases but lacked apparent clonal aberrations, the normal metaphases were found to originate from non-neoplastic stromal elements within the tumor specimens. Thus, all tumors in which karyotyping was successful contained clonal chromosome aberrations. Forty of 62 tumors (65 percent) contained clonal chromosome aberrations that either suggested or confirmed a specific diagnosis; in 15 of these tumors (24 percent of all tumors), the aberrations were important in establishing the final diagnosis. Cytogenetic analyses were particularly informative about small round-cell tumors from children: 8 of 14 round-cell tumors contained diagnostically important chromosome aberrations. Using the combined approaches of light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and cytogenetics, we established an unambiguous diagnosis for 60 of 62 tumors.
Conclusions.
Cytogenetic analyses reveal clonal chromosome aberrations in virtually all malignant soft-tissue tumors. These clonal chromosome aberrations, particularly in small round-cell tumors in children, often have diagnostic relevance. (N Engl J Med 1991; 324:436–43.)
Media in This Article
Figure 1
Undifferentiated Small Round-Cell Neoplasm (A) Arising in the Pharynx of a Seven-Month-Old Boy (Patient 5) and the Translocation (11;22) Supporting a Diagnosis of Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (B).Figure 2
Undifferentiated Round-Cell Neoplasm (A) Arising from the Pelvis in a 21 -Year-Old Man (Patient 54) and the Translocation (1;11;22) Supporting a Diagnosis of Atypical Ewing's Sarcoma (B).Article Activity
- Article
SOFT-TISSUE tumors often present diagnostic challenges to the clinician and pathologist. In particular, despite the use of contemporary histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron-microscopical techniques, it can be difficult to determine the histogenesis of many small round-cell and spindle-cell soft-tissue neoplasms.1 2 3 4 In several recent studies, disparity between the original histologic assessment and a subsequent expert review was noted in over 25 percent of cases of malignant soft-tissue tumor.2 3 4 These pervasive diagnostic uncertainties have undoubtedly contributed to the absence of consensus regarding either the prognosis or the role of adjuvant chemotherapy for specific types of soft-tissue tumor. Accordingly, it is notable that consistent, apparently diagnostic chromosome rearrangements have been described recently in several varieties of malignant soft-tissue tumors.5 These rearrangements include the translocation (X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) in synovial sarcoma,6 the translocation (11;22)(q24;q11.2–12) in Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor,7 , 8 the translocation (2;13)(q35–37;q14) in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma,9 , 10 the translocation ( 12; 16) (q 13–14; p11 ) in myxoid liposarcoma,11 the deletion of the short arm of chromosome 1 in poor-prognosis neuroblastoma,12 and deletions involving chromosomes 1p, 3p, or 22 (or all three chromosomes) in many cases of malignant pleural mesothelioma.13 In other soft-tissue tumors, the absence of specific chromosome rearrangements or the characteristic complexity of karyotypic aberrations can be useful in confirming a diagnosis. One example is the category of malignant peripheral-nerve—sheath tumors, which historically have been difficult to distinguish from other spindle-cell sarcomas, including monophasic synovial sarcomas. Unlike synovial sarcomas, malignant peripheral-nerve—sheath tumors lack the translocation (X;18) and invariably contain complex cytogenetic aberrations.14 , 15
Although recognition of characteristic chromosome rearrangements has allowed the diagnosis of some soft-tissue tumors that have had nonspecific features on immunohistochemical examination and electron microscopy,16 the frequency and overall diagnostic relevance of such cytogenetic aberrations remain to be defined. Because the karyotypes of most soft-tissue tumors are determined in short-term cultures of fresh tumor specimens, overgrowth by non-neoplastic stromal elements can obscure cytogenetic aberrations in the tumor. Nevertheless, in previous studies, clonal cytogenetic aberrations were identified in 1 of 7 leiomyosarcomas,17 17 of 25 malignant fibrous histiocytomas,18 and 11 of a heterogeneous group of 29 soft-tissue sarcomas.19 To assess the frequency and diagnostic relevance of cytogenetic aberrations in soft-tissue tumors, we developed an approach that enabled us to analyze tumor metaphases after direct cell harvesting and very short term culture (one to five days). Using this approach, we attempted to determine karyotypes in metaphases of 62 consecutive, unselected, malignant soft-tissue tumors from 46 adults and 16 children. Cytogenetically normal cultures were assessed by immunohistochemical examination and electron microscopy, in addition to routine phase microscopy, to determine whether normal metaphases derived from tumor-cell or stromal-cell populations.
Methods
The tumors in this study were consecutive malignant soft-tissue tumors received within 24 hours of percutaneous, incisional, or excisional biopsy. Percutaneous biopsies were guided by imaging, and the specimens obtained through a 16-gauge core biopsy needle. In addition to routine light microscopy, appropriate immunohistochemical techniques were used independently to study all tumors. All but two tumors (from Patients 36 and 52) were independently examined by electron microscopy.
Short-Term Cytogenetic Cultures
On receipt from the frozen-section room, all specimens were immediately minced with scalpels and then disaggregated for 2 to 20 hours in a solution containing 200 units of collagenase per milliliter (Gibco, Grand Island, N.Y.), according to the method of Limon et al.20 Disaggregated cell clusters and single cells were cultured in T25 flasks or p35 petri dishes with the use of RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco) with 16 percent fetal-calf serum (Whittaker, Walkersville, Md.), 1 percent L-glutamine, 1 percent penicillin—streptomycin, 1 percent (vol/vol) bovine pituitary extract (Collaborative Research, Waltham, Mass.), and 0.5 percent (vol/vol) Mito+ Serum (Collaborative Research) in a 5 percent carbon dioxide incubator at 37°C. Flasks coated with fibronectin (Collaborative Research) were used for culture of all small round-cell tumors, and at least three cultures were established from each specimen. Cultures were monitored daily, and the relative amounts of tumor and stromal growth were noted. Cells were harvested from each culture at staggered intervals, depending on the time of maximal tumor and stromal growth, but all cell harvesting was completed within one to five days after the establishment of the culture. Most harvesting was carried out after adherent cells had been exposed to demecolcine (Colcemid) (0.002 μg per milliliter) for 14 hours. Alternatively, cells from tumors with unusually rapid growth were harvested after exposure to ethidium bromide (10 μg per milliliter) and vinblastine (0.05 μg per milliliter) for one to two hours. The cells were then released from flasks by trypsinization, treated in a hypotonic solution of 0.075 M potassium chloride for 10 minutes, and fixed with two changes of 3:1 methanol:acetic acid. Slides were made according to conventional techniques, with steam to assist in metaphase spreading. After one day of incubation on a slide warmer at 60°C, chromosomes were banded with the Giemsa—trypsin method.21 At least 10 metaphases were analyzed per tumor.
Direct Cell Harvesting
Direct harvesting was carried out on the last 32 tumors in this series (from Patients 31 through 62) if the specimen exceeded 3 mm3 in size. In these cases, one third of the specimen was used for direct harvesting and the remaining two thirds for short-term cultures. Specimens for direct harvesting were minced finely with scalpels and were then disaggregated for 15 to 30 minutes in a solution containing 400 units of collagenase per milliliter, which included dactinomycin (0.5 μg per milliliter), ethidium bromide (10 μg per milliliter), and vinblastine (0.05 μg per milliliter). After this brief disaggregation, specimens were pipetted vigorously to break up cell clusters further; hypotonic swelling, fixation, and slide making were performed as described above for short-term cultures.
Results
Cytogenetic analysis of 62 tumors from 46 adults and 16 children was attempted during a 14-month period. A specific histopathological diagnosis was established for 60 of the 62 tumors (97 percent) with the combined use of light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemical and cytogenetic approaches. Three specimens were malignant effusions associated with pleural nodules or plaques (Patients 36, 52, and 57), whereas the remaining specimens consisted of solid tumor material obtained by biopsy or excision. Metaphases were obtained successfully by direct harvesting or from short-term cultures for 61 of the 62 tumors; the one exception was an extensively necrotic rhabdomyosarcoma (Patient 46). Clonal cytogenetic aberrations were detected in 55 tumors (89 percent),* all but 4 of which (those from Patients 5, 19, 31, and 39) had multiple cytogenetic aberrations. Forty tumors (65 percent), including 27 of those from the 46 adults (59 percent) and 13 of those from the 16 children (81 percent), had cytogenetic aberrations that supported or established a specific histopathological diagnosis (Tables 1Table 1
Clinical Data and Diagnostically Relevant Cytogenetic Findings in 41 Adults with Malignant Soft-Tissue Tumors with Demonstrable Clonal Cytogenetic Aberrations. and 2Table 2
Clinical Data and Diagnostically Relevant Cytogenetic Findings in 14 Children with Malignant Soft-Tissue Tumors with Demonstrable Clonal Cytogenetic Aberrations.). Frequently encountered diagnostic cytogenetic aberrations included the translocation (11;22) of Ewing's sarcoma—primitive neuroectodermal tumor (five tumors, Fig. 1Figure 1Undifferentiated Small Round-Cell Neoplasm (A) Arising in the Pharynx of a Seven-Month-Old Boy (Patient 5) and the Translocation (11;22) Supporting a Diagnosis of Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (B). and 2Figure 2Undifferentiated Round-Cell Neoplasm (A) Arising from the Pelvis in a 21 -Year-Old Man (Patient 54) and the Translocation (1;11;22) Supporting a Diagnosis of Atypical Ewing's Sarcoma (B).), the translocation (X;18) of synovial sarcoma (five tumors, Fig. 3Figure 3
Spindle-Cell Neoplasm (A) Arising in the Abdomen of a 52-Year-Old Woman (Patient 42) and the Translocation (X;18) Supporting a Diagnosis of Monophasic Synovial Sarcoma (B). Arrows indicate translocation breakpoints on the rearranged chromosomes.), the deletion of chromosome 1p with double minute chromosomes of poor-prognosis neuroblastoma (three tumors, Fig. 4Figure 4
Small Round-Cell Neoplasm (A) Arising in the Adrenal Gland of a One-Year-Old Boy (Patient 60) and the Deletion of Chromosome 1p (Short Arrow) with Numerous Double Minute Chromosomes, Supporting a Diagnosis of Poor-Prognosis Neuroblastoma (B).), and the translocation (2; 13) of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (three tumors).Clinically Important Cytogenetic Findings
Fifteen tumors (24 percent) contained cytogenetic aberrations that were helpful in establishing the final histopathological diagnosis (those from patients with numbers in boldface in Tables 1 and 2). These diagnostically important cytogenetic rearrangements were more frequent among the tumors from the children than among those from the adults (56 vs. 13 percent [9 of 16 vs. 6 of 46], P<0.05 by chi-square test). Nine tumors with diagnostically important rearrangements were small round-cell tumors with the translocation (11;22), the translocation (2; 13), or the deletion of chromosome 1p with double minute chromosomes (Ewing's sarcoma—primitive neuroectodermal tumor, four tumors; alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, three tumors; and poor-prognosis neuroblastoma, two tumors, respectively). One of these tumors was that of Patient 12, a two-year-old boy with a facial neoplasm originally diagnosed as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor: reexcision of this tumor revealed occasional rhabdomyoblastic cells, and concomitant cytogenetic analysis demonstrated the translocation (2; 13) characteristic of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Another karyotype diagnostic of a small round-cell tumor was that of the tumor of Patient 36, a 13-year-old girl with a pleural effusion containing clusters of atypical small round cells: all cells contained the translocation (11;22), which characterizes Ewing's sarcomas and primitive neuroectodermal tumors. The cells also contained a specific translocation involving chromosomes 1 and 16 that is seen in approximately 20 percent of Ewing's sarcomas22 but appears to be uncommon in primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Diagnostic cytogenetic findings in tumors other than small round-cell tumors included the results for Patient 2, with a poorly differentiated sarcoma with the translocation (X;18) of synovial sarcoma; Patient 9, with a previously reported pelvic smooth-muscle tumor in which complex and hyperdiploid cytogenetic changes supported a diagnosis of metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma23; Patient 42, with a sarcoma that had histologic features suggestive of hemangiopericytoma but keratin immunoreactivity and the translocation (X;18), which characterize synovial sarcoma; and Patient 52, with a pleural effusion containing atypical mesothelial cells in which multiple cytogenetic aberrations supported a diagnosis of mesothelioma. The tumor of Patient 19 was particularly distinctive in that four schwannomas that appeared to be benign — all arising in the left leg —were found to have an identical chromosome 22 rearrangement. The shared, specific chromosome rearrangement indicated that the tumors were metastases rather than multicentric benign lesions. On the basis of the cytogenetic evidence of metastatic behavior, we classified this novel tumor as a malignant schwannoma. In keeping with precedent established for uterine smooth-muscle tumors, according to which metastatic lesions that appear to be benign are designated as metastasizing leiomyomas,24 this tumor might also have been categorized as a metastasizing benign schwannoma.
Cytogenetically Normal Tumors
Short-term cultures of six tumors yielded metaphases that lacked consistent cytogenetic aberrations (Table 3Table 3
Clinical Data on Seven Patients with Malignant Soft-Tissue Tumors in Which Clonal Cytogenetic Aberrations Were Not Demonstrated.). Direct harvesting had not been carried out for any of these tumors. In three tumors — an atypical Ewing's sarcoma, an angiosarcoma, and an alveolar soft-part sarcoma — it was obvious from observing the tissue cultures that the tumors had failed to grow and that the normal metaphases derived from fibroblastic overgrowth. The cultures of the remaining cytogenetically normal tumors — a leiomyosarcoma and two rhabdomyosarcomas — also appeared to be fibroblastic. Because myogenic tumors sometimes resemble fibroblasts in culture, these three cultures were studied by electron microscopy and by immunohistochemical staining for desmin. There was no ultrastructural or immunohistochemical evidence of myogenic differentiation in the cultured cells, whereas immunohistochemical staining of the original tumor sections showed reactivity for desmin. When cultures from one rhabdomyosarcoma were also injected into nude mice, no tumorigenesis occurred during a 10-week observation period. All these findings supported a fibroblastic (stromal) origin of the normal metaphases.Direct Cytogenetic Harvesting
Our demonstration of exclusively stromal outgrowth in short-term cultures of specimens of 6 tumors prompted the initiation of direct harvesting from the last 32 tumors in this series. The karyotype of each tumor was also determined from short-term cultures. Implementation of the direct approach seemed particularly promising because three of the unsuccessful short-term cultures had been those of tumors with high mitotic indexes (>1 mitosis per high-power field), suggesting that tumor metaphases would have been obtained if direct harvesting had been carried out. Sufficient material for direct harvesting was available in 20 of the last 32 tumors, and 13 of the 20 attempts (65 percent) yielded tumor metaphases. Three of the successful direct harvests (15 percent) involved tumors that subsequently failed to grow in short-term culture (the tumors of Patients 33, 44, and 56). Accordingly, cells obtained by direct harvesting were the only source of metaphases for these three tumors.
Needle Biopsies
Tumor material was obtained by fine-needle biopsy in Patients 5 and 58. Each of these specimens was found to have clonal chromosome aberrations in short-term culture,* and in both cases the clonal aberrations were diagnostically important (Table 2). These studies demonstrate that cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors can be carried out successfully with small tumor specimens (<2 mm3), provided that the specimens contain viable tumor cells.
Discussion
In this study, we have demonstrated the feasibility of routine chromosome analyses of a consecutive heterogeneous series of malignant soft-tissue tumors. The analyses were carried out in cells obtained by direct harvesting and from short-term culture, permitting a turnaround time (two to seven days) comparable to that achieved with immunohistochemical examination and electron microscopy. Clonal cytogenetic aberrations were detected in all successfully cultured tumors, and the cytogenetic aberrations often had clinical relevance. Our findings suggest that karyotypic analysis of malignant soft-tissue tumors may have a clinical usefulness equal to that of analysis of hematologic neoplasms.25 26 27 28
Four steps seemed crucial to the successful identification of cytogenetic aberrations in this series: ( 1 ) the rapid processing of specimens, which was necessary for the maintenance of tumor-cell viability; (2) the use of several mixtures of growth factors, including bovine pituitary extract and serum supplement, to maximize short-term tumor growth; (3) the daily observation of all tumor cultures so that metaphases could be harvested before extensive overgrowth by non-neoplastic stromal cells; and (4) the implementation of direct metaphase harvests, which often produced metaphases of good quality from high-grade tumors. Using these approaches, one can detect clonal chromosome rearrangements in virtually all malignant soft-tissue tumors, even when the tumor specimens are obtained by needle biopsy.
Although not observed in this study, true normal karyotypes have been described previously in at least five malignant soft-tissue tumors.29 , 30 Accordingly, a normal karyotype does not unequivocally exclude malignancy in this context. However, certain soft-tissue tumors — e.g., malignant fibrous histiocytomas and malignant peripheral-nerve—sheath tumors — characteristically contain very complex cytogenetic aberrations; the detection of an apparently normal karyotype in such tumors usually indicates overgrowth of the tumor component by non-neoplastic stromal cells.
Some malignant soft-tissue tumors appear to lack distinctive phenotypic features when examined by conventional light microscopy, but may contain diverse and diagnostically useful cellular constituents when studied by immunohistochemical techniques and electron microscopy.31 Unfortunately, tumor progression is sometimes accompanied by a loss of original distinguishing characteristics; accordingly, soft-tissue tumors that appear most undifferentiated on light microscopy may also lack diagnostic immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features. Because most diagnostic chromosome translocations — e.g., the translocation (X;18) of synovial sarcoma — are presumed to reflect oncogenic activations that are crucial to maintaining the transformed state, it is likely that these specific translocations are retained during the process of tumor dedifferentiation. In the present series, we observed diagnostic chromosome translocations in several histologically undifferentiated tumors.
Cytogenetic analyses of soft-tissue tumors have particular clinical relevance when applied to small round-cell tumors of children. The small round-cell tumors are composed of primitive cells that often lack distinguishing features, and the differential diagnosis can be extensive.32 In a typical case, it might include Ewing's sarcoma, peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. On the basis of our findings and those of previous studies,33 it is clear that many small round-cell tumors have specific chromosome rearrangements that can be useful in establishing the diagnosis.
In conclusion, we recommend that karyotypic analysis be considered in the routine diagnostic evaluation of all small round-cell tumors. Although cytogenetic analyses may be diagnostic in certain non—small-cell soft-tissue tumors — e.g., synovial sarcoma and malignant mesothelioma — the clinical role of such analyses in evaluating other non—small-cell tumors, including leiomyosarcoma and malignant peripheral-nerve—sheath tumor, remains to be defined. Further delineation of the relevance of cytogenetic aberrations in the latter groups will require correlation of additional chromosome analyses with the results of light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical phenotyping. At present, however, cytogenetic analyses should be considered in cases of non—small-cell tumors in which immunohistochemical examination and electron microscopy have failed to establish a definitive diagnosis in a specimen obtained by biopsy or excision.
Supported in part by a grant from the Hood Foundation and by Physician-Scientist Awards (NIA-AG-00294 and 1 -K11 -CA-01498–01 ) to Dr. Fletcher from the National Institutes of Health.
We are indebted to Ms. Kim Lipinski Barron, Ms. Karen Pavelka, and Mr. Kevin Donovan for technical assistance with some of the cytogenetic assays; to Drs. Robert Shamberger, Trevor McGill, David Sugarbaker, and Robert Osteen for assistance in obtaining tumor specimens; and to the house officers and staff in the Departments of Pathology at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, whose contributions made these investigations possible.
Source Information
From the Departments of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (J.A.F., J.M.L., N.W., G.S.P., C.C.M., J.M.C.) and Children's Hospital (H.P.K.); the Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, and the Division of Hematology—Oncology, Children's Hospital (J.A.F.); the Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital (F.A.H.); the Division of Hematology—Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (R.T.); and the Departments of Pathology, Pediatrics, Radiology, and Medicine, Harvard Medical School; all in Boston. Address reprint requests to Dr. Fletcher at the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115.
- References
References
*
See NAPS document no. 04839 for four pages of supplementary material. Order from NAPS c/o Microfiche Publications, P.O. Box 3513, Grand Central Station, New York, NY 10163–3513. Remit in advance (in U.S. funds only) $7.75 for photocopies or $4 for microfiche. Outside the U.S. and Canada add postage of $4.50 ($1.50 for microfiche postage). There is an invoicing charge of $15 on orders not prepaid. This charge includes purchase order.
*
See NAPS document no. 04839 for four pages of supplementary material. Order from NAPS c/o Microfiche Publications, P.O. Box 3513, Grand Central Station, New York, NY 10163–3513. Remit in advance (in U.S. funds only) $7.75 for photocopies or $4 for microfiche. Outside the U.S. and Canada add postage of $4.50 ($1.50 for microfiche postage). There is an invoicing charge of $15 on orders not prepaid. This charge includes purchase order.
1
Horowitz
Web of Science | Medline2
Miettinen
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline3
Presant
Web of Science | Medline4
Shiraki
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline5
Sandberg
Web of Science | Medline6
Turc-Carel
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline7
Turc-Carel
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Whang-Peng
Full Text | Web of Science9
Sheng
Web of Science | Medline10
Trent
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline11
Turc-Carel
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline12
Hayashi
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline13
Flejter
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline14
Riccardi
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Fletcher
CrossRef | Web of Science16
Molenaar
Web of Science | Medline17
Nilbert
CrossRef | Web of Science | MedlineErratum, Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1988; 36:141.
CrossRef | Web of Science18
Mandahl
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Becher
Web of Science | Medline20
Limon
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline21
Seabright
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Mugneret
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline23
Fletcher
Web of Science | Medline24
Abell
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline25
Yunis
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline26
Williams
Web of Science | Medline27
Yunis
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline28
Crist
Web of Science | Medline29
Chen
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline30
Douglass
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline31
Fletcher 32
Triche TJ, Cavazzana AO. Pathology in pediatric oncology. In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG, eds. Principles and practice of pediatric oncology. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1989:93–125.
33
Whang-Peng
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (111)
Citing Articles
1
C.-H. Lee, W.-B. Ou, A. Marino-Enriquez, M. Zhu, M. Mayeda, Y. Wang, X. Guo, A. L. Brunner, F. Amant, C. A. French, R. B. West, J. N. McAlpine, C. B. Gilks, M. B. Yaffe, L. M. Prentice, A. McPherson, S. J. M. Jones, M. A. Marra, S. P. Shah, M. van de Rijn, D. G. Huntsman, P. Dal Cin, M. Debiec-Rychter, M. R. Nucci, J. A. Fletcher. (2012) 14-3-3 fusion oncogenes in high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109:3, 929-934
CrossRef2
Nestor Kunin, Loïc Ferrand, Aurélie Fontaine, Clément Gayet, Mosbah Daaboul, Jean-Pierre Letoquart. (2011) Chondrosarcome primitif de l’estomac. La Presse Médicale 40:11, 1085-1087
CrossRef3
George H. Vries, Anne I. Boullerne. (2010) Glial Cell Lines: An Overview. Neurochemical Research 35:12, 1978-2000
CrossRef4
Guolin Chai, Ning Liu, Junrong Ma, Hua Li, Janet L. Oblinger, Agasanur K. Prahalad, Meng Gong, Long-Sheng Chang, Margaret Wallace, David Muir, Abhijit Guha, Roger J. Phipps, Janet M. Hock, Xijie Yu. (2010) MicroRNA-10b regulates tumorigenesis in neurofibromatosis type 1. Cancer Science 101:9, 1997-2004
CrossRef5
Francesca Micci, Sverre Heim. 2010. Tumors of the Female Genital Organs. , 519-556.
CrossRef6
Luciana Silva Rodrigues, Elisa da Silva Maeda, Maria Elisabete Costa Moreira, Antonio Jorge Tempone, LÃvia Silva Lobato, Victor Túlio Ribeiro-Resende, Lucineia Alves, Shaila Rossle, Ulisses Gazos Lopes, Maria Cristina Vidal Pessolani. (2010) Mycobacterium leprae induces insulin-like growth factor and promotes survival of Schwann cells upon serum withdrawal. Cellular Microbiology 12:1, 42-54
CrossRef7
Xiaoke Wang, Renata Q. Zamolyi, Hongying Zhang, Vera L. Pannain, Fabiola Medeiros, Michele Erickson-Johnson, Robert B. Jenkins, Andre M. Oliveira. (2010) Fusion of HMGA1 to the LPP/TPRG1 intergenic region in a lipoma identified by mapping paraffin-embedded tissues. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 196:1, 64-67
CrossRef8
Paul N. Staats, Joaquin J. Garcia, Dora C. Dias-Santagata, Georgiana Kuhlmann, Hannah Stubbs, W. Glenn McCluggage, Michele De Nictolis, Friedrich Kommoss, Robert A. Soslow, A. John Iafrate, Esther Oliva. (2009) Uterine Tumors Resembling Ovarian Sex Cord Tumors (UTROSCT) Lack the JAZF1-JJAZ1 Translocation Frequently Seen in Endometrial Stromal Tumors. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 33:8, 1206-1212
CrossRef9
Xiaoke Wang, Rachael L. Hulshizer, Michele R. Erickson-Johnson, Heather C. Flynn, Robert B. Jenkins, Ricardo V. Lloyd, Andre M. Oliveira. (2009) Identification of novel HMGA2 fusion sequences in lipoma: Evidence that deletion of let-7 miRNA consensus binding site 1 in the HMGA2 3′ UTR is not critical for HMGA2 transcriptional upregulation. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 48:8, 673-678
CrossRef10
Julia A. Bridge. (2008) Advantages and limitations of cytogenetic, molecular cytogenetic, and molecular diagnostic testing in mesenchymal neoplasms. Journal of Orthopaedic Science 13:3, 273-282
CrossRef11
William R. Sukov, Marcello F. Franco, Michele Erickson-Johnson, Margaret M. Chou, K. Krishnan Unni, Doris E. Wenger, Xiaoke Wang, Andre M. Oliveira. (2008) Frequency of USP6 rearrangements in myositis ossificans, brown tumor, and cherubism: molecular cytogenetic evidence that a subset of “myositis ossificans-like lesions” are the early phases in the formation of soft-tissue aneurysmal bone cyst. Skeletal Radiology 37:4, 321-327
CrossRef12
Georges Maire, Christopher W. Brown, Jane Bayani, Carlos Pereira, Denis H. Gravel, John C. Bell, Maria Zielenska, Jeremy A. Squire. (2008) Complex rearrangement of chromosomes 19, 21, and 22 in Ewing sarcoma involving a novel reciprocal inversion–insertion mechanism of EWS–ERG fusion gene formation: a case analysis and literature review. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 181:2, 81-92
CrossRef13
Hongying Zhang, William D. MacDonald, Michele Erickson-Johnson, Xiaoke Wang, Robert B. Jenkins, Andre M. Oliveira. (2007) Cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic findings of intimal sarcoma. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 179:2, 146-149
CrossRef14
Fabiola Medeiros, Michele R. Erickson-Johnson, Gary L. Keeney, Amy C. Clayton, Antonio G. Nascimento, Xiaoke Wang, Andre M. Oliveira. (2007) Frequency and characterization ofHMGA2 andHMGA1 rearrangements in mesenchymal tumors of the lower genital tract. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 46:11, 981-990
CrossRef15
K. M. Skubitz, D. R. D'Adamo. (2007) Sarcoma. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82:11, 1409-1432
CrossRef16
Cristiane M. Ida, Kristen A. Rolig, Rachael L. Hulshizer, Daniel L. Van Dyke, Jamie L. Randolph, Robert B. Jenkins, Antonio G. Nascimento, Andre M. Oliveira. (2007) Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma showing t(2;6)(q31;p21.3) as a sole cytogenetic abnormality. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 177:2, 139-142
CrossRef17
Esther Oliva, Laurence de Leval, Robert A. Soslow, Christian Herens. (2007) High Frequency of JAZF1-JJAZ1 Gene Fusion in Endometrial Stromal Tumors With Smooth Muscle Differentiation by Interphase FISH Detection. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 31:8, 1277-1284
CrossRef18
Y Li, Q Chang, BP Rubin, CDM Fletcher, TW Morgan, SJ Mentzer, DJ Sugarbaker, JA Fletcher, S Xiao. (2007) Insulin receptor activation in solitary fibrous tumours. The Journal of Pathology 211:5, 550-554
CrossRef19
Eneida F. Vencio, Robert B. Jenkins, Jamie L. Schiller, Tuong Vy T. Huynh, Doris D. Wenger, Carrie Y. Inwards, Andre M. Oliveira. (2007) Clonal Cytogenetic Abnormalities in Erdheim-Chester Disease. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 31:2, 319-321
CrossRef20
Ricardo S. Macarenco, Michele Erickson-Johnson, Xiaoke Wang, Robert B. Jenkins, Antonio G. Nascimento, Andre M. Oliveira. (2007) Cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic findings in dedifferentiated liposarcoma with neural-like whorling pattern and metaplastic bone formation. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 172:2, 147-150
CrossRef21
Sara O. Vargas, Esther Korpershoek, Harry P. W. Kozakewich, Ronald Rde Krijger, Jonathan A. Fletcher, Antonio R. Perez-Atayde. (2006) Cytogenetic and p53 Profiles in Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation: Insights into its Relationship with Pleuropulmonary Blastoma. Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 9:3, 190-195
CrossRef22
L. Krsková, M. Mrhalová, D. Sumerauer, R. Kodet. (2006) Rhabdomyosarcoma: molecular diagnostics of patients classified by morphology and immunohistochemistry with emphasis on bone marrow and purged peripheral blood progenitor cells involvement. Virchows Archiv 448:4, 449-458
CrossRef23
Matt van de Rijn, Jonathan A. Fletcher. (2006) GENETICS OF SOFT TISSUE TUMORS. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease 1:1, 435-466
CrossRef24
Jane Bayani, Ajay Pandita, Jeremy A. Squire. (2005) Molecular cytogenetic analysis in the study of brain tumors: findings and applications. Neurosurgical FOCUS 19:5, 1-36
CrossRef25
Renata M.S. Pereira, Teresa Cristina Calegari-Silva, Maristela O. Hernandez, Alessandra M. Saliba, Paulo Redner, Maria Cristina V. Pessolani, Euzenir N. Sarno, Elizabeth P. Sampaio, Ulisses G. Lopes. (2005) Mycobacterium leprae induces NF-κB-dependent transcription repression in human Schwann cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 335:1, 20-26
CrossRef26
Kevin M. Garrett, Christine E. Fuller, Victor M. Santana, Stephen J. Shochat, Fredric A. Hoffer. (2005) Percutaneous biopsy of pediatric solid tumors. Cancer 104:3, 644-652
CrossRef27
Cristiana Soares de Lima, Laurence Zulianello, Maria Ângela de Melo Marques, Heejin Kim, Michelle Iespa Portugal, Sérgio Luiz Antunes, Franco Dante Menozzi, Tom Henricus Maria Ottenhoff, Patrick Joseph Brennan, Maria Cristina Vidal Pessolani. (2005) Mapping the laminin-binding and adhesive domain of the cell surface-associated Hlp/LBP protein from Mycobacterium leprae. Microbes and Infection 7:9-10, 1097-1109
CrossRef28
Andre M Oliveira, Antonio R Perez-Atayde, Paola Dal Cin, Mark C Gebhardt, Chang-Jie Chen, James R Neff, George D Demetri, Andrew E Rosenberg, Julia A Bridge, Jonathan A Fletcher. (2005) Aneurysmal bone cyst variant translocations upregulate USP6 transcription by promoter swapping with the ZNF9, COL1A1, TRAP150, and OMD genes. Oncogene 24:21, 3419-3426
CrossRef29
Iris Halbwedl, Reinhard Ullmann, Marie-Luise Kremser, Yan Gao Man, Narges Isadi-Moud, Sigurd Lax, Helmut Denk, Helmut H. Popper, Fattaneh A. Tavassoli, Farid Moinfar. (2005) Chromosomal alterations in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma and undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma as detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Gynecologic Oncology 97:2, 582-587
CrossRef30
Fredric A. Hoffer. (2005) Interventional radiology in pediatric oncology. European Journal of Radiology 53:1, 3-13
CrossRef31
Lucineia Alves, Leila Mendonça Lima, Elisa Silva Maeda, LaÃs Carvalho, Jon Holy, Euzenir Nunes Sarno, Maria Cristina Vidal Pessolani, Lucia P. Barker. (2004) Mycobacterium leprae infection of human Schwann cells depends on selective host kinases and pathogen-modulated endocytic pathways. FEMS Microbiology Letters 238:2, 429-437
CrossRef32
Fabiola Medeiros, Christopher L Corless, Anette Duensing, Jason L Hornick, Andre M Oliveira, Michael C Heinrich, Jonathan A Fletcher, Christopher D. M Fletcher. (2004) KIT-Negative Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 28:7, 889-894
CrossRef33
Alejandra Duran-Mendicuti, Philip Costello, Sara O. Vargas. (2003) Primary Synovial Sarcoma of the Chest: Radiographic and Clinicopathologic Correlation. Journal of Thoracic Imaging 18:2, 87-93
CrossRef34
Christopher A. French, Erik K. Alexander, Edmund S. Cibas, Vania Nose, Julia Laguette, William Faquin, Jeff Garber, Francis Moore, Jonathan A. Fletcher, P. Reed Larsen, Todd G. Kroll. (2003) Genetic and Biological Subgroups of Low-Stage Follicular Thyroid Cancer. The American Journal of Pathology 162:4, 1053-1060
CrossRef35
F.rédéric Amant, Philippe Moerman, Isabelle Cadron, Anne Hagemeijer, Ignace Vergote, Maria Debiec-Rychter. (2003) Endometrial stromal sarcoma with a sole t(X;17) chromosome change: report of a case and review of the literature. Gynecologic Oncology 88:3, 459-462
CrossRef36
Matthew P. Frosch, Umberto De Girolami. 2003. Biopsy of the Brain. , 214-216.
CrossRef37
Nam Hoon Cho, Carlos Cordon-Cardo, G. C. Li, See Hyun Kim. (2002) Allotype imbalance or microsatellite mutation in low-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities in adults. The Journal of Pathology 198:1, 21-29
CrossRef38
Chris B. Hyun, Y. Renee Lee, Timothy A. Bemiller. (2002) Metastatic Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET) Masquerading As Liver Abscess. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 35:1, 93-97
CrossRef39
Stephen J. Qualman, Raffaella A. Morotti. (2002) Risk assignment in pediatric soft-tissue sarcomas: An evolving molecular classification. Current Oncology Reports 4:2, 123-130
CrossRef40
Christopher A. French, Isao Miyoshi, Jon C. Aster, Ichiro Kubonishi, Todd G. Kroll, Paola Dal Cin, Sara O. Vargas, Antonio R. Perez-Atayde, Jonathan A. Fletcher. (2001) BRD4 Bromodomain Gene Rearrangement in Aggressive Carcinoma with Translocation t(15;19). The American Journal of Pathology 159:6, 1987-1992
CrossRef41
Sara O. Vargas, Christopher A. French, Peter N. Faul, Jonathan A. Fletcher, Ian J. Davis, Paola Dal Cin, Antonio R. Perez-Atayde. (2001) Upper respiratory tract carcinoma with chromosomal translocation 15;19. Cancer 92:5, 1195-1203
CrossRef42
H Schmidt. (2001) Cytogenetic characterization of six malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors comparison of karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 128:1, 14-23
CrossRef43
Marie-Christine Aubry, Julia A. Bridge, Robert Wickert, Henry D. Tazelaar. (2001) Primary Monophasic Synovial Sarcoma of the Pleura. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 25:6, 776-781
CrossRef44
Avery A Sandberg, Julia A Bridge. (2001) Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors. Mesothelioma. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 127:2, 93-110
CrossRef45
Jonathan Fletcher. 2001. Metaphase Harvest and Cytogenetic Analysis of Solid Tumor Cultures. .
CrossRef46
Makoto Kuroda, Makoto Urano, Masato Abe, Yoshikazu Mizoguchi, Yoshimune Horibe, Masamoto Murakami, Kazuhiro Tashiro, Masao Kasahara. (2000) Primary primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the kidney. Pathology International 50:12, 967-972
CrossRef47
Maria Angela de Melo Marques, Sebabrata Mahapatra, Devki Nandan, Thomas Dick, Euzenir Nunes Sarno, Patrick Joseph Brennan, Maria Cristina Vidal Pessolani. (2000) Bacterial and host-derived cationic proteins bind α2-laminins and enhance Mycobacterium leprae attachment to human Schwann cells. Microbes and Infection 2:12, 1407-1417
CrossRef48
Martin Kaefer, Richard C. Rink. (2000) GENITOURINARY RHABDOMYOSARCOMA. Urologic Clinics of North America 27:3, 471-487
CrossRef49
Plaat, Molenaar, Sagrudny, Bohle, Mastik, Hoekstra, Van der Graaf, Hollema, van den Berg. (2000) The 16p11 breakpoint in myxoid liposarcomas might affect the expression of the LRP gene on 16p11.2 encoding the multidrug resistance associated major vault protein. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 30:5, 447-453
CrossRef50
Andrew A. Renshaw, David R. Freyer, Yuki A. Hammers. (2000) Metastatic Metanephric Adenoma in a Child. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 24:4, 570-574
CrossRef51
J.F. Graadt van Roggen, MB ChB, J.V.M.G. Bovée, H.J. van der Woude, P.C.W. Hogendoorn. (2000) An update of diagnostic strategies using molecular genetic and magnetic resonance imaging techniques for musculoskeletal tumors. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 12:1, 77-83
CrossRef52
Gunnlaugur P. Nielsen, Anat O. Stemmer-Rachamimov, Yasushi Ino, Michael B. Møller, Andrew E. Rosenberg, David N. Louis. (1999) Malignant Transformation of Neurofibromas in Neurofibromatosis 1 Is Associated with CDKN2A/p16 Inactivation. The American Journal of Pathology 155:6, 1879-1884
CrossRef53
Boudewijn E.C. Plaat, Willemina M. Molenaar, Mirjam F. Mastik, Harald J. Hoekstra, Gerard J. te Meerman, Eva van den Berg. (1999) Computer-assisted cytogenetic analysis of 51 malignant peripheral-nerve-sheath tumors: SporadicVs. neurofibromatosis-type-1-associated malignant schwannomas. International Journal of Cancer 83:2, 171-178
CrossRef54
Graadt van Roggen, Hogendoorn, M Fletcher. (1999) Myxoid tumours of soft tissue. Histopathology 35:4, 291-312
CrossRef55
Samuel Singer. (1999) New diagnostic modalities in soft tissue sarcoma. Seminars in Surgical Oncology 17:1, 11-22
CrossRef56
Andrew A. Renshaw, Scott R. Granter, Jonathan A. Fletcher, Harry P. Kozakewich, Christopher L. Corless, Antonio R. Perez-Atayde. (1999) Renal Cell Carcinomas in Children and Young Adults. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 23:7, 795
CrossRef57
Brian P. Rubin, Jonathan A. Fletcher, Andrew A. Renshaw. (1999) Clear Cell Sarcoma of Soft Parts. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 23:5, 589-594
CrossRef58
G. Bruce Mann, Jonathan J. Lewis, Murray F. Brennan. (1999) ADULT SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA. ANZ Journal of Surgery 69:5, 336-343
CrossRef59
S.J. Ham, W.T.A. van der Graaf, E. Pras, W.M. Molenaar, E. van den Berg, H.J. Hoekstra. (1998) Soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities. A multimodality diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Cancer Treatment Reviews 24:6, 373-391
CrossRef60
Mariola Iliszko, Nils Mandahl, Krzysztof Mrózek, Andrzej Denis, Nikos Pandis, Tania Pejovic, Małgorzata Babińska, Bogusław Nedoszytko, Jarosław Dębniak, Janusz Emerich, Maria Hrabowska, Clara D. Bloomfield, Janusz Limon. (1998) Cytogenetics of Uterine Sarcomas: Presentation of Eight New Cases and Review of the Literature. Gynecologic Oncology 71:2, 172-176
CrossRef61
Brian P. Rubin, Chang-Jie Chen, Thomas W. Morgan, Sheng Xiao, Holcombe E. Grier, Harry P. Kozakewich, Antonio R. Perez-Atayde, Jonathan A. Fletcher. (1998) Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma t(12;15) Is Associated withETV6-NTRK3 Gene Fusion. The American Journal of Pathology 153:5, 1451-1458
CrossRef62
Jacob F. Graadt van Roggen, Wolter J. Mooi, Pancras C. W. Hogendoorn. (1998) Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses (malignant melanoma of soft parts) and cutaneous melanoma: exploring the histogenetic relationship between these two clinicopathological entities. The Journal of Pathology 186:1, 3-7
CrossRef63
Jones, Dan, Ballestas, Mary E., Kaye, Kenneth M., Gulizia, James M., Winters, Gayle L., Fletcher, Jonathan, Scadden, David T., Aster, Jon C., . (1998) Primary-Effusion Lymphoma and Kaposi's Sarcoma in a Cardiac-Transplant Recipient. New England Journal of Medicine 339:7, 444-449
Full Text64
Brian P. Rubin, Robert P. Hasserjian, Samuel Singer, Ivo Janecka, Jonathan A. Fletcher, Christopher D.M. Fletcher. (1998) Spindle Cell Rhabdomyosarcoma (So-Called) in Adults. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 22:4, 459-464
CrossRef65
Sheng Xiao, Srinivasa R. Nalabolu, Jon C. Aster, Junli Ma, Lynne Abruzzo, Elaine S. Jaffe, Richard Stone, Sherman M. Weissman, Thomas J. Hudson, Jonathan A. Fletcher. (1998) FGFR1 is fused with a novel zinc-finger gene, ZNF198, in the t(8;13) leukaemia/lymphoma syndrome. Nature Genetics 18:1, 84-87
CrossRef66
Andrew A. Renshaw, Hua Zhang, Christopher L. Corless, Jonathan A. Fletcher, Michael R. Pins. (1997) Solid Variants of Papillary (Chromophil) Renal Cell Carcinoma: Clinicopathologic and Genetic Features. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 21:10, 1203-1209
CrossRef67
Boudewijn E.C. Plaat, Friso L.H. Muntinghe, Willemina M. Molenaar, Harald J. Hoekstra, Henk E.P. Bosveld, Anke Dam, Trijnie Dijkhuizen, Eva van den Berg. (1997) Clinical outcome of patients with previously untreated soft tissue sarcomas in relation to tumor grade, DNA ploidy and karyotype. International Journal of Cancer 74:4, 396-402
CrossRef68
Matthias Peiper, Makoto Nagoshi, Dipak Patel, Jonathan A. Fletcher, Peter S. Goegebuure, Timothy J. Eberlein. (1997) Human pancreatic cancer cells (MPANC-96) recognized by autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes afterin vitro as well asin vivo tumor expansion. International Journal of Cancer 71:6, 993-999
CrossRef69
Naoya Hirakawa, Takahiko Naka, Ichiro Yamamoto, Toshiro Fukuda, Masazumi Tsuneyoshi. (1996) Overexpression of bcl-2 protein in synovial sarcoma: A comparative study of other soft tissue spindle cell sarcomas and an additional analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Human Pathology 27:10, 1060-1065
CrossRef70
E McComb. (1996) Cytogenetic analysis of a malignant triton tumor and a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor and a review of the literature. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 91:1, 8-12
CrossRef71
M.Anwar Iqbal, Mohammed Akhtar, M.Ashraf Ali. (1996) Cytogenetic findings in renal cell carcinoma. Human Pathology 27:9, 949-954
CrossRef72
T Pejovic. (1996) Cytogenetic findings in four malignant mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 88:1, 53-56
CrossRef73
Toshio Takeuchi, Hiroshi Iwasaki, Yuko Ohjimi, Yasuhiko Kaneko, Masako Ishiguro, Chikako Fujita, Yasusi Mlura, Yoshiharu Hiratsuka, Kimitaka Sakamoto, Masahiro Kikuchi. (1996) Renal primitive neuroectodermal tumor: An immunohistochemical and cytogenetic analysis. Pathology International 46:4, 292-297
CrossRef74
Wlodzimierz Ruka, Alphonse Taghian, Danielle Gioioso, Jonathan A. Fletcher, Frederick Preffer, Herman D. Suit. (1996) Comparison between the in vitro intrinsic radiation sensitivity of human soft tissue sarcoma and breast cancer cell lines. Journal of Surgical Oncology 61:4, 290-294
CrossRef75
AIDAN P. McMANUS, MARIE-ANNE J. O'REILLY, KATHRYN PRITCHARD JONES, BARRY A. GUSTERSON, CHRISTOPHER D. MITCHELL, C. ROSS PINKERTON, JANET M. SHIPLEY. (1996) INTERPHASE FLUORESCENCEIN SITU HYBRIDIZATION DETECTION OF t(2;13)(q35;q14) IN ALVEOLAR RHABDOMYOSARCOMA—A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL IN MINIMALLY INVASIVE BIOPSIES. The Journal of Pathology 178:4, 410-414
CrossRef76
Christopher L. Corless, Hiroyuki Aburatani, Jonathan A. Fletcher, David E. Housman, Mahul B. Amin, David S. Weinberg. (1996) Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma. Diagnostic Molecular Pathology 5:1, 53-64
CrossRef77
J Fletcher. (1996) Isochromosome 7q in adult Wilms' tumor. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 86:2, 168-169
CrossRef78
J Szymanska. (1995) A cytogenetic study of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 85:2, 91-96
CrossRef79
RenéP.H. Veth, Quirinus G.C.M. van Hoesel, Jos P.M. Bökkerink, JaA.P. Hoogenhout, MaciE.J. Pruszczynski. (1995) The art of limb salvage in musculoskeletal oncology. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 21:1-3, 77-103
CrossRef80
W Molenaar. (1995) Cytogenetics of fine needle aspiration biopsies of sarcomas. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 84:1, 27-31
CrossRef81
J.R. GOODLAD, C.D.M. FLETCHER. (1995) Recent developments in soft tissue tumours. Histopathology 27:2, 103-120
CrossRef82
H.R. Asher, M. Schoenberg Fejzo, A. Tkachenko, X. Zhou, J.A. Fletcher, S. Weremowicz, C.C. Morton, K. Chada. (1995) Disruption of the architectural factor HMGI-C: DNA-binding AT hook motifs fused in lipomas to distinct transcriptional regulatory domains. Cell 82:1, 57-65
CrossRef83
Fredrik Mertens, Anders Rydholm, Henrik F. C. Bauer, Janusz Limon, Boguslaw Nedoszytko, Anna Szadowska, Helena Willén, Sverre Heim, Felix Mitelman, Nils Mandahl. (1995) Cytogenetic findings in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. International Journal of Cancer 61:6, 793-798
CrossRef84
Aidan P. McManus, Barry A. Gusterson, C. Ross Pinkerton, Janet M. Shipley. (1995) Diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma and related tumours by detection of chromosome 22q12 translocations using fluorescencein situ hybridization on tumour touch imprints. The Journal of Pathology 176:2, 137-142
CrossRef85
Marlena Schoenberg Fejzo, Sung-Joo Yoon, Kate T. Montgomery, Mitchell S. Rein, Stanislawa Weremowicz, Kenneth S. Krauter, Thomas E. Dorman, Jonathan A. Fletcher, Jen-I Mao, Donald T. Moir, Raju S. Kucherlapati, Cynthia C. Morton. (1995) Identification of a YAC spanning the translocation breakpoints in uterine leiomyomata, pulmonary chondroid hamartoma, and lipoma: physical mapping of the 12q14–q15 breakpoint region in uterine leiomyomata. Genomics 26:2, 265-271
CrossRef86
Jaclyn A. Biegel, Lynn M. Nycum, Virginia Valentine, Frederic G. Barr, David N. Shapiro. (1995) Detection of the t(2;13)(q35;q14) andPAX3-FKHR fusion in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 12:3, 186-192
CrossRef87
Jonathan A. Fletcher, Janina Longtine, Kristin Wallace, Steven J. Mentzer, David J. Sugarbaker. (1995) Cytogenetic and histologic findings in 17 pulmonary chondroid hamartomas: Evidence for a pathogenetic relationship with lipomas and leiomyomas. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 12:3, 220-223
CrossRef88
J Fletcher. (1995) Chromosome aberrations in desmoid tumors Trisomy 8 may be a predictor of recurrence. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 79:2, 139-143
CrossRef89
William J. Frable. (1994) Pathologic classification of soft tissue sarcomas. Seminars in Surgical Oncology 10:5, 332-339
CrossRef90
Janet D. Rowley. (1994) DNA Diagnosis in Oncology. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 10:04, 644
CrossRef91
Willemina M. Molenaar, Eva Van Den Berg, Rene P. H. Veth, Trijnie Dijkhuizen, Elisabeth G. E. De Vries. (1994) Tumor progression in a giant cell type malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone: Clinical, radiologic, histologic, and cytogenetic evidence. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 10:1, 66-70
CrossRef92
Stanislawa Weremowicz, Harry P. Kozakewich, Daniel Haber, Seon Park, Cynthia C. Morton, Jonathan A. Fletcher. (1994) Identification of genetically aberrant cell lineages in Wilms' tumors. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 10:1, 40-48
CrossRef93
J. J. Ryan, K. A. Klein, T. J. Neuberger, J. A. Leftwich, E. H. Westin, S. Kauma, J. A. Fletcher, G. H. DeVries, T. F. Huff. (1994) Role for the stem cell factor/KIT complex in schwann cell neoplasia and mast cell proliferation associated with neurofibromatosis. Journal of Neuroscience Research 37:3, 415-432
CrossRef94
You Yong Lu, Jin Quan Cheng, Joseph R. Testa, Suresh C. Jhanwar. (1994) Deletion mapping of the short arm of chromosome 3 in human malignant mesothelioma. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 9:1, 76-80
CrossRef95
Cielette M. Karn, Mark A. Socinski, Jonathan A. Fletcher, Joseph M. Corson, John E. Craighead. (1994) Cardiac synovial sarcoma with translocation (X; 18) associated with asbestos exposure. Cancer 73:1, 74-78
CrossRef96
Janet D. Rowley. (1994) Cytogenetic and Molecular Analysis of Pediatric Neoplasms: Diagnostic and Clinical Implications. Fetal & Pediatric Pathology 14:1, 167-176
CrossRef97
N. P. Bown, M. M. Reid, A. J. Malcolm, E. V. Davison, A. W. Craft, A. D. J. Pearson. (1994) Cytogenetic abnormalities of small round cell tumours. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 23:2, 124-129
CrossRef98
R. SCIOT, P. DAL CIN, R. DE VOS, B. VAN DAMME, I. DE WEVER, H. VAN DEN BERGHE, V. J. DESMET. (1993) Alveolar soft-part sarcoma: evidence for its myogenic origin and for the involvement of 17q25. Histopathology 23:5, 439-444
CrossRef99
H. Roché, A. M. Julia, S. Jozan, C. Muller, N. Dastugue, M. A. Arquier, B. Marques, G. Laurent, P. Canal. (1993) Characterization and chemosensitivity of a human epithelioid sarcoma cell line (SARCCR 2). International Journal of Cancer 54:4, 663-668
CrossRef100
Nils Mandahl, Charlotte Örndal, Sverre Heim, Felix Mitelman, Helena Willén, Anders Rydholm, Henrik C. F. Bauer. (1993) Aberrations of chromosome segment 12q13–15 characterize a subgroup of hemangiopericytomas. Cancer 71:10, 3009-3013
CrossRef101
B. De Leeuw, W. Berger, R. J. Sinke, R. F. Suijkerbuijk, S. Gilgenkrantz, M. T. Geraghty, D. Valle, A. P. Monaco, H. Lehrach, H. H. Ropers, A. Geurts Van Kessel. (1993) Identification of a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) spanning the synovial sarcoma-specific t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) breakpoint. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 6:3, 182-189
CrossRef102
L. Füzesi, R. Heller, H. Schreiber, R. Mertens. (1993) Cytogenetics of Askin's Tumour. Pathology - Research and Practice 189:2, 235-241
CrossRef103
Jonathan A. Fletcher, Harry P. Kozakewich, Marlena L. Schoenberg, Cynthia C. Morton. (1993) Cytogenetic findings in pediatric adipose tumors: Consistent rearrangement of chromosome 8 in lipoblastoma. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 6:1, 24-29
CrossRef104
Catherine Cullinane, Paul S. Thorner, Mark L. Greenberg, Yim Kwan Ng, Margarete Kumar, Jeremy Squire. (1992) Molecular genetic, cytogenetic, and immunohistochemical characterization of alveolar soft-part sarcoma: Implications for cell of origin. Cancer 70:10, 2444-2450
CrossRef105
Jonathan A. Fletcher. (1992) Translocation (I2;22)(q13–I4;q I 2) is a nonrandom aberration in soft-tissue clear-cell sarcoma. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 5:2, 184-184
CrossRef106
Y. Ohjimi, H. Iwasaki, M. Ishiguro, A. Ohgami, K. Yoshitake, C. Fujita, M. Kikuchi, N. Shinohara, Y. Kaneko. (1992) Myxoid Liposarcoma with t (12; 16)(q 13; p 11). Pathology - Research and Practice 188:6, 736-741
CrossRef107
Ann E. Walts. (1992) Cerebrospinal fluid cytology: Selected issues. Diagnostic Cytopathology 8:4, 394-408
CrossRef108
Shigeyoshi Hibi, Yoshiko Kataoka, Naohisa Fujita, Hidetoshi Okabe, Kazuhiro Yoshikawa, Masao Seto, Ryuzo Ueda, Shinsaku Imashuku. (1992) CD7 Expression in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Cancer Science 83:7, 680-683
CrossRef109
Jeffrey E. DeClue, Alex G. Papageorge, Jonathan A. Fletcher, Scott R. Diehl, Nancy Ratner, William C. Vass, Douglas R. Lowy. (1992) Abnormal regulation of mammalian p21ras contributes to malignant tumor growth in von Recklinghausen (type 1) neurofibromatosis. Cell 69:2, 265-273
CrossRef110
Ursula R. Kees, Jette Ford, Michael L. N. Willoughby, Christina Rudduck, O. Margaret Garson, Dominic Spagnolo, John Papadimitriou. (1992) Two malignant peripheral primitive neuroepithelial tumor cell lines established from consecutive samples of one patient: Characterization and cytogenetic analysis. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 4:3, 195-204
CrossRef111
Anthony D. Elias. (1992) Future directions in the management of soft tissue sarcomas. Hematological Oncology 10:1, 53-60
CrossRef
