Original Article
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Interferon Alfa-2b Alone and after Prednisone Withdrawal for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B
N Engl J Med 1990; 323:295-301August 2, 1990
- Abstract
- Abstract
Background and Methods.
Chronic hepatitis B is a common and often progressive liver disorder for which there is no accepted therapy. To assess the efficacy of treatment with interferon, we randomly assigned patients with chronic hepatitis B to one of the following regimens: prednisone for 6 weeks followed by 5 million units of recombinant interferon alfa-2b daily for 16 weeks; placebo followed by 5 million units of interferon daily for 16 weeks; placebo followed by 1 million units of interferon daily for 16 weeks; or observation with no treatment.
Results.
Hepatitis B e antigen and hepatitis B viral DNA disappeared from serum significantly more often in the patients given prednisone plus interferon (16 of 44 patients, or 36 percent) or 5 million units of interferon alone (15 of 41; 37 percent) than in the untreated controls (3 of 43; 7 percent; P<0.001); the difference between those given 1 million units of interferon (7 of 41; 17 percent) and the controls was not significant. The strongest independent predictor of a response to treatment was the amount of hepatitis B viral DNA in serum at entry (P<0.0001). Of the 38 patients who responded to interferon, 33 (87 percent) had normal serum aminotransferase levels after therapy; 11 patients who responded (29 percent), but no controls, lost the hepatitis B surface antigen. Blinded histologic assessment revealed a significant improvement in periportal necrosis in the treated patients (P = 0.03).
Conclusions.
In chronic hepatitis B, treatment with interferon alfa-2b (5 million units per day for 16 weeks) was effective in inducing a sustained loss of viral replication and achieving remission, assessed biochemically and histologically, in over a third of patients. Moreover, in about 10 percent of the patients treated with interferon, hepatitis B surface antigen disappeared from serum. (N Engl J Med 1990;323:295–301.)
Article Activity
- Article
Chronic hepatitis B is a serious and often progressive liver disorder for which there is no accepted therapy. Several small clinical trials have suggested that interferon may be helpful in the management of this condition, but most of these studies were uncontrolled, and the interpretation of the data is complicated by variations in dose schedules, major disparities in patient characteristics, and substantial differences in rates of spontaneous seroconversion of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in untreated controls.1 , 2 A small, controlled clinical trial showed that 16 weeks of treatment with recombinant interferon alfa-2b resulted in the clearance of HBeAg in approximately one third of patients.3 Accordingly, we initiated a multicenter study in 1986 with a primary objective of determining the efficacy of a 16-week course of recombinant interferon alfa-2b at a dose of 5 million units daily. Since several clinical studies had suggested that a short course of corticosteroids given immediately before interferon treatment might enhance its antiviral efficacy,4 , 5 a secondary objective of the study was to evaluate the rate of response in patients treated with a six-week course of prednisone before the initiation of interferon therapy. Furthermore, because the experience with low-dose interferon as a therapy for chronic hepatitis B was very limited, a third goal of the study was to evaluate the potential efficacy of a daily dose of 1 million units.
Methods
Patients
One hundred sixty-nine patients were enrolled in the study. All patients met the following criteria for inclusion; age of 18 or older; presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in serum for at least six months; positive tests for HBeAg and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, documented on three or more occasions, at least one month apart, during the six months before entry; elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransferase on at least three occasions before entry, with an average value equal to or greater than 1.3 times the upper limit of normal; compensated liver disease (prothrombin time, less than three seconds longer than normal; serum albumin level higher than 30 g per liter; bilirubin level less than 34 μmol per liter [2 mg per deciliter]); and evidence of chronic hepatitis B on liver biopsy. The specific criteria for exclusion included corticosteroid or antiviral therapy during the previous 12 months; pregnancy; other serious medical illnesses that might preclude completion of the study; low hematocrit values (less than 0.3 [less than 30 percent]), platelet counts (below 70x109 per liter), white-cell counts (below 3x109 per liter), and granulocyte counts (below 1.5x109 per liter); an elevated serum creatinine level; current alcoholism, drug abuse, or other potential causes of liver disease; and seropositivily for antibody to hepatitis delta virus or human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Of the 545 patients who were screened for the study, 376 were excluded for the following reasons: failure to meet virologic criteria (143 patients); alanine aminotransferase levels below those required (6l); the patient's choice (51); antibody reactivity to HIV-1 (27) or hepatitis delta virus (7); decompensated liver disease (10); insufficient hematologic indexes (7); serious underlying illness (8); and more than one of the preceding reasons for exclusion (62).
The study patients were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups with the use of randomization schedules prepared by the Schering-Plough Corporation (Kenilworth, N.J.), manufacturer of the interferon alfa-2b used in the study. The randomization code was held by an independent agent and was not broken until all patients had completed therapy, Neither the patients nor the investigators were aware of the dose of interferon or whether specific patients were given prednisone or the matching placebo. The patients assigned to the control group did not receive placebo. The study was approved by the institutional review boards of the participating medical centers, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient.
Treatment
Forty-three patients were randomly assigned to the untreated control group. The remaining patients were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment regimens: prednisone in decreasing daily doses of 6O mg, 40 mg, and 20 mg, each for 2 weeks, followed by a 2-week rest and 16 weeks of recombinant interferon alfa-2b (intron-A, Schering-Plough) at a dose of 5 million units daily (44 patients); a 6-week tapered course of a matching oral placebo followed by a 2-week rest and 16 weeks of interferon at a dose of 5 million units daily (41 patients); or a 6-week course of placebo followed by a 2-week rest and 16 weeks of interferon at a dose of 1 million units daily (41 patients). The patients were taught to administer the interferon to themselves subcutaneously so that treatment could be accomplished on an outpatient basis. All patients were seen at 2-week intervals during the initial phase of prednisone treatment or placebo; after 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of interferon therapy; and again one, three, and six months after treatment. On each occasion, serum samples were obtained for measurement of aminotransferase activity, bilirubin and albumin levels, complete blood count, and markers of HBV replication (HBeAg and HBV DNA). In addition, HBsAg was evaluated at month 6 and at the end of the study.
Evaluation
All biochemical, hematologic, and HBsAg testing was done by a single commercial laboratory (Sci Cor, Indianapolis). Serum aminotransferase levels were determined with a sequential multiple autoanalyzer, and HBsAg testing was done by commercial radioimmunoassay. Serum samples were tested lor HBeAg and HBV DNA by a single reference laboratory (Abbott Diagnostics, North Chicago). HBeAg was tested with a commercially available radioimmunoassay, and HBV DNA was analyzed with a solution-hybridization assay that incorporates an iodine-125 probe (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago).6 The sensitivity of this test is 1.5 ng per liter (1.5 pg per milliliter).
The virologic and clinical criteria for responses to treatment were established in advance. A complete response was defined as the sustained disappearance of HBV DNA during therapy in association with HBeAg seroconversion either during or after therapy. An indeterminate response was defined as the sustained loss of HBV DNA with the persistence of HBeAg; it could be evaluated only in patients who completed the full 12 months of observation. A lack of response was defined as the persistence of HBV DNA during therapy without loss of HBeAg. Reactivation was defined as the reappearance of HBeAg, HBV DNA, or both during the post-treatment follow-up. A clinical response was defined as the disappearance of or improvement in symptoms, normalization of or improvement in the serum alanine aminotransferase level to less than 1.3 times the upper limit of normal and to a value at least 50 percent lower than that observed at base line, and improvement in the degree of inflammatory activity observed on liver biopsy. Predefined clinical and laboratory criteria for drug toxicity were used to determine the conditions under which the interferon dosage would be decreased or therapy discontinued. In addition, therapy could be discontinued at any time in the event of serious adverse effects, a request by the patient, noncompliance by the patient with the protocol, or a decision by the investigator that withdrawal from treatment was in the patient's best interest. Of the 169 patients entering the protocol, 159 (94 percent) completed the initial 24 weeks of the study, and 153 (91 percent) completed a full year of observation.
Liver biopsies were performed before randomization and six months after the completion of interferon treatment, yielding pairs of biopsy specimens that were reviewed under code by a single pathologist who was blinded with respect to treatment group and the chronologic order of the biopsies in each pair. The biopsy specimens were graded with respect to the degree of periportal necrosis, portal and lobular inflammation, and fibrosis according to the Knodell scoring system.7 In addition, the paired specimens were evaluated to determine whether the patient's histologic status had remained the same, improved, or worsened over time.
Levels of interferon antibody in serum were measured before and one month after the completion of therapy by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (ANAWA Laboratories, Wangen, Switzerland). Interferon neutralizing-antibody titers were determined by bioassay (at the Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md.) for all samples testing positive on ELISA.8
Statistical Analysis
The results are expressed as arithmetic means (±SD) except where noted. The differences between dichotomous variables were analyzed by Fisher's exact test or by chi-square analysis when samples were of sufficient size. An analysis of variance was used to test for the equality of mean values of continuous variables whenever all patient groups were analyzed. The two-tailed t-test was used to compare the duration of hepatitis in the patients who lost HBsAg and those who retained it. Actuarial curves for the disappearance of HBV DNA and HBeAg seroeonversion were compared by the generalized Wilcoxon test. Independent predictors of response were evaluated by the Cox regression model. Because data transformations were required to achieve normally distributed data, all analyses involving alanine aminotransferase levels, aspartate aminotransferase levels, and duration of hepatitis were performed after a logarithmic transformation. For the same reason, all analyses involving HBV DNA levels were done after a square-root transformation. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare changes in histologic scores between the treated and untreated patients.
Results
The four study groups were not significantly different with respect to age, sex, sexual preference, duration of hepatitis, or base-line levels of alanine aminotransferase and HBV DNA (Table 1Table 1
Characteristics of the Patients on Entry into the Study.*). A response (HBeAg seroconversion and sustained loss of HBV DNA) was observed in 36 percent of the patients treated with prednisone plus 5 million units of interferon alfa, in 37 percent of those treated with placebo plus 5 million units of interferon, in 17 percent of those treated with placebo plus 1 million units of interferon, and in 7 percent of the untreated controls (Table 2Table 2
Responses to Treatment in the Multicenter Trial of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B.*). The response rates observed in both groups treated with 5 million units of interferon were significantly different from the rate observed in the control patients (P<0.001). The length of time to the loss of HBV DNA and HBeAg in the patients who received either prednisone plus interferon or 5 million units of interferon alone was significantly different from that observed in the untreated controls (P = 0.0001 and 0.0017, respectively, for HBV DNA loss, and P = 0.0006 and 0.0007 for HBeAg loss) (Fig. 1Figure 1
Actuarial Curves of HBV DNA (Panel A) and HBeAg (Panel B) Loss in the Treated Patients and the Untreated Controls.). Sixty-three percent of the patients who responded to treatment lost HBeAg while receiving interferon, and an additional 32 percent became HBeAg-negative within three months of the completion of therapy. HBeAg and HBV DNA reappeared in two of the treated patients (2 percent) during the post-treatment observation period (Table 2). Seven to 10 percent of the treated patients and 5 percent of the untreated controls remained negative for HBV DNA, but with persistent HBeAg, throughout the observation period, and their responses were therefore classified as indeterminate (Table 2). Eighty-seven percent of the patients who responded to treatment and 82 percent of the indeterminate responders had normal serum aminotransferase levels at the time of the last observation, whereas normal levels were observed in only 8 percent of the nonresponders. None of the untreated controls lost HBsAg, but one patient in the low-dose interferon group and five patients each in the combined-therapy and the high-dose-interferon study groups lost the antigen (Table 2). The mean duration of hepatitis in the patients who had loss of HBsAg was significantly shorter than that in the patients who retained this marker (1.6±0.8 vs. 3.3±1.6 years; P = 0.048).Age, sex, duration of hepatitis, sexual orientation, and base-line levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and HBV DNA were evaluated for their ability to predict a response to treatment. By univariate analysis, four variables — level of HBV DNA at entry, known duration of hepatitis, sexual orientation, and level of aspartate aminotransferase at entry — were found to be significantly associated with a response to treatment (P = 0.002 for level of HBV DNA, P = 0.031 for duration of hepatitis, P = 0.040 for sexual orientation, and P = 0.046 for level of aspartate aminotransferase). Twenty-eight of 76 heterosexual patients (37 percent) responded to treatment, as compared with 10 of 50 homosexual men (20 percent). Women responded more frequently than men (9 of 19, or 47 percent, vs. 29 of 107, or 27 percent), but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.08). By Cox regression analysis, however, only base-line HBV DNA level and duration of hepatitis were shown to be independently predictive of a response (P = 0.003 and 0.011, respectively, when all patients were included, and P<0.0001 and 0.015, respectively, when the analysis was confined to the treated patients). Approximately 50 percent of the patients with base-line HBV DNA levels under 100 pg per milliliter responded to treatment with 5 million units of interferon (Table 3Table 3
Association between the Serum Levels of HBV DNA and Alanine Aminotransferase before Treatment and the Response to Treatment.*). In contrast, approximately 7 percent of the patients in whom the base-line HBV DNA level exceeded 200 pg per milliliter responded.Of the patients with low alanine aminotransferase values (less than 100 units per liter) on entry, 8 of 18 (44 percent) responded to the combination of prednisone and interferon, as compared with only 2 of 12 who received 5 million units of interferon alone (17 percent; P = 0.235) and 1 of 12 who received 1 million units of interferon (8 percent; P = 0.049) (Table 3). It is noteworthy that six of the eight responding patients in the prednisone-treated group had at least a twofold elevation in the alanine aminotransferase level as compared with base-line values in response to the withdrawal of prednisone, whereas interferon-induced increases in the alanine aminotransferase level of similar magnitude were not observed in either of the two responding patients who received 5 million units of interferon alone. The increase in alanine aminotransferase levels in the prednisone-treated patients was associated with a substantial decline in HBV DNA levels that began during the rest period.
One hundred fifty pre-entry biopsy specimens could be evaluated for histologic scoring. Ten of the remaining specimens had not been received by the consulting pathologist at the time of this report, and nine were considered to be too small for histologic grading. Ninety-eight of the 150 patients (65 percent) were found to have cirrhosis, with portal inflammation observed in 66 (67 percent). Twenty-nine patients (19 percent) had chronic active hepatitis, and 23 (15 percent) had chronic persistent hepatitis on entry. The frequency of a response to treatment was not significantly different among patients with chronic persistent hepatitis (4 of 18, or 22 percent) as compared with patients with chronic active hepatitis (9 of 25, or 36 percent) or cirrhosis (18 of 59, or 31 percent). Paired liver-biopsy specimens were available for 114 patients. In the posttreatment specimens, total histologic scores were lower than in the initial biopsy specimens for the responding patients and those with indeterminate responses and were slightly reduced in the untreated controls (Table 4Table 4
Results of Histologic Evaluation of Liver-Biopsy Specimens.). The percent change in the total score between the initial and follow-up biopsy specimens was significantly higher (P = 0.013) for the patients with indeterminate responses than for the untreated controls. The scoring of the liver-biopsy specimens indicated a regression of periportal necrosis in the treated patients (P = 0.03 vs. controls) and a trend toward reduced portal inflammation (P = 0.09), but no significant change in the degree of lobular inflammation or fibrosis. A blinded subjective comparison of the paired liver-biopsy specimens revealed that improvement occurred significantly more frequently among the responding patients and those with indeterminate responses than among the controls (P = 0.05). Improvement was equally frequent among responding patients treated with prednisone and those receiving 5 million units of interferon alone (62 and 64 percent, respectively), and less frequent among patients receiving 1 million units of interferon (40 percent).Adverse effects occurred in the majority of the treated patients. Prednisone therapy was more frequently associated with changes in appetite (38 percent), insomnia (32 percent), and acne (23 percent) than was placebo. Influenza-like symptoms, including fatigue, fever, headache, and myalgia, occurred more frequently among the patients treated with the 5-million-unit dose of interferon than among the untreated controls (P<0.001), but these symptoms usually improved as therapy was continued. Although adverse effects were common during the interferon phase of treatment, they were an infrequent cause of dose modification or withdrawal from therapy. More than 85 percent of the patients received at least 90 percent of their scheduled interferon. The reasons for dose modification were thrombocytopenia or leukopenia in 12 patients, fatigue in 8, nausea in 3, and depression in 1. These patients responded to treatment as frequently (9 of 24, or 38 percent) as those who received all scheduled doses (29 of 98, or 30 percent). Four patients discontinued interferon treatment after 1.7 to 12 weeks because of chest tightness, irritability, dizziness, and fatigue, respectively. None of these patients responded to treatment. Two controls and one treated patient died during the study. One of the control patients died of liver failure after completing the observation period, whereas the second died of urinary tract sepsis and pulmonary edema after 15 weeks of observation. The treated patient had active cirrhosis and borderline low serum albumin levels (3.1 g per liter) on entry into the study. Ascites developed during the prednisone phase, a rebound increase in aminotransferase levels occurred during the first month of interferon therapy, and the patient subsequently had a variceal hemorrhage. One month after the discontinuation of interferon treatment, he died of liver failure. This death was considered to be possibly related to the flare in hepatitis after the withdrawal of prednisone.
Neutralizing antibody to interferon was not detected in any patient before treatment, but it developed in 6 of the 85 patients who received 5 million units of interferon (7 percent) and none of the patients treated with 1 million units. The neutralizing-antibody titers were low (
1:20) in all patients, and four of the six patients responded to therapy, indicating that the presence of antibody did not prevent a response.Discussion
Chronic hepatitis B is a potentially serious liver disorder that is associated with chronic liver disease, diminished survival,9 and an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.10 Although several antiviral agents have been tested as treatment for this condition, among them vidarabine, its aqueous monophosphate salt,11 , 12 acyclovir,13 and various types of interferon,1 , 14 , 15 none have been proved effective. To date, the most extensive clinical experience has been with interferon alfa, but the published studies are small clinical trials with a high probability of a Type II statistical error. Moreover, the lack of uniform criteria for inclusion in these studies has made it difficult to compare the results among the various centers. Still, the results of these trials, taken together, suggest that approximately 30 percent of patients treated with interferon for three or more months can be expected to undergo HBeAg seroconversion and a sustained loss of HBV DNA.1 2 3 Combination drug treatment with a short course of corticosteroids has been used in an attempt to enhance the efficacy of antiviral therapy.4 , 5 The rationale for this approach is based on the observation that the withdrawal of corticosteroids frequently results in an acute hepatitis-like elevation of serum aminotransferase levels, which is thought to represent an "immunologic rebound" directed at virus–infected hepatocytes and characterized by a transient decline in levels of HBV DNA polymerase and HBV DNA.16 17 18 Furthermore, the results of several small clinical trials have suggested that a short course of corticosteroids may have additive or synergistic effects in combination with either vidarabine monophosphate12 or interferon alfa.4 , 5 Except in the current study, however, the comparative efficacy of combination therapy and interferon alone has not been carefully evaluated. Although a treatment group of patients receiving corticosteroids alone could have been included, we rejected this option out of concern for safety and efficacy. Such an approach has generally resulted in low rates of HBeAg seroconversion, and several studies of withdrawal from corticosteroids alone have described episodes of hepatic decompensation in patients with advanced disease19 , 20 or worsening of the hepatitis with histologic deterioration.21
In the present study, the patients satisfied predefined criteria for active viral replication and clinically stable disease. Several conclusions can be derived from this study about the quantitative and qualitative aspects of response, the potential benefits of pretreatment with prednisone, and tolerance to clinically effective doses of interferon. We found that 16 weeks of subcutaneous interferon alfa in a dose of 5 million units daily resulted in HBeAg seroconversion in 35 to 40 percent of patients and a sustained loss of HBV DNA in 40 to 50 percent of patients. Furthermore, in 10 percent of all treated patients and nearly one third of those who responded, HBsAg disappeared, implying a termination of the carrier state. Although investigation of this issue was not specifically part of this study, all these patients were found to be negative for serum HBV DNA by the polymerase chain reaction at the time of last follow-up (unpublished data). An association between the loss of HBsAg and the duration of HBV infection was noted, implying that the probability of eliminating chronic HBV infection is greatest when the disorder is treated relatively early, at a time when viral HBV DNA exists largely if not exclusively in the nonintegrated or episomal state.15 It is important to note that reactivation of infection was uncommon within the first six months of observation after treatment. This finding is consistent with previous studies indicating that inhibition of viral replication is often sustained after successful antiviral therapy22 and is in distinct contrast to the high rate of relapse observed in patients with chronic hepatitis C who were treated with interferon.23
Additional information has emerged from the present study about the potential benefit of pretreatment with prednisone. Small clinical trials4 , 5 have suggested that the overall efficacy of antiviral therapy is enhanced by this approach, but our study suggests that the higher response rates appear to be limited to persons with low base-line alanine aminotransferase levels (i.e., less than 100 units per liter). Other studies have found the rate of response to interferon alone to be low in such patients,3 , 5 and the rebound in hepatitis induced by the withdrawal of prednisone may be more important in inducing a response in this subgroup of patients.
We observed that in doses of 5 million units daily for four months, interferon alfa was generally well tolerated, and pretreatment with prednisone was not associated with an enhanced risk of deterioration among clinically stable patients. That the only death possibly related to prednisone therapy occurred in a patient with active cirrhosis and decreased synthetic function, however, underscores the potential danger of this approach in patients who are marginally compensated.24
In the present study, the HBV DNA level before treatment was found to be the most important independent predictor of response. Fewer than 7 percent of the participants with circulating HBV DNA levels in excess of 200 pg per millilitcr responded to treatment with 5 million units of interferon alfa. In contrast, approximately half the patients with low levels of HBV DNA (less than 100 pg per milliliter) responded to the same dose of interferon. HBV DNA was also seen to be independently predictive of response in a recent combined statistical analysis of three clinical trials.25 Thus, the data emphasize the need for more effective therapeutic strategies in patients with a high level of viremia.
In our study, a response to treatment was associated histologically with diminished periportal necrosis and portal infiltration, and subjective assessment of coded, paired liver-biopsy specimens demonstrated a higher likelihood of improvement among both responding patients and those with indeterminate responses, as compared with untreated controls. In patients treated successfully, liver-biopsy specimens often demonstrated substantial inflammation six months after treatment, but this was probably due to slow resolution of the inflammatory changes and is consistent with observations made in patients with chronic hepatitis C.23 Studies of specimens obtained after a longer follow-up are needed for a better definition of the extent of histologic change.
In summary, interferon treatment resulted in HBeAg seroconversion in nearly 40 percent of patients and a sustained loss of HBV DNA in nearly half of those with clinically stable chronic hepatitis B. The patients who had a sustained loss of viral replication, including those who continued to have detectable HBeAg, appeared to benefit both clinically and histologically. A substantial percentage of patients, however, particularly those with high levels of viral replication, did not respond to treatment with interferon alfa, alone or after a short course of corticosteroids. Thus, other approaches to the medical management of this condition are badly needed. Long-term follow-up of patients who respond to interferon therapy will be required to determine whether the effects on viral replication are sustained and whether the rate of histologic progression and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma are diminished. Ultimately, such observation could also determine whether survival is improved. Although the frequency of HBsAg loss in our treated patients was relatively low, the occurrence of such dramatic change in serologic status underscores the need for earlier recognition and treatment of chronic hepatitis B.
Supported in part by Clinical Research Center grants from the Public Health Service to the University of California, Los Angeles (RR-00865) and from the National Institutes of Health to the University of Florida (5MO1RR00082), Massachusetts General Hospital (MO1RR01066–11), and New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center (5MO1RR0047). Dr. Gibas was supported by a training grant (T32–DK07191) from the National Institutes of Health.
*The following institutions and persons participated in the Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group: Washington University: Robert P. Perrillo, M.D. (principal investigator), Fredric G. Regenstein, M.D. (associate investigator), Kenneth Schechtman, Ph.D. (statistical support), and Carol J. Bodicky, R.N. (study coordinator); University of Miami:> Eugene R. Schiff, M.D. (principal investigator), and Steven Villanueva (associate investigator); University of Florida:> Gary L. Davis, M.D. (principal investigator), and Joanne Kniffen, R.N. (study coordinator); Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University:> Henry C. Bodenheimer, Jr., M.D. (principal investigator), and Carmel A. Brodeur, R.N. (study coordinator); University of California: Karen L. Lindsay, M.D. (principal investigator), Susan Milstein, R.N. (study coordinator), and Klaus Lewin, M.D. (pathology support); Rush–Presbyterian–St. Luke's Hospital: John Payne, M.D. (principal investigator), and Mary Jo Mikotis, R.N. (study coordinator); Massachusetts General Hospital: Jules L. Dienstag, M.D. (principal investigator), Alexandra Gibas, M.D. (associate investigator), Heather Cody, B.S., and Eloise Watkins, R.N., M.P.H. (study coordinators); University of Pennsylvania: Christopher O'Brien, M.D. (principal investigator), and Michelle Sample (study coordinator); University of Louisville: Carlo H. Tamburro, M.D. (principal investigator), and Barbara Miller, B.S.N., M.S. (study coordinator); University of Arizona: Richard Sampliner, M.D. (principal investigator), and Cindy Mackel, R.N. (study coordinator); New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center: Ira M. Jacobson, M.D. (principal investigator), and Michael Cantor, M.D. (associate investigator); Columbia University: David Feit, M.D. (principal investigator), and Jay Lefkowitch, M.D. (study pathologist); Abbott Laboratories: Mary C. Kuhns, Ph.D. (consulting scientist), and Anne L. McNamara, B.S. (laboratory associate); Schering-Plough Corporation: Ann Kilian, B.S., Steve Bariletto, B.S., Kenneth Guito, B.S. (study monitors), Janice Albrecht, Ph.D. (project coordinator), Carlton Meschievitz, M.D., and Robert B. Kammer, M.D. (project physicians), and Bharati Sanghvi, Ph.D. (statistical study design).
Source Information
From the St, Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Washington University, St. Louis (R.P.P.); the University of Miami, Miami, Fla. (E.R.S.); the University of Florida, Gainesville (G.L.D.); Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence (H.C.B.); the University of California, Los Angeles (K.L.); Rush–Presbyterian–St. Luke's Hospital, Chicago (J.P.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (J.L.D., A.G.); the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.O.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky. (C.T.); New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York (I.M.J.); the Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the University of Arizona, Tucson (R.S.); Columbia University, New York (D.F., J.L.); Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago (M.K.); and the Schering-Plough Corporation, Kenilworth, N.J. (C.M., B.S., J.A.). Address reprint requests to Dr. Perrillo at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (111 JC), 915 N. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63106.
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