Original Article
The Body-Mass Index of Twins Who Have Been Reared Apart
N Engl J Med 1990; 322:1483-1487May 24, 1990
- Abstract
- Abstract
To assess the relative importance of genetic and environmental effects on the body-mass index (weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters), we studied samples of identical and fraternal twins, reared apart or reared together. The samples consisted of 93 pairs of identical twins reared apart, 154 pairs of identical twins reared together, 218 pairs of fraternal twins reared apart, and 208 pairs of fraternal twins reared together.
The intrapair correlation coefficients of the values for body-mass index of identical twins reared apart were 0.70 for men and 0.66 for women. These are the most direct estimates of the relative importance of genetic influences (heritability) on the body-mass index, and they were only slightly lower than those for twins reared together in this and earlier studies. Similar estimates were derived from maximum-likelihood model-fitting analyses — 0.74 for men and 0.69 for women. Nonadditive genetic variance made a significant contribution to the estimates of heritability, particularly among men. Of the potential environmental influences, only those unique to the individual and not those shared by family members were important, contributing about 30 percent of the variance. Sharing the same childhood environment did not contribute to the similarity of the body-mass index of twins later in life.
We conclude that genetic influences on body-mass index are substantial, whereas the childhood environment has little or no influence. These findings corroborate and extend the results of earlier studies of twins and adoptees. (N Engl J Med 1990; 322:1483–7.)
Article Activity
- Article
RECENT studies have established the influence of genetic factors in human obesity.1 , 2 Adoption studies have revealed that the body-mass index (weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of adoptees resembles that of their biologic parents3 , 4 and siblings,5 but not that of their adoptive parents. However, the extent of the genetic contribution is uncertain. In studies of twins reared together,6 , 7 the genetic contribution to the body-mass index has been estimated to be 64 to 84 percent, but these values may overestimate the contribution of heredity because similarities in twins reared together may result from shared environments as well as shared genes.
The study of identical twins reared apart is generally considered to be one of the most effective designs for distinguishing the importance of shared genes from that of shared environments. We studied a sample of 93 pairs of identical twins reared apart, 154 pairs of identical twins reared together, 218 pairs of fraternal twins reared apart, and 208 pairs of fraternal twins reared together. All were participants in the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA).8 , 9 This unique sample makes possible an analysis that combines the adoption and twin designs, thus avoiding many of the limitations of the classic twin method and allowing a more accurate estimate of genetic contributions. We present here such an analysis of genetic contributions to the body-mass index.
Methods
The SATSA sample of twins separated early in life and matched twins reared together was identified through the Swedish Twin Registry, which includes nearly 25,000 pairs of twins of the same sex born in Sweden between 1886 and 1958.10 The zygosity of the twins was determined according to criteria of physical similarity, the accuracy of which was established by Cederlöf et al.11 in a subsample from the twin registry and later confirmed by Sarna.12 The mean age (±SD) of the twins we studied was 58.6±13.6 years, with an approximately normal distribution around the sixth decade of life; 2 percent of the pairs were more than 80 years old, 18 percent were 71 to 80, 31 percent were 61 to 70, 20 percent were 51 to 60, 18 percent were 41 to 50, 9 percent were 31 to 40, and 2 percent were 21 to 30. Sixty percent were women, which conforms to the sex ratio for the last half of the life span. The SATSA sample is representative of twins in the Swedish Twin Registry except in age. Those in the sample are older, because most of the twins reared apart were born during the first three decades of the century, when economic depression and epidemics increased the likelihood of separation.
The identification of the SATSA sample of twins reared apart and matched twins reared together has been described by Pedersen, McClearn, and their colleagues.8 , 9 The average age at separation was 2.8 years; 48 percent of the pairs were separated during the first year of life, and 82 percent by the age of 5. The reasons for separation varied, the most common being the illness or death of one or both parents and economic hardship. Age at separation and the degree of separation of the twins had no effect on their degree of similarity in either height or weight.9 Twins separated earlier were not less similar than twins separated later in childhood.
Heights and weights were reported by the twins themselves on questionnaires administered in the fall of 1984. Height and weight were also measured in a sample of 588 of the 1346 twins in this study. The correlation coefficient between measured values and those reported by the twins themselves was 0.97 for height and 0.95 for weight, and the mean differences (±SD) between reported and measured values were 1.2±2.4 cm for height and 0.8±4.0 kg for weight.
Analyses were performed to evaluate the roles of genetic and environmental determinants of total phenotypic variance. They consisted of intrapair correlations and maximum-likelihood model-fitting analyses.
Intrapair Correlations
The proportion of total variance attributable to genetic influences (heritability13) was estimated from intrapair correlations in four ways.
In the classic twin method, the difference between the intrapair correlations of monozygotic and dizygotic twins reared together is doubled. This estimate of heritability includes both the additive and nonadditive components of genetic variance. The additive component is the sum of the average effects of all the genes that influence a character and thus "breed true." Nonadditive effects result from interactions between alleles at a locus (dominance) or among genes at different loci (epistasis). Monozygotic twins share all genetic effects, additive and nonadditive, whereas dizygotic twins share 50 percent of the additive effects and 25 percent of the nonadditive effects.13 Thus, if nonadditive effects are important for a trait, the expected correlation for dizygotic twins is less than half that for monozygotic twins and procedures that compare monozygotic and dizygotic correlations will overestimate heritability.
The SATSA sample of twins reared apart made possible three additional estimates of heritability. In the first, the difference between the intrapair correlations for monozygotic and dizygotic twins reared apart was doubled. When nonadditive variance is present, this method also overestimates heritability, but it avoids other problems intrinsic to the classic twin method, as will be discussed below. The second estimate was obtained by doubling the intrapair correlation for dizygotic twins reared apart. This method underestimates heritability in the presence of nonadditive variance. Third, the intrapair correlation for monozygotic twins reared apart in uncorrelated environments constitutes an unbiased estimate of heritability, even if nonadditive variance is present.
The separated-twin method makes it possible to estimate not only genetic effects but also three different environmental effects — the shared rearing environment, other correlated environments, and nonshared environments that are unique to the individual.
In studies of twins reared together, estimates of the influence of a shared environment are derived from resemblances that cannot be explained by genetic effects. Such studies cannot separate the relative contributions of two different environments — that in which the twins were raised (the shared rearing environment) and that in which they lived after they left home (the correlated environment). The study of twins reared apart makes it possible to estimate the effects of the rearing environment; the resemblances between twins reared together are compared with those between twins reared apart.
Even twins reared apart could resemble one another for environmental reasons if their environments were similar — that is, if the environments were correlated. All resemblances between twins that are not attributable to either heredity or the shared rearing environment may be attributed to correlated environments. For example, a correlated environment may be the result of "selective placement" — placing adopted children in homes that resemble those of their biologic parents — or of contact between the twins in adulthood. The effects of correlated environments can be estimated by subtracting the estimate of heritability from the correlation for monozygotic twins. When applied to twins reared apart, this calculation includes the effects of selective placement.
Residual variance that cannot be explained by heredity, the shared rearing environment, or correlated environments is attributed to the effects of a nonshared environment that is unique to the individual.
Model-Fitting Analyses
Correlations for the four groups of twins permitted us to estimate the contribution to variability in the body-mass index of genetic variance, variance due to a shared rearing environment, and variance due to correlated environments. These estimates are not independent; they should be regarded as providing the range of possible values that can be obtained from this sample. Model fitting represents a more powerful approach, for it is based on a simultaneous solution of all the information used in the other four methods, makes assumptions explicit, and permits testing of the relative fit of different models. The results of model fitting complement the intrapair correlations, confirming estimates that were based on comparisons of correlations.
Our model was derived from the standard biometric model of Jinks and Fulker for a twin design that fits three parameters: heritability, shared environment, and nonshared environment.14 It was extended to partition heritability into additive and nonadditive components and to distinguish between the presence of shared rearing and correlated environments. Expected and observed mean squares were used to derive the estimates of interest. Maximum-likelihood estimates and standard errors were obtained with use of the LISREL-VI program for linear structural-equation modeling.15 The model as it is applied to the SATSA sample has been described more fully elsewhere.16 , 17
Description of the Sample
The mean (±SD) values for body-mass index are listed in Table 1Table 1
Body-Mass Index and Intrapair Correlations in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Pairs of Twins Reared Apart or Together.*. Univariate analyses for sex and age (in five-year groups) yielded small but statistically significant differences for three effects: rearing, age, and sex. Twins reared apart were slightly heavier (F1,136 = 14.52, P<0.01), as were older twins (F10,1441 = 8.91, P<0.01) and men (F1,1441 = 4.40, P<0.05).In addition to these mean differences, the variance in body-mass index was greater (P<0.001) for women (SD, 3.7) than men (SD, 2.9). For this reason and because adoption studies had shown differing heritability according to sex,3 , 4 analyses were performed separately for men and women. We adjusted for the effect of age on body-mass index by using the residuals from a regression of body-mass index on age.18
Results
Intrapair Correlations
The heritability of the body-mass index was estimated by each of the four correlational methods outlined above as well as by model-fitting approaches. The intrapair correlations according to zygosity and sex are listed in Table 1, and the estimates of heritability derived from them in Table 2Table 2
Heritability According to Sex, as Estimated by Four Methods.. These estimates indicate a substantial genetic contribution to the body-mass index.The first estimate of heritability, based on the classic twin design, was 0.82 for men and 0.78 for women. The intrapair correlation of both male and female monozygotic twins was more than twice that of the dizygotic twins, implying the presence of nonadditive genetic effects and thus an overestimate of heritability.
The second estimate of heritability, derived from correlations of monozygotic and dizygotic twins reared apart, was also high. It too probably represents an overestimation because of the presence of nonadditive variance. The third estimate of heritability, twice the correlation for dizygotic twins reared apart, was the smallest of the four. In the presence of nonadditive variance it represents an underestimate and sets a lower limit for the heritability of the body-mass index.
The fourth estimate of heritability, the intrapair correlation for the monozygotic twins reared apart, was the most direct and perhaps the best estimate of the heritability of the body-mass index. It was 0.70 for men and 0.66 for women. Note that these values are approximately halfway between those estimated by the classic twin method, which in the presence of nonadditive genetic variance probably overestimates heritability, and the separated-dizygotic-twin method, which in these circumstances probably underestimates it.
The four estimates of heritability were similar for men and women (Table 2). The pattern of correlations shown in Table 1, however, suggests a larger role for nonadditive genetic effects among men.
Three types of environmental effects were assessed. We estimated the effect of a shared rearing environment by comparing the intrapair correlations for twins reared together with those for twins reared apart. Table 1 shows that twins reared together were no more similar than those reared apart, thus ruling out any effect of a shared rearing environment on the body-mass index.
We estimated the effect of similar (correlated) environments by subtracting the estimate of heritability from the correlation for monozygotic twins. Heritability estimates were actually larger than the correlations for monozygotic twins, both for those reared together and those reared apart. Correlated environments evidently had no effect on the body-mass index, providing further confirmation that sharing similar environments had no effect and ruling out any effect of selective placement.
Residual variance that cannot be explained by either genetic or shared environmental influences is attributable to nonshared variance unique to the individual person. In respect to the body-mass index, all environmental variance was of this type, accounting for about 30 percent of total variance.
Model-Fitting Analyses
We tested differences between the sexes in genetic and environmental influences by comparing the relative fits of two models. The first model allowed us to derive estimates separately for each sex, whereas the second model constrained the estimates to be equal across the two groups. The difference between the models was highly significant (χ2 = 47.48, 3 df; P<0.001), indicating that the estimates of genetic and environmental influences were different for men and women. Accordingly, the remaining analyses were performed separately for men and women.
The full model, which included additive and nonadditive genetic variance, shared rearing environment, and nonshared environment, provided a satisfactory fit to the data for men (χ2 = 6.60, 4 df; P = 0.159) but not women (x2 = 11.35, 4 df; P = 0.023). The poor fit of the model to the data for women may reflect the fact that the variances among women were not homogeneous across rearing and zygosity groups; those among dizygotic twins reared apart were greater. Consistent with the information from the intrapair correlations, the estimates for shared rearing environment and correlated environments accounted for less than 1 percent of the variance.
Estimates for a reduced model from which shared rearing environment and correlated environments were excluded are shown in Table 3Table 3
Parameter Estimates for Maximum-Likelihood Model-Fitting Analyses.*. We calculated the proportion of the total variance explained by each parameter by dividing the square of the estimate of that parameter by the sum of the squares of the other estimates. The resulting estimates of heritability were very similar to those yielded by the correlational analyses — 74 percent for men and 69 percent for women. Furthermore, they permitted us to estimate the extent of nonadditive variance — 57 percent for men and 37 percent for women (Fig. 1Figure 1
Genetic and Environmental Components of Variance in Body-Mass Index. and Table 3). Additive genetic variance was 17 percent for men and 32 percent for women. The remaining variance (26 percent for men and 31 percent for women) can be attributed to nonshared environmental influences unique to the individual.The relative importance of additive and nonadditive genetic variance was further assessed by procedures that tested whether dropping either parameter significantly reduced the fit of the model. Dropping additive genetic variance did not significantly change the χ2 for either men or women. Dropping nonadditive variance, however, resulted in a significant change for men (change in χ2, 4.29, 1 df; P = 0.04) but not women. This more rigorous test confirmed the significant contribution of nonadditive genetic variance among men.
Despite this difference in variance between the sexes, it is important to note that the relative contributions of genes and environment to the body-mass index of men and women were quite similar. Although body-mass index appeared to be more variable among women, this greater variance did not result from either shared rearing environments or correlated environments.
Discussion
Three principal findings from this study have advanced our understanding of the determinants of the body-mass index.
The first was the strong evidence of the influence of heredity on the body-mass index. The intrapair correlations of the 93 pairs of monozygotic twins reared apart provided estimates of genetic influences that were independent of environmental contributions. These values — 0.70 for men and 0.66 for women —may be the best available estimates of total genetic influence on the body-mass index. They are very similar to those obtained from the more powerful model-fitting analyses that combined data from twins reared together and twins reared apart — 0.74 and 0.69 for men and women, respectively.
Reassurance as to the representativeness of the SATSA sample is provided by its remarkable similarity to other large samples. In the sample of middle-aged American men referred to above (4071 pairs of twins),7 the mean (±SD) body-mass index was 24.9±2.7 among the monozygotic twins and 24.8±2.7 among the dizygotic twins. The estimates of heritability yielded by the classic twin method in the two samples were also quite similar — 0.84 for the American men and 0.81 for the Swedish men. The values for body-mass index in both the SATSA and the American samples were very similar to those obtained in Waaler's population-based survey of 1.8 million Norwegians — 24.9±2.8 for men 40 to 44 years old and 25.3±3.2 for men 60 to 64 years old.19
The second finding of this study was the indication of significant nonadditive genetic variance. The intrapair correlations of monozygotic twins were more than twice those of dizygotic twins, as was the case among the older American twins.6 The model-fitting analyses further supported the importance of nonadditive genetic effects, particularly in men.
The fact that there was significant nonadditive variance in a sample of older Swedish twins raises the question of whether such variance can be attributed to ethnicity or age. The marked similarity of the Swedish twins to the American twins should allay concern about the effects of ethnicity. The cross-sectional nature of this study made it impossible to assess the effects of age. Again the study of the American twins is useful, for they were measured twice — once at the age of 20 and again at 45. At 20 there was no evidence of nonadditive variance, but at 45 there was. Nonadditive variance apparently exerts its effects only later in life.
The third finding of this study is that neither the shared rearing environment nor correlated environments contributed to variation in the body-mass index. This finding is supported by two lines of evidence. First, among the SATSA twins the intrapair similarity in height and weight was not influenced by either age at separation or degree of separation.9 Second, adoption studies have not found any effect of the childhood rearing environment.3 , 4 Estimates of the heritability of the body-mass index that are based on data from family members who have shared the same environments (twins reared together or parents and offspring) do not appear to have been biased by the effects of shared or correlated environments. The significant environmental influences on body-mass index are not attributable to shared family influences but are unique to the individual person.
Like the studies described above, our study assessed genetic influences on the body-mass index. Unlike those studies, however, ours involved few frankly obese persons. The relevance of these results to obesity thus depends on how the middle range of values for body-mass index relates to the extreme that characterizes obesity. In this regard it is reassuring that three adoption studies have found that genetic influences extend across the range of weight from thin to very obese.3 4 5
The values for height and weight that we used were based on self-reports rather than direct measurements; the latter are clearly preferable. Self-reported heights and weights, however, are often quite accurate and are increasingly used in epidemiologic studies if direct measurements are not available.20 21 22 23 24 25 The self-reported values used in our study corresponded closely to measured values. In a sample of more than one third of the twins, the correlations between self-reported and measured height and weight were very high. It should be noted that estimates of genetic influence in twin studies are not affected by over- or under-estimates of height and weight unless there is a differential bias in reporting between monozygotic and dizygotic twins. There was no evidence of such bias.
The results of this study should be interpreted in the light of the concept of heritability. Heritability does not imply an invariant, immutable genetic influence such as occurs in the case of hair or eye color. It describes instead the genetic influences found among persons living in a particular range of environmental conditions. Under different environmental conditions, different estimates of heritability might be obtained. Nevertheless, the conditions in which the subjects of our study live are those of much of Western society, and our results should apply to persons in that society. Similar results have been obtained by other studies in Western society, whether of twins in America6 , 7 or of adoptees in Denmark3 , 5 or America.4 Genetic factors appear to be major determinants of the body-mass index in Western society, and they may account for as much as 70 percent of the variance.
Supported in part by a grant (AG 04563) from the National Institute on Aging, the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging, and a Research Scientist Award to Dr. Stunkard from the National Institute of Mental Health.
The sample we report on is from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging, being conducted at the Department of Environmental Hygiene of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm (coinvestigators, Drs. Nancy L. Pedersen, Lars Friberg, Ulf DeFaire, and Stig Berg) in collaboration with the Center for Developmental and Health Genetics at Pennsylvania State University (coinvestigators, Drs. Gerald E. McClearn, Robert Plomin, and J.R. Nesselroade).
Source Information
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.J.S.); the Department of Environmental Hygiene, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.R.H., N.L.P.); and the Center for Developmental and Health Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park (G.E.McC.). Address reprint requests to Dr. Stunkard at 133 S. 36th St., Philadelphia, PA 19104.
- References
References
1
Stunkard
Medline2
Price
CrossRef3
Stunkard
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline4
Price
Web of Science | Medline5
Sørensen
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline6
Feinleib
Web of Science | Medline7
Stunkard
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline8
Pedersen
Web of Science | Medline9
McClearn
Web of Science10
Cederlöf R, Lorich U. The Swedish twin registry. In: Nance WE, Allen G, Parisi P, eds. Twin research: proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Twin Studies, August 29-September 1, 1977, Washington, DC. Part B. Biology and epidemiology. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1978:188–95.
11
Cederlöf
Medline12
Sarna S. Zygosity diagnosis in epidemiological twin studies: by blood markers and by questionnaires. Helsinki, Finland: University of Helsinki Press, 1977.
13
Falconer DS. Introduction to quantitative genetics. 2nd ed. New York: Longman, 1981:148–69.
14
Jinks
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline15
Jöreskog KG, Sörböm D. Lisrel-VI user's guide. Morrisville, Ind.: Scientific Software, 1986.
16
Pedersen 17
Pedersen
Web of Science | Medline18
McGue
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline19
Waaler
Medline20
Stunkard
Web of Science | Medline21
Wing
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline22
Charney
Full Text | Web of Science | Medline23
Coates
CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline24
Schlichting
Web of Science | Medline25
Palta
Web of Science | Medline
- Citing Articles (252)
Citing Articles
1
Wendy K. Chung. (2012) An overview of mongenic and syndromic obesities in humans. Pediatric Blood & Cancer 58:1, 122-128
CrossRef2
Paul C. D. Johnson, Jennifer Logue, Alex McConnachie, Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh, Carole Hart, Mark N. Upton, Mike Lean, Naveed Sattar, Graham Watt. (2011) Intergenerational change and familial aggregation of body mass index. European Journal of Epidemiology
CrossRef3
J R Fernandez, Y C Klimentidis, A Dulin-Keita, K Casazza. (2011) Genetic influences in childhood obesity: recent progress and recommendations for experimental designs. International Journal of Obesity
CrossRef4
M. Sawczuk, A. Maciejewska, P. Cięszczyk, J. Eider. (2011) The role of genetic research in sport. Science & Sports 26:5, 251-258
CrossRef5
Kimberly R. Coenen, Sharon M. Karp, Sabina B. Gesell, Mary S. Dietrich, Thomas M. Morgan, Shari L. Barkin. (2011) Genetic Risk Score Does Not Correlate with Body Mass Index of Latina Women in a Clinical Trial. Clinical and Translational Science 4:5, 323-327
CrossRef6
A. Bonnefond, P. Froguel. (2011) Génétique du diabète de type 2 et de l’obésité : où en sommes-nous ? Que pouvons-nous en attendre ?. Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques 5:5, 477-488
CrossRef7
Alfredo Ortega-Alonso, Kirsi H. Pietiläinen, Karri Silventoinen, Suoma E. Saarni, Jaakko Kaprio. (2011) Genetic and Environmental Factors Influencing BMI Development from Adolescence to Young Adulthood. Behavior Genetics
CrossRef8
György Jermendy, Levente Littvay, Rita Steinbach, Ádám Jermendy, Ádám Tárnoki, Dávid Tárnoki, Júlia Métneki, János Osztovits. (2011) A metabolikus szindróma összetevőinek genetikai meghatározottsága: ikervizsgálatok eredményei. Orvosi Hetilap 152:32, 1265-1271
CrossRef9
Sarah Keildson, Cecilia M Lindgren. (2011) Obesity: is Type II diabetes a foregone conclusion or further dependent on genetic susceptibility?. Diabetes Management 1:4, 413-422
CrossRef10
G. D. Smith. (2011) Epidemiology, epigenetics and the 'Gloomy Prospect': embracing randomness in population health research and practice. International Journal of Epidemiology 40:3, 537-562
CrossRef11
Shwetha Ramachandrappa, I. Sadaf Farooqi. (2011) Genetic approaches to understanding human obesity. Journal of Clinical Investigation 121:6, 2080-2086
CrossRef12
Allan I. Pack. (2011) Genetics of Sleep Apnea. Sleep Medicine Clinics 6:2, 237-245
CrossRef13
Paul T. Williams. (2011) Attenuated Inheritance of Body Weight by Running in Monozygotic Twins. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise1
CrossRef14
Mark A. Russell, Noel G. Morgan. (2011) Conditional expression of the FTO gene product in rat INS-1 cells reveals its rapid turnover and a role in the profile of glucose-induced insulin secretion. Clinical Science 120:9, 403-413
CrossRef15
Paul W Franks, Dmitry Shungin. (2011) The interplay of lifestyle and genetic susceptibility in Type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetes Management 1:3, 299-307
CrossRef16
Mary Delaney, Mary McCarthy. (2011) Food Choice and Health across the Life Course: A Qualitative Study Examining Food Choice in Older Irish Adults. Journal of Food Products Marketing 17:2-3, 114-140
CrossRef17
F-H Lin, N-F Chu, C-H Lee, Y-J Hung, D-M Wu. (2011) Combined effect of C-reactive protein gene SNP +2147 A/G and interleukin-6 receptor gene SNP rs2229238 C/T on anthropometric characteristics among school children in Taiwan. International Journal of Obesity 35:4, 587-594
CrossRef18
M. B. Terry, Y. Wei, D. Esserman, I. W. McKeague, E. Susser. (2011) Pre- and postnatal determinants of childhood body size: cohort and sibling analyses. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 2:02, 99-111
CrossRef19
2011. References. , 283-360.
CrossRef20
G. Eissing. (2011) Untersuchung der Entwicklung des Body-Mass-Index Dortmunder Kinder (Alter null bis drei Jahre). Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 54:3, 378-386
CrossRef21
Matthew A. Sabin, George A. Werther, Wieland Kiess. (2011) Genetics of obesity and overgrowth syndromes. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 25:1, 207-220
CrossRef22
Felix R. Day, Ruth J.F. Loos. (2011) Developments in Obesity Genetics in the Era of Genome-Wide Association Studies. Journal of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics 4:4, 222-238
CrossRef23
Patrick Tounian. (2011) Programming towards Childhood Obesity. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 58:s2, 30-41
CrossRef24
Alexandra I. F. Blakemore, Philippe Froguel. (2010) Investigation of Mendelian forms of obesity holds out the prospect of personalized medicine. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1214:1, 180-189
CrossRef25
Aya Tahara, Yoneatsu Osaki, Takuji Kishimoto. (2010) Effect of the β3-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism Trp64Arg on BMI reduction associated with an exercise-based intervention program in Japanese middle-aged males. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 15:6, 392-397
CrossRef26
C Holzapfel, H Grallert, C Huth, S Wahl, B Fischer, A Döring, I M Rückert, A Hinney, J Hebebrand, H-E Wichmann, H Hauner, T Illig, I M Heid. (2010) Genes and lifestyle factors in obesity: results from 12 462 subjects from MONICA/KORA. International Journal of Obesity 34:10, 1538-1545
CrossRef27
Pamela J. Salsberry, Patricia B. Reagan. (2010) Effects of Heritability, Shared Environment, and Nonshared Intrauterine Conditions on Child and Adolescent BMI. Obesity 18:9, 1775-1780
CrossRef28
Stephen R. Spindler. (2010) Caloric restriction: From soup to nuts. Ageing Research Reviews 9:3, 324-353
CrossRef29
Kathryn M. McFadden. (2010) Cross-Addiction: From Morbid Obesity to Substance Abuse. Bariatric Nursing and Surgical Patient Care 5:2, 145-178
CrossRef30
Jun-jing Jia, Yun-bo Tian, Zhen-hui Cao, Lin-li Tao, Xi Zhang, Si-zhen Gao, Chang-rong Ge, Qiu-Ye Lin, M. Jois. (2010) The polymorphisms of UCP1 genes associated with fat metabolism, obesity and diabetes. Molecular Biology Reports 37:3, 1513-1522
CrossRef31
Anke Hinney, Carla I. G. Vogel, Johannes Hebebrand. (2010) From monogenic to polygenic obesity: recent advances. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 19:3, 297-310
CrossRef32
A. Dahl, L. B. Hassing, E. Fransson, S. Berg, M. Gatz, C. A. Reynolds, N. L. Pedersen. (2010) Being Overweight in Midlife Is Associated With Lower Cognitive Ability and Steeper Cognitive Decline in Late Life. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 65A:1, 57-62
CrossRef33
J C K Wells. (2009) Thrift: a guide to thrifty genes, thrifty phenotypes and thrifty norms. International Journal of Obesity 33:12, 1331-1338
CrossRef34
Robert Bodén, Arvo Haenni, Leif Lindström, Johan Sundström. (2009) Biochemical risk factors for development of obesity in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 115:2-3, 141-145
CrossRef35
David C. Stifel, Susan L. Averett. (2009) Childhood overweight in the United States: A quantile regression approach. Economics & Human Biology 7:3, 387-397
CrossRef36
Camilla H. Andreasen, Gitte Andersen. (2009) Gene–environment interactions and obesity—Further aspects of genomewide association studies. Nutrition 25:10, 998-1003
CrossRef37
Susan Carnell, Jane Wardle. (2009) Appetitive traits in children. New evidence for associations with weight and a common, obesity-associated genetic variant. Appetite 53:2, 260-263
CrossRef38
Basil M. Yurcisin, Moataz M. Gaddor, Eric J. DeMaria. (2009) Obesity and Bariatric Surgery. Clinics in Chest Medicine 30:3, 539-553
CrossRef39
Victoria A. Catenacci, James O. Hill, Holly R. Wyatt. (2009) The Obesity Epidemic. Clinics in Chest Medicine 30:3, 415-444
CrossRef40
L B Hassing, A K Dahl, V Thorvaldsson, S Berg, M Gatz, N L Pedersen, B Johansson. (2009) Overweight in midlife and risk of dementia: a 40-year follow-up study. International Journal of Obesity 33:8, 893-898
CrossRef41
I. Sadaf Farooqi. 2009. Weight Regulation and Monogenic Obesity. , 571-577.
CrossRef42
E M Perez-Pastor, B S Metcalf, J Hosking, A N Jeffery, L D Voss, T J Wilkin. (2009) Assortative weight gain in mother–daughter and father–son pairs: an emerging source of childhood obesity. Longitudinal study of trios (EarlyBird 43). International Journal of Obesity 33:7, 727-735
CrossRef43
H-R Lajunen, J Kaprio, A Keski-Rahkonen, R J Rose, L Pulkkinen, A Rissanen, K Silventoinen. (2009) Genetic and environmental effects on body mass index during adolescence: a prospective study among Finnish twins. International Journal of Obesity 33:5, 559-567
CrossRef44
Bernard F. Fuemmeler, Tanya Agurs-Collins, F. Joseph McClernon, Scott H. Kollins, Melanie E. Garrett, Allison E. Ashley-Koch. (2009) Interactions Between Genotype and Depressive Symptoms on Obesity. Behavior Genetics 39:3, 296-305
CrossRef45
Wilfried Pott, Özgür Albayrak, Johannes Hebebrand, Ursula Pauli-Pott. (2009) Treating childhood obesity: Family background variables and the child's success in a weight-control intervention. International Journal of Eating Disorders 42:3, 284-289
CrossRef46
Clifton Bogardus. (2009) Missing Heritability and GWAS Utility. Obesity 17:2, 209-210
CrossRef47
(2009) Position of the American Dietetic Association: Weight Management. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109:2, 330-346
CrossRef48
Johannes Hebebrand, Anke Hinney. (2009) Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors in Obesity. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 18:1, 83-94
CrossRef49
Wendy K. Chung, Rudolph L. Leibel. (2008) Considerations Regarding the Genetics of Obesity. Obesity 16, S33-S39
CrossRef50
Lu Qi, Young Ae Cho. (2008) Gene-environment interaction and obesity. Nutrition Reviews 66:12, 684-694
CrossRef51
S O'Rahilly, I S Farooqi. (2008) Human obesity as a heritable disorder of the central control of energy balance. International Journal of Obesity 32, S55-S61
CrossRef52
E COHENCOLE, J FLETCHER. (2008) Is obesity contagious? Social networks vs. environmental factors in the obesity epidemic
. Journal of Health Economics 27:5, 1382-1387
CrossRef53
Claire M.A. Haworth, Robert Plomin, Susan Carnell, Jane Wardle. (2008) Childhood Obesity: Genetic and Environmental Overlap With Normal-range BMI. Obesity 16:7, 1585-1590
CrossRef54
Niveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh, Carole L. Hart, Alex McConnachie, Mark N. Upton, Michael E.J. Lean, Graham C.M. Watt. (2008) Contribution of Midparental BMI and Other Determinants of Obesity in Adult Offspring. Obesity 16:6, 1388-1393
CrossRef55
S R Patel, E K Larkin, S Redline. (2008) Shared genetic basis for obstructive sleep apnea and adiposity measures. International Journal of Obesity 32:5, 795-800
CrossRef56
Theodore D. Wachs. (2008) Multiple influences on children's nutritional deficiencies: A systems perspective. Physiology & Behavior 94:1, 48-60
CrossRef57
Bernard F. Fuemmeler, Tanya D. Agurs-Collins, F. Joseph Mcclernon, Scott H. Kollins, Melanie E. Kail, Andrew W. Bergen, Allison E. Ashley-Koch. (2008) Genes Implicated in Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Functioning Predict BMI Categories. Obesity 16:2, 348-355
CrossRef58
M. Pigeyre, M. Romon. (2007) Obésités génétiques. Annales d'Endocrinologie 68:6, 430-437
CrossRef59
M. Indira Paharia, Larina Kase. 2007. Obesity. , 81-103.
CrossRef60
Winfried Rief, Matthias Conradt, Jan-Michael Dierk, Elisabeth Rauh, Pia Schlumberger, Anke Hinney, Johannes Hebebrand. (2007) Is Information on Genetic Determinants of Obesity Helpful or Harmful for Obese People?—A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 22:11, 1553-1559
CrossRef61
Belinda K. Cornes, Gu Zhu, Nicholas G. Martin. (2007) Sex Differences in Genetic Variation in Weight: a Longitudinal Study of Body Mass Index in Adolescent Twins. Behavior Genetics 37:5, 648-660
CrossRef62
Albert J. Stunkard. 2007. Socioeconomic Status and Obesity. , 174-193.
CrossRef63
N. Y. Souren, A. D. C. Paulussen, R. J. F. Loos, M. Gielen, G. Beunen, R. Fagard, C. Derom, R. Vlietinck, M. P. Zeegers. (2007) Anthropometry, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey: heritabilities. Diabetologia 50:10, 2107-2116
CrossRef64
Gül Bahtiyar, Girardin Jean-Louis, Fiby Nessim, Samy I McFarlane. (2007) Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes – an interim analysis. Therapy 4:5, 507-511
CrossRef65
Reinhold G. Laessle, Sonja Lehrke, Sabine Dückers. (2007) Laboratory eating behavior in obesity. Appetite 49:2, 399-404
CrossRef66
Jocelyne G Karam, Samy I McFarlane. (2007) Secondary causes of obesity. Therapy 4:5, 641-650
CrossRef67
Ruth McPherson. (2007) Genetic contributors to obesity. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 23, 23A-27A
CrossRef68
Christakis, Nicholas A., Fowler, James H., . (2007) The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years. New England Journal of Medicine 357:4, 370-379
Full Text69
A. Oswal, G. S. H. Yeo. (2007) The leptin melanocortin pathway and the control of body weight: lessons from human and murine genetics. Obesity Reviews 8:4, 293-306
CrossRef70
V. Pudel. (2007) Anmerkungen zur Ernährungspsychologie. Ernährung - Wissenschaft und Praxis 1:4, 162-166
CrossRef71
Cynthia L. Ogden, Susan Z. Yanovski, Margaret D. Carroll, Katherine M. Flegal. (2007) The Epidemiology of Obesity. Gastroenterology 132:6, 2087-2102
CrossRef72
Alison E. Field, Walter C. Willett, Lauren Lissner, Graham A. Colditz. (2007) Dietary Fat and Weight Gain Among Women in the Nurses’ Health Study*. Obesity 15:4, 967-976
CrossRef73
I. S. Farooqi, S. O?Rahilly. (2007) Genetic factors in human obesity. Obesity Reviews 8:s1, 37-40
CrossRef74
E. T. Rolls. (2007) Understanding the mechanisms of food intake and obesity. Obesity Reviews 8:s1, 67-72
CrossRef75
Zongli Zheng, Helena Nordenstedt, Nancy L. Pedersen, Jesper Lagergren, Weimin Ye. (2007) Lifestyle Factors and Risk for Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux in Monozygotic Twins. Gastroenterology 132:1, 87-95
CrossRef76
Allyn L Mark. (2006) DIETARY THERAPY FOR OBESITY IS A FAILURE AND PHARMACOTHERAPY IS THE FUTURE: A POINT OF VIEW. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 33:9, 857-862
CrossRef77
S. O'Rahilly, I.S. Farooqi. (2006) Genetics of obesity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361:1471, 1095-1105
CrossRef78
R.F. Drewett, S.S. Corbett, C.M. Wright. (2006) Physical and emotional development, appetite and body image in adolescents who failed to thrive as infants. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 47:5, 524-531
CrossRef79
Danielle N. McCormack, Virginia L. Clyburn, David W. Pittman. (2006) Detection of free fatty acids following a conditioned taste aversion in rats. Physiology & Behavior 87:3, 582-594
CrossRef80
Greeshma K. Shetty, Christos S. Mantzoros. 2006. Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Body Fat Distribution, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. , 51-74.
CrossRef81
T L Nelson, D T Brandon, S A Wiggins, K E Whitfield. (2006) Genetic and environmental influences on body fat and blood pressure in African-American adult twins. International Journal of Obesity 30:2, 243-250
CrossRef82
David C. Nieman. (2006) You Asked For It. ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal 10:1, 5-6
CrossRef83
Anna Tessa C. Villaneuva, Peter R. Buchanan, Brendon J. Yee, Ronald R. Grunstein. (2005) Ethnicity and obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Medicine Reviews 9:6, 419-436
CrossRef84
C. Lubrano-Berthelier, K. Clément. (2005) Génétique de l'obésité humaine. La Revue de Médecine Interne 26:10, 802-811
CrossRef85
M.V.M. Gomes, M.R. Soares, A. Pasqualim-Neto, C.R. Marcondes, R.B. Lôbo, E.S. Ramos. (2005) Association between birth weight, body mass index and IGF2/ApaI polymorphism. Growth Hormone & IGF Research 15:5, 360-362
CrossRef86
H.-F. Lin, B. Boden-Albala, S. H. Juo, N. Park, T. Rundek, R. L. Sacco. (2005) Heritabilities of the metabolic syndrome and its components in the Northern Manhattan Family Study. Diabetologia 48:10, 2006-2012
CrossRef87
C. BROBERGER. (2005) Brain regulation of food intake and appetite: molecules and networks. Journal of Internal Medicine 258:4, 301-327
CrossRef88
Gary J. Anthone. (2005) The Duodenal Switch Operation for Morbid Obesity. Surgical Clinics of North America 85:4, 819-833
CrossRef89
Wendy K. Chung, Rudolph L. Leibel. (2005) Molecular physiology of syndromic obesities in humans. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 16:6, 267-272
CrossRef90
R. L. House, J. P. Cassady, E. J. Eisen, M. K. McIntosh, J. Odle. (2005) Conjugated linoleic acid evokes de-lipidation through the regulation of genes controlling lipid metabolism in adipose and liver tissue. Obesity Reviews 6:3, 247-258
CrossRef91
S G Terra, S P McGorray, R Wu, D M McNamara, L H Cavallari, J R Walker, M R Wallace, B D Johnson, C N Bairey Merz, G Sopko, C J Pepine, J A Johnson. (2005) Association between β-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and their G-protein-coupled receptors with body mass index and obesity in women: a report from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE study. International Journal of Obesity 29:7, 746-754
CrossRef92
V. Pudel, T. Ellrott. (2005) Adipositas — ein gesellschaftspolitisches Problem?. Der Chirurg 76:7, 639-646
CrossRef93
Timothy Classen, Charles Hokayem. (2005) Childhood influences on youth obesity. Economics & Human Biology 3:2, 165-187
CrossRef94
Laura Sobik, Kent Hutchison, Linda Craighead. (2005) Cue-elicited craving for food: a fresh approach to the study of binge eating. Appetite 44:3, 253-261
CrossRef95
Karine Clément. (2005) Genetics of human obesity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64:02, 133-142
CrossRef96
John M. de Castro, Lisa R.R. Lilenfeld. (2005) Influence of heredity on dietary restraint, disinhibition, and perceived hunger in humans. Nutrition 21:4, 446-455
CrossRef97
Christopher G. Bell, Andrew J. Walley, Philippe Froguel. (2005) The genetics of human obesity. Nature Reviews Genetics 6:3, 221-234
CrossRef98
Chuanhui Dong, Wei-Dong Li, Frank Geller, Lei Lei, Ding Li, Olga Y. Gorlova, Johannes Hebebrand, Christopher I. Amos, Robert D. Nicholls, R. Arlen Price. (2005) Possible Genomic Imprinting of Three Human Obesity–Related Genetic Loci. The American Journal of Human Genetics 76:3, 427-437
CrossRef99
Stuart G. Baker, Paul Lichtenstein, Jaakko Kaprio, Niels Holm. (2005) Genetic Susceptibility to Prostate, Breast, and Colorectal Cancer among Nordic Twins. Biometrics 61:1, 55-63
CrossRef100
T WADDEN, C CRERAND, J BROCK. (2005) Behavioral Treatment of Obesity. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 28:1, 151-170
CrossRef101
K WU, K LINDSTED, J LEE. (2005) Blood type and the five factors of personality in Asia. Personality and Individual Differences 38:4, 797-808
CrossRef102
Jane Wardle. (2005) Understanding the aetiology of childhood obesity: implications for treatment. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64:01, 73-79
CrossRef103
C. Verdich, K. Clement, T. Sorenson. 2005. Nutrient-gene interactions contributing to the development of obesity. , 17-57.
CrossRef104
Jesse Roth, Xiaoling Qiang, Sharon Lee Marbán, Henry Redelt, Barbara C. Lowell. (2004) The Obesity Pandemic: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?. Obesity 12, 88S-101S
CrossRef105
S
ren M. Echwald, Kirstine L. Andersen, Thorkild I.A. S
CrossRef106
Donald Vandegrift, Tommer Yoked. (2004) Obesity rates, income, and suburban sprawl: an analysis of US states. Health & Place 10:3, 221-229
CrossRef107
Kathleen Seiders, Ross D. Petty. (2004) Obesity and the Role of Food Marketing: A Policy Analysis of Issues and Remedies. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 23:2, 153-169
CrossRef108
John M. de Castro. (2004) When identical twins differ: an analysis of intrapair differences in the spontaneous eating behavior and attitudes of free-living monozygotic twins. Physiology & Behavior 82:4, 733-739
CrossRef109
J. Hebebrand, A.-K. Wermter, A. Hinney. (2004) Adipositas. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 152:8, 870-876
CrossRef110
B. Conway, A. Rene. (2004) Obesity as a disease: no lightweight matter. Obesity Reviews 5:3, 145-151
CrossRef111
Franco Contaldo, Fabrizio Pasanisi. (2004) Obesity epidemics: secular trend or globalization consequence? Beyond the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Clinical Nutrition 23:3, 289-291
CrossRef112
Jeffrey M Friedman. (2004) Modern science versus the stigma of obesity. Nature Medicine 10:6, 563-569
CrossRef113
Caroline Davis, Shaelyn Strachan, Marni Berkson. (2004) Sensitivity to reward: implications for overeating and overweight. Appetite 42:2, 131-138
CrossRef114
Sirimon Reutrakul, Eba H. Hathout, Donald Janner, Manami Hara, Joseph Donfack, Joseph Bass, Samuel Refetoff. (2004) Familial Juvenile Autoimmune Hypothyroidism, Pituitary Enlargement, Obesity, and Insulin Resistance. Thyroid 14:4, 311-319
CrossRef115
Jae-Young Um, Kang-Min Lee, Hyung-Min Kim. (2004) Polymorphism of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene and obesity. Clinica Chimica Acta 340:1-2, 173-177
CrossRef116
C. Verdich, K. Clement, T. I. A. Sørensen. 2004. Nutrient-gene interactions in the control of obesity. , 223-259.
CrossRef117
Thomas A Wadden, Meghan L Butryn. (2003) Behavioral treatment of obesity. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 32:4, 981-1003
CrossRef118
Cynthia L Ogden, Margaret D Carroll, Katherine M Flegal. (2003) Epidemiologic trends in overweight and obesity. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 32:4, 741-760
CrossRef119
Elina Suviolahti, Laura J. Oksanen, Miina Öhman, Rita M. Cantor, Martin Ridderstråle, Tiinamaija Tuomi, Jaakko Kaprio, Aila Rissanen, Pertti Mustajoki, Pekka Jousilahti, Erkki Vartiainen, Kaisa Silander, Riika Kilpikari, Veikko Salomaa, Leif Groop, Kimmo Kontula, Leena Peltonen, Päivi Pajukanta. (2003) The SLC6A14 gene shows evidence of association with obesity. Journal of Clinical Investigation 112:11, 1762-1772
CrossRef120
Benjamin M Neale, Suzanne E Mazzeo, Cynthia M Bulik. (2003) A Twin Study of Dietary Restraint, Disinhibition and Hunger: An Examination of the Eating Inventory (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire). Twin Research and Human Genetics 6:6, 471-478
CrossRef121
R. J. F. Loos, C. Bouchard. (2003) Obesity - is it a genetic disorder?. Journal of Internal Medicine 254:5, 401-425
CrossRef122
Hisayuki Funahashi, Fumiko Takenoya, Jian-Lian Guan, Haruaki Kageyama, Toshihiko Yada, Seiji Shioda. (2003) Hypothalamic neuronal networks and feeding-related peptides involved in the regulation of feeding. Anatomical Science International 78:3, 123-138
CrossRef123
P. Platte, G.J. Papanicolaou, J. Johnston, C.M. Klein, K.F. Doheny, E.W. Pugh, M.-H. Roy-Gagnon, A.J. Stunkard, C.A. Francomano, A.F. Wilson. (2003) A study of linkage and association of body mass index in the old order Amish. American Journal of Medical Genetics 121C:1, 71-80
CrossRef124
Claude Bouchard, Louis P��russe. 2003. The Genetics of Human Obesity. .
CrossRef125
Joyce A. Corsica, Michael G. Perri. 2003. Obesity. .
CrossRef126
Genhua Yue, Petra Beeckmann, Gerhard Moser, Elisabeth Müller, Hans Bartenschlager, Stanislav Cepica, Jaroslav Schröffel, Antonin Stratil, Hermann Geldermann. (2003) QTL alleles on chromosome 7 from fatty Meishan pigs reduce fat deposition. Science in China Series C: Life Sciences 46:1, 10-17
CrossRef127
David E. Cummings, Michael W. Schwartz. (2003) Genetics and Pathophysiology of Human Obesity. Annual Review of Medicine 54:1, 453-471
CrossRef128
Chuanhui Dong, Shuang Wang, Wei-Dong Li, Ding Li, Hongyu Zhao, R. Arlen Price. (2003) Interacting Genetic Loci on Chromosomes 20 and 10 Influence Extreme Human Obesity. The American Journal of Human Genetics 72:1, 115-124
CrossRef129
Gary J. Anthone, Reginald V. N. Lord, Tom R. DeMeester, Peter F. Crookes. (2003) The Duodenal Switch Operation for the Treatment of Morbid Obesity. Transactions of the ... Meeting of the American Surgical Association 121, 311-321
CrossRef130
John M de Castro, Stephanie Plunkett. (2002) A general model of intake regulation. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 26:5, 581-595
CrossRef131
Sean A. Coady, Cashell E. Jaquish, Richard R. Fabsitz, Martin G. Larson, L. Adrienne Cupples, Richard H. Myers. (2002) Genetic Variability of Adult Body Mass Index: A Longitudinal Assessment in Framingham Families. Obesity 10:7, 675-681
CrossRef132
Richard Strauss. (2002) Perspectives on childhood obesity. Current Gastroenterology Reports 4:3, 244-250
CrossRef133
Philippe Naveilhan, Lennart Svensson, Susanne Nyström, A.Jonas Ekstrand, Patrik Ernfors. (2002) Attenuation of hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia in ob/ob mice by NPY Y2 receptor ablation. Peptides 23:6, 1087-1091
CrossRef134
Hong-Wen Deng, Hongyi Deng, Yong-Jun Liu, Yao-Zhong Liu, Fu-Hua Xu, Hui Shen, Theresa Conway, Jin-Long Li, Qing-Yang Huang, K.M. Davies, Robert R. Recker. (2002) A Genomewide Linkage Scan for Quantitative-Trait Loci for Obesity Phenotypes. The American Journal of Human Genetics 70:5, 1138-1151
CrossRef135
K. Steinbeck. (2002) Obesity: the science behind the management. Internal Medicine Journal 32:5-6, 237-241
CrossRef136
Christina M Morgan, Marian Tanofsky-Kraff, Denise E Wilfley, Jack A Yanovski. (2002) Childhood obesity. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 11:2, 257-278
CrossRef137
Elizabeth A. Sparks, Lorraine Q. Frazier. (2002) Heritable Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Neonatal Nursing 31:2, 217-228
CrossRef138
John M de Castro. (2002) Independence of heritable influences on the food intake of free-living humans. Nutrition 18:1, 11-16
CrossRef139
Marie Kunešová, Vojtěch Hainer, Eva Tvrzická, Stephen D. Phinney, Vladimír Štich, Jana Pařízková, Aleš Zák, Albert J. Stunkard. (2002) Assessment of dietary and genetic factors influencing serum and adipose fatty acid composition in obese female identical twins. Lipids 37:1, 27-32
CrossRef140
Hong-Wen Deng, Dong-Bing Lai, Theresa Conway, Jing Li, Fu-Hua Xu, K. Michael Davies, Robert R. Recker. (2001) Characterization of Genetic and Lifestyle Factors for Determining Variation in Body Mass Index, Fat Mass, Percentage of Fat Mass, and Lean Mass. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 4:4, 353-361
CrossRef141
Tamami Tanaka, Akinobu Matsuzaki, Ryuichi Kuromaru, Naoko Kinukawa, Yoshiaki Nose, Toshimichi Matsumoto, Toshiro Hara. (2001) Association between birthweight and body mass index at 3 years of age. Pediatrics International 43:6, 641-646
CrossRef142
Jefferson W. Tilley. 2001. Antiobesity Drugs. .
CrossRef143
Malin Johansson, Finn Rasmussen. (2001) Birthweight and Body Mass Index in Young Adulthood: The Swedish Young Male Twins Study. Twin Research and Human Genetics 4:5, 400-405
CrossRef144
John M. de Castro. (2001) Heritability of diurnal changes in food intake in free-living humans. Nutrition 17:9, 713-720
CrossRef145
Yuzuru Ohshiro, Kazuya Ueda, Hisao Wakasaki, Nobuyuki Takasu, Kishio Nanjo. (2001) Analysis of 825C/T Polymorphism of G Proteinβ3 Subunit in Obese/Diabetic Japanese. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 286:4, 678-680
CrossRef146
David G. Segal, Juan C. Sanchez. (2001) Childhood Obesity in the Year 2001. The Endocrinologist 11:4, 296-306
CrossRef147
Vassilis Klissouras. (2001) The nature and nurture of human performance. European Journal of Sport Science 1:2, 1-10
CrossRef148
K. S. Steinbeck. (2001) The importance of physical activity in the prevention of overweight and obesity in childhood: a review and an opinion. Obesity Reviews 2:2, 117-130
CrossRef149
Chandice Y. Covington, Marisa J. Cybulski, Tawnya L. Davis, Grace E. Duca, Erinn B. Farrell, Michelle L. Kasgorgis, Carrie L. Kator, Thor L. Sell. (2001) Kids on the Move. American Journal of Nursing 101:3, 73-75
CrossRef150
(2001) How genes control real world intake: palatability–intake relationships. Nutrition 17:3, 266-268
CrossRef151
Patrick Schrauwen, Klaas R. Westerterp. (2000) The role of high-fat diets and physical activity in the regulation of body weight. British Journal of Nutrition 84:04, 417
CrossRef152
J. Enrique Silva. (2000) Uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 and their potential role in human obesity. Drug Development Research 51:2, 112-123
CrossRef153
Eric Ravussin, Clifton Bogardus. (2000) Energy balance and weight regulation: genetics versus environment. British Journal of Nutrition 83:S1,
CrossRef154
Louise Nordfors, Olof Heimbürger, Fredrik Lönnqvist, Bengt Lindholm, Johan Helmrich, Martin Schalling, Peter Stenvinkel. (2000) Fat tissue accumulation during peritoneal dialysis is associated with a polymorphism in uncoupling protein 2. Kidney International 57:4, 1713-1719
CrossRef155
Risa J. Stein, Kristin Koetting O'Byrne, Richard R. Suminski, C. Keith Haddock. (2000) Etiology and Treatment of Obesity in Adults and Children: Implications for the Addiction Model. Drugs & Society 15:1-2, 103-121
CrossRef156
Britt Clausson, Paul Lichtenstein, Sven Cnattingius. (2000) Genetic influence on birthweight and gestational length determined by studies in offspring of twins. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 107:3, 375-381
CrossRef157
Thomas A. Wadden, Gary D. Foster. (2000) BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT OF OBESITY. Medical Clinics of North America 84:2, 441-461
CrossRef158
Tracy L Nelson, George P Vogler, Nancy L Pedersen, Yuling Hong, Toni P Miles. (2000) Genetic and environmental influences on body fat distribution, fasting insulin levels and CVD: are the influences shared?. Twin Research and Human Genetics 3:1, 43-50
CrossRef159
Anke Hinney, Jennifer Schneider, Andreas Ziegler, Gerd Lehmkuhl, Fritz Poustka, Martin-H. Schmidt, Hermann Mayer, Wolfgang Siegfried, Helmut Remschmidt, Johannes Hebebrand. (1999) No evidence for involvement of polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor gene in anorexia nervosa, underweight, and obesity. American Journal of Medical Genetics 88:6, 594-597
CrossRef160
John de Castro. 1999. Macronutrient Selection in Free- Feeding Humans. .
CrossRef161
Peter J Armstrong, Mathew H Chung, Virginia R Holeman. (1999) Resectional gastric bypass in the bariatric surgery practice of a small community hospital. Current Surgery 56:7-8, 435-437
CrossRef162
John M. De Castro. (1999) Heritability of Hunger Relationships With Food Intake in Free-Living Humans. Physiology & Behavior 67:2, 249-258
CrossRef163
John M de Castro. (1999) Behavioral genetics of food intake regulation in free-living humans. Nutrition 15:7-8, 550-554
CrossRef164
Michael A North. (1999) Advances in the molecular genetics of obesity. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 9:3, 283-288
CrossRef165
Heribert Schunkert, Ulrich Bröckel, Christian Hengstenberg, Andreas Luchner, Michael W Muscholl, Klaus Kurzidim, Bernhard Kuch, Angela Döring, Günter A.J Riegger, Hans-Werner Hense. (1999) Familial predisposition of left ventricular hypertrophy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 33:6, 1685-1691
CrossRef166
John M De Castro. (1999) Inheritance of Premeal Stomach Content Influences on Food Intake in Free Living Humans. Physiology & Behavior 66:2, 223-232
CrossRef167
Joseph H. Lee, Danielle R. Reed, Wei-Dong Li, Weizhen Xu, Eun-Jeong Joo, Robin L. Kilker, Elizabeth Nanthakumar, Michael North, Hakan Sakul, Callum Bell, R. Arlen Price. (1999) Genome Scan for Human Obesity and Linkage to Markers in 20q13. The American Journal of Human Genetics 64:1, 196-209
CrossRef168
Krzysztof Narkiewicz, Radoslaw Szczech, Mikolaj Winnicki, Marzena Chrostowska, Ryszard Pawlowski, Wieslawa Lysiak-Szydlowska, Ian Choe, Masahiko Kato, William I. Sivitz, Barbara Krupa-Wojciechowska, Virend K. Somers. (1999) Heritability of plasma leptin levels. Journal of Hypertension 17:1, 27-31
CrossRef169
(1998) Recommendations for an educational and prevention program. Eating Disorders 6:2, 152-157
CrossRef170
R.A. Norman, P.A. Tataranni, R. Pratley, D.B. Thompson, R.L. Hanson, M. Prochazka, L. Baier, M.G. Ehm, H. Sakul, T. Foroud, W.T. Garvey, D. Burns, W.C. Knowler, P.H. Bennett, C. Bogardus, E. Ravussin. (1998) Autosomal Genomic Scan for Loci Linked to Obesity and Energy Metabolism in Pima Indians. The American Journal of Human Genetics 62:3, 659-668
CrossRef171
John M de Castro. (1998) Genes and Environment Have Gender-Independent Influences on the Eating and Drinking of Free-Living Humans. Physiology & Behavior 63:3, 385-395
CrossRef172
S Rössner. (1998) Childhood obesity and adulthood consequences. Acta Paediatrica 87:1, 1-5
CrossRef173
Whitaker, Robert C., Wright, Jeffrey A., Pepe, Margaret S., Seidel, Kristy D., Dietz, William H., . (1997) Predicting Obesity in Young Adulthood from Childhood and Parental Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine 337:13, 869-873
Full Text174
Jeanne Walsh Pierce, Jane Wardle. (1997) Cause and Effect Beliefs and Self-esteem of Overweight Children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38:6, 645-650
CrossRef175
ERIC RAVUSSIN, P.ANTONIO TATARANNI. (1997) Dietary Fat and Human Obesity. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 97:7, S42-S46
CrossRef176
Jürgen Naggert, Tim Harris, Michael North. (1997) The genetics of obesity. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 7:3, 398-404
CrossRef177
Giuseppe Martini, Roberto Valenti, Silvia Giovani, Ranuccio Nuti. (1997) Age-related changes in body composition of healthy and osteoporotic women. Maturitas 27:1, 25-33
CrossRef178
John M. De Castro. (1997) Socio-cultural determinants of meal size and frequency. British Journal of Nutrition 77:S1, S39
CrossRef179
Ian Wickramasekera, Daniel C. Price. (1997) Morbid Obesity, Absorption, Neuroticism, and the High Risk Model of Threat Perception. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 39:4, 291-301
CrossRef180
Søren M. Echwald, Tina D. Sørensen, Thorkild I.A. Sørensen, Anne Tybjærg-Hansen, Teis Andersen, Wendy K. Chung, Rudolph L. Leibel, Oluf Pedersen. (1997) Amino Acid Variants in the Human Leptin Receptor: Lack of Association to Juvenile Onset Obesity. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 233:1, 248-252
CrossRef181
John M. De Castro. (1997) How can energy balance be achieved by free-living human subjects?. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56:1A, 1-14
CrossRef182
Edith Lecomte, Bernard Herbeth, Viviane Nicaud, Roger Rakotovao, Yves Artur, Laurence Tiret. (1997) Segregation analysis of fat mass and fat-free mass with age- and sex-dependent effects: The Stanislas family study. Genetic Epidemiology 14:1, 51-62
CrossRef183
David B. West. (1996) GENETICS OF OBESITY IN HUMANS AND ANIMAL MODELS. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 25:4, 801-813
CrossRef184
John P. Foreyt, Walker S. Carlos Poston, G.Ken Goodrick. (1996) Future directions in obesity and eating disorders. Addictive Behaviors 21:6, 767-778
CrossRef185
Eric Ravussin, Pietro Antonio Tataranni. (1996) The role of altered sympathetic nervous system activity in the pathogenesis of obesity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55:03, 793-802
CrossRef186
ELLYNM. SATTER. (1996) Internal Regulation and the Evolution of Normal Growth as the Basis for Prevention of Obesity in Children. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 96:9, 860-864
CrossRef187
E. Bergström, O. Hernell, L.Å. Persson, B. Vessby. (1996) Insulin resistance syndrome in adolescents. Metabolism 45:7, 908-914
CrossRef188
Manuel Amador, Jorge Bacallao, Mirta Hermelo. (1996) Body mass index at different ages and its association with height at age 14 and with the whole growing process. Nutrition 12:6, 416-422
CrossRef189
Harvey J. Sugerman, John M. Kellum, Eric J. DeMaria, H. David Reines. (1996) Conversion of failed or complicated vertical banded gastroplasty to gastric bypass in morbid obesity. The American Journal of Surgery 171:2, 263-267
CrossRef190
Les Rothenberg. (1996) Fat media-hype greets obesity genes: is industry among the potential losers?. Trends in Biotechnology 14:2, 35-37
CrossRef191
Claude Bouchard. (1996) Long-Term Programming of Body Size. Nutrition Reviews 54, S8-S16
CrossRef192
Barbara Levine. (1996) Editorial: Childhood Obesity: too Much, too Little, too Late. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing 19:4, iii-vii
CrossRef193
May C. Wang, Laura K. Bachrach. (1996) Validity of the body mass index as an indicator of adiposity in an ethnically diverse population of youths. American Journal of Human Biology 8:5, 641-651
CrossRef194
Elizabeth A. Krall, Bess Dawson-Hughes. (1995) Soft Tissue Body Composition: Familial Resemblance and Independent Influences on Bone Mineral Density. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 10:12, 1944-1950
CrossRef195
Peggy Elam, Dawne Kimbrell. (1995) Size, lies, and measuring tape. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 2:2, 233-248
CrossRef196
Gilbert B. Forbes, Eva Prochaska Sauer, Lowell R. Weitkamp. (1995) Lean body mass in twins. Metabolism 44:11, 1442-1446
CrossRef197
Eric Ravussin. (1995) Metabolic differences and the development of obesity. Metabolism 44, 12-14
CrossRef198
Bradford S. Hamilton, Diana Paglia, Anita Y.M. Kwan, Mervyn Deitel. (1995) Increased obese mRNA expression in omental fat cells from massively obese humans. Nature Medicine 1:9, 953-956
CrossRef199
P. M. Sagar. (1995) Surgical treatment of morbid obesity. British Journal of Surgery 82:6, 732-739
CrossRef200
David B. Allison, Stanley Heshka, Michael C. Neale, Peter V. Tishler, Steven B. Heymsfield. (1995) Genetic, environmental, and phenotypic links between body mass index and blood pressure among women. American Journal of Medical Genetics 55:3, 335-341
CrossRef201
Ping-Ling Chen, Thomas A. Sellers, Stephen S. Rich, John D. Potter, Aaron R. Folsom. (1995) Segregation analysis of breast cancer in a population-based sample of postmenopausal probands: The Iowa women's health study. Genetic Epidemiology 12:4, 401-415
CrossRef202
Jennifer R. Harris, Kristian Tambs, Per Magnus. (1995) Sex-specific effects for body mass index in the new Norwegian twin panel. Genetic Epidemiology 12:3, 251-265
CrossRef203
M. I. McCarthy, P. Froguel, G. A. Hitman. (1994) The genetics of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: tools and aims. Diabetologia 37:10, 959-968
CrossRef204
Jane Ogden. (1994) Restraint theory and its implications for obesity treatment. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 1:4, 191-201
CrossRef205
LeAdelle Phelps, Ronald K. Andrea, Frank G. Rizzo. (1994) Weight control techniques among female adolescents: A comparative study. Journal of School Psychology 32:3, 283-292
CrossRef206
G.Terence Wilson. (1994) Behavioral treatment of obesity: thirty years and counting. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 16:1, 31-75
CrossRef207
Gary D. Foster, Philip C. Kendall. (1994) The realistic treatment of obesity: Changing the scales of success. Clinical Psychology Review 14:8, 701-736
CrossRef208
Michael L. Klassen, Cynthia R. Jasper, Richard Jackson Harris. (1993) The role of physical appearance in managerial decisions. Journal of Business and Psychology 8:2, 181-198
CrossRef209
T. Shioiri, T. Kato, J. Murashita, N. Yamada, S. Takahashi. (1993) Changes in the frequency distribution pattern of body weight in patients with major depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 88:5, 356-360
CrossRef210
John M. de Castro. (1993) A twin study of genetic and environmental influences on the intake of fluids and beverages. Physiology & Behavior 54:4, 677-687
CrossRef211
SHIRIKI KUMANYIKA. (1993) Ethnicity and Obesity Development in Children. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 699:1 Prevention an, 81-92
CrossRef212
John M. de Castro. (1993) Independence of genetic influences on body size, daily intake, and meal patterns of humans. Physiology & Behavior 54:4, 633-639
CrossRef213
CLAUDE BOUCHARD, LOUIS PÉRUSSE. (1993) Genetic Aspects of Obesity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 699:1 Prevention an, 26-35
CrossRef214
Stephen D. Phinney, Anna B. Tang, Debbie C. Thurmond, Manabu T. Nakamura, Judith S. Stern. (1993) Abnormal polyunsaturated lipid metabolism in the obese Zucker rat, with partial metabolic correction by γ-linolenic acid administration. Metabolism 42:9, 1127-1140
CrossRef215
(1993) Actual versus Self-Reported Intake and Exercise in Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine 328:20, 1494-1496
Full Text216
Heller, Debra A.de Faire, UlfPedersen, Nancy L.Dahlen, GostaMcClearn, Gerald E.. (1993) Genetic and Environmental Influences on Serum Lipid Levels in Twins. New England Journal of Medicine 328:16, 1150-1156
Full Text217
John M. de Castro. (1993) Genetic influences on daily intake and meal patterns of humans. Physiology & Behavior 53:4, 777-782
CrossRef218
T. I. A. Sørensen, A. J. Stunkard. (1993) Does obesity run in families because of genes?.. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 87:S370, 67-72
CrossRef219
Peta D. Williams, Ian B. Puddey, Nicholas G. Martin, Lawrence J. Beilin. (1993) Genetic and environmental covariance of serum cholesterol and blood pressure in female twins. Atherosclerosis 100:1, 19-31
CrossRef220
M. R. C. GREENWOOD, PATRICIA R. JOHNSON. (1993) Genetic Differences in Adipose Tissue Metabolism and Regulation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 676:1 Nutrition in, 253-269
CrossRef221
Claude Bouchard. (1993) Genes and body fat. American Journal of Human Biology 5:4, 425-432
CrossRef222
A. Nirmala, L. E. Mitchell, T. Rice, P. Chengal Reddy, D. C. Rao. (1993) Assessment of adiposity in an Indian population: Familial correlations. Genetic Epidemiology 10:2, 133-143
CrossRef223
Rudolph L. Leibel, Nathan Bahary, Jeffrey M. Friedman. (1993) Strategies for the molecular genetic analysis of obesity in humans. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 33:4-5, 351-358
CrossRef224
J. Enrique Silva. (1993) Hormonal control of thermogenesis and energy dissipation. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 4:1, 25-32
CrossRef225
Richard F. Hamman. (1992) Genetic and environmental determinants of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Diabetes / Metabolism Reviews 8:4, 287-338
CrossRef226
Kerin O'Dea. (1992) Obesity and diabetes in “the land of milk and honey”. Diabetes / Metabolism Reviews 8:4, 373-388
CrossRef227
Margaret Ashwell. (1992) Why do people get fat: is adipose tissue guilty?. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 51:03, 353-365
CrossRef228
Thomas D. Geracioti, Philip W. Gold. (1992) Oscillatory instability of body weight in alternating anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 12:3, 301-306
CrossRef229
E. Ravussin, B.A. Swinburn. (1992) Pathophysiology of obesity. The Lancet 340:8816, 404-408
CrossRef230
Scott J. Goldsmith, Katharina Anger-Friedfeld, Diane Rudolph, Marjorie Boeck, Louis Aronne. (1992) Psychiatric illness in patients presenting for obesity treatment. International Journal of Eating Disorders 12:1, 63-71
CrossRef231
Sellers, Thomas A., Kushi, Lawrence H., Potter, John D., Kaye, Susan A., Nelson, Christine L., McGovern, Paul G., Folsom, Aaron R., . (1992) Effect of Family History, Body-Fat Distribution, and Reproductive Factors on the Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 326:20, 1323-1329
Full Text232
Jeffrey M. Friedman, Rudolph L. Leibel. (1992) Tackling a weighty problem. Cell 69:2, 217-220
CrossRef233
Laurence Tiret, Jean-Luc André, Pierre Ducimetière, Bernard Herbeth, Roger Rakotovao, René Guegen, Yves Spyckerelle, François Cambien. (1992) Segregation analysis of height-adjusted weight with generation- and age-dependent effects: The Nancy family study. Genetic Epidemiology 9:6, 389-403
CrossRef234
S. S. S. Lo, R. Y. M. Tun, M. Hawa, R. D. G. Leslie. (1991) Studies of diabetic twins. Diabetes / Metabolism Reviews 7:4, 223-238
CrossRef235
Kelly D. Brownell. (1991) Dieting and the search for the perfect body: Where physiology and culture collide. Behavior Therapy 22:1, 1-12
CrossRef236
J. M. FRIEDMAN, R. L. LEIBEL, N. BAHARY, D. A. SIEGEL, G. TRUETT. (1991) Genetic Analysis of Complex Disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 630:1 Genetics of H, 100-115
CrossRef237
Jeffrey M. Friedman, Rudolph L. Leibel, Nathan Bahary. (1991) Molecular mapping of obesity genes. Mammalian Genome 1:3, 130-144
CrossRef238
(1991) Smoking Cessation and Severity of Weight Gain. New England Journal of Medicine 325:7, 517-518
Full Text239
Albert J. Stunkard, Madelyn H. Fernstrom, R.Arlen Price, Emily Buss, Ellen Frank, David J. Kupfer. (1991) Weight change in depression: Influence of “disinhibition” is mediated by body mass and other variables. Psychiatry Research 38:2, 197-200
CrossRef240
Denise C. Park, Anderson D. Smith. (1991) Importance of basic and applied research from the viewpoints of investigators in the psychology of aging. Experimental Aging Research 17:2, 79-102
CrossRef241
Kelly D. Brownell, Thomas A. Wadden. (1991) The heterogeneity of obesity: fitting treatments to individuals. Behavior Therapy 22:2, 153-177
CrossRef242
Peter J. Brown. (1991) Culture and the evolution of obesity. Human Nature 2:1, 31-57
CrossRef243
Joseph V. Selby, Terry Reed, Beth Newman, Richard R. Fabsitz, Dorit Carmelli, G. P. Vogler, D. C. Rao. (1991) Effects of selective return on estimates of heritability for body mass index in the national heart, lung, and blood institute twin study. Genetic Epidemiology 8:6, 371-380
CrossRef244
Kristian Tambs, Torbjørn Moum, Lindon Eaves, Mike Neale, Kristian Midthjell, Per G. Lund-Larsen, Siri Næss, Jostein Holmen. (1991) Genetic and environmental contributions to the variance of the body mass index in a Norwegian sample of first- and second-degree relatives. American Journal of Human Biology 3:3, 257-267
CrossRef245
Jan Cederholm, Lars Wibell. (1991) Influences of Familial and Environmental Factors on Hypertension. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences 96:3, 239-246
CrossRef246
David M. Garner, Susan C. Wooley. (1991) Confronting the failure of behavioral and dietary treatments for obesity. Clinical Psychology Review 11:6, 729-780
CrossRef247
(1990) Heritability of Weight Gain and Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine 323:15, 1067-1069
Full Text248
CYNTHIA R. JASPER, MICHAEL L. KLASSEN. (1990) STEREOTYPICAL BELIEFS ABOUT APPEARANCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR RETAILING AND CONSUMER ISSUES. Perceptual and Motor Skills 71:2, 519-528
CrossRef249
J.B. Owen. (1990) Weight control and appetite—A genetic perspective. Clinical Nutrition 9:5, 291-293
CrossRef250
Anne Halliday. (1990) 6. Nature and Nurture in Human Obesity. Nutrition Bulletin 15:3, 147-150
CrossRef251
Sims, Ethan A.H., . (1990) Destiny Rides Again as Twins Overeat. New England Journal of Medicine 322:21, 1522-1524
Full Text252
(1990) Body-Mass Indexes of British Separated Twins. New England Journal of Medicine 322:21, 1530-1530
Full Text
- Letters
