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original article
Published Online: March 25, 2012

In a randomized trial, performance of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at hospitals without cardiac surgery on site was noninferior to PCI performed at hospitals with cardiac surgery on site with respect to mortality at 6 weeks and major adverse cardiac events at 9 months.

perspective
Published Online: April 25, 2012

The Food and Drug Administration has added information to statin labels regarding an effect on diabetes, noting reported increases in glycated hemoglobin and fasting serum glucose levels but adding that it believes that the cardiovascular benefits outweigh the risks.

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PCI without On-Site Cardiac Surgery
review article

PCIs for acute coronary disease are increasingly being performed at centers without on-site surgical backup. This review summarizes the safety and the efficacy of this practice, along with the policy implications, including those for patients undergoing elective procedures.

  • CME
An Electrocardiographic Sine Wave in Hyperkalemia
images in clinical medicine

A 62-year-old man with chronic renal insufficiency reported having reduced exercise tolerance for the previous week. The physical examination was unremarkable, but oxygen saturation was diminished. An electrocardiogram showed a regular rhythm, with a widened QRS complex in a sine-wave configuration.

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Breathless
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This interactive feature presents the case of a 50-year old woman with a history of breast cancer who presented with fatigue and shortness of breath.

Direct the investigation of the case, test your diagnostic and therapeutic skills, and compare your performance with that of others.

The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis
medical progress

This review discusses the structural features of the normal and atherosclerotic artery and what were recent findings concerning arterial cell biology.

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Journal Watch Covers Other Key Research

Summary and Comment
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Encouraging results with low-dose warfarin throughout pregnancy, but the approach must be validated.

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Patient outcomes did not differ at participating and nonparticipating hospitals.

Medical Journals, Medical News and Research: Journal Watch

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  • Perspective

    No drug provides health benefits without some degree of risk, and risk–benefit assessments require ongoing review as new data become available. This is certainly the case for the use of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors — statins — and the risk of new-onset…

    • May 10, 2012
    • Goldfine A.B.
    • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1752-1755
    • Free Full Text
    • Audio

    The Food and Drug Administration has added information to statin labels regarding an effect on diabetes, noting reported increases in glycated hemoglobin and fasting serum glucose levels but adding that it believes that the cardiovascular benefits outweigh the risks.

  • Images in Clinical Medicine

    Figure 1.

    • May 10, 2012
    • Petrov D.B.
    • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1824
    • Free Full Text

    A 62-year-old man with chronic renal insufficiency reported having reduced exercise tolerance for the previous week. The physical examination was unremarkable, but oxygen saturation was diminished.

  • Review Article

    Certification to perform catheter-based interventions for coronary artery disease was originally limited to hospitals that had the capability to perform cardiac surgery on site. However, there has been a progressive worldwide trend to allow percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to be performed…

    • May 10, 2012
    • Shahian D.M., Meyer G.S., Yeh R.W., Fifer M.A., Torchiana D.F.
    • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1814-1823
    • CME

    PCIs for acute coronary disease are increasingly being performed at centers without on-site surgical backup. This review summarizes the safety and the efficacy of this practice, along with the policy implications, including those for patients undergoing elective procedures.

  • Original Article

    The potential need for emergency cardiac surgery to treat complications related to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) suggests that performance of PCI may be best limited to hospitals with on-site cardiac surgery. Among Grüntzig's first 50 PCI procedures, 10% of patients required emergency…

    • May 10, 2012
    • Aversano T., Lemmon C.C., Liu L.
    • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1792-1802

      In a randomized trial, performance of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at hospitals without cardiac surgery on site was noninferior to PCI performed at hospitals with cardiac surgery on site with respect to mortality at 6 weeks and major adverse cardiac events at 9 months.

    • Original Article

      Symptomatic aortic stenosis, if left untreated, is characterized by a high risk of death.– In the randomized Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves (PARTNER) trial, transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR), as compared with standard therapy, in patients who were not considered to be…

      • May 3, 2012
      • Makkar R.R., Fontana G.P., Jilaihawi H., et al.
      • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1696-1704

        This article provides 2-year data on patients with inoperable aortic stenosis randomly assigned to receive standard therapy or transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR). Death rates at 2 years were higher with standard therapy, but the rate of stroke was higher with TAVR.

      • Clinical Implications of Basic Research

        Generations of evolutionary pressure have honed a human immune system that is well poised to combat infectious challenges. However, the very same system can turn against us when it is activated by certain noxious stimuli, as is the case with cholesterol-laden meals triggering atherosclerosis.…

        • May 3, 2012
        • Gerszten R.E. and Tager A.M.
        • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1734-1736

          The accrual of cholesterol-laden macrophages in the atherosclerotic plaque is a critical event that precedes plaque rupture. The guidance molecule netrin-1 mediates this accrual in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.

        • Original Article

          Aortic stenosis is now the most frequently diagnosed valvular disease. Surgical aortic-valve replacement is the definitive therapy for patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. Operative mortality is low among selected elderly patients but increases with the number and severity of…

          • May 3, 2012
          • Gilard M., Eltchaninoff H., Iung B., et al.
          • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1705-1715

            Data from a French registry of nearly 3200 transcatheter aortic-valve implantation (TAVI) procedures complement data from randomized clinical trials. This emerging technique shows promise in the treatment of high-risk patients with aortic stenosis.

          • Original Article

            Aortic stenosis is associated with high mortality after the appearance of cardiac symptoms. Nevertheless, many patients do not undergo surgical aortic-valve replacement owing to real or perceived increased risks associated with surgery.– Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR) has emerged…

            • May 3, 2012
            • Kodali S.K., Williams M.R., Smith C.R., et al.
            • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1686-1695
            • CME

            This study provides 2-year data from the PARTNER trial, in which patients with aortic stenosis received transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR) or surgical replacement. Overall mortality was similar, but paravalvular leak increased mortality in the TAVR group.

          • EditorialOnline First

            Despite major advances in the management of heart failure with angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, and resynchronization therapy, there are more than 1 million hospitalizations for heart failure in the United States each year, and mortality remains high. As compared with the…

            • May 2, 2012
            • Eikelboom J.W. and Connolly S.J.
            • 10.1056/NEJMe1202504
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            Despite major advances in the management of heart failure with angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, and resynchronization therapy, there are more than 1 million hospitalizations for heart failure in the United States each year, and ...

          • Original ArticleOnline First

            Chronic heart failure is a major cause of illness and death. Heart failure is associated with a hypercoagulable state, formation of left ventricular thrombus, and cerebral embolism. It is also associated with both sudden death and death resulting from progressive heart failure that may be caused by…

            • May 2, 2012
            • Homma S., Thompson J.L.P., Pullicino P.M., et al.
            • 10.1056/NEJMoa1202299
            • Free Full Text

            Chronic heart failure is a major cause of illness and death. Heart failure is associated with a hypercoagulable state, formation of left ventricular thrombus, and cerebral embolism.1,2 It is also associated with both sudden death and death resulting from ...

          • Editorial

            Over the past 20 years, there have been 12 randomized trials in which the revascularization strategies of coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have been compared, against the background of advances in both fields. Percutaneous treatment of multiple…

            • April 19, 2012
            • Mauri L.
            • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1538-1540

              Over the past 20 years, there have been 12 randomized trials in which the revascularization strategies of coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have been compared, against the background of advances in both ...

            • Editorial

              Until the mid-1990s, coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) was performed with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass with the induction of ischemic cardiac arrest (on-pump). This surgical approach provided excellent exposure in a bloodless field with an arrested heart, allowing for precise performance…

              • April 19, 2012
              • Grover F.L.
              • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1541-1543

                Until the mid-1990s, coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) was performed with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass with the induction of ischemic cardiac arrest (on-pump). This surgical approach provided excellent exposure in a bloodless field with an ...

              • Original Article

                The strategies of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) for revascularization have been compared in randomized clinical trials. Although the best way to control for treatment-selection bias is to conduct a randomized trial, such trials often have…

                • April 19, 2012
                • Weintraub W.S., Grau-Sepulveda M.V., Weiss J.M., et al.
                • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1467-1476
                • CME

                A large PCI registry and a large CABG registry were linked to claims records, with data adjusted for propensity score, to compare clinical outcomes. Patients selected for CABG had a long-term survival advantage over those selected for PCI.

              • Original Article

                Coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) reduces mortality in patients with extensive coronary artery disease. CABG has generally been performed with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (on-pump). With this approach, perioperative mortality is about 2%, with an additional 5 to 7% of patients having…

                • April 19, 2012
                • Lamy A., Devereaux P.J., Prabhakaran D., et al.
                • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1489-1497

                  A total of 4752 patients for whom CABG was planned were randomly assigned to undergo the procedure on-pump or off-pump. At 30 days, the rates of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or renal failure requiring dialysis did not differ significantly between the two groups.

                • Original Article

                  Patients who present to the emergency department with signs and symptoms consistent with a possible acute coronary syndrome pose a diagnostic dilemma.– Despite the introduction of clinical decision rules– and the improved sensitivity of cardiac markers,– most patients are admitted to the…

                  • April 12, 2012
                  • Litt H.I., Gatsonis C., Snyder B., et al.
                  • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1393-1403
                  • CME

                  Patients with chest pain have a high hospital admission rate, but often no cardiac cause is found. In this trial, coronary CT angiography accurately identified patients who were free from coronary disease and could be safely discharged from the emergency department.

                • Original Article

                  Platelets play a central role in atherothrombosis and are an important target for pharmacotherapy. In patients with acute coronary syndromes, the use of potent platelet inhibitors has been shown to reduce the rate of thrombotic events at the cost of increased bleeding.– In contrast, among…

                  • April 12, 2012
                  • Morrow D.A., Braunwald E., Bonaca M.P., et al.
                  • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1404-1413

                    Patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease were randomly assigned to receive the thrombin antagonist vorapaxar or placebo. Vorapaxar reduced the rate of subsequent cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke but increased the rate of moderate or severe bleeding.

                  • Clinical Practice

                    Foreword. This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem. Evidence supporting various strategies is then presented, followed by a review of formal guidelines, when they exist. The article ends with the author's clinical recommendations. Stage. A 39-year-old…

                    • April 5, 2012
                    • Ismail-Beigi F.
                    • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1319-1327
                    • CME
                    • Full Text Audio

                    This article provides a framework for establishing glycemic targets for patients with type 2 diabetes, taking into account both psychosocial and clinical factors, and discusses strategies to achieve the targets. First-line treatments and additional therapies are discussed.

                  • Images in Clinical Medicine

                    Figure 1.

                    • April 5, 2012
                    • Dwyer N. and Kanani R.
                    • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:e21
                    • Free Full Text

                    A previously healthy 57-year-old man presented with chest pain that had been ongoing for 50 minutes and had begun while he was playing racquetball. He was conscious and alert, although he was in cardiogenic shock.

                  • Original Article

                    A large body of evidence suggests high levels of distress and psychiatric symptoms among patients who receive a diagnosis of cancer.– Patients with cancer have been shown to be at increased risk for suicide– and cardiovascular events.– However, most results have been interpreted to be…

                    • April 5, 2012
                    • Fang F., Fall K., Mittleman M.A., et al.
                    • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1310-1318

                      In this study of more than 6 million Swedes during 1991–2006, patients were at increased risk for suicide or death from cardiovascular causes after a diagnosis of cancer. Risks were especially high immediately after diagnosis and for cancers with a poor prognosis.

                    • Original Article

                      Pulmonary embolism is a common disease, with an estimated annual incidence of 70 cases per 100,000 population. The condition usually leads to hospitalization and may recur; it can be fatal. For half a century, the standard therapy for most patients with pulmonary embolism has been the…

                      • April 5, 2012
                      • The EINSTEIN–PE Investigators
                      • N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1287-1297

                        In the treatment of patients with acute pulmonary embolism, the efficacy of rivaroxaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, was similar to that of traditional anticoagulation therapy. There was less bleeding in the group receiving rivaroxaban, which supports its use in the treatment of this condition.

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                      Medical Meetings Pediatrics Conferences and Meetings

                      2012 Certifying Examinations of the American Board of Pediatrics

                      The general pediatrics examination will be held in various cities, Oct. 16-18. Registration for first-time applicants is ongoing through May 3. Registration for re-registrants is ongoing through May 24. The following subspecialty examinations will be held in various cities: "Hospice and Palliative Medicine" (Oct. 4); "Pediatric Transplant Hepatology" (Oct. 11); "Pediatric Cardiology" (Nov. 7); "Pediatric Pulmonology" (Nov. 8); "Medical Toxicology" (Nov. 12); and "Pediatric Critical Care Medicine" (Nov. 14). Registration for first-time applicants is ongoing through April 30. Registration for re-registrants is ongoing through June 15.

                      Contact the American Board of Pediatrics, 111 Silver Cedar Court, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-1513; or call (919) 929-0461; or fax (919) 918-7114 or (919) 929-9255; or see http://www.abp.org .

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